nergy & utomotive esearch aboratory report-4 materail deleted.pdfIndrek Wichman Research examining problems related to combustion, materials ﬂammability, and ﬁre. Current research

nergy &utomotive esearchaboratory

2 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory2 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory

Creating Sustainable Energy Solutions

on the cover: A prototype cylinder head featuring fast electric cam phasing, di fuel injection, and multi-step lift. Th e system can transition from si to hcci mode and back in less than a dozen cycles. Th e assembly was designed and constructed in a cooperative eff ort between Chrysler, Delphi, and MSU researchers.

m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 3

Teams of researchers at MSU are developing specifi cally

formulated renewable fuels in tandem with specially

designed engines — a distinctive, integrated approach that

could drive the next automotive revolution.

Transportation accounts for two-

thirds of oil consumption in the United

States and one-third of all the energy

used in the country. Th e critical need

to reduce the nation’s dependence

on oil imports, combined with today’s

use of the same effi ciency-limiting

combustion system that powered the

fi rst automobiles more than 100 years

ago, presents a signifi cant challenge

and opportunity. With deeply rooted

expertise in agriculture, plant science,

and engineering, MSU is

ideally positioned

to meet that

opportunity.

Th e university has invested in an

interdisciplinary academic community

that is focused on automotive

research and fuels in partnership with

government and industry. In addition,

MSU has developed an infrastructure

that supports the study of vehicle

engine effi ciency, alternative energy,

and emission reduction, with much of

the research based in the Energy and

Automotive Research Laboratories,

a dynamic 40,000-square-foot

research complex on the MSU campus.

Teams at the Energy and Automotive

Research Laboratories also are

developing methods to produce

lighter, stronger parts that cut

manufacturing costs and increase gas

mileage and ways to convert waste

vehicle exhaust into electricity to

increase fuel economy.

MSU is home to one of the most

advanced thermoelectric power

generation research groups in

the world. Part of the university’s

automotive research involves

recovering waste heat from diesel

engines that is then used to

extract energy to help power the

vehicle. In addition to fuel economy

improvements while traveling over

the road, a TEG can also function

as an auxiliary power unit while the

vehicle is stationary, to reduce engine

created noise and engine idle time for

an additional fuel savings. Automobile

companies are also turning to MSU’s

hybrid vehicles team, which translates

research conducted at the university

for application to auto components

to maximize the effi ciency and

aff ordability of hybrid models. MSU’s

collaborative automotive and fuels

research holds promise to reduce

automobile emissions and improve the

economic outlook for Michigan.

Th e impact of new engine concepts

and advanced hybrid powertrain

designs can improve the efficiency

of a vehicle from 20 to 50 percent. If

technology is implemented to achieve

a 20 percent increase in efficiency for

all automobiles and trucks in the U.S.,

the energy saved would be equal to

increasing domestic oil production

by nearly 50 percent. Th at is nothing

short of revolutionary!

Dr. Harold Schock, Director

used in the country. Th e critical ne

endence

ith toda

-limiting

owered

n 100 ye

challeng

ply roote

nt scien

MSU is

tioned

t that

ortunity

used in the country. Th e cri

to reduce the nation’s depe

on oil imports, combined w

use of the same efficiency-

combustion system that po

fi rst automobiles more than

ago, presents a signifi cant c

and opportunity. With deep

expertise in agriculture, pla

and engineering, M

ideally posit

to meet

oppo

4 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory

Contents & Overview

08ACADEMIC COMMITTEE & STAFF

10MAJOR SPONSORS

12COMPLEX THERMAL-FLUID PROCESSES

Giles Brereton

Research focusing on thermal fluid processes that are

complex by virtue of their transient or turbulent nature. It

seeks to improve understanding of both applied problems

and the underlying fundamental science.

14

Notes Pages


giles brereton farhad jaberi carl lira dennis miller fang peng


18CFD NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS

Farhad Jaberi

Research ranging from high-speed turbulent flows

to molecular dynamics of combustion. Using the

computational facilities of the MSU High Performance

Computing Center (HPCC) for large-scale simulations,

our research group carries out fundamental research of

practical relevance.

20BIOFUELS PRODUCTION & CHARACTERIZATION

Dennis Miller & Carl Lira

Research focused on the development of biofuel

formulations using new catalytic reaction pathways from

biomass to final products, novel processing approaches

such as reactive separations and multiphase reactors, and

computational process simulation and molecular modeling.

Biofuel characterization incorporates both physical and

chemical properties to ensure blending compatibility with

existing fuels, proper volatility range, sufficient energy

content, and low-temperature viability.

24COMBUSTION CHAMBER DIAGNOSTICS

Harold Schock

Research into flow and combustion phenomena in internal

combustion engines using laser-based experimental

techniques and numeric simulations with a goal of

improving efficiency in engines designed to accommodate

new fuels and new fuel properties. Research focuses on

controlling the fuel-air mixture and turbulence within

the combustion chamber, studying various flow control

strategies.

26REDUCED KINETIC MODELING OF RENEWABLE FUELS

Elisa Toulson

Research associated with chemical kinetics modeling

for an improved understanding of the combustion of

new renewable fuels. Because biodiesel oxidation

chemistry is complicated to model directly, and existing

surrogate kinetic models are very large (making them

computationally expensive), we have focused on reduced

chemical kinetic models of biofuels as a way forward in

enabling simulation of renewable fuel combustion.


harold schock elias strangas elisa toulson binsgen wang indrek wichman guoming zhu


28FLAME-SURFACE INTERACTION

Indrek Wichman

Research examining problems related to combustion,

materials flammability, and fire. Current research foci include

structural fire research, plasma-assisted combustion

research, counterflow diff usion flame burner research, and

material flammability in microgravity conditions (on behalf

of NASA). Th is facility has been employed in materials

flammability research for clay-based nanocomposites, xGnP

composites consisting of nano-graphite in matrix blends,

and for consulting work involving new materials.

30THERMOELECTRIC CONVERSION IN AN

IC-POWERED VEHICLE

Harold Schock, Guoming Zhu & Giles Brereton

Research in thermoelectric power generation involving

recovering waste heat from diesel engines that is then

used to extract energy to help power the vehicle. Th e goal

is to improve fuel economy of large trucks by 5 percent

in the next few years. Research is translated by MSU’s

hybrid vehicles team for application to auto components to

maximize the efficiency and aff ordability of hybrid models.

MSU is home to one of the most advanced thermoelectric

power generation research groups in the world.

32ELECTRICAL MACHINES & DRIVES LABORATORY

Elias Strangas

Research in the field of electrical machines and drives,

with a significant focus on the design of reliable drives

that can withstand a fault and continue operating, as well

as methods to detect a fault, predict remaining useful life,

and enhance reliability. Th e Electrical Machines and Drives

Laboratory has extensive equipment for development,

controlling and testing of designs of electrical drives,

including design software, dynamometers, inverters,

sensors, and more.

34ELECTRIC POWER CONVERSION

Binsgen Wang

Research dedicated to gaining fundamental understanding

of electric power conversion systems and providing

innovative solutions to improve system reliability and

efficiency. Electric Power Conversion Lab research

activities are mainly in the areas of: (1) development

of novel power converter topologies that feature high

reliability, efficiency modeling, modulation and control of

power electronic systems, and (2) application of power

converters as grid interface for renewable energy sources

and in high-performance electric drive systems.

36POWER ELECTRONICS & MOTOR DRIVES

Fang Peng

Research and development of power conversion

technology and motor control for renewable energy, utility

and transportation applications. Research focuses on

enabling technologies to transform today's transportation

and electrical power: from generation to transmission

to distribution to utilization into more secure, more

sustainable, more intelligent, more reliable, and more

effi cient energy generation-delivery-utilization systems.


ER ELEC

Peng

arch and

ology a

ranspor

ing tech

lectrica

tributio

inable, m

ent ener

CTRONICS & MOTOR DRIVES

d development of power conversion

nd motor control for renewable energy, utility

tation applications. Research focuses on

hnologies to transform today's transportation

l power: from generation to transmission

n to utilization into more secure, more

more intelligent, more reliable, and more

rgy generation-delivery-utilization systems.


38ADVANCED POWERTRAIN & ENGINE CONTROL

Guoming Zhu

Research targeted at applying advanced control theories

and technologies to hybrid powertrain optimization and

control, and to the control of the internal combustion

engine and its subsystems to develop real-time control

strategies for the best fuel economy within a given level

of emissions. Th e Automotive Control Lab investigates

closed-loop combustion control of internal combustion

engines, by applying modern control theories to develop

feed-forward and feedback strategies for SI (spark ignited)

and HCCI (homogeneously charged compression ignition)

combustion controls through optimized spark timing, EGR

(exhaust gas recirculation) rate, and engine valve timings

and lift and for the combustion mode transition between SI

and HCCI operations.

42ADVANCED HYBRID VEHICLE EXPERIMENTS

Harold Schock & Guoming Zhu

Research within the Ford Powertrain Laboratory provides

testing and measurement of powertrain performance in

advanced hybrid vehicles as they are subjected to a broad

range of conditions. Th e lab conducts real-time simulations

using a control system configured to simultaneously

and independently control each wheel of up to a six-

wheeled vehicle. It is ideally suited for the investigation of

hybrid applications, including medium- and heavy-duty

configurations.

44EARL LEADERS, STAFF & AFFILIATES

48RECENT ARTICLES & PUBLICATIONS

51RECENT & CURRENT CONTRACTS & GRANTS


Elias Strangas, Associate Professor

Electrical & Computing Engineering Department 428 S. Shaw Lane, Room 1218

tel 517.353.3517 | [email protected]

Elisa Toulson, Assistant Professor

Mechanical Engineering Department

1497 Engineering Research Court, Room 143 tel 517.884.1549 | [email protected]

Bingsen Wang, Assistant Professor

Electrical & Computing Engineering

1497 Engineering Research Court, Room c129 tel 517.355.0911 | [email protected]

Indrek Wichman, Professor



Guoming (George) Zhu, Associate Professor Mechanical Engineering Department


F A C U L T Y all addresses: East Lansing, MI 48824 USA

Giles Brereton, Associate Professor


1497 Engineering Research Court, Room 149


Farhad Jaberi, Professor


428 S. Shaw Lane, Room 2240


Carl Lira, Associate Professor

Chemical Engineering & Material Science Department 428 S. Shaw Lane, Room 2261


Dennis Miller, Professor

Chemical & Material Science Engineering Department 428 S. Shaw Lane, Room 1243


Fang Peng, Professor

Electrical & Computer Engineering Department 1449

Engineering Research Court, Room c117


Harold Schock, Professor & Laboratory Director Mechanical Engineering Department

1497 Engineering Research Court, Room 150


8 | e n e r g y & a u t o m o t i v e r e s e a r c h l a b o r a t o r y

Academic Committee & Staff

Tom Stuecken, Laboratory Manager Mechanical

Engineering Department

1497 Engineering Research Court, Room c9j tel 517.432.2698 | [email protected]


S T A F F all addresses: East Lansing, MI 48824 USA

Melissa Flegel, Secretary



Jennifer Higel, Design Technician


1497 Engineering Research Court, Room e104 tel 517.884.3625 | [email protected]

Kevin Moran, Research Specialist


1497 Engineering Research Court, Roo mm g c9

c9g tel 734.558.1990 | [email protected]. ededuu

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n Advanced Propulsion Technologies (APT)

n Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL)

n Air Force Offi ce of Scientifi c Research (AFOSR)

n Air Force Offi ce of Scientifi c Research — National

Science Foundation (AFOSR-NASA)

n American Chemical Society Petroleum Research

Fund, Argonne National Laboratory (PRF-ANL)

n Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation

n Benteler Corporation

n Chrysler Corporation

n Claytech/In-Pore Testing

n Coca-Cola Company


n Delphi Automotive

n Department of Energy, Advanced Research

Projects Agency – Energy, (ARPA-E)

n Department of Energy (DOE)

n Department of Energy, Defense Advanced Research

Projects Agency (DARPA)

n Defense Logistics Agency (DLA)

n Defense University Research Instrumentation Program,

Air Force Offi ce of Scientifi c Research (DURIP)

n Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

n Ford Motor Company

Major Sponsors

m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 11m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 11m icmmm icim im icm im icm icm icicm iccm icm iccchchhhichhm iim ichhhm icchhchhhm im im iicmm ccmm c igg anann ssttaatt ee uu nn ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 11

n General Motors Corporation

n Gongda Power Company

n HCl CleanTech

n National Aeronautics & Space Administration — Jet

Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)

n Michigan Economic Development Corporation (MEDC)

n Michigan State University, Composite Vehicle Research

Center (MSU-CVRC)

n Michigan State University Foundation

n National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)

n National Corn Growers Association (NCGA)

n National Science Foundation (NSF)

n Offi ce of Naval Research (ONR)

n Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)

n State of Michigan

n Tecumseh Products

n Tank Automotive Research, Development and

Engineering Center (TARDEC), United States Army


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ON

MEASUREMENT AND MODELING OF DROPLETS AND FUEL SPRAYS

As the energy demands of the US grow, we

continue to seek secure, reliable sources of

energy-dense fuels for transportation and

power generation. Biofuels are one class of

potential contributors to our future energy

supply, either as pure fuels or as additives

to fuels derived from other sources. Th ese

fuels are typically injected or sprayed into the

combustion chambers of engines, where their

evaporation and mixing has a strong infl uence

on the subsequent combustion process and the

formation of pollutants.

In these projects, we conduct experiments

on biofuel sprays using high-speed cameras

and laser diff raction to determine the sizes of

droplets and their break-up characteristics.

We also use these measurements to verify

the mathematical models we develop for

evaporation of individual droplets. We use these

theoretical and experimental approaches to

describe the behavior of droplets of existing,

new, or hypothetical biofuel blends of arbitrary

composition. Th ese models can be used to

design fuels with prescribed droplet behavior

and to model the role of fuel droplets in

large-scale simulations of combustion, which

we use to predict combustion effi ciency and

pollutant formation and to optimize combustion

chamber design. Current research projects focus

on measurement and predictive modeling of

droplets in biofuel sprays.

SOOT TRANSPORT, DEPOSITION, AND MITIGATION IN EXHAUST AND EGR SYSTEMS

Th e transport of soot in gas streams and

its deposition on cold surfaces is a common

feature of exhaust systems that is poorly

understood and rarely incorporated into

combustion system design, even when

thermoelectric energy recovery is sought.

We are currently developing models and

mathematical solutions for the thermophoretic

and diff usive transport of soot in duct fl ows and

are exploring ways in which fl ow unsteadiness

can enhance or reduce soot deposition on cold

heat-transfer surfaces.

initial biofuel properties

Properties database

fuel injection

Injection of multi-

component fuel droplets

with internally dissolved

air bubbles as seeds for

nucleation of fuel vapor

bubbles

flash boiling

within droplet

Heterogenous bubble nucleation; bubble growth (Raleigh-

Plesset and energy equations); bubble breakup when void

fraction exceeds 0.5 to form new droplet population

equilibrium evaporation of new droplet population

Droplet evaporation (internal diff usion and energy

equations, surface energy, mass, and species diff usion

balance equations)

results for sequential flash and equilibrium

multicomponent droplet evaporation

Overall evaporation rates; dependence on initial atomized

size; dependence on primary biofuel components like

esters; dependence on trace components and additives


TURBULENT FLOWS IN ENGINES

A major diffi culty

in understanding

turbulent fl ow in engine

cylinders arises from

the large degree of

variation in the fl ow

from one cycle to

the next, possibly

because of eff ects

like slight diff erences

in each air infl ow past

axisymmetric valves.

In this work,

which is based on

analyses of in-cylinder

measurements of planar velocity fi elds, we have developed

a novel technique for identifying the turbulence as the part

of the velocity fi eld that loses correlation over an integral

scale of a few millimeters, based on stochastic estimation

theory. Having identifi ed the turbulent velocity fi eld, we

can then isolate the phase-conditioned and cycle-to-cycle

variation components of velocity, and use this technique

to evaluate the extent to which intake design changes can

enhance or reduce the cycle-to-cycle variation, and hence

the controllability, of the engine.

DNS AND LES OF SUPERSONIC TURBULENT FLOW

Essentially exact computations of turbulent supersonic wall-bounded fl ows can be

carried out by direct numerical simulation at low Reynolds numbers. Th e computational

demands of this approach will make it impractical for calculation of fl ows during

knocking combustion for the foreseeable future and so simplifi ed models, in the form

of large-eddy simulations, appear to be the

most promising alternative. In this research, we

develop sub-grid-scale models of turbulence

in compressible shear fl ows and test them

against data from direct numerical simulations.

Models which perform well in complicated

fl ows such as the ramp compression fl ow,

for which the predicted shock structure

and turbulence levels are shown in the

accompanying fi gure, can be expected to

provide accurate predictions of fl ow and

combustion in engine cylinders.

total velocity

cyclic variation velocity

turbulence

non-turbulent velocity

α = 22°

Notes Pages

Notes Pages


CF

D N

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ca

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AR

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D J

AB

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n Combustor geometry

n New biofuels and energetic fuels

n Fuel injectors, spray parameters,

droplet size and velocity distribution,

injection frequency

n Fuel-gas mass loading and premixing

n Equivalence ratio

n Inlet gas preheating

n Infl ow turbulence and mean fl ow

oscillations

n Operating pressure

n Lean homogeneous or fl ameless

combustion

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS

GAS TURBINE COMBUSTOR

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

double swirl spray burner

spray-controlled dump combustor

msu three-valve disi engine

wall

nozzle

c7h16 & mass fractions in a dump combustor

exhaust port

fuelspray

injector

spark plug

CONTROL OF COMBUSTION FOR IMPROVED EFFICIENCY & LOWER EMISSIONS

piston

ca = 220°


n Under the same engine

operating conditions,

biodiesel and standard

diesel combustion

behave very diff erently.

n Th ere is a tremendous

opportunity for improving

combustion effi ciency/

emissions, if/when

we better understand

turbulence-spray-

combustion interactions.

n Our numerical

experiments with the

new MSU LES/FMDF

model indicate that

engine performance

can be greatly improved

by changing the fuel

composition or spray

parameters.

DETAILED SIMULATIONS OF BIOFUEL COMBUSTION IN DIESEL ENGINES

CANOL- METHYL ESTER BIOFUEL AND SYNTHESIZED

SPRAY PATTERN AND TEMPERATURE CONTOURS OBTAINED BY LES/FMDF MODEL

CONTOURS OF EVAPORATED FUEL MASS FRACTION AND FUEL DROPLETS

24-block grid for a 4-valve diesel engine

14° btdc

14° btdc

6° btdc

6° btdc

6° atdc

6° atdc

10° atdc

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

pressure iso-levels temperature contours

104200

103400

102600

101800

101000

100200

305.6

304.8

304.0

303.2

302.4

301.6

300.8

300.0

700

650

625

575

550

525

500

475

450

425

400

375

350

0.09

0.075

0.07

0.065

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.025

0.02

0.01

0.005

1E-5

0.18

0.16

.014

0.12

0.10

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.001

1E-5

0.015

0.011

0.010

0.009

0.008

0.007

0.006

0.005

0.004

0.003

0.002

0.001

1E-5

2500

2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

450

400

350

800

750

700

675

650

625

600

575

550

500

450

400

350


A strength of the EARL eff ort is the capability to

produce and characterize suffi cient quantities

of next-generation biofuels to demonstrate

performance in extended engine tests. Th e

Biofuels Production & Characterization

Laboratories develop new biofuel formulations

through research in new catalytic reaction

pathways from biomass to fi nal products,

novel processing approaches such as reactive

separations and multiphase reactors, and

computational process simulation and molecular

modeling. Pilot-scale equipment facilitates

biofuel production in up to one-hundred-gallon

quantities. Biofuel characterization incorporates

both physical and chemical properties to ensure

blending compatibility with existing fuels, proper

volatility range, suffi cient energy content, and

low-temperature viability.

Bio

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ROUTES TO BIOFUELS

ADVANCED BIOFUEL BLENDS EXPAND THE DIESEL FEEDSTOCK POOL TO CARBOHYDRATES

ketonization of butyric acid to 4-heptanone:

a clean, efficient deoxygenation routen Butyric acid formed via fermentation of carbohydrate (starch, cellulosic) feedstocksn MSU Miller lab has demonstrated >98% selectivity to 4- heptanone in continuous process with basic metal oxide catalystn CO2 and water are the only by-products: all combustion energy retained n Clean, “green” non-polluting process: no by-products and no solvent required

carbohydrates

advanced biofuels

organic acids

esters

alcohols

ethers

short chain esters

glycerol

acetals

methyl esters(biodiesel)

mixed esters

alkanes

oils & fats

carbohydrates

hydrocarbons

succinic acid

dibutyl succinate

4-heptanone 4-heptanol

butyl butyrate dibutyl ether 2-ethylhexanol

butyric acid butanol (abe) butyraldehyde

hooh

o

o

oh

o

o

ho o

o

o

o

o

o

oo

ho

oh

oh

o o

2 + CO2 + H2O


METHODS

BUTYRIC ACID FERMENTATION LEADS TO SEVERAL BIOFUEL SPECIES

OZONOLYSIS FOR BIOFUEL COMPONENTS

RECOVERY OF MIXED ACIDS FROM FERMENTATION AT MSU REACTIVE DISTILLATION FACILITY

butyric acid fermentation

esterification

hydrogenolysis

condensationreaction

ethyl butyrate, butyl butyrate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate

butanol, ethanol

4-heptanoneacetone

c

ome

o

c

ome

o

c

ome

o

c

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o

cc

omeome

oo

c

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oc

ome

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oc

ome

oc

ome

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oo

cc

omeome

oo

c

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omeoh,

catalyst

meoh, catalyst

meoh, catalyst

o3

o3

o3

methyl oleate (18:1, 9c): 23%

methyl linoleate (18:2, 9c, 12c): 51%

water

water + ethyl acetate

ethanol + water

fermentate

succinic acid

succinate ester

succinate ester

ethanol

ethanol/water

ethanol/water

ethyl acetate/ethanol/water

ethyl acetate

methyl linoleate (18:3, 9c, 12c, 15c): 7%

concentrationacidificationpurification

reactive distillation column for

esterification

ethanol & ethyl acetate recovery

methyl hexanoate

methyl nonanoate

dimethyl malonate

dimethyl malonatemethyl propanoate

dimethyl azelate

dimethyl azelate

dimethyl azelate


FACILITY

n New facility at MBI includes two pilot-scale columns of heights 5.0m and 10.0m

of diameter 0.05m with full instrumentation and computer interfacing

n Columns packed with Sulzer Katapak-S structured packing

n Pilot-scale column simulation and commercial-scale design using AspenPlus

process simulation software

sulzer katapak-s

Bio

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RESULTS

BLENDED BIOFUELS IMPROVEMENT FOR COLD-WEATHER PROPERTIES: SELECTED CLOUD POINT MEASUREMENTS

U.S. STANDARD DIESEL IN MIXTURES WITH VARIOUS ADDITIVES

TARGET

JP-8 FUEL SPECIFICATIONS: EXAMPLE TARGET FOR BIOFUELS

composition cloud point temperature (˚c)

U.S. Standard Diesel (USD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -14.75

50% USD / 50% Dibutyl succinate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -11.6

50% USD / 50% 4-Heptanone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -17

50% USD / 50% Butyl butyrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -18

50% USD / 50% Butyl nonanoate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -18.1

50% USD / 50% Dibutyl ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -23.7

Jet fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -52.53

50% Jet fuel / 50% Dibutyl succinate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -49.5

50% Jet fuel / 50% Butyl butyrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -56.9

minimum maximum

Flash point (°C) 38 68

Density (g/cc) 0.775 0.84

Freezing point (°C) -47

Heat of combustion (MJ/kg) 42.8

Sulfur content (wt%) 0.3

Hydrogen content (wt%) 13.4

Aromatic content (wt%) 8.0 25.0

key challenges

for biofuels:

n fl ash point

n cold weather properties

n energy density

n cetane number

mass percentage of additive component

clo

ud

po

int

te

mp

er

at

ur

e (

°c)

0 20 40 60 80 100

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

dibutyl succinate

diisobutyl succinate

hexanes

butyl butyrate

4-heptanone

dibutyl ether


Co

mb

us

tio

n C

ha

mb

er

Dia

gn

os

tic

sH

AR

OL

D S

CH

OC

K

DIRECTLY INJECTED SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE IMAGES @ 17.2 CAD ATDC

FOR CYCLES 27, 33, 38, 42, AND 46

CYCLE-BY-CYCLE LAMBDA DURING INJECTION PULSE SWEEP

cycle 27, λ = 0.77

cycle 42, λ = 1.00 cycle 44, λ = 1.03 cycle 46, λ = 1.06

cycle 33, λ = 0.85 cycle 38, λ = 0.94

cycle number

10

1.2

1.1

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

λ

end of warm-up

stabilization period

stable, rich combustion;

constant fuel phase

rich-to-lean transition period; decreasing fuel pulse each cycle

selected cases

CY

CL

E 2

7

CY

CL

E 3

3

CY

CL

E 3

8

CY

CL

E2

42

CY

CL

E 4

4

CY

CL

E 4

6


OPTICAL ENGINES: TOOLS FOR STUDYING COMBUSTION IN A REALISTIC ENVIRONMENT

MSU’S TURBOCHARGED OPTICAL DIESEL ENGINE

CANOLA

DIESEL

TDC 6° ATDC 12° ATDC 18° ATDC

TDC 6° ATDC 12° ATDC 18° ATDC


Re

du

ced

Kin

eti

c M

od

elin

g o

f R

en

ew

ab

le F

ue

lsE

LIS

A T

OU

LS

ON

Chemical kinetics modeling is an important

aspect of renewable fuel combustion.

Alternative fuels such as biodiesel are presently

receiving attention as potential substitutes

for fossil fuels, as they can be renewable,

carbon neutral, and provide energy security.

However, biodiesel oxidation chemistry is

complicated to model directly and existing

surrogate kinetic models are very large, making

them computationally expensive. Reduced

chemical kinetic models of biofuels are one way

forward in enabling simulation of renewable fuel

combustion. Th is type of modeling in conjunction

with experimental research allows for an

improved understanding of the combustion of

new renewable fuels.

AUTOIGNITION REACTION MECHANISM

step reaction rate coefficient reaction

Initiation RH + O2 → 2R* kq 1

Propagation R* → R* + P + heat kp 2

Propagation R* → R* + B f1kp 3

Propagation R* → R* + Q f4kp 4

Propagation R* + Q → R* + B f2kp 5

Branching B → 2R* kb 6

Termination R* → termination f3kp 7

Termination R* → termination kt 8

EXAMPLE BIODIESEL MOLECULES

RAPID COMPRESSION MACHINE

CFD MODEL

methyl linoleate (c19h34o2), a methyl ester produced from soybean or canola oil and methanol

ethyl stearate (c20h40o2), an ethyl ester produced from soybean or canola

oil and ethanol

time (ms)

fuel = dbecompression ratio = 7.75T0 = 295k, P0 = 1 atm

end of rcm compression

stroke

first stage ignition delay due to low temperature heat release

overall ignition delay

pressure increase due to rcm compression

multi-levelexperiment runs 1, 2, & 3

pr

es

su

re

(a

tm

)

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

25 30 35 40


AFTER-TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR EMISSIONS CLEANUP

Th e development of increasingly effi cient automotive

exhaust after-treatment technologies is required to

meet mandated emission standards for both gasoline

and diesel vehicles. One method of improving exhaust

after-treatment technologies is through improvements

to exhaust fl ow uniformity. Non-uniform exhaust fl ow

distribution across automotive catalytic converters aff ects

warm-up, light-off time, aging, and conversion effi ciency.

A second benefi t of the improved fl ow uniformity is

reduced after-treatment expense due to the reduced

requirement for expensive precious metal catalysts. Th e

development of after-treatment technologies can be

further enhanced through CFD simulations using chemical

kinetics to model the surface chemistry that occurs

between the exhaust gases and the diff erent catalysts and

particulate fi lters in the after-treatment systems.

KINETIC MODELING

OF AFTER-TREATMENT

SYSTEMS

Diesel selective catalytic reduction

DENOx catalyst with urea injection

(IFP-Powertrain Engineering)

NO + ½ O2 → NO2

(NH2)2CO + H2O → 2 NH3 + CO2

4 NH3 + 3 O2 → 2 N2 + 6 H2O

4 NO + 4 NH3 + O2 → 4 N2 + 6 H2O6 NO2 + 8 NH3 → 7 N2 + 12 H2O2 NO + 2 NO2 + + 4 NH3 → 4 N2 + 6 H2O

6.33

6.01

5.69

5.38

5.06

4.74

4.43

4.11

3.80

3.48

3.16

2.85

2.53

2.21

1.90

1.58

1.27

0.95

0.63

0.32

0.00

633

619

605

591

577

563

549

535

522

508

494

480

466

452

438

424

410

396

382

368

354

23.1

21.8

20.5

19.2

18.0

16.7

15.4

14.2

12.9

11.6

10.4

9.08

7.81

6.54

5.27

4.00

2.73

1.46

0.19

–1.1

–2.4

635

603

570

537

504

471

438

405

372

340

307

274

241

208

175

142

109

76.6

43.7

10.8

–22

oxicaturea

hydro-lysis

cleanup

scr catalyst

contours of velocity (m/s) in the x-direction in a 3-way catalyst cfd model showing the increased velocity through the central core of the monolith

contours of static pressure (pa) in a 3-way catalyst cfd model showing the pressure maldistribution and the increased pressure at the central core of the inlet face of the monolith


compartment fire (side view)

Fla

me

-Su

rfa

ce In

tera

cti

on

IND

RE

K W

ICH

MA

N

STRUCTURAL FIRE RESEARCH

Th is diagram above shows a pictorial

representation of a structural fi re in a

compartment. Th e drawing represents research

conducted in the MSU Combustion Laboratory

on structural fi res involving weakening of

structural members and eventual collapse of

the structure. Civil Engineering houses the

MSU Fire Furnace, which is capable of testing

large structural members in simulated fi re

conditions.

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS & SPACE ADMINISTRATION (NASA) RESEARCH

Flame spread pattern for Narrow Channel Apparatus (NCA). Flame spreads from left to right as the incoming air fl ow is from the right. Th is is known as opposed fl ow fl ame spread. Th e material is research-grade cellulose. Th e fl ame and fl amelet patterns are visible.

Flamelet spread in the MSU Narrow Channel Apparatus (NCA).

crib (combustible)

air (in)

burned gas (out)

neutral plane

fire

heat

smoke (particulates)

heat

burning wall(combustible)

structural member


PLASMA-ASSISTED COMBUSTION RESEARCH

Premixed

fl ames with

added plasma

power. Note

the diff erence

in fl ame size

and intensity

with only one

additional watt of

plasma power to

the fl ame.

COUNTERFLOW DIFFUSION FLAME BURNER RESEARCH

Th e MSU Counterfl ow Diff usion Flame Burner (CFB) is

currently under development and construction. Spray fuel

fl ows from the bottom nozzle vertically toward the oxidizer

fl ow that is directed downward. Th e two streams (fuel and

oxidizer) never mix. Instead, they meet at the Diff usion

Flame. Th e upward curvature at the ends of the fl ame is

caused by buoyancy. Th e MSU Counterfl ow Diff usion Flame

Burner will be used to study pulsating fuel injection — a

highly unsteady process.

, counterflow diffusion flame burner with gas and spray capability. Th e goal is to study pulsating fuel injection processes of the kind that occurs in engines. However, the burn confi guration is highly idealized and should allow advance diagnostic measurements to be made. Advantages of counterfl ow fl ame include: stationary, variable strain rate, 1-d, easy for diagnostics, easy for analysis and numerics.

seeding particle for ldv

N2 + O2

exhaustsuction

coolingwater in

coolingwater out

nitrogencurtain

transparentwindow

heating tape to prevent the wall from over-cooling due to methanol droplets colliding on the wall

nitrogento carry

droplets up

pressureatomizer

high-pressureliquid fuel

drain

mixture ofnitrogen

and spray droplets

spray flameschematic diagram of the counterflow

burner for spray combustion .


Th

erm

oe

lec

tric

Co

nv

ers

ion

HA

RO

LD

SC

HO

CK

, G

EO

RG

E Z

HU

& G

ILE

S B

RE

RE

TO

N

OBJECTIVES

n Show how advanced thermo-

electric generators (TEGs) can

provide a cost-eff ective solution

for improving fuel economy and

idle reduction for an OTR truck

n Demonstrate steps necessary

to develop kW-level TEGs

n Develop TEG fabrication

protocol for module and

system demonstration using

non-heritage, high-effi ciency

thermoelectric (TE) materials

n Determine heat exchanger and

insulation requirements needed

for building effi cient TEGs

n Design and demonstrate power

electronics for voltage boost and

module fault bypass in a TEG

n Specify unresolved issues which

impede TEG implementation

ACCOMPLISHMENTS

n System for lab-scale production of

modules completed

n Un-insulated single couple tem-

perature cycling test successful

n Integrated Couple Bypass

Technology has been proposed

and demonstrated permitting high

levels of series confi gurations for

couples and modules in TEGs

n A Generation 3 100/200 W

generator has been constructed

and operated, ~1W·in–3 possible

including power electronics

n A graded layer system for hot side

interfaces has been developed

and demonstrated

n Highly insulated modules have

been demonstrated; greater

thermal stresses exhibited

q FURNACE. Raw elements used to make thermoelectric materials are fl amed-sealed inside a quartz tube before they are melted inside of a furnace.

r HOT PRESS. Th e Th ermal Tech nology HP200-14020-23G hot press has independent and programmable temperature and force capacities of 2200°C and 100 tons.

i PARTIALLY ASSEMBLED TEG. Th e module base plate provides the framework for the generator.


supported by: US Department of Energy, Energy Effi ciency Renewable Energy (EERE)

w ANNEALING. Th is mixture is annealed, converting the skutterudite pre-cursors into a homogeneous compound.

e DOUBLE GLOVE BOX. All powder processing and die loading for the thermoelectric materials is performed in an inert atmosphere inside the double glove box, which contains a motorized mortar and pestle, a sieve shaker, a planetary ball mill, a hydraulic cold press, and an electronic balance.

t HOT-PRESSED BILLETS.

y COUPLES. N- and P-type leg pairs are bonded together with a fi nned heat exchanger to form thermoelectric couples.

u 5W MODULE. 10-couple modules are assembled to house CBT components, improve unit durability, and establish common a cold side heat exchanger.

o FULLY ASSEMBLED TEG. A cylindrical air diff userdirects the heat fl ow onto the couples via jet impingement.

a GEN 3-TEG UNDER TEST.


Ele

ctr

ica

l Ma

ch

ine

s &

Dri

ve

s L

ab

ora

tory

EL

IAS

ST

RA

NG

AS

MSU-DESIGNED 100KVA PERMANENT MAGNET AC GENERATOR

DECISION TREE TO OPTIMIZE DRIVE RELIABILITY

normaloperation

diagnosed bearing fault

shortcircuit

shortcircuit

opencircuit

opencircuit

partialdemagnetization

partialdemagnetization

fulldemagnetization

sensorfailure

sensorfailure

failure

preventivemaintenance

mitigationmiand//d

oro// reducedoperationp

λ1

λ2

msu-designed 100kva permanent magnet ac generator offering a combination of high efficiency and high power density.

options for continued operation of the electric powertrain in the event of a failure are shown below in a decision tree to optimize driving reliability.


MSU STUDENT-DESIGNED AND -CONSTRUCTED HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE FIELD—FERRITE AND SMCO MOTORSAND SMCO MOTORSAND SMCO MOTORS

using finite element models coupled with experiments, msu engineers design and build electric motors, some with ferrite and samarium cobalt armatures.

msu student engineers often choose to participate in application projects along with their classwork. shown is a student designed and constructed vehicle named “spartan charge.”

finite element analysis simulation


SIMULATED RESULTS SHOWING FAULT-TOLERANT POWER CONVERSION TOPOLOGY

FOR SERIES HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES

n Improves reliability with minimal increased part count

n Provides continuous full-power post-fault operation

Ele

ctr

ic P

ow

er

Co

nv

ers

ion

BIN

GS

EN

WA

NG

EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTRIC DRIVE SYSTEM

Overall system effi ciency optimized through minimization of power converter loss and augmentation.

Time (hours)

proprosed shev powertrain

standard shev powertrain

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

R(t

)

0 2×104 4×104 6×104 8×104 1×105

a, β

a, β

dθr

dt

θr

park transformation

inv. park transformation

clarke transformation

a, β

a, b

d, q

d, q

SPWM 3-PHASEINVERTER

LOSSMINIMIZATION

ALGORITHM

PI++

+-

--

PIΣω*r

ωr

ir*qs

irqs

irds

ir*ds

v r*qs v*sa

isa

isb

v*sβ

isβ

isα

v r*ds

Σ

Σ PI

PMSM


generator

fuse

rectifier

connectingdevices

buck/boost inverter

isolatingdevices

redundant leg

motor

Time (seconds)

2.0

1.0

0.0

1.0

200

100

0

100

380

370

360

350

200

0

200

fa

ult

sig

na

la

ph

as

e

cu

rr

en

tt

or

qu

ea

ng

ul

ar

s

pe

ed

0.68 0.70

fault introduced

0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90

PROPOSED THREE-PHASE MOTOR DRIVE SYSTEM SHOWING A REDUNDANT LEG

SIMULATED RESULTS FOR THREE-PHASE DRIVE SYSTEM WITH REDUNDANT LEG

Results showing performance when a fault is introduced.


Po

we

r E

lec

tro

nic

s &

Mo

tor

Dri

ve

sF

AN

G P

EN

G

Th e Power Electronics and Motor Drives

Lab consists of a low-voltage (three-phase

480 V) lab and a medium-voltage (three-

phase 6,000 V) lab for conducting research,

development, and testing of power converters/

inverters and motor drives from a fraction of

kVA to ten MVA. Working collaboratively with

government laboratories, industry, and other

universities, projects have ranged from small

power converters with power less than 1 kW to

multilevel inverters up to megawatts, and motor

drives.

RESEARCH SCOPE & AREAS

n Advanced power conditioning systems

for renewable energy sources such as

photovoltaic and wind power from one kW

to multi-MW systems and grid-connection

controls and protections.

n High power density, high temperature, and

low cost power converters and inverters for

hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), plug-in HEVs,

and pure electric vehicles (EVs).

n High-voltage high-power converters for

power system applications such as FACTS

devices including static synchronous

compensator (STACOM), unifi ed power fl ow

controller (UPFC), etc.

n MW converters and inverters for large motor

drives, battery energy storage, and mass

transit systems.

n Advanced power electronics circuit

topologies and controls: from intelligent

gate drives for MOSFETs and IGBTs to new

converter/inverter circuitries, from battery

protection/voltage balancing circuits to

circuit intelligence for self-healing, diagnosis,

and prognosis.

HEV & CHASSIS DYNO LAB


new multilevel converter/inverter topologies & demonstration

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS & ACHIEVEMENTS

n A new power conversion technology–Z-source

topology—has been developed to achieve buck and

boost operation and to overcome the drawbacks

of the traditional technology. Th e new technology

is very suited for power conditioning of renewable

energy sources such as solar and wind power.

n New multilevel converter/inverter topologies have

been developed and demonstrated to achieve high

voltage, high power, high effi ciency, and high power

density.

n High power converters/inverters have been

developed for various applications from large motor

drives to power system applications. Many of them

have been commercialized.

n Funding from more than 30 companies, institutes,

and government agencies.

55-kw dc-dc boost

6,000-v inverter prototype for motor drives

z-source converters/inverters, a new power conversion technology (55-kw prototype)

high voltage high power converter/inverter (1.5

mva prototype)

HIGH POWER LAB

MAIN LAB

RENEWABLE ENERGY LAB


Ad

va

nce

d P

ow

ert

rain

& E

ng

ine

Co

ntr

ol

GU

OM

ING

(G

EO

RG

E)

ZH

U

CRANK-BASED REAL-TIME ENGINE MODEL

For closed-loop combustion control, in-cylinder pressure

and temperature are critical information for the HIL

simulations. Th is real-time engine model uses the

mean-value model for intake and exhaust fl ow dynamics,

crank-based combustion model for MFB (mass-fraction-

burned), in-cylinder pressure, and temperature signals;

and a combustion event-based model for fuel injection,

ignition, and engine torques. Th is engine model is capable

of simulating engine combustion modes such as SI (spark

ignited), HCCI (homogenous charge compression ignition),

and SI-HCCI (hybrid combustion mode that starts at

SI combustion and ends with HCCI combustions). Th is

model has been implemented into the dSPACE real-time

simulation environment.

CLOSED LOOP COMBUSTION CONTROL

A prototype engine controller has been developed

for closed loop combustion control utilizing the

in-cylinder information, such as pressure and/or

ionization, for combustion control. Th e developed

controller samples the in-cylinder pressure and

ionization signals at every crank degree and

calculates engine IMEP (indicated mean eff ective

pressure), MBT (minimal advance for the best

torque), MFB (mass fraction burn), and SOC (start

of combustion) in real-time. Th ese calculated

engine variables are used for combustion

feedback: (1) engine MBT timing control, (2)

retard limit (combustion stability control), (3) EGR

control with guaranteed combustion stability, (4)

combustion stability, and (5) combustion mode

transition.

manual inputs

engine speed

ecu inputs


engine torque

signal outputs

states outputs

opal-rt host computer simulated signal display oscilloscope dspace host computer

Opal-RT based engine

prototype controller

Harness

breakout box

dSPACE-based

real-time simulator

cam output

crank output

pwm output

pwm input

fuel/spark measure

knock sensor

comb sensor

can

general digital i/o


memory

SI AND HCCI COMBUSTION MODE TRANSITION CONTROL

Th e SI and HCCI mode transition control utilizes

two-step valve lift and electrical cam phasing

systems. With the help of the hybrid (SI-HCCI)

combustion mode during mode transition, the

LQ optimal throttle and iterative fueling controls

provide smooth combustion mode transition

between SI and HCCI combustion.

OTHER CONTROL-RELATED RESEARCH

robust gain-scheduling control

n Gain-scheduling control of engine air-to-fuel ratio

n Gain-scheduling control of engine hydraulic and

electrical variable valve timing system

n Constrained LPV-based gain-scheduling control

smart fuel content detection

n IMPC (ionic polymer-metal composite)–based fuel

content detection sensor

n Detecting fl ow media properties such as viscosity

crank-based combustion

model

time-basedair handling

model

scheduledopen-loop

control

lq control

pi control(feedback)

ilc control

+

+

IMEP FFB

fdi

filc

λ (i + 1)

θ st

φ egr

φ tps

θ intm

θ extm

Π lift

Ι etc

λ (i)

IMEP (i + 1)

FFF (i + 1)

IMEP (i)

map

prototype engine controller hil engine simulator

FFF (i)

Ad

va

nce

d P

ow

ert

rain

& E

ng

ine

Co

ntr

ol

GU

OM

ING

(G

EO

RG

E)

ZH

U


BIO-FUEL LNT (LEAN NOX TRAP)

REGENERATION CONTROL

Th is research integrates the on-line

adaptive biofuel content detection

and closed loop AFR (air-to-fuel

ratio) tracking control during the

LNT regeneration. Th e stability of

the adaptive control system during

the steady state and biofuel content

transition operations is guaranteed.

Gain-scheduling control is used to

improve the system performance.

φ t

ps

(%

)

φ a

cc

(%

)

w/o LQ, w/o ILC

w/ LQ, w/ ILC

cylinder #1

cylinder #2

cylinder #3

cylinder #4

λm

ap

(b

ar)

ime

p (

ba

r)

time (ms)

0 500

100

50

0

40

20

0

1.0

0.8

0.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

8

7

6

5

4

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

time (s)

400

200

200

440

300

300

480

400

400

520

500

500

560

600

600

600

900

900

800

800

700

700

fu

el

ga

inλ

λ

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

1.4

1.2

1.0

reference λmeasured λ


FORD POWERTRAIN LABORATORY

Th is facility is equipped with six dynamometers

with over 1000 kW worth of absorption capability.

Room temperature can be maintained from 70-

120°f, making it ideally suited for the investigation

of hybrid applications, including medium- and

heavy-duty confi gurations. Th e working area

will accommodate a vehicle 3m in width and up to

8m in length. Th e control system is confi gured for

simultaneous and independent control for each

wheel of up to a six-wheeled vehicle, allowing

experiments on a drive cycle of interest.

Ad

va

nce

d H

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rid

Ve

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le E

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me

nts

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d w

ith

ta

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’s p

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ic r

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ea

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. ta

co

m c

as

e #

20

55

2.


HYBRID POWERTRAIN CONTROL AND OPTIMIZATION

Th e fi gure above shows development of the Simulink-

based hybrid powertrain and vehicle models for real-time

simulations. Th is real-time powertrain model can be

integrated with the TruckSim vehicle model to be used for

HIL (hardware-in-the-loop) simulations.

Th e diagram below shows the HIL simulation

environment at MSU that simulates a mediate-duty serial

and power split powertrain consisting of two PM electrical

machines, an electrical generator, engine, transmission, and

battery.

DC2

EAC1

DC-DC BATTERY HOSTWINEMAN

HOSTRT SIM

HOSTMOTOTRON

660V TWO-WAYDC POWER SUPPLY

WINEMAN DYNOCONTROLLER

NI REAL-TIMESIMULATOR

DC1EM2

TRANS

DYNO DRIVE

GENENGINE

EM1INV

INV

INV

USB

TO

RQ

UE

SE

NS

OR

CAN2

CAN1

speed

EMA

EMB

CO

NT

RO

LL

ER

FU

EL

C

ON

VE

RT

ER

DR

IVE

R

DR

IVE

CY

CL

E

AH

SI

EN

ER

GY

S

TO

RA

GE

VE

HIC

LE

mpgdivide

X

÷

distance

gallons

gal

gal

clock

constant

constant1

engine_on

key_on

time

1

1

powerbus


ENERGY & AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH

LABORATORY

director: Harold Schock, Professor, Mechanical Engineering

graduate students: Cody Squibb, Andrew Huisand, Chao

Cheng, Ravi Vedula (PhD students); Charles Maines (M.S.

student)

A signifi cant portion of the work conducted

in the Engine Research Laboratory uses

motored and fi ring optical engines. During

the past quarter century, MSU has designed

and constructed more than 20 optical engine

assemblies, from rotary, spark-ignition to diesel

confi gurations. A hallmark of this work has been

our ability to use advanced laser diagnostics

to characterize combustion and fl ow in realistic

assemblies.

Th e Th ermoelectric Applications Center is

also located in this laboratory. Th is is one of the

few places in the world where one can conduct

all of the steps needed to build a demonstration

thermoelectric generator in a range of 100 to

1,000 watts. Uniquely, this allows the evaluation

of new materials as they are developed

in devices that have commercially viable

applications.

ADVANCED POWERTRAIN & ENGINE

CONTROL GROUP

leader: Gouming (George) Zhu, Associate Professor,

Mechanical Engineering

graduate students: Andrew White, Xuefei Chen, Shupeng

Zhang, Jie Yang (PhD students); Ping Mi (M.S. student)

Th e Control Room facility will be primarily set up

for cold start testing, as well as operation under

conditions as low as –40°F.

Th e Automotive Control Lab investigates

closed-loop combustion control of internal

combustion engines, by applying modern

control theories to develop feed-forward and

feedback strategies for SI (spark ignited) and

HCCI (homogeneously charged compression

ignition) combustion controls through optimized

spark timing, EGR (exhaust gas recirculation)

rate, and engine valve timings and lift and for the

combustion mode transition between SI and

HCCI operations. We also study the optimization

and control of the hybrid powertrain, which

consists of many subsystems, such as internal

combustion engines, electrical machines,

transmission, and so on. Our goal is to develop

real-time control strategies for the best fuel

economy within a given level of emissions. Real-

time prototype controllers (Opal-RT, dSPACE,

and Mototron) and HIL (hardware-in-the-loop)

simulators (Opal-RT and dSPACE) are used for

control strategy development and validations.

Control-oriented real-time hybrid powertrain

models and engine models of SI, HCCI, and

SI-HCCI hybrid combustions are developed

and used for HIL simulations and model-based

powertrain controls.

BIOFUEL SPRAYS GROUP

leader: Giles Brereton, Associate Professor, Mechanical

Engineering

graduate students: Sriram Raghunath, Meisam Mehravaran,

Farid Roshanghalb (PhD students)

Th e Fuel Spray Laboratory is dedicated to

experimental measurements of liquid sprays

and their physical properties. Th e laboratory has

several systems that deliver pre-heated, cooled

or ambient-temperature fuels at controlled

pressures to injectors and atomizers which can

be operated under computer control in either

continuous or pulsed modes. Its measurement

capabilities include a laser Doppler and a phase

Doppler anemometer, a Malvern Spraytec

laser-diff raction measurement system, high-

speed digital and fi lm cameras, pulsed-laser

EA

RL

Le

ad

ers

, Sta

ff &

Affi

lia

tes


illumination systems, and a LaVision Spraymaster laser

sheet system for spray pattern analysis.

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS GROUP

leader: Farhad Jaberi, Professor, Mechanical Engineering

graduate students: Th omas Almeida, Husam Abdulrahman, Shalabh

Srivastava, Shiwei Qui, Abolfazl Irannejad, Avinash Jammalamadaka,

Saleh Rezaeiravesh (PhD students); Araz Banaeizadeh, Zhaorui Li

(postdocs)

Th e C omputational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Laboratory

(www.egr.msu.edu/cfd-lab) at MSU includes 4 faculty and

about 25 graduate students who are working on a variety

of thermal/fl uid problems ranging from micro to very large

scales. Th e past and curr ent projects in the lab include

several joint multi-PI projects as well as many small single-

PI ones. Professor Jaberi is coordinating and managing

all the research eff orts and educational activities at the

lab. He is also responsible for the upgrading of the facility

and equipment. For small- and mid-size simulations, fl ow

visualization, software/algorithm/model development,

and post-processing of data there are a 16-processor

parallel PC cluster machine and many SUN/SGI servers

and PCs available in the lab. Th ese machines ar e equipped

with state-of-the-art visualization, parallelization, and

computational software (MPI, PVM, Tecplot, MathLab, etc.)

and are linked through a high-speed network. For large-

scale simulations, we are using the supercomputers in the

High Performance Computer Center at MSU. Th e c enter

hosts a symmetric multi-processor (SGI-SMP) machine,

distributed memory clusters, and long-term mirrored

storage systems.

(Ph.D students); Jeff rey Stricker (M.S. student)

Th e Combustion Laboratory primarily examines problems

relating to combustion and fi re research. Th e Laboratory

houses the newest FTT Cone Calorimeter (CC) in an

American university. As of February 2012, is one of

the newest in the U.S. Th e CC is used to measure the

fl ammability of combustible materials. Th is facility has

been employed in materials fl ammability research for

clay-based nanocomposites, xGnP composites consisting

of nano-graphite in matrix blends, and for consulting work

involving new materials. All cone tests are astm e1354,

nfpa 271, and iso 5660 approved; thus our research

qualifi es as fl ammability tests. In CC tests a fl at surface

undergoes material degradation by fl ame. Th e heat fl ux

and surface regression are one-dimensional. Global burn

progress is monitored with mass loss, CO2, O2, heat release,

and ignition time. Research is also conducted on the MSU

Narrow Channel Apparatus (NCA), a ground-based facility

designed to simulate material fl ammability in microgravity

conditions. Th is research is being carried out for NASA and,

if the project funding continues, this experiment will be

fl own in space around 2018. Other research projects involve

the examination of combustion in Wave Disc engines. A

premixed fl ame combustion facility has been constructed

and is used to make very-high-speed measurements of

fl ame propagation in rectangular cylinders. Th is research is

funded by arpa-doe. Other projects of interest include the

construction of a Counterfl ow Diff usion Flame Apparatus

for measuring pulsatile diff usion fl ame combustion, the

construction of a Limited Oxygen Index combustion


calorimeter (LOI calorimeter), and a facility for measuring

the conductivities of soils used for Green Roofs. Th e latter

is a project Wichman has become involved with (the MSU

Green Roof Group).

RENEWABLE FUELS & IGNITION ENHANCEMENT GROUP

leader: Elisa Toulson, Mechanical Engineering

graduate students: Gerald Gentz, Andrew Koch (PhD students)

Th e primary function of the Renewable Fuels and Ignition

Enhancement Laboratory is to study the chemical kinetics

of renewable fuel combustion and ignition enhancement

technologies. Currently, eff orts are being made to develop

a reduced kinetic model for biodiesel fuels and fuel blends

that can be used in CFD applications. In addition, ignition

enhancement technologies for spark ignition engines are

being studied to enable low temperature combustion that

can reduce both fuel consumption and oxides of nitrogen

emissions.

BIOFUELS PRODUCTION & CHARACTERIZATION GROUP

leader: Dennis Miller, Professor, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science

graduate students: Arati Santhanakrishnan, Venkata Sai Pappu, Aaron

Oberg, Tyler Jordison, Anne Lown (PhD students)

A strength of the EARL eff ort is the capability to produce

and characterize suffi cient quantities of next-generation

biofuels to demonstrate performance in extended engine

tests. Th e Biofuels Production and Characterization

Laboratories develop new biofuel formulations through

research in new catalytic reaction pathways from

biomass to fi nal products, novel processing approaches

such as reactive separations and multiphase reactors,

and computational process simulation and molecular

modeling. Pilot-scale equipment facilitates biofuel

production in up to 100-gallon quantities. Biofuel

characterization incorporates both physical and chemical

properties to ensure blending compatibility with existing

fuels, proper volatility range, suffi cient energy content,

and low-temperature viability.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES & DRIVES GROUP

leader: Elias Strangas, Professor, Electrical & Computing Engineering

graduate students: Shanelle Foster (M.Sc., Project Engineer); Shahid

Nazrullah (PhD Postdoctoral Researcher); Jorge Gabriel Cintron-Rivera,

Andrew Stephen Babel, Reemon Zaki Saleem Haddad (PhD students);

Eduardo E. Montalvo-Ortiz, Arslan Qaiser, Muhammad J Zaheer, Rodney

Singleton (M.Sc. students)

Th e Electrical Machines and Drives Laboratory conducts

research and provides education and service in the fi eld of

electrical machines and drives. Signifi cant eff ort has been

spent in the last ten years on the design of reliable drives

that can withstand a fault and continue operating, as well

as methods to detect a fault, predict remaining useful

life, and enhance reliability. Th e laboratory has extensive

equipment for development, controlling, and testing of

designs of electrical drives, including design software,

dynamometers, inverters, sensors, etc. Its graduates

have achieved positions of leadership in industry and

academia.

BROWN FOUNDATION ENERGY LABORATORY

morelli group

semiconductors materials laboratory

doe, energy frontier research center

leader: Donald Morelli, Professor, Chemical Engineering

& Materials Science

nicholas group

solid state ionic materials laboratory

leader: Jason Nicholas, Assistant Professor, Chemical Engineering

& Materials Science

Th e Brown Foundation Energy Laboratory is a shared

facility under development with a group from MSU

Chemical Engineering. Th eir primary function is to develop

new, high-effi ciency thermoelectric materials. MSU was

recently named an Energy Fundamental Research Center

on thermoelectrics by the U.S. Department of Energy.

Much of MSU’s basic work on thermoelectrics will be

conducted at this site.


ELECTRIC POWER CONVERSION GROUP

leader: Bingsen Wang, Associate Professor, Electrical & Computing

Engineering

graduate students: Emad Sherif, Yantao Song (PhD students)

Th e Electric Power Conversion Laboratory is dedicated

to gaining fundamental understanding of electric power

conversion systems and providing innovative solutions

to improve system reliability and effi ciency. Th e research

activities are mainly in the following areas:

n Development of novel power converter topologies that

feature high reliability, effi ciency

n Modeling, modulation, and control of power electronic

systems

n Application of the power converters as grid interface for

renewable energy sources

n Application of the power converters in high performance

electric drive systems

Th e EPCL is equipped with modern experimentation

and instrumentation measures. Currently, the following

major equipment has been dedicated for research:

high-bandwidth digital oscilloscopes, programmable ac

and dc electronic load, programmable dc power source,

digital signal processor platforms, and high-end personal

computers and various simulation software packages.

SHARED FACILITIES

Engine Dynamometers

Th is facility is equipped with two ac dynamometers

capable of absorbing 110 kW and 400 kW respectively.

Firing single- and multi-cylinder experiments can be

conducted while measuring emissions using a modern

emissions collection and measurement facility. Provisions

for measuring fuel fl ow rates, energy required for cooling,

and energy balances are also available using a modern

control and high- and low-speed data acquisition systems.

Cold Room

A walk-in thermal chamber installed in Room e131 erc-

South will be used for hot- and cold-start engine tests,

evaluating the performance of biofuels at low operating

temperatures and other experiments that require a cold

or hot environment. Th e temperature range is —45°C

(–50°F) to +65°C (+150°F). Th e chamber is 12' wide × 12'

deep × 10' high. Prior to installing the chamber, a 5' wide

× 10' long steel bedplate was placed in the foundation to

provide a secure anchor for the dynamometer and engine

cart receiver. During testing, the chamber has a cold fl ow

delivery system that enables us to provide a minimum of

500 scfm of air at –40°C. Th is delivery system will prevent

humidity and condensation buildup during the test.

Ford Powertrain Laboratory

Th is facility is equipped with six dynamometers with

over 1,000 kW worth of absorption capability. Room

temperature can be maintained from 70–120°F, making it

ideally suited for the investigation of hybrid applications,

including medium- and heavy-duty confi gurations. Th e

working area will accommodate a vehicle 3 meters in

width and up to 8 meters in length. Th e control system

is confi gured for simultaneous and independent control

of each wheel of up to a six-wheeled vehicle, allowing

experiments on a drive cycle of interest.


Re

cen

t A

rtic

les

& P

ub

lica

tio

ns “Adaptive Control of a Pneumatic Valve Actuator for

an Internal Combustion Engine,” J. Ma; G. Zhu;

H. Schock, IEEE Transaction on Control System

Technology, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 730–743 (DOI: 10.1109/

TCST.2010.2054091) (2011).

“Aerosol Rapid Compression Machine for Studying

Energetic-Nanoparticle-Enhanced Combustion of

Liquid Fuels,” C. Allen; G. Mittal; C. J. Sung; E. Toulson;

T. Lee, Proc. Comb. Symp. 33, 2, 3367–3374 (2010).

“Application of a Novel Charge Preparation Approach to

Testing Autoignition Characteristics of JP-8 and

Camelina Hydroprocessed Renewable Jet Fuel in a

Rapid Compression Machine,” C. M. Allen; E. Toulson;

T. Edwards; T. Lee, submitted to Combustion and

Flame, (2011).

“Approximate Solutions for Arbitrarily Unsteady Laminar

Flow in Flexible Tubes,” G. J. Brereton, Physics of

Fluids, 21, 081902, (2009).

“Aqueous Oxygen Near the Homogeneous Nucleation

Limit of Water: Stabilization with Submicron

Capillaries,” J. R. Spears; P. Prcevski; G. J. Brereton,

ASAIO Journal, 52, 2, 186, (2006).

“Characterization of the Eff ect of Fatty Ester Composition

on the Ignition Behavior of Biodiesel Fuel Sprays,”

C. M. Allen; E. Toulson; D. Tepe; H. J. Schock; D. Miller;

T. Lee, submitted to Biomass & Bioenergy, (2011).

“Characterizing Aqueous-Phase Polyols Adsorption onto

Ru Metal Surface in a Recirculating Microreactor,”

L. Peereboom; J. E. Jackson; D. J. Miller, Green

Chemistry 11, 1979–1986 (2009).

“Characterizing Lactic Acid Hydrogenolysis Rates in

Laboratory Trickle Bed Reactors,” Y. Xi; J. E. Jackson;

D. J. Miller, Ind & Eng. Chem. Research, 50(9),

5440–5447 (2011).

“Combustion Characteristics of a Single-Cylinder

Gasoline and Ethanol Dual-Fuel Engine,” G. Zhu;

D. Hung; H. Schock, Proceedings of the Institution

of Mechanical Engineers, Part D, Journal of

Automobile Engineering, 224(D3), 387–403 (DOI:

10.1243/09544070JAUTO1236) (2010).

“Combustion Dynamics for Energetically Enhanced

Flames Using Microwave Energy Coupling,” X. Rao;

K. Hemawan; C. Carter; I. Wichman; T. Grotjohn;

J. Asmussen; T. Lee, Proc. Comb. Symp. 33, 2,

3233–3240 (2010).

“Combustion System Development and Analysis of a

Downsized Highly Turbocharged PFI Small Engine,”

W. P. Attard; E. Toulson; F. Hamori; H. C. Watson, SAE

Int. J. Engines, 3:511–528, (2010).

“Comparison of PMAC Machines for Starter-Generator

Application in a Series Hybrid-Electric Bus,”

S. Jurkovic; E. Strangas, International Journal of

Vehicular Technology, pp. 11, (2011).

“Compressible Scalar FMDF Model for Large-Eddy

Simulations of High-Speed Turbulent Flows,”

A. Banaeizadeh; Z. Li; F. A. Jaberi, AIAA Journal,

49(10):2130–2143, (2011).

“Convective Heat Transfer in Unsteady Laminar Parallel

Flows,” G. J. Brereton; Y. Jiang, Physics of Fluids, 18, 10,

3602, (2006).

“Design and Analysis of a High-Gain Observer for the

Operation of SPM Machines Under Saturation,”

S. Jurkovic; E. Strangas, IEEE Transactions on Energy

Conversion, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 417–427, (2011).

“Diethyl Succinate Synthesis by Reactive Distillation,”

A. Orjuela; A. Kolah; X. Hong; C. T. Lira; D. J. Miller,

Separation and Purifi cation Technology 88, 151–162

(2012).

“Direct Coupled Plasma Assisted Combustion Using a

Microwave Waveguide Torch,” S. Hammack; C. Carter;

T. Lee, IEEE Transactions, Special Issue on Plasma

Science, 39, 12, 3300–3306 (2011).

“Dynamic Model of an Electropneumatic Valve Actuator

for Internal Combustion Engines,” J. Ma;

Z. Guoming; H. Schock. ASME Journal of Dynamic

Systems, Measurement and Control, Vol. 132, (DOI:

10.1115/1.4000816) (March 2010).

“Dynamic Voltage Restorer Utilizing a Matrix Converter

and Flywheel Energy Storage,” B. Wang;

G. Venkataramanan, IEEE Transactions on Industry

Applications, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 222–231, (2009).

“Eff ects of Transients on Pulsatile Flow in Arteries,”

G. J. Brereton; Biorheology, 48, 3–4, (2011).

“Flame Spread over Th in Fuels in Actual and Simulated


Microgravity Conditions,” S. L. Olson; F. J. Miller; S. Jahangirian; I. S.

Wichman, Combustion and Flame, Vol. 156, pp. 1214–1226 (2009).

“Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation of Robust Gain-Scheduling Control

of Port-Fuel-Injection Process,” G. White; G. Zhu; J. Choi, IEEE

Transaction on Control System Technology, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp.

1433–1443 (DOI: 10.1109/TCST.2010.2095420) (2011).

“High-Order Finite-Diff erence Method for Numerical Simulations of

Supersonic Turbulent Flows,” Z. Li; F. A. Jaberi, International Journal

of Numerical Methods in Fluids, pp. 740–766, Vol. 68(6), (2011).

“Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain with Fault-Tolerant Capability,”

Y. Song; B. Wang, in Proceedings of 27th Annual IEEE Applied

Power Electronics Conference, Orlando, FL, pp. 951–956, (Feb.

5–9, 2012).

“Hybrid Lagrangian-Eulerian Particle-Level Set Method for Numerical

Simulations of Two-Fluid Turbulent Flows,” Z. Li; F. A. Jaberi;

T. I-P. Shih, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids,

56, 2271–2300, (2008).

“Ignition Characteristics of Diesel and Canola Biodiesel Sprays in the

Low-Temperature Combustion Regime,” C. M. Allen; E. Toulson;

D. L. S. Hung; H. J. Schock; D. Miller; T. Lee, Energy and Fuels, 25(7),

2896–2908, (2011).

“Improving the Reliability of Electrical Drives through Failure Prognosis,”

E. Strangas; S. Aviyente; J. Neely; S. S. H. Zaidi, IEEE International

Symposium on Diagnostics for Electric Machines, Power

Electronics and Drives, SDEMPED 2011, Bologna, Italy, (2011).

“In-Cylinder Engine Flow Measurement Using Stereoscopic Molecular

Tagging Velocimetry (SMTV),” M. Mittal; R. Sadr; H. J. Schock;

A. Fedewa; A. Naqwi, Exp. Fluids, 46 (2), 277–284, (2009).

“Indirect Pressure-Gradient Technique for Measuring Instantaneous

Flow Rates in Unsteady Duct Flows,” G. J. Brereton; H. J. Schock;

M. A. Rahi, Experiments in Fluids, 40, 238, (2006).

“Indirect Technique for Determining Instantaneous Flow Rate from

Centerline Velocity in Unsteady Duct Flows,” G. J. Brereton, H. J.

Schock; J. C. Bedford; Flow Measurement and Instrumentation,

19, 9, (2008).

“Integrated System Identifi cation and Control Design for an IC Engine

Variable Valve Timing System,” Z. Ren; G. Zhu, ASME Journal of

Dynamic System, Measurement, and Control, Vol. 133, Issue 2,

(DOI: 10.1115/1.4003263) (2011).

“Iron and Magnet Losses and Torque Calculation of Interior Permanent

Magnet Synchronous Machines Using Magnetic Equivalent

Circuit,” A. R. Tariq; C. E. Nino-Baron; E. Strangas, IEEE Transactions

on Magnetics, Vol. 46, No. 12, pp. 4073 –4080, (2010).

“Kinetic and Mass Transfer Model for Glycerol Hydrogenolysis in a

Trickle Bed Reactor,” Y. Xi; J. E. Holladay; J. G. Frye; A. A. Oberg; J. E.

Jackson: D. J. Miller, Organic Process Research and Development,

14, 1304–1312 (2010).

“Kinetic Model for the Amberlyst 15-Catalyzed Transesterifi cation

of Methyl Stearate with n-Butanol,” V. K. S. Pappu, A. J. Yanez-

McKay, L. Peereboom, E. Muller; C. T. Lira; D. J. Miller, Bioresource

Technology, 102, 4270–4272 (2011).

“Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Flow in an Axisymmetric Dump

Combustor,” A. Afshari; F.A. Jaberi, 46(7), 1576-, AIAA Journal,

(2008).

“Large Eddy Simulations of Turbulent Methane Jet Flames with Filtered

Mass Density Function,” M. Yaldizli; K. Mehravaran; F.A. Jaberi, Int. J.

of Heat and Mass Transfer, 53, 2551–2562, (2010).

“LES/FMDF of Spray Combustion in Internal Combustion Engines,”

A. Banaeizadeh; H. Schock; F. A. Jaberi, National Combustion

Meeting, Th e Combustion Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, (2009).

“Mixed Succinic Acid/Acetic Acid Esterifi cation with Ethanol by Reactive

Distillation,” A. Orjuela; A. Kolah; C. T. Lira; D. J. Miller, Ind. & Eng.

Chem. Res., 50(15), 9209–9220 (2011).

“Modeling and Inverse Compensation of Temperature-Dependent Ionic

Polymer-Metal Composite Sensor Dynamics,” T. Ganley; D. L. S.

Hung; G. Zhu; X. Tan, IEEE/ASME Transaction on Mechatronics,

Vol. 16, No. 1, (DOI: 10.1109/TMECH.2010.2090665) (2011).

“Modeling of Th ermophoretic Soot Deposition and Stabilization on

Cooled Surfaces,” M. Mehravaran; G. J. Brereton, Commercial

Vehicle Engineering Congress, SAE 2011-01-2183, (2011).

“Modeling the Auto-Ignition of Biodiesel Blends with a Multi-Step

Model,” E. Toulson; C. M. Allen; D. Miller; J. McFarlane; H. J. Schock;

T. Lee, Energy and Fuels, 25(2), 632–639, (2011).

“Modeling the Auto-Ignition of Fuel Blends with a Multi-Step Model,”

E. Toulson; C. Allen; J. McFarlane; D. Miller; H. Schock; T. Lee, Energy

and Fuels, 25 (2), 632–639 (2011).

“Modeling the Auto-Ignition of Oxygenated Fuels Using a Multi-Step

Model,” E. Toulson; C. M. Allen; D. Miller; T. Lee, Energy and Fuels,

24 (2), 888–896, (2010).

“Mono-Component Fuel Droplet Evaporation in the Presence of

Background Fuel Vapor,” M. Abarham; I. S. Wichman, International

Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 54, Issues 17–18, pp.

4090–4098. DOI:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.04.002 (2011).

“Novel Process for Recovery of Fermentation-Derived Succinic Acid,”


A. Orjuela; A. J. Yanez; L. Peereboom; C. T. Lira; D. J. Miller,

Separation and Purifi cation Technology, 83, 31–37 (2011).

“Optimization of a Multi-Step Model for the Auto-Ignition of Dimethyl

Ether in a Rapid Compression Machine,” E. Toulson; C. M. Allen;

D. Miller; H. J. Schock; T. Lee, Energy and Fuels, 24 (6), 3510–3516,

(2010).

“Overload Considerations for Design and Operation of IPMSMs,”

A. R. Tariq ; C. E. Nino-Baron; E. Strangas, IEEE Transactions on

Energy Conversion, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 921 –930, (2010).

“Oxide Formation in a Premixed Flame with High-Level Plasma Energy

Coupling,” X. Rao; I. Matveev; T. Lee, Nitric IEEE Transactions,

Special Issue on Plasma Science, 37, 12, 2303–2313 (2009).

“Photovoltaic Power Conversion System with Flat Effi ciency Curve

Over a Wide Load Range,” Y. Song; B. Wang, Proceedings of

37th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society,

Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1144–1149, (Nov. 7–10, 2011).

“Prognosis of Gear Failures in DC Starter Motors Using Hidden Markov

Models,” S. S. H. Zaidi; S.Aviyente; M. Salman; K.-K. Shin; E.

Strangas, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 58, No.

5, pp. 1695–1706, (2011)

“Prospects for Implementation of Th ermoelectric Generators as

Waste Heat Recovery Systems in Class 8 Truck Applications,”

H. J. Schock, et al., Journal of Energy Resources Technology,

JERT-11-1087, (submitted 7/2011).

“Reactive Distillation Process to Produce 2-Methyl-5-hydroxy-1,3-

dioxane from Mixed Glycerol Acetal Isomers,” X. Hong;

O. McGiveron; A. Orjuela; C. T. Lira; L. Peereboom; D. J. Miller,

Organic Process Research & Development, online at DOI: 10.1021/

op200072x (2012).

“Seasonal Heat Flux Properties of an Extensive Green Roof in a

Midwestern U.S. Climate,” K. L.Getter; D. B. Rowe; J. A. Andresen;

I. S. Wichman, Energy and Buildings (impact factor = 1.593). In

press, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.09.018, (2011).

“Series Compensator Based on AC-AC Power Converters with Virtual

Quadrature Modulation,” B. Wang, Proceedings of 2nd International

Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation

Systems, Hefei, China, pp. 438–443, (June 16–18, 2010).

“SGS Modeling of the Internal Energy Equation in LES of Supersonic

Channel Flow,” S. Raghunath; G. J. Brereton, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc.

56, 161, (2011).

“Study of Cycle-to-Cycle Variations and the Infl uence of Charge Motion

Control on In-Cylinder Flow in an IC Engine,” M. Mittal; H. J. Schock,

Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 132, (2010).

“Supported MnCeOx Catalyst for Ketonization of Carboxylic Acids,”

A. Murkute; J. E. Jackson; D. J. Miller, J. Catal. 278, 189–199 (2011).

“Th eoretical and Numerical Analysis of a Spreading Opposed-Flow

Diff usion Flame,” Y, Long; I. S. Wichman, Proceedings of the

Royal Society A, Vol. 465, pp. 3209–3238 (also: DOI:10.1098/

rspa.2009.0152, 29 July 2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/

rspa.2009.0152, (2009).

“Th ermal Analysis of Permanent Magnet Motor for the Electric Vehicle

Application Considering Driving Duty Cycle,” J. Fan; C. Zhang;

Z. Wang; Y. Dong; C. E. Nino-Baron; A. R. Tariq; E. Strangas, IEEE

Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 2493–2496, (2010).

“Th ermal and Chemical Structure of Biogas Counterfl ow Diff usion

Flames,” S. Jahangirian; I. S. Wichman; A. Engeda, Energy and

Fuels, Vol. 23, pp. 5312–5321 (also: DOI:10.1021/ef9002044,

Published on Web 10/09/2009), (2009).

“Th ermodynamic Modeling of Direct Injection Methanol-Fueled

Engines,” Y. Shen,; J. Bedford; I. S. Wichman, Applied Th ermal

Engineering, Vol. 29, pp. 2379–2385 (2009).

“Time-Resolved Measurements of Pyrolysis and Combustion Products

of PMMA,” R. Ghosh; I. S. Wichman; C. Cramer; R. Loloee, Fire and

Materials, (2012).

“Trajectory Optimization for the Engine—Generator Operation of a

Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle,” C. E. Nino-Baron; A. R. Tariq; G. Zhu;

E. Strangas, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 60,

No. 6, pp.2438–2447, (2011)

“Turbulence-Interface Interactions in a Two-Fluid Homogeneous Flow,”

Z. Li; F. A. Jaberi, Physics of Fluids, 21(9), (2009).

“Turbulent Jet Ignition Pre-Chamber Combustion System for Large

Fuel Economy Improvements in a Modern Vehicle Powertrain,”

W. P. Attard; N. Fraser; P. Parsons; E. Toulson, SAE Int. J. Engines

3:20–37, (2010).


Advanced Propulsion Technologies: “ Bidirectional DC-DC

Converter for a Starter Alternator”

Air Force Research Lab, Michigan/AFRL: Collaborative

Center in Aeronautical Sciences

Air Force Offi ce of Scientifi c Research, Defense University

Research Instrumentation Program: “Multi-Spectral

High Speed PLIF/PIV/RST Imaging”

Air Force Offi ce of Scientifi c Research, NASA: Hypersonic

Propulsion Center

Air Force Offi ce of Scientifi c Research, UAV Engine

Research Project: “Optimization of a Small-scale

Engine Using Plasma-Enhanced Ignition”

Benteler Corporation: “EGR Cooler Baseline Th ermal

Testing”

Chrysler, LLC., sub-award with Department of Energy:

“Advancing Transportation Th rough Vehicle

Electrifi cation—PHEV”

Claytech: “In-Pore Testing”

Coca-Cola Company: “Green Synthesis of BTX as

Intermediates for PET Production”

Delphi Automotive: “Fault Prediction for Permanent

Magnet Motors”

Department of Energy: “Advanced Combustion Systems

for Ethanol-Fueled Engines”

Department of Energy: Advanced Propulsion System

Development, “Wave Disc Engine”

Department of Energy, Advanced Research Projects

Agency-Energy: “Investigation of Wave Disc

Engines”

Department of Energy, Advanced Research Projects

Agency-Energy: “Wave Disc Engine” (Development

and Control of High-Speed Starter Generator)

Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory:

”Experimental Investigations of Heat-Integrated

Reactive Distillation”

Department of Energy: “Design, Construction,

and Demonstration of Skutterudite-Based

Th ermoelectric Generators”

Department of Energy: “Flex Fuel–Optimized SI and HCCI

Engines”

Department of Energy, Freedom Car Program: “Novel

Biofuel Formulations for Enhanced Vehicle

Performance”

Department of Energy: “High-Effi ciency Clean Combustion

Flex Fuel–Optimized SI and HCCI Engine”

Department of Energy, National Corn Growers Association:

“Th e Ethanol Platform for Chemicals and Fuels”

Department of Energy: “Novel Biofuel Formulations for

Enhanced Vehicle Performance”

Department of Energy: “Powertrain Design and Testing for

Hybrid Buses”

Department of Energy: “Th ermoelectric Conversion of

Waste Heat to Electricity in an IC Engine Powered

Vehicle”

Defense Logistics Agency: “Advanced Biofuels for Aviation

and Ground Applications”

Defense Logistics Agency: “Biofuels as a JP-8 Supplement

and Replacement Fuel for Aviation and Ground

Applications”

Environmental Protection Agency: “Development for

Future Advanced Vehicle Technologies Th at Will

Improve Fuel Effi ciency and Reduce Emissions”

Exxon Mobil Corporation: “High-Voltage Direct-Current

Power Transmission for Oil and Gas Applications.”

Ford Motor Company: “Use of Wavelets for the Prognosis

of Faults in Electrical Machines”

General Motors: “Combustion and Aftertreatment

Regeneration Control for Biodiesel Engines Using

Knock and Pressure Sensors”

General Motors Corporation, Research Labs: “Diagnosis of

Magnetic Structures and Components for Electrical

Machines”

General Motors Corporation: “Fault Diagnosis and

Prognosis for the Automotive Starting System”

Gongda Power Company: “Development of a Four-Cylinder

Engine Controller for Dynamometer Application”

HCl Clean Techology: “Test Runs on Distillation Column”

Michigan Economic Development Corporation: “Advanced

Ethanol-Tolerant Engine”

Michigan Economic Development Corporation:

“Development and Demonstration of a Hybrid

Powertrain for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles”

Michigan Life Sciences Corridor Fund: “Oxygenation by

Liquid Infusion in Medicine/Environment”

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Michigan State University, Composite Vehicle Research Center:

“Material Degradation and Flammability of XGnP Composites”

Michigan State University: “Synthesis of Propylene Oxide from

Propylene Glycol”

Michigan State University Foundation, Strategic Partnership Grant:

“Transportation Fuels from Biomass—A Novel, Integrated

Approach to Fast Pyrolysis and Upgrading of Bio-Oil”

National Aeronautics & Space Administration: “A High-Fidelity Model for

Numerical Simulations of Complex Combustion and Propulsion

Systems”

National Aeronautics & Space Administration: “Developing the Narrow

Channel Apparatus as a NASA Standard Material Flammability

Test”

National Aeronautics & Space Administration, Jet Propulsion Lab: “Leg

Fabrication Using Skutterudite Based Th ermoelectric Materials”

National Corn Growers Association: “Advanced Biofuels and Chemicals

from Mixed Alcohols”

National Science Foundation, GOALI/Collaborative Research: “A

Control-Oriented Charge Mixing and Hybrid Combustion Model

for SI-HCCI dual Mode Engines”

National Science Foundation, GOALI : “Reliability Enhancement of

Electric Drive Systems through Failure Prognosis and Fault

Mitigation”

National Science Foundation: “Mathematical and Computational Study

of Turbulent Mixing and Reaction”

National Science Foundation: “Toward More Reliable and Effi cient Power

Conversion Systems through Intelligent Interactions” (pending)

Offi ce of Naval Research, Northwestern University: “Nanostructured

Chalcogenide-Based Th ermoelectric Materials for High-

Effi ciency Energy Conversion: Design and Application”

Offi ce of Naval Research, Young Investigator Program: “Ignition and

Oxidation of Bio-Derived Future Navy Fuels”

Science Applications International Corporation: “Advanced Hybrid

Electric Powertrain Program”

Tecumseh Products: “Design of a PMAC Generator”

Tecumseh Products: “Iron Loss Estimation from Finite Element

Analysis”

United States Army, Tank Automotive Research, Development and

Engineering Center (TARDEC): “Powertrain Design Aspects and

Evaluation for Heavy-Duty Hybrid Vehicles”

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ve Systems through Failure Prognosis and Fault

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ENERGY & AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH LABORATORY

1497 Engineering Research Court, Room 151, East Lansing, MI 48824

tel 517.355.1789 | fax 517.432.3341 | email [email protected]

Documents

nergy & utomotive esearch aboratory report-4 materail deleted.pdfIndrek Wichman Research examining problems related to combustion, materials ﬂammability, and ﬁre. Current research