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Davide NERId.neri@uni vpm.i t
STRAWBERRY PLANT ARCHITECTURE:
TRAY PLANT STRUCTURE AND
PROGRAMMING
Polytechnic University of MarcheDepartment of Environmental and Crop ScienceVia Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
Antwerp, 2nd September 2010
Problems• Plant Architecture
– Definition
– Physiological meaning
• Tray Plant Structure– Number of inflorescences
– Number of flowers
• Tray Plant Programming– Fruit production cycles (earliness, peacks)
– Harvest season duration (extension)
– Fruit quality
Plant architecture• The strawberry plant is a herbaceous perennial rosette
and the stem or crown has secondary cambium activity. • The internodes are very short and a number of long-
petiole tri foliate leaves are arranged spirally on the axis.
• The axillary meristems may develop into stolons or branch crowns, with a regular positioning along the axis, and in strict relation with crown growth rate.
• Under favourable environmental conditions floral induction occurs at th e apex of the crown.
Extension growth of the crown continues along the axis of the uppermost lateral meristem below the terminal inflorescence (extension crown extension axis), thus giving a sympodialstructure to the crown which is not apparent at first sight.
Savini et al 2005
Different plant representations
Guttri dge, 1955Dana M .N. ; 1974
INFLORESCENCE
EXPANDED LEAF
RUNNER
NOT EXPANDEND LEAF
AXILLARY DORMANT BUD
LATERAL CROWN
LATENT BUD (W ITH DEAD LEAF)
(Savini 2002)
12
2
CENTRAL AXIS LATERAL AXIS
GROWTH
GROWTH
ARREST
ARREST
FI
FLOWERINDUCTION
TI ME
GENERAL PHYSIOLOGICAL MODEL
Zucconi, 2002
dor ma ncy
dor ma ncychil lingchil ling
Growth
2
ORGANOGRAPHY
First crown Runners
Inflorescence
Axillary buds
Leaves
Secondary crown
Tertiary crown
Extension meristem
Inflorescence
Trace of the last leaf
primordium
Neri 2000
Stolon apex
Leaf pr imordium
Neri 2000
Axil lary buds
Neri 2000
Meristema apicaledifferenziato a fiore
2° meristema ascellare, sta sviluppando in uno stolone
1° meristemaascellare, origina il meristema apicale di sostituzione
1st axillarymeristemIt w ill act asextensioncrown
Apical meristem
2nd axillarymeristemIt isoriginating a stolon
Neri 2000
Flower formation
• Flower induction
• Flower init iation• Flower differentiation
each phase has its own optimum for
– Temperature
– Daylength
– …. other factors
3
Day Length (h) 8 10 12 14 16
Flower induction
Runners
Leaf area
Lateral branches
Re-elaboration from: Hancock (1999)
0 15 20 25 30
TEMPERATURE (°C )
Flower induction Vegetative growth
RE
LA
TIV
E G
RO
WT
H 10080
60
40200
Temperature °C
6
12
18
24
Vegetative growth
Ph
oto
pe
rio
d
Flower induction
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
From Ito and Saito, 1962
Stress thermophotoperiods
0
10
20
30
40
50
12 18 240
1
2
3
4
5
n. flow er n.s to lon
n./f
low
er
°C
Te mpe ratu re effe ct
n.s
tolo
n
(Heid e, 1976)
0123456
1 0 1 2 14 1 6 2 4
n.i nf lor n.s tolon
n/pl
ant
Photop eriod effect
Photoperi od (He ide, 1976)
In the intermediate conditions there are:
- Flower induction
-Vegetative growth HIGH VIGOURNO APICAL DOMINANCE
BEGINNING OF FALL:LOW VIGOUR
APICAL DOMINANCE(DORMANT BUD)
FALL:FLOWER FORMATION
NO APICAL DOMINANCE
AFTER PLANTING :LOW VIGOUR
APICAL DOMINANCE (LATERAL BUD DORMANCY)
FACTORS AFFECTING VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE RATE
- Apical dominance
-Growth Rate
- Dormancy
- Physiological phaseof single organs
Vegetative apex
Stolon formation
Bud differentiation,
not in the whole plant
Different interpretation of each organ on the same condition
high
low
Phase 0
Phase7Phase6
Phase 5Phase 4
Phase 3Phase 2Phase 1
Phase 8Neri et al. 2009
4
Tray plants 30 days after transplanting
- MINERAL NUTRITION (Shoot to r oot r ati o) ( Stri k, 1985; Battey et al. 1998; Lieten; 2002; Bigey; 2002)
- SHADING 85% (C ar bon Bal ance) (Kumakura e Shishido,1985)
- LEAF REMOVAL ( C ar bon Bal ance) (Thompson e Guttridge, 1960)
- WATER STRESS ( Sever al fac tors) (Naumann, 1961)
- TRANSPLANTING ( Shoot to r oot r ati o) (Fujishighe, 1994)
- SMALL POT ( Shoot to root r ati o) (Fujishighe, 1994).
FLOWER INDUCTION
WITH DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES
PRINCIPAL AXIS GROW TH
GROW TH ARREST
APICAL DOMINANCE
NO LATERAL GROW TH
LOW VIGOUR
RUNNER GROWTH (SILLEPTIC)
HIGH VIGOUR
FLOW ER DIFFERENTIATION
GROW TH OFLATERAL MERISTEMS
GROW TH ARREST
FLOW ER DIFFERENTIATION
Condition for induction
Condition for induction
FACTOR INFLUENCING VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE RATE
- Apical dominance
- Growth Rate - Dormancy
-Physiological phase
Vegetative apex
- Each buds
- No whole plant
Different interpretation of the same condition for each organ
Production cycles
• Programmed plants
• Extension of the production period• Fruit quality
Spring crop with frigo plants (North Italy)
I°yearWinterFallSummer
transplanting flower differentiation
Gro
wth
rate
1°
1°
1°
Frigo plant Plant architecture before winter
Stolonsgrowth
Flowersinduction
plant
5
Winter - spring crop s with fresh plant (South Italy)
I°yearWinterFallSummer
transplanting flower differentiation
Gro
wth
rate plant
Flowersinduction
crop crop
5°
1°
4°3
°
2°
Plast ic houseflowers
induction
Flowersinduction
Runner plant
Vegetative apex
Winter - spring crop s with fresh plant (South Italy)
I°yearWinterFallSummer
transplanting flower differentiation
Gro
wth
rate plant
Flowersinduction
crop crop
Flowersinduction
Spring Summer
crops/flower inductionII°year
Gro
wtr
ate
Fresh plant
5°
1°
4°3°
2°Nursery induction
Plastic house induction
- No dormancy- Continuous growth- Overlapping production
and diffe rentiation- No excess production
in one single period
Chilling (dormancy breaking)
Dormancy is
induced by high temperature and short day .
Chilling induced high v egetativ e growth in the f av ourable climatic condition (temp.> 10°C and long day )
0 C U132 CU432 CU
Savini 2003
Tray plant architecture on different conditions
Tray plant quality- Runner
- Transplanting 20 july (2001)
- Growth in natural condition until winter
3 different substrates
CV: Cireine and
Darselect
Substrate fertility
Savini et al. 2002
6
CireineG
F
FF
C
C
E
C
F
C
B
G
B
G
B
F
T H PT Ha
SubstrateSavini et al. 2002
Darselect
D
F
HD
F
H
D
F
H
F
G
F
TH PT Ha
SubstrateSavini et al. 2002
Substrato:TH = Blonde peat /brown peat/perlite (v/v/v)
CV: Gariguette
Mineral solution: 1,4 mS/cm continue or stop for 15 days
PLANTING
01/08
01/09
1,4 mS/cm
0,3 mS/cm
1,4 mS/cm
1,4 mS/cm
15/09
I° II° III°
01/10 15/10 01/11
NUTRITION
Savini et al. 2002
Mineral solution Stopping mineral solution
(Stress)
15 days after
treatment
Savini et al. 2002
G G EC
45 days after
treatment
Mineral solution Stopping mineral solution
(Stress)
Savini et al. 2002
T. VAN DELM (*), F. MASSETANI (**),
G. SAVINI (***), D. NERI (**)
PLANT ARCHITECT URE OF STRAWBERRY TRAYPLANTS IN RELATION TO NUT RIENT APPLICATION SYSTEM
(*) Proefcent rum Hoogst raten, Meerle, Belgium(**) Dept. Environment and Crop Science, Polytechnics University, Ancona- Italy(***) Coop. Santorsola, Pergine Val Sugana, Trento, Italy
7
Elsanta tray plants from Italy
architecture November 2008
debladed minitray
Farmer B Farmer C Farmer EFarmer A Farmer D
tray tray tray
Elsanta tray plants from Belgium
architecture November 2008
Farmer B Farmer C Farmer EFarmer A Farmer D
1 2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
44
4
4
2
Pa P m
Sm S m
Tm
Tm Tm
Tm Q m
Qm
Q m Qm Q m
Q m
Qm
Qm
L
Pa Pa
Sa
Sa Sa
Ta
Ta
Ta
Ta
Sa
1 2
3 4
1 – Primary f low er2 – Second ary flow er3 – Tertiary flower4 – Quate rnary flowe r
Flower differentiatio n
Meristem ( m ) o f primar y (P ) flo wer and leaf (L )
Meris tems o f seco ndary (S) flow er s
Meristem s o f tert iary (T) flow er
Meris tems o f quat ernary flow er s (Q )
The meristems of flowers of superiororder are formed on the axi s (a) of lower order ones
Inflo rescence
Elsanta medium and higth altitude nursery
y = -0,0557x2 + 5,6808x - 102,33R2 = 0,8566
y = -0,0335x2 + 2,8851x - 25,955R2 = 0,7808
10
20
30
40
50
60
10 2 0 3 0 40 50 60
architecture numbe r of f low ers
num
ber
of h
arve
sted
fru
its 400 m s l
1000 m sl
1:1
Savini et al. 2008
- the architect ure a nalysis is a n effective tool to study flower different iation physiology of the tray plants
- the architecture analysis of the tray plants ca n predict earline ss rank (first to last) and yie ld potential
- but not the y ield relate d to plan t s torage and f ut uregrowth cond itions. For th is pred iction the analysis needs to be repeated along the storage and dur ing firs t grow ing steps after transplan ting to de tect the impact on flower differentiation.
Conclusion
a ab
c
Arch
Group
A special thank to
Gianluca Savini PhDFrancesca Massetani PhDRamesh Gangatharan PhDPaolo ZucchiMarco GiacomelliTom Van Delm