New Directions In Thought & New Directions In Thought & Culture 16Culture 16thth/17/17thth Centuries Centuries

The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution

AP EURO : Chap 14AP EURO : Chap 14

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

Main Themes:Main Themes:1.1. Renaissance & Reformation paved the Renaissance & Reformation paved the

way for “new” science & philosophyway for “new” science & philosophy2.2. Shift fromShift from authoritative truthauthoritative truth toto factual factual

truthtruth

Basic Questions AskedBasic Questions Asked

1. Who am I?1. Who am I?2. What is my purpose in life?2. What is my purpose in life?3. How do faith, reason, and science inter 3. How do faith, reason, and science inter

–relate?–relate?

Basic Questions AskedBasic Questions Asked

4. How can science and laws be applied to 4. How can science and laws be applied to society?society?

5. What is the nature of a 5. What is the nature of a “good“good” society?” society?

The Scientific Revolution …The Scientific Revolution …

Was a period of intellectual transition…Was a period of intellectual transition… Inspired new views of the universeInspired new views of the universeWas a complex movementWas a complex movement

New Knowledge EmergedNew Knowledge Emerged

During 16During 16thth/ 17/ 17thth centuries:centuries:

Medicine, chemistry, Medicine, chemistry, natural history, natural history, philosophy philosophy

& Most notably…& Most notably… Astronomy Astronomy

Ancient vs. Modern Views of the Ancient vs. Modern Views of the UniverseUniverse

What is the earth’s place in the universe?What is the earth’s place in the universe?Where does heaven Where does heaven fit infit in??

The Accepted Model of the The Accepted Model of the UniverseUniverse

““Ptolemaic System” Ptolemaic System” Ptolemy wrote Ptolemy wrote The The

Almagest (150 c.e.)Almagest (150 c.e.) Geo centrismGeo centrism- earth is - earth is

at center of the at center of the universeuniverse

““Concentric SpheresConcentric Spheres” ” above earthabove earth

The “Celestial / Concentric The “Celestial / Concentric Sphere”- AssumptionsSphere”- Assumptions

““Sphere” surrounded the Sphere” surrounded the earthearth

Stars attached to this Stars attached to this spheresphere

Sphere rotated around Sphere rotated around stationary earth every 24 stationary earth every 24 hourshours

Sphere “moved” in Sphere “moved” in westward motion (stars westward motion (stars rise in east, set in west)rise in east, set in west)

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

Polish Polish Priest/AstronomerPriest/Astronomer

Did not believe Earth Did not believe Earth was at the center of was at the center of the universethe universe

Copernicus’ Model of the UniverseCopernicus’ Model of the Universe

Heliocentrism Heliocentrism –– Sun Sun is at the center of the is at the center of the universeuniverse

Challenged Ptolemaic Challenged Ptolemaic modelmodel

Argued that the Argued that the farther the planet from farther the planet from the sun, the longer it the sun, the longer it took to revolve took to revolve around itaround it

CopernicusCopernicus

Wrote:Wrote: On Revolutions of Heavenly On Revolutions of Heavenly SpheresSpheres

Published after his death 1543Published after his death 1543 Theories allowed for others to Theories allowed for others to re-think re-think

views of the universeviews of the universe

Nicolaus Copernicus & Nicolaus Copernicus & HeliocentrismHeliocentrism

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNGlHzS1s70

Tycho BraheTycho Brahe

Danish 1546-1601Danish 1546-1601 Suggested:Suggested: Mercury & Venus Mercury & Venus

revolved around sun,revolved around sun, But other planets But other planets

revolved around earthrevolved around earth

Tycho Brahe Tycho Brahe

Constructed scientific Constructed scientific instruments for instruments for observation of planetsobservation of planets

Compiled large Compiled large amounts of dataamounts of data

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

Was Brahe’s Was Brahe’s assistantassistant

German astronomerGerman astronomer Inherited Brahe’s dataInherited Brahe’s data

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

Used Copernicus idea Used Copernicus idea of heliocentric of heliocentric universe +universe +

Brahe’s data =Brahe’s data = And Came up with And Came up with

new interpretation of new interpretation of the Universethe Universe

16091609

Published book: Published book: The The New AstronomyNew Astronomy

11. 1. 1stst astronomical astronomical model to portray model to portray motionmotion

2.2. Path of planets as Path of planets as elliptical, not circularelliptical, not circular

3.3. Sun centered Sun centered universeuniverse

Giordano BrunoGiordano Bruno

Dominican Dominican Monk/AstronomerMonk/Astronomer

Born 5 years after Born 5 years after Copernicus diedCopernicus died

Controversial!Controversial!

Giordano Bruno,1584Giordano Bruno,1584

Published two books:Published two books:1. “Cena de la Cenari” –1. “Cena de la Cenari” –defended defended

heliocentric theory of Copernicusheliocentric theory of Copernicus2. De L’infinito , Universo e Mondi 2. De L’infinito , Universo e Mondi

(“On the Infinite Universe and (“On the Infinite Universe and Worlds”) …Worlds”) …

IN :IN :De l’infinito Universo e MondiDe l’infinito Universo e Mondi

He Argued:He Argued:1. Universe is infinite1. Universe is infinite2. Universe contains an infinite number of 2. Universe contains an infinite number of

worldsworlds

That…That…

3. These worlds are 3. These worlds are inhabited by inhabited by intelligent beings!!!!intelligent beings!!!!

Controversial Theories!Controversial Theories!

He gave a lecture at He gave a lecture at Oxford University, Oxford University, EnglandEngland

Faculty was outraged!Faculty was outraged!

He Was Kicked outHe Was Kicked out

Of Germany and Of Germany and FranceFrance

1591 accepted 1591 accepted invitation to live in invitation to live in Venice, ItalyVenice, Italy

However…However…

Arrested by the Inquisition!Arrested by the Inquisition!

Investigated, Sent to trial 1592Investigated, Sent to trial 1592Kept imprisoned for 8 years, interrogated Kept imprisoned for 8 years, interrogated

periodicallyperiodicallyRefused to recant (take back) heretical Refused to recant (take back) heretical

statements regarding the universestatements regarding the universe

Death of BrunoDeath of Bruno

Declared a hereticDeclared a heretic Burned at the stake Burned at the stake His file is missing His file is missing

from recordsfrom records

Bruno; A True Astronomer?Bruno; A True Astronomer?

Scientists like Kepler & Galileo were NOT Scientists like Kepler & Galileo were NOT sympathetic to Giordano Bruno in their sympathetic to Giordano Bruno in their writingswritings

Galileo Galilei (1564- 1642)Galileo Galilei (1564- 1642)

Mathematician, Mathematician, “instrument maker”, & “instrument maker”, & astronomerastronomer

1588-1592 Professor 1588-1592 Professor of Mathematics of Mathematics University of PisaUniversity of Pisa

1592 – Dept. Chair, 1592 – Dept. Chair, Mathematics. Mathematics. University of PaduaUniversity of Padua

Galileo’s AchievementsGalileo’s Achievements

1.1. Perfected Dutch Perfected Dutch TelescopeTelescope

First used it 1609First used it 1609

Galileo’s AchievementsGalileo’s Achievements

2.2. Discovered Sunspots Discovered Sunspots 3.3. Discovered moons Discovered moons

around Jupiteraround Jupiter

-named them after Medicis -named them after Medicis “Medicea Sidera”“Medicea Sidera” (Medician Stars)(Medician Stars)

- Name later changed to: - Name later changed to: Io, Io, Europa, Ganymede,Europa, Ganymede, CallistoCallisto

Galileo’s AchievementsGalileo’s Achievements

4. Wrote : 4. Wrote : Starry Starry Messenger (1610)Messenger (1610)

Argued:Argued: Copernican view of Copernican view of

the Universethe Universe Universe subject to Universe subject to

mathematical lawsmathematical laws

IN 1616IN 1616

A committee of consultants declared to the A committee of consultants declared to the inquisition inquisition

That the heliocentric theory of the universe That the heliocentric theory of the universe waswas

““absurd in philosophy and formally absurd in philosophy and formally heretical”heretical”

IN1623 His AcquaintanceIN1623 His Acquaintance

Became Pope Urban Became Pope Urban VIIIVIII

Gave Galileo Gave Galileo permission to resume permission to resume discussion regarding discussion regarding Copernican systemCopernican system

As long as he treated As long as he treated topic as topic as theory/hypothesis theory/hypothesis

And not TRUTHAnd not TRUTH

Galileo’s “Mistake”Galileo’s “Mistake”

1632 published :1632 published : ““Dialogue on the 2 Chief Dialogue on the 2 Chief

World Systems”World Systems” Featured 2 charactersFeatured 2 characters:: A “dumb” character A “dumb” character

(favored geocentric (favored geocentric model) &model) &

A “ smart” character A “ smart” character (favored heliocentric (favored heliocentric model)model)

Problem?Problem?

Pope Urban VIII thoughtPope Urban VIII thoughtGalileo was mocking him, and took Galileo was mocking him, and took

personal offense!personal offense!1632 Pope referred Galileo case to the 1632 Pope referred Galileo case to the

InquisitionInquisition

GalileoGalileo

Imprisoned in 1633Imprisoned in 1633 Refused to recant his Refused to recant his

theoriestheories Found guiltyFound guilty Punishment:Punishment: House ArrestHouse Arrest Books were bannedBooks were banned

Pope John Paul II Pope John Paul II

Formally pardoned Galileo in 1992!!Formally pardoned Galileo in 1992!!

Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton

English Mathematician 1642-1727English Mathematician 1642-1727Believed in Believed in Empiricism: one must observe Empiricism: one must observe

phenomena before attempting to explain phenomena before attempting to explain themthem

1687 Published his Book1687 Published his Book

Principia Matematica Principia Matematica Mathematical Mathematical

Principles of Natural Principles of Natural PhilosophyPhilosophy

Proved that Motion Proved that Motion could be timed and could be timed and measuredmeasured

Synthesized or CombinedSynthesized or Combined

Kepler’s laws of Kepler’s laws of motion for the motion for the heavenly bodies heavenly bodies && Galileo’s laws of Galileo’s laws of motion for things on motion for things on earth.earth.

Newton’s AccomplishmentsNewton’s Accomplishments

1.He explained how the universe works 1.He explained how the universe works through mathematics.through mathematics.

2. Planets & Physical objects in the 2. Planets & Physical objects in the universe move through “mutual attraction: universe move through “mutual attraction: or “gravity”or “gravity”

Newton’s AccomplishmentsNewton’s Accomplishments

3. Laid the foundations for differential and 3. Laid the foundations for differential and integral calculus.integral calculus.

4. Established universal laws of motion & 4. Established universal laws of motion & gravitygravity

Francis Bacon (1561-1626)Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Father of Scientific Father of Scientific Method or EmpiricismMethod or Empiricism

Believed that: Believed that: Investigation + Investigation + evidence lead to truthevidence lead to truth

empiricism empiricism became became popular after Isaac popular after Isaac Newton used methodNewton used method

Inductive Method.Inductive Method.

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

Relied on Relied on “ Rational “ Rational deduction”deduction” instead instead of of empiricism/inductive empiricism/inductive methodmethod

Originally a Originally a mathematician mathematician invented analytic invented analytic geometrygeometry

1637- Descartes Wrote1637- Descartes Wrote

Wrote: Wrote: Discourse of Discourse of MethodMethod

Asked the following questions:

How can I prove How can I prove God’s existence?God’s existence?

How can I prove my How can I prove my own existence?own existence?

Through Rational Through Rational Deduction!Deduction!

1637 1637 Discourse of MethodDiscourse of Method

-Descartes doubted everything except the -Descartes doubted everything except the following-following-

Two Categories of Existing Things :Two Categories of Existing Things : thinking things, things that occupy spacethinking things, things that occupy space

He could not doubt his own act of thinkingHe could not doubt his own act of thinking

Conclusion: “ I think, therefore I Conclusion: “ I think, therefore I am”am”

“Cogito ergo sum” I exist because I think… therefore, God exists. therefore, God exists. God is the only perfect being.God is the only perfect being.

Medicine Also relied on Ancient Medicine Also relied on Ancient Texts!Texts!

Galen 2Galen 2ndnd century century contemporary of contemporary of Ptolemy encouraged Ptolemy encouraged the belief ofthe belief of

Four Bodily humors: Four Bodily humors: blood, phlegm, yellow blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bilebile, black bile

New Concepts in MedicineNew Concepts in Medicine

1. Andreas 1. Andreas VesaliusVesalius ( Flemish, 1543) : ( Flemish, 1543) : Founder of biological science. Dissected & Founder of biological science. Dissected & Studied cadavers.Studied cadavers.

2. 2. William HarveyWilliam Harvey (English,1628): (English,1628): Accurately explained blood circulationAccurately explained blood circulation

Political PhilosophersPolitical Philosophers

1. 1. Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes (1588-1679): (1588-1679): Leviathon (1651) Leviathon (1651)

Humans are inherently evil, greedy, Humans are inherently evil, greedy, materialistic, egotistical and therefore…materialistic, egotistical and therefore…

need harsh absolute ruler & harsh need harsh absolute ruler & harsh punishments.punishments.

Political PhilosophersPolitical Philosophers

2. 2. John LockeJohn Locke (1632-1704) : Most (1632-1704) : Most influential of 17influential of 17thth century. century.

First /Second Treatise of Government First /Second Treatise of Government (1690)(1690)

Government ‘s duty : to preserve rights, Government ‘s duty : to preserve rights, liberty, & property of people.liberty, & property of people.

If A government fails, people have the If A government fails, people have the right to overthrowright to overthrow

Critical of Hobbes Critical of Hobbes

““The Sleep of Reason Produces The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters”Monsters”

Can you summarize Can you summarize the meaning of this the meaning of this engraving?engraving?

Superstition In the Age of New Superstition In the Age of New ScienceScience

By 1700 “elite” intellectuals believed that By 1700 “elite” intellectuals believed that magic, witchcraft, and astrology was the magic, witchcraft, and astrology was the concern of “common people”concern of “common people”

Prior to scientific revolution, wealthy and Prior to scientific revolution, wealthy and poor shared similar beliefs regardless of poor shared similar beliefs regardless of religion.religion.

1616thth & 17 & 17thth Century Century

Witnessed intense Witnessed intense witch hunt witch hunt persecutionspersecutions

Between 1400-1700 Between 1400-1700 estimated 100,000 estimated 100,000 people sentenced to people sentenced to death in Europedeath in Europe

Accused of WitchcraftAccused of Witchcraft

What Exactly is a “Witch”?What Exactly is a “Witch”?

1486 1486 The Malleus Maleficarum (The The Malleus Maleficarum (The Witche’s Hammer) Witche’s Hammer) is publishedis published

A handbook how to identify, interrogate, A handbook how to identify, interrogate, convict witchesconvict witches

Alleged “Witches”Alleged “Witches”

1. 80% were women: 1. 80% were women: Mostly single, over 40 Mostly single, over 40 years old.years old.

2. Most were from the 2. Most were from the poorest villagespoorest villages

3. “They went against the 3. “They went against the grain”grain”

4. They had “suspect 4. They had “suspect markings”markings”

5.” Made pacts “ with the 5.” Made pacts “ with the devildevil

What is “Magic”?What is “Magic”?

2 Types In early 2 Types In early modern Europe :modern Europe :

““White Magic”White Magic” – – healing, fortune tellinghealing, fortune telling

““Black Magic”Black Magic” – used – used evil powers to curse evil powers to curse or manipulate or manipulate people/objectspeople/objects

By the 16By the 16thth Century, Century,

Women associated Women associated with witchcraft with witchcraft because…because…

Women were Women were perceived as the perceived as the “weaker vessel”“weaker vessel”

More quick to give More quick to give into temptationinto temptation

““Witch Road”Witch Road”

Ironically, the worst Ironically, the worst persecutions occurred persecutions occurred in Italy, Belgium, in Italy, Belgium, Germany, Germany, Switzerland.Switzerland.

Central portion of Central portion of European mapEuropean map

Statistics: Witches Burned at the Statistics: Witches Burned at the StakeStake

Baden, GermanyBaden, Germany:: 200200 (1627-1630). More (1627-1630). More than all who were convicted in Sweden.than all who were convicted in Sweden.

Ellwangen, GermanyEllwangen, Germany: : 393393 (1611-1618). (1611-1618). More than Spain & Portugal combined.More than Spain & Portugal combined.Wurzburg, GermanyWurzburg, Germany:: 600600 (1628-1630) More (1628-1630) More

than in Sweden, Norway, Finland, Iceland than in Sweden, Norway, Finland, Iceland combined.combined.

What can we gather from these statistics What can we gather from these statistics regarding social and political issues in the regarding social and political issues in the German Provinces between 1611-1630?German Provinces between 1611-1630?

Statistics: Witches Burned at the Statistics: Witches Burned at the StakeStake

Swiss Canton of Vaud: 1,800 (1611-1660)Swiss Canton of Vaud: 1,800 (1611-1660)More than Scotland (1,300)More than Scotland (1,300)More than England (500)More than England (500)

Why 1611-1630?Why 1611-1630?

Witch hunts Coincide With the Thirty Witch hunts Coincide With the Thirty Years War (1618-1648Years War (1618-1648) !) !

Most destructive war of religionMost destructive war of religionGermany was fragmented politicallyGermany was fragmented politicallyLocation:Location: Holy Roman Empire (German Holy Roman Empire (German

provinces, Italy, ) + Swedish Danish periodprovinces, Italy, ) + Swedish Danish period

Decline of Witch Trials In EuropeDecline of Witch Trials In Europe

Witch hunts outlawed inWitch hunts outlawed in1682 in France1682 in France1736 in England – (1684 last witch 1736 in England – (1684 last witch

executed)executed)1722 Scotland1722 Scotland

End of Witch HuntsEnd of Witch Hunts

1. Emergence of 1. Emergence of scientific point of viewscientific point of view

2. Advances in 2. Advances in medicinemedicine

3. Sense of Security3. Sense of Security 4. Witch hunts got out 4. Witch hunts got out

of hand!of hand!

Salem Witchcraft TrialsSalem Witchcraft Trials

1692 Salem, Massachusetts (U.S.A.)1692 Salem, Massachusetts (U.S.A.)