NEW STATE STRUCTURES, NEW STATE STRUCTURES,

NEW NEW IDEOLOGIESIDEOLOGIES

POLITICS 1914 - PRESENTPOLITICS 1914 - PRESENT

BUREAUCRATIC STATESBUREAUCRATIC STATES BureaucraciesBureaucracies

Technology allowed bureaucratization of governmentTechnology allowed bureaucratization of government Very easy for leaders to manage large group of specialistsVery easy for leaders to manage large group of specialists Easy to organize state into agencies overseeing specific areasEasy to organize state into agencies overseeing specific areas

Mass State in PracticeMass State in Practice Common practice beginning in 19Common practice beginning in 19thth Century Century Trained, educated specialists run government not aristocratsTrained, educated specialists run government not aristocrats Policy part of the reform movements of 19Policy part of the reform movements of 19thth century century Common to China from the Han Dynasty onwardsCommon to China from the Han Dynasty onwards Practice began in Europe after Enlightenment, French RevolutionPractice began in Europe after Enlightenment, French Revolution All totalitarian states are bureaucratic statesAll totalitarian states are bureaucratic states

Bureaucracies arose as a result of crisesBureaucracies arose as a result of crises World Wars required absolute control of state to win warWorld Wars required absolute control of state to win war Revolutionaries need bureaucracies to manage stateRevolutionaries need bureaucracies to manage state Great Depression required government to intervene in societyGreat Depression required government to intervene in society

THE TOTALITARIAN STATETHE TOTALITARIAN STATE Technology impacts the stateTechnology impacts the state

Mass communication made mass state possibleMass communication made mass state possible Near instant transportation unifies large stateNear instant transportation unifies large state Both allow government unlimited powerBoth allow government unlimited power Control news, information = control the stateControl news, information = control the state

Mass political movementsMass political movements People across large areas mobilized quicklyPeople across large areas mobilized quickly One or a few leaders can influence many peopleOne or a few leaders can influence many people

The total stateThe total state The total control by the state of all aspects of societyThe total control by the state of all aspects of society Particular to the 20Particular to the 20thth century century

Leftist: USSR, Peoples Republic of China, Eastern Europe Leftist: USSR, Peoples Republic of China, Eastern Europe Leftist: Vietnam, Cambodia, North Korea, CubaLeftist: Vietnam, Cambodia, North Korea, Cuba Rightist: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Falangist SpainRightist: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Falangist Spain Rightist: Peronist Argentina, Republican Iran, Baathist IraqRightist: Peronist Argentina, Republican Iran, Baathist Iraq

WELFARE STATEWELFARE STATE The end result of reform was welfareThe end result of reform was welfare

1919thth reform sought to improve, help society reform sought to improve, help society Carried to its end one needs a welfare stateCarried to its end one needs a welfare state

Socialist, Populist movementsSocialist, Populist movements Use the state to achieve a more equitable social endUse the state to achieve a more equitable social end State regulated worst aspects of modern societyState regulated worst aspects of modern society State provides for welfare what people could notState provides for welfare what people could not

Great Depression made welfare state necessaryGreat Depression made welfare state necessary DepressionDepression

Classic government could not solve problemsClassic government could not solve problems Classic economics could not overcome economic collapseClassic economics could not overcome economic collapse

Only a welfare government could provide aidOnly a welfare government could provide aid Closely linked to Keynesian EconomicsClosely linked to Keynesian Economics Fiscal economicsFiscal economics

Tax business, people’s income to acquire moneyTax business, people’s income to acquire money Regulate businesses to reduce inequalities, externalitiesRegulate businesses to reduce inequalities, externalities Government spends, redistributes wealth to achieve equitable endGovernment spends, redistributes wealth to achieve equitable end

State State Begins to provide public services, public utilitiesBegins to provide public services, public utilities Ends up providing unemployment, retirement, health careEnds up providing unemployment, retirement, health care

All Western states, Japan are by 1980 welfare statesAll Western states, Japan are by 1980 welfare states

INTERNATIONAL MARXISMINTERNATIONAL MARXISM Outgrowth of World WarsOutgrowth of World Wars

Classical MarxistsClassical Marxists Revolutions would break out when economic conditions rightRevolutions would break out when economic conditions right Society had to be at peak of industrial developmentSociety had to be at peak of industrial development

Marxist-Leninists and World War IMarxist-Leninists and World War I ChangesChanges

Elite revolutionaries could bring about a revolutionElite revolutionaries could bring about a revolution Conditions did not have to be ideal but needed industryConditions did not have to be ideal but needed industry Revolutionize, mobilize peasants is key to successRevolutionize, mobilize peasants is key to success Use anti-colonialism, anti-imperialism as issue to spread communist influence Use anti-colonialism, anti-imperialism as issue to spread communist influence

Communist Revolutions followed World War ICommunist Revolutions followed World War I Russia was first revolutionRussia was first revolution Soon spread to Germany, Hungary, Finland, Estonia, Ukraine, SlovakiaSoon spread to Germany, Hungary, Finland, Estonia, Ukraine, Slovakia Strong sympathy across world including China, France, Spain, VietnamStrong sympathy across world including China, France, Spain, Vietnam

Soviet Union Soviet Union Supported revolutions abroad to insure its survivalSupported revolutions abroad to insure its survival Stalin brought all communists under his strict controlStalin brought all communists under his strict control

Post-World War II and DecolonizationPost-World War II and Decolonization Soviet Red Army Soviet Red Army

Established communist states in areas it liberatedEstablished communist states in areas it liberated Especially true of Eastern Europe, China, KoreaEspecially true of Eastern Europe, China, Korea One of key reasons for outbreak of the Cold WarOne of key reasons for outbreak of the Cold War

Wars of National LiberationWars of National Liberation USSR, Communists, ideology strongly linked to decolonization, anti-colonialismUSSR, Communists, ideology strongly linked to decolonization, anti-colonialism Active support of guerrilla movements, nationalist struggles against western colonizersActive support of guerrilla movements, nationalist struggles against western colonizers Vietnam, Malaya, Indonesia, IndochinaVietnam, Malaya, Indonesia, Indochina Algeria, Cuba, Nicaragua, Ethiopia, Angola, MozambiqueAlgeria, Cuba, Nicaragua, Ethiopia, Angola, Mozambique

NATIONALISMNATIONALISM HypernationalismHypernationalism

Extreme nationalism and glorification of the stateExtreme nationalism and glorification of the state World War IWorld War I

The honor of the nation, nationalist aspirations led to warThe honor of the nation, nationalist aspirations led to war Governments fanned nationalism, hatred of others to winGovernments fanned nationalism, hatred of others to win

Racism fanned, genocide was outgrowth of this trendRacism fanned, genocide was outgrowth of this trend Nazism, Fascism glorify the ethnic stateNazism, Fascism glorify the ethnic state Many fundamentalisms today are religious nationalismsMany fundamentalisms today are religious nationalisms

Nacient Nationalism: Ideology of Nationalism, Nation-State SpreadNacient Nationalism: Ideology of Nationalism, Nation-State Spread Self-determination was a key point of Wilson’s 14 PointsSelf-determination was a key point of Wilson’s 14 Points Led to breakup of Austrian, Russian, Ottoman empiresLed to breakup of Austrian, Russian, Ottoman empires Encouraged hope, anger, response in colonial peoplesEncouraged hope, anger, response in colonial peoples

World War II, United NationsWorld War II, United Nations Early loses by Allies, US made end of colonialism an issueEarly loses by Allies, US made end of colonialism an issue Nationalism and Decolonization closely linkedNationalism and Decolonization closely linked

Balkanization and Multinational StatesBalkanization and Multinational States Many states were multinational states (USSR, Yugoslavia, India, Africa)Many states were multinational states (USSR, Yugoslavia, India, Africa) Competing nationalisms destroy multinational statesCompeting nationalisms destroy multinational states Balkanization is when ethnic nationalities create states to small to existBalkanization is when ethnic nationalities create states to small to exist A key threat to many states in the late 20A key threat to many states in the late 20thth century century A key cause of ethnic strife, civil wars in the late 20A key cause of ethnic strife, civil wars in the late 20thth century century

SPREAD OF DEMOCRACYSPREAD OF DEMOCRACY

MAP OF POLITICAL FREEDOMMAP OF POLITICAL FREEDOM

MILITARY DICTATORSHIPSMILITARY DICTATORSHIPS

ONE PARTY STATESONE PARTY STATES

MONARCHIES, 2000MONARCHIES, 2000

THE COMMUNIST WORLDTHE COMMUNIST WORLD

COMMUNISM IN RUSSIACOMMUNISM IN RUSSIA Civil war, 1918-1920Civil war, 1918-1920

Between Bolsheviks, anticommunists (Whites), Greens (nationalists)Between Bolsheviks, anticommunists (Whites), Greens (nationalists) Red Terror: secret police arrested and killed 200,000 suspected Whites Red Terror: secret police arrested and killed 200,000 suspected Whites Bolsheviks executed Tsar Nicholas II and his entire family, June 1918 Bolsheviks executed Tsar Nicholas II and his entire family, June 1918 Despite foreign support, Red Army defeats Whites in 1920Despite foreign support, Red Army defeats Whites in 1920 Many nationalist uprisings ended up support Communists against whites Many nationalist uprisings ended up support Communists against whites Perhaps ten million died during civil warPerhaps ten million died during civil war

Lenin's "war communism" transformed economy Lenin's "war communism" transformed economy Policy included nationalizing banks, industry, and church holdings Policy included nationalizing banks, industry, and church holdings Private trade abolished; peasants reduced production Private trade abolished; peasants reduced production By 1920, industrial output at one-tenth, agricultural at half prewar levels By 1920, industrial output at one-tenth, agricultural at half prewar levels

Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP), 1921Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP), 1921 Reversed war communism, restored market economy Reversed war communism, restored market economy Returned small-scale industries to private ownership Returned small-scale industries to private ownership Allowed peasants to sell their surplus at free market Allowed peasants to sell their surplus at free market Programs of electrification and technical schools were carried out Programs of electrification and technical schools were carried out

Other Communist RevolutionsOther Communist Revolutions Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Finland, MongoliaGermany, Hungary, Latvia, Finland, Mongolia All crushed by Allies or allied support local forcesAll crushed by Allies or allied support local forces Russia repulses Polish invasionRussia repulses Polish invasion USSR founded as it seemed unlikely world revolution was likelyUSSR founded as it seemed unlikely world revolution was likely

Lenin died, 1924; bitter power struggle followedLenin died, 1924; bitter power struggle followed

STALINISM IN RUSSIASTALINISM IN RUSSIA Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)

"Man of steel": Georgian by birth, Russian nationalist by conviction "Man of steel": Georgian by birth, Russian nationalist by conviction Eliminated all rivals; by 1928, unchallenged dictator of Soviet UnionEliminated all rivals; by 1928, unchallenged dictator of Soviet Union

Stalin favored "socialism in one country," not international socialism Stalin favored "socialism in one country," not international socialism Lenin felt that Russia should support, be center for world wide communist revolutionLenin felt that Russia should support, be center for world wide communist revolution Stalin felt Russia was too vulnerable, had to build communism in Russia firstStalin felt Russia was too vulnerable, had to build communism in Russia first Rest of world communists had to support Russia as first communist stateRest of world communists had to support Russia as first communist state

First Five-Year Plan, 1928-1932, replaced Lenin's NEP First Five-Year Plan, 1928-1932, replaced Lenin's NEP Set production quotas, central state planning of entire economy Set production quotas, central state planning of entire economy Emphasized heavy industry at expense of consumer goodsEmphasized heavy industry at expense of consumer goods

Collectivization of agriculture Collectivization of agriculture States seized private farms, created large collective farms States seized private farms, created large collective farms Believed to be more productive, to feed industrial workers Believed to be more productive, to feed industrial workers Collectivization strongly resisted by peasants, especially the wealthier Collectivization strongly resisted by peasants, especially the wealthier kulakskulaks Half of farms collectivized by 1931; three million peasants killed or starvedHalf of farms collectivized by 1931; three million peasants killed or starved

As an alternative to capitalism during the depressionAs an alternative to capitalism during the depression Soviet Union offered full employment and cheap housing and foodSoviet Union offered full employment and cheap housing and food Few luxuries or consumer goods Few luxuries or consumer goods

The Great Purge, 1935-1938 The Great Purge, 1935-1938 Ruthless policy of collectivization led to doubts about Stalin's administration Ruthless policy of collectivization led to doubts about Stalin's administration Stalin purged two-thirds of Central Committee membersStalin purged two-thirds of Central Committee members More than half of the army's high-ranking officers More than half of the army's high-ranking officers 8 million people were in labor camps; three million died during "cleansing"8 million people were in labor camps; three million died during "cleansing"

FASCISMFASCISM Fascism: new political ideology of 1920s Fascism: new political ideology of 1920s

Started in Italy; also found in other countries around the world Started in Italy; also found in other countries around the world Fascism hostile to liberal democracies, socialism, communism, unions Fascism hostile to liberal democracies, socialism, communism, unions

Dictator: devotion to charismatic leadersDictator: devotion to charismatic leaders One party state dictatorship and elite party replace competing parties, interestsOne party state dictatorship and elite party replace competing parties, interests Secret police enforce conformity, censorship of mediaSecret police enforce conformity, censorship of media Sought subordination of individuals to the service of stateSought subordination of individuals to the service of state

Emphasized an extreme form of nationalism Emphasized an extreme form of nationalism Veneration of the state, devotion to charismatic leaders Veneration of the state, devotion to charismatic leaders Militarism exalted, uniforms, paradesMilitarism exalted, uniforms, parades

Church and family also emphasizedChurch and family also emphasized Italian fascism Italian fascism

Benito Mussolini, founder of Italian fascism, 1919 Benito Mussolini, founder of Italian fascism, 1919 Armed fascist squads called Blackshirts terrorized socialists Armed fascist squads called Blackshirts terrorized socialists After march on Rome, Mussolini invited by king to be prime ministerAfter march on Rome, Mussolini invited by king to be prime minister

The fascist state in Italy The fascist state in Italy All other political parties banned, Italy became a one-party dictatorship All other political parties banned, Italy became a one-party dictatorship Supported by business, the party crushed labor unions, prohibited strikes Supported by business, the party crushed labor unions, prohibited strikes Not aggressively anti-Semitic even after alliance with Hitler in 1938Not aggressively anti-Semitic even after alliance with Hitler in 1938

Latin Fascism all variations on Italian modelLatin Fascism all variations on Italian model Spain: Franco’s Nationalists and Portugal: Salazar’s CorporatismSpain: Franco’s Nationalists and Portugal: Salazar’s Corporatism Argentina: Peronism and Vargas’ BrazilArgentina: Peronism and Vargas’ Brazil

Other Variations to a Lesser of Greater ExtentOther Variations to a Lesser of Greater Extent Ataturk in TurkeyAtaturk in Turkey Japan 1928 – 1945Japan 1928 – 1945 Strong throughout Eastern Europe (anti-communist aspect)Strong throughout Eastern Europe (anti-communist aspect)

NATIONAL SOCIALISMNATIONAL SOCIALISM Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)

Born in Austria, schooled in Vienna; hated Jews and Marxists Born in Austria, schooled in Vienna; hated Jews and Marxists Moved to Munich and fought in German army in WWI Moved to Munich and fought in German army in WWI 1921, joined obscure group, National Socialist German Workers Party1921, joined obscure group, National Socialist German Workers Party

The Struggle for PowerThe Struggle for Power Emergence of the Nazi party: attempt to take over Weimar Republic failed; Hitler jailed Emergence of the Nazi party: attempt to take over Weimar Republic failed; Hitler jailed Nazis organized for a legal takeover through electionsNazis organized for a legal takeover through elections National socialism enjoyed broad appeal, especially from lower-middle class National socialism enjoyed broad appeal, especially from lower-middle class Public lost faith in democracy: associated with defeat, depression, inflation Public lost faith in democracy: associated with defeat, depression, inflation 1930-1932, Nazi party became the largest in parliament 1930-1932, Nazi party became the largest in parliament 1932, President Hindenburg offered Hitler the chancellorship1932, President Hindenburg offered Hitler the chancellorship

Rapid consolidation of power, 1933-1935 Rapid consolidation of power, 1933-1935 Nazis created one-party dictatorship; outlawed all other political partiesNazis created one-party dictatorship; outlawed all other political parties Mass party, secret police, use of terror as a weapon of rule Mass party, secret police, use of terror as a weapon of rule Took over judiciary, civil service, militaryTook over judiciary, civil service, military

Nazi ideology Nazi ideology Cult of the leader to replace all religionCult of the leader to replace all religion Women praised as wives and mothers; were discouraged from working Women praised as wives and mothers; were discouraged from working Cult of motherhood: propaganda campaign to increase births was unsuccessful Cult of motherhood: propaganda campaign to increase births was unsuccessful Nazi eugenics: deliberate policies to improve the quality of the German "race" Nazi eugenics: deliberate policies to improve the quality of the German "race" Compulsory sterilization of undesirables: mentally ill, disabled Compulsory sterilization of undesirables: mentally ill, disabled State-sponsored euthanasia of physically and mentally handicappedState-sponsored euthanasia of physically and mentally handicapped

Anti-Semitism central to Nazi ideology Anti-Semitism central to Nazi ideology 1935, Nuremberg Laws deprived Jews of citizenship, outlawed intermarriage 1935, Nuremberg Laws deprived Jews of citizenship, outlawed intermarriage Jews economically isolated, lost jobs, assets, businesses Jews economically isolated, lost jobs, assets, businesses 1938, 1938, KristallnachtKristallnacht: official attacks on synagogues and Jewish businesses : official attacks on synagogues and Jewish businesses 250,000 Jews fled to other countries; many others trapped250,000 Jews fled to other countries; many others trapped

POST-WORLD WAR IPOST-WORLD WAR I Versailles – A Great DisappointmentVersailles – A Great Disappointment

Italy, China, Japan slighted at conference: radicalizationItaly, China, Japan slighted at conference: radicalization Allies ignored requests of colonies for rightsAllies ignored requests of colonies for rights

Indian contributions ignored; only radicalized situation in IndiaIndian contributions ignored; only radicalized situation in India Indian National Congress and Gandhi intensify efforts against BritishIndian National Congress and Gandhi intensify efforts against British Satyagraha , Swaraj movements in India sought autonomy, independenceSatyagraha , Swaraj movements in India sought autonomy, independence

AfricaAfrica Returning soldiers become active in local politicsReturning soldiers become active in local politics Rise of educated middle class who seek greater independenceRise of educated middle class who seek greater independence

Allies failed to keep promises to ArabsAllies failed to keep promises to Arabs Ex-Ottoman lands made mandates of the French, BritishEx-Ottoman lands made mandates of the French, British Arabs in Hejaz promise of kingdoms partially kept: Jordan, IraqArabs in Hejaz promise of kingdoms partially kept: Jordan, Iraq

Ottomans become TurksOttomans become Turks Allies partitioned Turkey and gave lands to Allies, Greeks, nationalitiesAllies partitioned Turkey and gave lands to Allies, Greeks, nationalities Turks responded with national revival under Mustafa KemalTurks responded with national revival under Mustafa Kemal Turks reunite, drive Greeks from Turkish landsTurks reunite, drive Greeks from Turkish lands Ataturk (Kemal) creates a secular, westernized stateAtaturk (Kemal) creates a secular, westernized state

SOUTHWEST ASIA TO 1945SOUTHWEST ASIA TO 1945 Egypt was an English protectorateEgypt was an English protectorate

British diplomats, officers dominate foreign policy, military to protect canalBritish diplomats, officers dominate foreign policy, military to protect canal Egypt was scene of fighting in both World War I and IIEgypt was scene of fighting in both World War I and II

ArabiaArabia Wahabis conquer Hejaz (Mecca); Create a united Arabia (Saudi Arabia)Wahabis conquer Hejaz (Mecca); Create a united Arabia (Saudi Arabia) British control Aden, Oman, UAE; protectorates over Kuwait, Bahrain, QatarBritish control Aden, Oman, UAE; protectorates over Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar

TurkeyTurkey Turkey was partition between Greek, British, French, Italians, ArmeniansTurkey was partition between Greek, British, French, Italians, Armenians Rise of Turkish nationalist movement under Mustafa KemalRise of Turkish nationalist movement under Mustafa Kemal

Sought peace treaty, alliance, arms from Soviet UnionSought peace treaty, alliance, arms from Soviet Union Stopped Greek invasion of Anatolia; pushed Greeks out of treaty landsStopped Greek invasion of Anatolia; pushed Greeks out of treaty lands Expelled all Greeks from 3,000 year old homelandsExpelled all Greeks from 3,000 year old homelands

Created a modern, westernized stateCreated a modern, westernized state Dropped use of Arabic script, created a modern Turkish script based on Latin alphabetDropped use of Arabic script, created a modern Turkish script based on Latin alphabet Relied on secularized law, institutions to run state; women no longer veiled, acquired many rightsRelied on secularized law, institutions to run state; women no longer veiled, acquired many rights Negotiated the return of the straits and other areas with Western AlliesNegotiated the return of the straits and other areas with Western Allies Partition Armenia with USSRPartition Armenia with USSR

Iraq, Transjordan, Palestine, Syria, LebanonIraq, Transjordan, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon Arab aspirations unrealized; Western nations refused to allow creation of Arab statesArab aspirations unrealized; Western nations refused to allow creation of Arab states Arabs very disappointed that they were not given independenceArabs very disappointed that they were not given independence League of Nation Mandates; British military occupationLeague of Nation Mandates; British military occupation British set up former rulers of Hejaz as kings in both Jordan, Iraq; allowed self-governmentBritish set up former rulers of Hejaz as kings in both Jordan, Iraq; allowed self-government Zionist dream of a Jewish state in PalestineZionist dream of a Jewish state in Palestine

Zionism affirmed by Balfour Declaration, 1917, and Paris peace talks Zionism affirmed by Balfour Declaration, 1917, and Paris peace talks Britain supported Zionist effort, but limited Jewish migrants to PalestineBritain supported Zionist effort, but limited Jewish migrants to Palestine

Conflicts between Arab Palestinians and Jewish settlers, 1920s and 1930s Conflicts between Arab Palestinians and Jewish settlers, 1920s and 1930s Arab Palestinians resisted both British rule and Jewish settlement violently Arab Palestinians resisted both British rule and Jewish settlement violently Increased Jewish migration to escape Nazis; armed for self-protection Increased Jewish migration to escape Nazis; armed for self-protection Independent Arab states opposed a Jewish stateIndependent Arab states opposed a Jewish state

SOUTHWEST ASIA SINCE 1945SOUTHWEST ASIA SINCE 1945 Arab states, except Palestine, gained independence during, after World War IIArab states, except Palestine, gained independence during, after World War II

British suppress Iraqi nationalist uprising in 1941; expel Vichy French from SyriaBritish suppress Iraqi nationalist uprising in 1941; expel Vichy French from Syria British, US force French to grant Lebanon, Syria independence in 1943 British, US force French to grant Lebanon, Syria independence in 1943

Creation of Israel Creation of Israel Unable to resolve conflict, Britain turned Palestine question over to UN, 1947 Unable to resolve conflict, Britain turned Palestine question over to UN, 1947 UN proposed dividing into two states, Palestine and Israel; Arabs opposed UN proposed dividing into two states, Palestine and Israel; Arabs opposed 1947, British withdrew, civil war broke out, Jews proclaimed the state of Israel 1947, British withdrew, civil war broke out, Jews proclaimed the state of Israel Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq declared war on Israel Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq declared war on Israel Israel achieved victory in 1949; claimed territories larger than what was granted by UNIsrael achieved victory in 1949; claimed territories larger than what was granted by UN

Egypt Egypt Military leaders under Gamal A. Nasser seized power in 1952 Military leaders under Gamal A. Nasser seized power in 1952 Nasser became prime minister, a leader of pan-Arab nationalism Nasser became prime minister, a leader of pan-Arab nationalism Egypt neutral in cold war, accepted aid from both powers Egypt neutral in cold war, accepted aid from both powers Nasser dedicated to ending imperialism and destroying state of IsraelNasser dedicated to ending imperialism and destroying state of Israel

Suez crisis, 1956, greatly enhanced Nasser's prestige Suez crisis, 1956, greatly enhanced Nasser's prestige Canal controlled by Britain; Nasser nationalized it to build Egypt's economy Canal controlled by Britain; Nasser nationalized it to build Egypt's economy Attacked by British, French, and Israeli forces, which retook canal Attacked by British, French, and Israeli forces, which retook canal Both superpowers condemned military action, forced them to withdraw Both superpowers condemned military action, forced them to withdraw Suez crisis divided United States and its allies in western EuropeSuez crisis divided United States and its allies in western Europe

Pan-Arab NationalismPan-Arab Nationalism Sought to unify Arabs in one secularized state; downplayed IslamSought to unify Arabs in one secularized state; downplayed Islam Egypt, Syria, Yemen united in 1968; union late broke downEgypt, Syria, Yemen united in 1968; union late broke down Strongly influenced by Arab-Israeli conflictStrongly influenced by Arab-Israeli conflict Ba’ath Parties in Syria, Iraq strongest Pan-Arab PartiesBa’ath Parties in Syria, Iraq strongest Pan-Arab Parties

ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICTARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT Arab-Israeli ConflictArab-Israeli Conflict

1947:Began over partition of Israel, Arab invasions1947:Began over partition of Israel, Arab invasions 1956: Israeli invasion of the Sinai1956: Israeli invasion of the Sinai 1967: Seven Day War 1967: Seven Day War

Egypt planned to annihilate IsraelEgypt planned to annihilate Israel Israel struck first annihilating armies and airforces of Syria, Egypt, and Jordan Israel struck first annihilating armies and airforces of Syria, Egypt, and Jordan Capture West Bank, Sinai, Jerusalem, Golan HeightsCapture West Bank, Sinai, Jerusalem, Golan Heights Israelis open West Bank to settlement by Jewish settlersIsraelis open West Bank to settlement by Jewish settlers

Founding of Palestinian Liberation Organization Founding of Palestinian Liberation Organization Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians displaced 1947-67Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians displaced 1947-67 Camps set up in Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, elsewhereCamps set up in Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, elsewhere Goal was to destroy Israel, create Arab state in PalestineGoal was to destroy Israel, create Arab state in Palestine Used terrorism as means to an endUsed terrorism as means to an end

1973 Yom Kippur War nearly destroyed Israel1973 Yom Kippur War nearly destroyed Israel Israelis recover with US help, key Israeli ally; nearly destroy Egyptian armyIsraelis recover with US help, key Israeli ally; nearly destroy Egyptian army Arabs retaliate with Oil Embargo through OPECArabs retaliate with Oil Embargo through OPEC US brokers Camp David Accords ending Egyptian, Israeli hostilitiesUS brokers Camp David Accords ending Egyptian, Israeli hostilities

1982 Israel invasion of Lebanon to evict PLO attacking Israel1982 Israel invasion of Lebanon to evict PLO attacking Israel Beginning of the EndBeginning of the End

Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco agree in principal to Camp David AccordsJordan, Lebanon, Morocco agree in principal to Camp David Accords 1990s1990s

Arab Intifada in West Bank against Israeli occupationArab Intifada in West Bank against Israeli occupation Oslo Accords leads to Israeli withdrawal of most settlers, troopsOslo Accords leads to Israeli withdrawal of most settlers, troops Israelis hand over much of area to Palestinian AuthorityIsraelis hand over much of area to Palestinian Authority

Palestinian self-rule over much of Gaza, West BankPalestinian self-rule over much of Gaza, West Bank Issues left unresolved: Israeli security, status of Golan Heights, Jerusalem Issues left unresolved: Israeli security, status of Golan Heights, Jerusalem

ISLAMIC RESURRGENCEISLAMIC RESURRGENCE Muslim revival and Arab disunity Muslim revival and Arab disunity

Cold war split Arab-Muslim world; pan-Arab unity did not materialize Cold war split Arab-Muslim world; pan-Arab unity did not materialize Israel became a staunch ally of United States; many Arab-Islamic states allied with USSR Israel became a staunch ally of United States; many Arab-Islamic states allied with USSR Israel defeated Egypt and Syria in 1967 and in 1973 Israel defeated Egypt and Syria in 1967 and in 1973 Egypt's president, Anwar Sadat, ended alliance with USSR in 1976 Egypt's president, Anwar Sadat, ended alliance with USSR in 1976 Sadat signed peace treaty with Israel in 1980; was assassinated, 1981 Sadat signed peace treaty with Israel in 1980; was assassinated, 1981 PLO leader Yasser Arafat, Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin PLO leader Yasser Arafat, Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin

Signed peace treaties 1993-1995Signed peace treaties 1993-1995

Islamism: revival of Muslim traditions Islamism: revival of Muslim traditions Reasserting Islamic values in Muslim politics Reasserting Islamic values in Muslim politics Resentment at European and American societies Resentment at European and American societies Extremists embraced Extremists embraced jihadjihad, or duty to defend Islam from attack; justified terrorism, or duty to defend Islam from attack; justified terrorism GroupsGroups

Islamic Brotherhood (Islamic world),Islamic Brotherhood (Islamic world), Hezbollah (Lebanon)Hezbollah (Lebanon) Taliban (Afghanistan)Taliban (Afghanistan)

Activities, funding reach around the worldActivities, funding reach around the world

The Iranian revolution, 1979 The Iranian revolution, 1979 CIA helped anticommunist Shah Mohammed Pahlavi gain power, 1953 CIA helped anticommunist Shah Mohammed Pahlavi gain power, 1953

Shah supported anti-communism of US, armed Iran to status of a regional powerShah supported anti-communism of US, armed Iran to status of a regional power Became major oil supplier of the US, increasing westernization of Iranian societyBecame major oil supplier of the US, increasing westernization of Iranian society Repressive rule overthrown by Islamist followers of Ayatollah Khomeini, 1979 Repressive rule overthrown by Islamist followers of Ayatollah Khomeini, 1979

Khomeini attacked United States for support of the shah Khomeini attacked United States for support of the shah Militants held sixty-nine Americans hostage for 444 days; shut down U.S. military bases Militants held sixty-nine Americans hostage for 444 days; shut down U.S. military bases Movement encouraged other Muslims to undertake terrorist actionsMovement encouraged other Muslims to undertake terrorist actions

Islamic Republic of Iran 1979 – Present is a radical opponent of western influenceIslamic Republic of Iran 1979 – Present is a radical opponent of western influence

WARS OF ISLAMWARS OF ISLAM AfghanistanAfghanistan

USSR invades in 1980 USSR invades in 1980 Prop of pro-Soviet regime which was threatenePProp of pro-Soviet regime which was threateneP Nine year guerrilla warfare follows between Soviets, Muslim guerrillasNine year guerrilla warfare follows between Soviets, Muslim guerrillas USSR withdrew in 1989 leaving Mujahedeen, Taliban in control of radical Muslim stateUSSR withdrew in 1989 leaving Mujahedeen, Taliban in control of radical Muslim state

US and AfghanistanUS and Afghanistan US arms anti-Soviet guerrillas who win, create a Muslim fundamentalist stateUS arms anti-Soviet guerrillas who win, create a Muslim fundamentalist state Destroys Taliban state, invades in 2002 Destroys Taliban state, invades in 2002 After Taliban supports September 11 terrorist attacks on USAAfter Taliban supports September 11 terrorist attacks on USA

Pro-Western regime installedPro-Western regime installed

Iran-Iraq war, 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq war, 1980-1988 Iraqi president Saddam Hussein launched attack on Iran in 1980 Iraqi president Saddam Hussein launched attack on Iran in 1980 War dragged on till 1988; killed one million soldiers War dragged on till 1988; killed one million soldiers Next, Iraqis invaded Kuwait in 1990, inciting Gulf War, 1991Next, Iraqis invaded Kuwait in 1990, inciting Gulf War, 1991

Gulf Wars 1990-91, 2002-3 and IraqGulf Wars 1990-91, 2002-3 and Iraq Saddam Hussein annexes KuwaitSaddam Hussein annexes Kuwait

UN coalition drives him out in 1991UN coalition drives him out in 1991 UN sanctions fail to disarm IraqUN sanctions fail to disarm Iraq

Eventually US led effort topples Hussein in 2003Eventually US led effort topples Hussein in 2003 US OccupationUS Occupation

Democratic, representative regime trying to form now Democratic, representative regime trying to form now Threatened by civil war, guerrilla war, terrorismThreatened by civil war, guerrilla war, terrorism

DECOLONIZATION OF AFRICADECOLONIZATION OF AFRICA Forcing the French out of north Africa Forcing the French out of north Africa

France in Africa France in Africa 1950s and 1960s, French granted independence to all its African colonies except Algeria 1950s and 1960s, French granted independence to all its African colonies except Algeria Two million French settlers in Algeria Two million French settlers in Algeria Revolt of May 1954 was repressed by French; eight thousand Algerian Muslims died Revolt of May 1954 was repressed by French; eight thousand Algerian Muslims died

War in Algeria, 1954-1962 War in Algeria, 1954-1962 Algerian nationalists pursued guerrilla warfare against French rule Algerian nationalists pursued guerrilla warfare against French rule By 1958, a half-million French soldiers were committed to the conflict By 1958, a half-million French soldiers were committed to the conflict Atrocities on both sides; heavy civilian casualties; Algerian independence, 1962Atrocities on both sides; heavy civilian casualties; Algerian independence, 1962

Revolutionary writer Franz Fanon urged violence as weapon against colonial racismRevolutionary writer Franz Fanon urged violence as weapon against colonial racism Black African nationalism and independence Black African nationalism and independence

Growth of African nationalism Growth of African nationalism Began as grassroots protest against European imperialism Began as grassroots protest against European imperialism African nationalism celebrated African nationalism celebrated NegritudeNegritude (blackness), African roots (blackness), African roots

Obstacles to African independence Obstacles to African independence Imperial powers assumed Africans were not ready for self-government Imperial powers assumed Africans were not ready for self-government White settlers opposed black independence White settlers opposed black independence Anticommunist fears justified interference in African politics Anticommunist fears justified interference in African politics Economic and political instability often hampered postindependent AfricaEconomic and political instability often hampered postindependent Africa

Freedom and conflict in sub-Sahara Africa Freedom and conflict in sub-Sahara Africa Ghana (Gold Coast) first to gain independence, 1957 Ghana (Gold Coast) first to gain independence, 1957

Kwame Nkrumah, nationalist leader, jailed and censored for political actions Kwame Nkrumah, nationalist leader, jailed and censored for political actions Eventually released, Nkrumah became Ghana's first president, 1957 Eventually released, Nkrumah became Ghana's first president, 1957 Side-by-side posters presented Queen Elizabeth and Nkrumah as equals, 1961Side-by-side posters presented Queen Elizabeth and Nkrumah as equals, 1961

Anticolonial rebellion in Kenya Anticolonial rebellion in Kenya Violent clashes between native Kikuyu (Mau Mau) and European settlers after 1947 Violent clashes between native Kikuyu (Mau Mau) and European settlers after 1947 1930s and 1940s, Kikuyu pushed off farm lands, reduced to wage slaves 1930s and 1940s, Kikuyu pushed off farm lands, reduced to wage slaves Labeling Mau Mau as communist subversives, Britain gained U.S. support Labeling Mau Mau as communist subversives, Britain gained U.S. support Kikuyu uprising crushed by superior arms in 1955; twelve thousand Africans killed Kikuyu uprising crushed by superior arms in 1955; twelve thousand Africans killed Political parties legalized, 1959; Kenya gained independence, 1963Political parties legalized, 1959; Kenya gained independence, 1963

AFRICA AFTER 1945AFRICA AFTER 1945 Aftermath of decolonization Aftermath of decolonization

Organization of African Unity created 1963 to maintain peace, promote pan-African unity Organization of African Unity created 1963 to maintain peace, promote pan-African unity Artificial boundaries imposed by colonialism were ruled inviolable Artificial boundaries imposed by colonialism were ruled inviolable Ghana and many other states became one-party military dictatorshipsGhana and many other states became one-party military dictatorships

South AfricaSouth Africa Transformation of South Africa Transformation of South Africa

Gained independence in 1901, but denied civil rights to black population Gained independence in 1901, but denied civil rights to black population South African economy strong, both mining and industry; prospered during WWII South African economy strong, both mining and industry; prospered during WWII Black workers demanded political changeBlack workers demanded political change

Apartheid: harsh legal system imposed in 1948, designed to keep races separate Apartheid: harsh legal system imposed in 1948, designed to keep races separate 87 peercent of South African land was for white residents, others classified by race 87 peercent of South African land was for white residents, others classified by race African National Congress, led by Nelson Mandela, launched campaign to protest apartheid African National Congress, led by Nelson Mandela, launched campaign to protest apartheid Severe government repression provoked international opposition after 1960 Severe government repression provoked international opposition after 1960

Black agitation and international sanctions brought end to apartheid in 1989 Black agitation and international sanctions brought end to apartheid in 1989 1994, under new constitution, Mandela won free election as first black president 1994, under new constitution, Mandela won free election as first black president

Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire) Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire) First prime minister, a Marxist, killed in a CIA-backed coup, 1961 First prime minister, a Marxist, killed in a CIA-backed coup, 1961 Dictator Mobutu ruled from 1965 to 1997; plundered Zaire's economy Dictator Mobutu ruled from 1965 to 1997; plundered Zaire's economy Mobutu ruled Zaire in dictatorial fashion and amassed huge personal fortune Mobutu ruled Zaire in dictatorial fashion and amassed huge personal fortune Lawrence Kabila ousted Mobutu in 1997, changed country's name back to the Congo Lawrence Kabila ousted Mobutu in 1997, changed country's name back to the Congo Kabila killed, 2001; replaced by his son Joseph; no elections yetKabila killed, 2001; replaced by his son Joseph; no elections yet

Developing economies of Africa Developing economies of Africa Africa has 10 percent of world's population but less than 1 percent of industrial output Africa has 10 percent of world's population but less than 1 percent of industrial output Rich in minerals, raw materials, agricultural resources Rich in minerals, raw materials, agricultural resources Lacking in capital, technology, foreign markets, and managerial class Lacking in capital, technology, foreign markets, and managerial class Rapid population growth compounds problemsRapid population growth compounds problems

SOUTH ASIA 1914 – 1945 SOUTH ASIA 1914 – 1945 Indian National Congress and Muslim League Indian National Congress and Muslim League

After WWI, both organizations dedicated to achieving independence After WWI, both organizations dedicated to achieving independence Indian nationalists inspired by Wilson's fourteen Points and the Russian Indian nationalists inspired by Wilson's fourteen Points and the Russian

Revolution Revolution Frustrated by Paris Peace settlement: no independence for colonies Frustrated by Paris Peace settlement: no independence for colonies British responded to nationalistic movement with repressive measuresBritish responded to nationalistic movement with repressive measures

Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948), leader of Indian nationalism Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948), leader of Indian nationalism Raised as a well-to-do Hindu, studied law in London Raised as a well-to-do Hindu, studied law in London Spent twenty-five years in South Africa, embraced tolerance and nonviolence Spent twenty-five years in South Africa, embraced tolerance and nonviolence Developed technique of passive resistance, followed a simple life Developed technique of passive resistance, followed a simple life Became political and spiritual leader, called the Mahatma ("Great Soul") Became political and spiritual leader, called the Mahatma ("Great Soul") Opposed to caste system, especially the exclusion of untouchables Opposed to caste system, especially the exclusion of untouchables 1920-1922, led Non-Cooperation Movement; 1930, Civil Disobedience Movement 1920-1922, led Non-Cooperation Movement; 1930, Civil Disobedience Movement

The India Act of 1937 The India Act of 1937 1919 British massacre at Amritsar killed 379 demonstrators, aroused public 1919 British massacre at Amritsar killed 379 demonstrators, aroused public Repression failed, so the British offered modified self-rule through the India Act Repression failed, so the British offered modified self-rule through the India Act Unsuccessful because India's six hundred princes refused to support Unsuccessful because India's six hundred princes refused to support Muslims would not cooperate, wanted an independent stateMuslims would not cooperate, wanted an independent state

During World War IIDuring World War II Many Indians sympathetic with Japan: Indian National Army under BoseMany Indians sympathetic with Japan: Indian National Army under Bose Gandhi pursued peaceful non-cooperationGandhi pursued peaceful non-cooperation British were very concerned about Indian disloyalty which really never surfacedBritish were very concerned about Indian disloyalty which really never surfaced US and Roosevelt pushed British to grant India independenceUS and Roosevelt pushed British to grant India independence In 1945: India received a seat in UN (although under UK control)In 1945: India received a seat in UN (although under UK control)

SOUTH ASIA AFTER 1945SOUTH ASIA AFTER 1945 Indian self-rule Indian self-rule

British finally willing to consider independence after WWII British finally willing to consider independence after WWII Muslim separatism grew; feared domination by Hindus Muslim separatism grew; feared domination by Hindus Muslim League called a Day of Direct Action in 1946; rioting left six thousand deadMuslim League called a Day of Direct Action in 1946; rioting left six thousand dead

Partition of India and ensuing violence Partition of India and ensuing violence Gandhi condemned division of India as a "vivisection" Gandhi condemned division of India as a "vivisection" Independent India, 1947, divided into Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India Independent India, 1947, divided into Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India Ten million refugees moved either to India or Pakistan; one million died in migration Ten million refugees moved either to India or Pakistan; one million died in migration Gandhi assassinated by a Hindu extremist, 30 January 1948Gandhi assassinated by a Hindu extremist, 30 January 1948

Conflicts between India and Pakistan Conflicts between India and Pakistan 1947, fought over province of Kashmir; Pakistan lost 1947, fought over province of Kashmir; Pakistan lost Pakistan allied with United States; India accepted aid from both superpowers Pakistan allied with United States; India accepted aid from both superpowers India and Pakistan stayed in British Commonwealth; English was official languageIndia and Pakistan stayed in British Commonwealth; English was official language

Nonalignment emerged as attractive alternative to a cold war alliance Nonalignment emerged as attractive alternative to a cold war alliance Indian prime minister Nehru favored policy of nonalignment, the "third path" Indian prime minister Nehru favored policy of nonalignment, the "third path" At Bandung Conference in Indonesia, 1955, twenty-nine nonaligned nations met At Bandung Conference in Indonesia, 1955, twenty-nine nonaligned nations met Movement lacked unity; many members sought aid from United States or USSRMovement lacked unity; many members sought aid from United States or USSR

Stable Indian democracy: exception to Asian pattern of authoritarian rule Stable Indian democracy: exception to Asian pattern of authoritarian rule Nehru's daughter, Indira Gandhi, prime minister of India, 1966-1977, 1980-1984 Nehru's daughter, Indira Gandhi, prime minister of India, 1966-1977, 1980-1984 "Green revolution" dramatically increased agricultural yields "Green revolution" dramatically increased agricultural yields Adopted harsh policy of birth control: involuntary sterilization; voted out in 1977 Adopted harsh policy of birth control: involuntary sterilization; voted out in 1977 Reelected in 1980, but faced strong opposition from religious and ethnic groups Reelected in 1980, but faced strong opposition from religious and ethnic groups Crushed uprising of Sikhs; was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards in 1984 Crushed uprising of Sikhs; was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards in 1984 Her son Rajiv Gandhi was elected in 1985, but was assassinated in 1991Her son Rajiv Gandhi was elected in 1985, but was assassinated in 1991

PakistanPakistan Originally composed of West and East Pakistan; East became Bangladesh in 1972Originally composed of West and East Pakistan; East became Bangladesh in 1972 Centralized state strongly influenced by military; often unable to control tribes in mountainsCentralized state strongly influenced by military; often unable to control tribes in mountains Increasingly under influence of Islamic fundamentalistsIncreasingly under influence of Islamic fundamentalists

PACIFIC RIMPACIFIC RIM The Pacific Ocean is the center of world todayThe Pacific Ocean is the center of world today

Mediterranean Sea was the ocean of the pastMediterranean Sea was the ocean of the past Atlantic Ocean was the ocean of the present: 1450 – 1945Atlantic Ocean was the ocean of the present: 1450 – 1945 Pacific Ocean is the ocean of the futurePacific Ocean is the ocean of the future

1970 – 1982: US trade with Europe was up 400%1970 – 1982: US trade with Europe was up 400% Same time period US trade with Asia Pacific was up 800% Same time period US trade with Asia Pacific was up 800%

Key PlayersKey Players China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong KongChina, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong United States, Canada, Australia, Mexico, ChileUnited States, Canada, Australia, Mexico, Chile

11stst Economy of the World: US Economy of the World: US 22ndnd Economy of the World: China Economy of the World: China

33rdrd Economy of the World: Japan Economy of the World: Japan High technology, consumer electronics, computers, and automobilesHigh technology, consumer electronics, computers, and automobiles Major financial investment of US, China, Japan in each other, regionMajor financial investment of US, China, Japan in each other, region

Impact on RegionImpact on Region Technology has hurt small producers, traditional marketsTechnology has hurt small producers, traditional markets Shift of industry, agricultural production around PacificShift of industry, agricultural production around Pacific Massive immigration of Asians to the United States, Canada, Australia, Latin AmericaMassive immigration of Asians to the United States, Canada, Australia, Latin America

Threats to ProsperityThreats to Prosperity Warfare and conflicts: Korean War, Vietnamese WarWarfare and conflicts: Korean War, Vietnamese War Potential for conflict between China and TaiwanPotential for conflict between China and Taiwan

CHINA TO 1945CHINA TO 1945 The republic, after 1911 The republic, after 1911

Revolution did not establish a stable republic; China fell into warlords' rule Revolution did not establish a stable republic; China fell into warlords' rule Through unequal treaties, foreign states still controlled economy of ChinaThrough unequal treaties, foreign states still controlled economy of China

Growth of Chinese nationalism Growth of Chinese nationalism Chinese intellectuals expected Paris Peace Conference to end treaty system Chinese intellectuals expected Paris Peace Conference to end treaty system Instead, Paris treaties approved Japanese expansion into China Instead, Paris treaties approved Japanese expansion into China May 4May 4THTH Movement: Chinese youths, intellectuals opposed to imperialism Movement: Chinese youths, intellectuals opposed to imperialism Some were attracted to Marxism and Leninism; CCP established in 1921Some were attracted to Marxism and Leninism; CCP established in 1921

CCP (Chinese Communist Party) and CCP (Chinese Communist Party) and Guomindang Guomindang (The Nationalist Party) (The Nationalist Party) CCP leader Mao Zedong advocated women's equality, socialism CCP leader Mao Zedong advocated women's equality, socialism GuomindangGuomindang leader Sun Yat-sen favored democracy and nationalism leader Sun Yat-sen favored democracy and nationalism Two parties formed alliance, assisted by the Soviet Union, against foreignersTwo parties formed alliance, assisted by the Soviet Union, against foreigners

Nationalist China 1912 - 1945Nationalist China 1912 - 1945 Civil war after death of Sun Yat-sen, 1925 Civil war after death of Sun Yat-sen, 1925

Nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi, Mao launched Northern Expedition to reunify China Nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi, Mao launched Northern Expedition to reunify China Successful, Jiang then turned on his communist allies in 1928Successful, Jiang then turned on his communist allies in 1928

After 1928 spent most of time fighting communists, warlords After 1928 spent most of time fighting communists, warlords Mao emerged as the leader of CCP, developed Maoist ideologyMao emerged as the leader of CCP, developed Maoist ideology

1934-1935, CCP retreated to Yunan on the Long March to avoid Nationalists1934-1935, CCP retreated to Yunan on the Long March to avoid Nationalists China was mostly peasants: Maoism taps peasants as revolutionary strengthChina was mostly peasants: Maoism taps peasants as revolutionary strength Sets up a peasant commune, state in Northern China, land reformSets up a peasant commune, state in Northern China, land reform

Nationalists vs. Communists vs. Warlords vs. Japanese 1931 - 1945Nationalists vs. Communists vs. Warlords vs. Japanese 1931 - 1945

CHINA 1945 TO PRESENTCHINA 1945 TO PRESENT Origins of Communist China Origins of Communist China

Civil war between nationalists and communists resumed, 1945Civil war between nationalists and communists resumed, 1945 Communists armed, supported by USSR Communists armed, supported by USSR Mao Zedong proclaimed People's Republic of China, 1949Mao Zedong proclaimed People's Republic of China, 1949

Social and economic transformation of China Social and economic transformation of China Political reorganization dominated by Communist Party, Chairman Mao Political reorganization dominated by Communist Party, Chairman Mao Suspected nationalists were executed or sent to forced labor camps Suspected nationalists were executed or sent to forced labor camps Five-Year Plan stressing heavy industry Five-Year Plan stressing heavy industry Massive land redistribution at village level Massive land redistribution at village level Collective farms with basic health and primary education Collective farms with basic health and primary education Emancipation of women: divorce, abortion, footbinding finally endedEmancipation of women: divorce, abortion, footbinding finally ended

Fraternal cooperation between China and Soviet Union Fraternal cooperation between China and Soviet Union Both communist; shared common enemy, the United States Both communist; shared common enemy, the United States Alarmed by U.S. support of Japan, south Korea, and Taiwan Alarmed by U.S. support of Japan, south Korea, and Taiwan Beijing accepted direction from Moscow in early 1950s Beijing accepted direction from Moscow in early 1950s USSR gave military-economic aid, helped seat China on UN Security CouncilUSSR gave military-economic aid, helped seat China on UN Security Council

Cracks in alliance began in late 1950s Cracks in alliance began in late 1950s USSR gave more economic support to noncommunist countries USSR gave more economic support to noncommunist countries Both nations openly competed for influence in Africa and Asia Both nations openly competed for influence in Africa and Asia Rift between the two nations was public by the end, 1964Rift between the two nations was public by the end, 1964

Taiwan (Republic of China)Taiwan (Republic of China) Outmaneuvered, the nationalists under Jiang Jieshi fled to Taiwan in 1948Outmaneuvered, the nationalists under Jiang Jieshi fled to Taiwan in 1948 Taiwan protected by the US, develops modern industry, major world trading nationTaiwan protected by the US, develops modern industry, major world trading nation Increasing tensions for reunification with ChinaIncreasing tensions for reunification with China

COMMUNISM IN CHINACOMMUNISM IN CHINA Mao reunified China under communism Mao reunified China under communism

People’s Republic declared in 1949People’s Republic declared in 1949 Allied with USSRAllied with USSR Annexed Tibet in 1949; border conflicts with IndiaAnnexed Tibet in 1949; border conflicts with India Supported Communists in Korea, Vietnam, SE AsiaSupported Communists in Korea, Vietnam, SE Asia Intervened directly in Korean War to prevent American victoryIntervened directly in Korean War to prevent American victory

Great Leap Forward (1958--1961)Great Leap Forward (1958--1961) Effort to catch up with industrial nationsEffort to catch up with industrial nations Modeled after Soviet 5 Year Plans but included grandiose, weird ideas Modeled after Soviet 5 Year Plans but included grandiose, weird ideas All land collectivized; farming and industry became communal All land collectivized; farming and industry became communal Agricultural disaster; great famine followed, 1959--1962Agricultural disaster; great famine followed, 1959--1962

Great proletarian cultural revolution, 1966--1976 Great proletarian cultural revolution, 1966--1976 To root out "revisionism," revitalize the revolutionary fervor To root out "revisionism," revitalize the revolutionary fervor Students became the instruments of revolution against old, eliteStudents became the instruments of revolution against old, elite Idea was that revolutionary fervor as communist better than science, expertiseIdea was that revolutionary fervor as communist better than science, expertise Millions subjected to humiliation, persecution, and death Millions subjected to humiliation, persecution, and death Educated elites targeted; setback for Chinese education and science Educated elites targeted; setback for Chinese education and science Died out after Mao's death in 1976Died out after Mao's death in 1976

Deng's revolution Deng's revolution Deng Xiaoping regained power in 1981; opened China to foreign influence Deng Xiaoping regained power in 1981; opened China to foreign influence Welcomed economic, market reforms; remained politically authoritarian Welcomed economic, market reforms; remained politically authoritarian Crushed pro-democracy student demonstration in Tiananmen Square, 1989 Crushed pro-democracy student demonstration in Tiananmen Square, 1989 Hong Kong returned to China in 1997: how to absorb democratic city?Hong Kong returned to China in 1997: how to absorb democratic city?

The rise of China since the death of Mao Zedong The rise of China since the death of Mao Zedong Late 1970s opened China to foreign investment and technology Late 1970s opened China to foreign investment and technology Gradual shift from planned communist economy to market economy Gradual shift from planned communist economy to market economy Offered vast, cheap labor and huge domestic markets Offered vast, cheap labor and huge domestic markets China joined WTO in 2001China joined WTO in 2001

JAPAN TO 1945JAPAN TO 1945 Japan emerged from World War I as a world power Japan emerged from World War I as a world power

Plans to acquire Chinese, Russian territory frustrated by US, UKPlans to acquire Chinese, Russian territory frustrated by US, UK Signed treaty with United States guaranteeing China's integritySigned treaty with United States guaranteeing China's integrity Participated in the League of Nations but often neutral or hostile Participated in the League of Nations but often neutral or hostile Japanese economy boosted by war: sold munitions to Allies Japanese economy boosted by war: sold munitions to Allies

Prosperity short-livedProsperity short-lived Economy slumped during Great Depression Economy slumped during Great Depression Labor unrest, demands for social reformsLabor unrest, demands for social reforms Massive earthquake in 1920s hit TokyoMassive earthquake in 1920s hit Tokyo

Political conflict emerged Political conflict emerged Between internationalists, supporters of western-style capitalism, nationalistsBetween internationalists, supporters of western-style capitalism, nationalists Much hostility to foreign influences by nationalistsMuch hostility to foreign influences by nationalists Attempt to build large navy stopped by Washington Naval AccordsAttempt to build large navy stopped by Washington Naval Accords Army increasingly involved in governmental affairs; many young officers seek change Army increasingly involved in governmental affairs; many young officers seek change

The Mukden incident, 1931, in Manchuria The Mukden incident, 1931, in Manchuria Chinese unification threatened Japanese interests in Manchuria Chinese unification threatened Japanese interests in Manchuria Japanese troops destroyed tracks on Japanese railroad, claimed Chinese attack Japanese troops destroyed tracks on Japanese railroad, claimed Chinese attack Incident became pretext for Japanese attack against ChinaIncident became pretext for Japanese attack against China Military, acting without civilian authority, took all Manchuria by 1932Military, acting without civilian authority, took all Manchuria by 1932

Japanese dictatorshipJapanese dictatorship Emerged in the 1930s with dominance of government by militaryEmerged in the 1930s with dominance of government by military Many of the same trappings of fascism: nationalism, militarism, traditionMany of the same trappings of fascism: nationalism, militarism, tradition Plans drawn up to conquer, control Asia-Pacific Plans drawn up to conquer, control Asia-Pacific

DEMOCRATIC ASIA SINCE 1945DEMOCRATIC ASIA SINCE 1945 Japan's "economic miracle" Japan's "economic miracle"

Postwar Japan Postwar Japan Had few resources, no overseas empire Had few resources, no overseas empire Benefited from U.S. aid, investmentsBenefited from U.S. aid, investments Did not have a large defense budget because of US protection; money to industryDid not have a large defense budget because of US protection; money to industry Government dominated by Liberal Democrats who cooperate with businesses Government dominated by Liberal Democrats who cooperate with businesses

Japan Japan Pursued export-oriented growth supported by low wages Pursued export-oriented growth supported by low wages Began with labor-intensive exports, textiles, iron, and steelBegan with labor-intensive exports, textiles, iron, and steel Government supported incentives for trade, innovation, experimentationGovernment supported incentives for trade, innovation, experimentation Government sponsored research, development for businessesGovernment sponsored research, development for businesses Companies took care of workers, families with cradle to grave support Companies took care of workers, families with cradle to grave support

Reinvested profits Reinvested profits In capital-intensive industries such as cars, aircraft, shipping, electronicsIn capital-intensive industries such as cars, aircraft, shipping, electronics In technology-intensive production such as telecommunicationsIn technology-intensive production such as telecommunications

Rapid growth, 1960s-1980sRapid growth, 1960s-1980s Suffered recession in 1990sSuffered recession in 1990s

The Little TigersThe Little Tigers In beginning: Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and TaiwanIn beginning: Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan Joined by Indonesia, Thailand, and MalaysiaJoined by Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia Followed Japanese model of export-driven industryFollowed Japanese model of export-driven industry In 1980s rapid growth; by 1990s highly competitiveIn 1980s rapid growth; by 1990s highly competitive Industrial wealth, capitalism, trade led to democratization, pressure for reform Industrial wealth, capitalism, trade led to democratization, pressure for reform

SOUTHEAST ASIASOUTHEAST ASIA 1914 – 19401914 – 1940

French Indochina: Annam, Tonkin, Cochin China, Cambodia, LaosFrench Indochina: Annam, Tonkin, Cochin China, Cambodia, Laos Dutch (Indonesia), US (Philippines), UK (Malaya, parts of Borneo, Singapore)Dutch (Indonesia), US (Philippines), UK (Malaya, parts of Borneo, Singapore) Independent Siam (Thailand): border state between French, BritishIndependent Siam (Thailand): border state between French, British

1940 – 19451940 – 1945 Japanese occupy whole area within first weeks of World War IIJapanese occupy whole area within first weeks of World War II Controlled areas through puppet regimes while exploiting the resourcesControlled areas through puppet regimes while exploiting the resources End of war saw English, French, Dutch determined to restore their coloniesEnd of war saw English, French, Dutch determined to restore their colonies US grants Philippines independenceUS grants Philippines independence

VietnamVietnam Fighting the French in Vietnam Fighting the French in Vietnam

Japan's invasion ended French rule; Ho Chi Minh declared independence Japan's invasion ended French rule; Ho Chi Minh declared independence France reasserted colonial rule, recaptured Saigon and south Vietnam, 1945 France reasserted colonial rule, recaptured Saigon and south Vietnam, 1945 Retook north by bombing Hanoi and Haiphong; killed at least ten thousand civilians Retook north by bombing Hanoi and Haiphong; killed at least ten thousand civilians Ho and followers (Viet Minh) conducted guerrilla warfare from the countryside Ho and followers (Viet Minh) conducted guerrilla warfare from the countryside Aided by Communist China, Viet Minh defeated the French in 1954Aided by Communist China, Viet Minh defeated the French in 1954

Geneva Conference and partial independence, 1954 Geneva Conference and partial independence, 1954 Vietnam temporarily divided, north and south, at 17th parallel Vietnam temporarily divided, north and south, at 17th parallel South Vietnam's leaders delayed elections, feared communist victory South Vietnam's leaders delayed elections, feared communist victory US supported first the French, then the unpopular government of South Vietnam US supported first the French, then the unpopular government of South Vietnam North Vietnam received assistance from USSR and ChinaNorth Vietnam received assistance from USSR and China

Cold war stalemate Cold war stalemate Nationalist-communist (Viet Cong) attacks on government of South Vietnam Nationalist-communist (Viet Cong) attacks on government of South Vietnam President Johnson launched bombing campaign, sent ground troops in 1965 President Johnson launched bombing campaign, sent ground troops in 1965 U.S. troops were trapped in a quagmire; dragged on until 1973U.S. troops were trapped in a quagmire; dragged on until 1973

WESTERN EUROPE AFTER 1945WESTERN EUROPE AFTER 1945 France under de Gaulle France under de Gaulle

Charles de Gaulle wanted Europe free from superpower domination Charles de Gaulle wanted Europe free from superpower domination French government refused to ban nuclear tests in 1963, tested bomb in 1964 French government refused to ban nuclear tests in 1963, tested bomb in 1964

United KingdomUnited Kingdom Slow recovery from the war and decolonizationSlow recovery from the war and decolonization Labor Party comes to power and gradually builds a welfare state and mild socialismLabor Party comes to power and gradually builds a welfare state and mild socialism

West GermanyWest Germany Strong recovery after 1949 called Economic MiracleStrong recovery after 1949 called Economic Miracle Rose to become one of the strongest economic nations in the worldRose to become one of the strongest economic nations in the world Builds a social market economy of mixed capitalism, welfare socialismBuilds a social market economy of mixed capitalism, welfare socialism

European UnionEuropean Union Grew out of European Steel and Coal Community: Germany, Italy, France, BeneluxGrew out of European Steel and Coal Community: Germany, Italy, France, Benelux Grew into European Economic Community and European CommunitiesGrew into European Economic Community and European Communities Goal was to synchronize economic, trade policiesGoal was to synchronize economic, trade policies

This grew into a desire for a political unionThis grew into a desire for a political union By 1989 included UK, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, GreeceBy 1989 included UK, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Greece In 2005 have a common parliament, passport, trade policies, currency, central bank In 2005 have a common parliament, passport, trade policies, currency, central bank

EASTERN EUROPE SINCE 1945EASTERN EUROPE SINCE 1945 Tito's Yugoslavia, Hoxha’s Albania: independent communist Tito's Yugoslavia, Hoxha’s Albania: independent communist

states states Marshall Tito (Josip Broz) resisted Soviet control of Yugoslavia Marshall Tito (Josip Broz) resisted Soviet control of Yugoslavia

Stalin expelled Yugoslavia from Soviet bloc, 1948; Stalin expelled Yugoslavia from Soviet bloc, 1948; Remained nonaligned throughout cold warRemained nonaligned throughout cold war

Albania increasingly drawn into Chinese communist influence and denounces USSRAlbania increasingly drawn into Chinese communist influence and denounces USSR

De-Stalinization following death of Stalin, 1953 De-Stalinization following death of Stalin, 1953 1956, Khrushchev denounced Stalin's rule of terror 1956, Khrushchev denounced Stalin's rule of terror Millions of political prisoners released from work camps Millions of political prisoners released from work camps Brief "thaw" in soviet culture from 1956 to 1964, easing censorshipBrief "thaw" in soviet culture from 1956 to 1964, easing censorship

Hungarian challenge, 1956 Hungarian challenge, 1956 De-Stalinization led to pro-democracy movement in Hungary De-Stalinization led to pro-democracy movement in Hungary New government announced neutrality, withdrew from Warsaw Pact New government announced neutrality, withdrew from Warsaw Pact Soviet tanks crushed Hungarian uprising, 1956 Soviet tanks crushed Hungarian uprising, 1956 Goulash Communism: a liberalization of communism in HungaryGoulash Communism: a liberalization of communism in Hungary

Prague Spring, Czechoslovakia, 1968 Prague Spring, Czechoslovakia, 1968 Liberal movement led by Dubcek sought "socialism with a human face" Liberal movement led by Dubcek sought "socialism with a human face" Soviet and east European forces crushed Prague liberal communism Soviet and east European forces crushed Prague liberal communism Soviet Premier Brezhnev justified invasion by Doctrine of Limited SovereigntySoviet Premier Brezhnev justified invasion by Doctrine of Limited Sovereignty

1989: A YEAR OF CHANGE1989: A YEAR OF CHANGE InfluencesInfluences

Gandhi, Martin Luther King were world symbolsGandhi, Martin Luther King were world symbols End of Cold War and Victory of the WestEnd of Cold War and Victory of the West Gorbachev’s Perestroika, GlasnostGorbachev’s Perestroika, Glasnost Influence of Pope John Paul IIInfluence of Pope John Paul II

RevolutionsRevolutions Popular revolutions usually peacefulPopular revolutions usually peaceful Brought down, ended dictatorshipBrought down, ended dictatorship Parties in power rarely fought backParties in power rarely fought back Romania and China used violence but only China succeededRomania and China used violence but only China succeeded

Around the worldAround the world Eastern Europe overthrows Communist regimesEastern Europe overthrows Communist regimes

Poland, E. Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, RomaniaPoland, E. Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania Lithuania, Latvia, EstoniaLithuania, Latvia, Estonia

Russians withdraw troops from AfghanistanRussians withdraw troops from Afghanistan South Africa: Apartheid EndsSouth Africa: Apartheid Ends People Power of Corazon Aquino overthrows Marcos in PhilippinesPeople Power of Corazon Aquino overthrows Marcos in Philippines Tiananamen Square Demonstrations in ChinaTiananamen Square Demonstrations in China

LATIN AMERICA: 1914 - PRESENTLATIN AMERICA: 1914 - PRESENT Latin America ChangesLatin America Changes

World War I World War I Led to upsurge in exportsLed to upsurge in exports Development of industriesDevelopment of industries

1920s – 1940s1920s – 1940s Depression, World War II hurt economic growthDepression, World War II hurt economic growth US initiates Good Neighbor Policy to try to improve US-Latin relationsUS initiates Good Neighbor Policy to try to improve US-Latin relations Formation of Organization of American States to support American neutrality in early warFormation of Organization of American States to support American neutrality in early war Some sympathy for fascists especially in Argentina, BrazilSome sympathy for fascists especially in Argentina, Brazil Some states declared war against Axis and joined United NationsSome states declared war against Axis and joined United Nations

Mexico after the revolutionMexico after the revolution Liberal constitution of 1917 guaranteed land and liberty to Mexico Liberal constitution of 1917 guaranteed land and liberty to Mexico Subsoil assets claimed by Mexican government; redistribution of land to peasants Subsoil assets claimed by Mexican government; redistribution of land to peasants After 1930s, conservative governments dominated by Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)After 1930s, conservative governments dominated by Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) In 1990s, PRI dictatorship challenged in open, free electionsIn 1990s, PRI dictatorship challenged in open, free elections

Argentina: return to military rule Argentina: return to military rule Leader of Latin American struggle against U.S. and European intervention Leader of Latin American struggle against U.S. and European intervention Gradual shift to free elections, but often reverted to military rulers Gradual shift to free elections, but often reverted to military rulers Militarist Juan Peron was elected president, 1946; immensely popular Militarist Juan Peron was elected president, 1946; immensely popular His wife, Eva Peron, was national heroine for her service to the poor His wife, Eva Peron, was national heroine for her service to the poor Peron ousted in 1955; three decades of military dictators followed Peron ousted in 1955; three decades of military dictators followed Late 1970s, death squads conducted "dirty war" against dissidentsLate 1970s, death squads conducted "dirty war" against dissidents

Patterns of economic dependence in Latin America Patterns of economic dependence in Latin America Need to reorient economies from export to internal developmentNeed to reorient economies from export to internal development

Much of Latin America exported raw minerals, food stuffs, oil to Western WorldMuch of Latin America exported raw minerals, food stuffs, oil to Western World Need to develop domestic industry, consumer industries rather than import Need to develop domestic industry, consumer industries rather than import

Raul Prebisch, Argentine economist, crafted theory of "economic dependency" Raul Prebisch, Argentine economist, crafted theory of "economic dependency" Developed nations controlled world economy at expense of undeveloped ones Developed nations controlled world economy at expense of undeveloped ones Developing nations needed to protect domestic industriesDeveloping nations needed to protect domestic industries

Spread of DemocracySpread of Democracy Liberalization begins in 1980s as elections becomes freer, open to oppositionLiberalization begins in 1980s as elections becomes freer, open to opposition Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Venezuela, Peru, Colombia are all part of trendMexico, Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Venezuela, Peru, Colombia are all part of trend Many socialist like, reform oriented parties gain strength; not always pro-AmericanMany socialist like, reform oriented parties gain strength; not always pro-American

REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICAREVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA Post-War US Policies in Latin AmericaPost-War US Policies in Latin America

Cold War, Protection of Panama Canal shaped U.S. policies Latin America Cold War, Protection of Panama Canal shaped U.S. policies Latin America US opposed US opposed

Nationalization of US property as it attacked American propertyNationalization of US property as it attacked American property Any perceived interference by USSR, revolutionariesAny perceived interference by USSR, revolutionaries

US support US support Land owners, militaries, elites in Latin America against any perceived radical elementsLand owners, militaries, elites in Latin America against any perceived radical elements Aide primarily militaryAide primarily military

US will intervene in Latin America US will intervene in Latin America Support military takeovers in Guatemala, El Salvador, Chile, Peru, Bolivia Support military takeovers in Guatemala, El Salvador, Chile, Peru, Bolivia US direct interventions: Haiti, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Panama, GranadaUS direct interventions: Haiti, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Panama, Granada

US returned Panama Canal in 1999 US returned Panama Canal in 1999 Cuba: from American dependency to communist state Cuba: from American dependency to communist state

Batista regime in Cuba was corrupt, influenced by MafiaBatista regime in Cuba was corrupt, influenced by Mafia Rebels led by Fidel Castro located in Sierra Madre drive out regimeRebels led by Fidel Castro located in Sierra Madre drive out regime Rebels openly declare themselves to be communists in 1960Rebels openly declare themselves to be communists in 1960 Nationalized private holdings, industry instituted land reform, social revolutionNationalized private holdings, industry instituted land reform, social revolution US plots to overthrow Cuba led to Soviet missiles in CubaUS plots to overthrow Cuba led to Soviet missiles in Cuba US/Cuba hostile to each other ever sinceUS/Cuba hostile to each other ever since Cuba has strongly influenced Nicaragua, VenezuelaCuba has strongly influenced Nicaragua, Venezuela

Nicaragua: American interference Nicaragua: American interference Somoza regime (1934-1980), brutal dictators but anticommunist U.S. ally Somoza regime (1934-1980), brutal dictators but anticommunist U.S. ally Overthrown by Marxist Sandinistas in 1980 Overthrown by Marxist Sandinistas in 1980 Created a communist state allied to CubaCreated a communist state allied to Cuba Reagan reversed policy; supported Contras, rebels opposed to the Sandinistas Reagan reversed policy; supported Contras, rebels opposed to the Sandinistas Costa Rican president negotiated end to Contra war, new coalition governmentCosta Rican president negotiated end to Contra war, new coalition government

GLOBAL TERRORISMGLOBAL TERRORISM The weapon of the stateless, powerlessThe weapon of the stateless, powerless

Those out of powerThose out of power Of anticolonial and revolutionary movementsOf anticolonial and revolutionary movements Cheapest way to oppose someone Cheapest way to oppose someone

Not New in HistoryNot New in History Assassins of Post-Classical SW Asia struck fear in Muslim worldAssassins of Post-Classical SW Asia struck fear in Muslim world Thuggees devoted to Kali ritually murdered people in IndiaThuggees devoted to Kali ritually murdered people in India Boxer Rebellion and others attacked foreignersBoxer Rebellion and others attacked foreigners

TerrorismTerrorism Difficult to define terrorism, separate from guerrilla movements, independence movements Difficult to define terrorism, separate from guerrilla movements, independence movements Deliberate violence, terror against civilians to advance political or ideological cause Deliberate violence, terror against civilians to advance political or ideological cause Rarely successful; often discredits potentially worthy causesRarely successful; often discredits potentially worthy causes

ExamplesExamples Irish Republican Army violence in 20Irish Republican Army violence in 20 thth Century Ireland, North Ireland against British Century Ireland, North Ireland against British Chinese Communist Rebellion in Malaya defeated by BritishChinese Communist Rebellion in Malaya defeated by British Mai Mai Rebellion in Kenya targets Europeans in 1960sMai Mai Rebellion in Kenya targets Europeans in 1960s Algerian campaign against French colonial targetsAlgerian campaign against French colonial targets PLO attacks on Israeli settlementsPLO attacks on Israeli settlements Basque ETA group in SpainBasque ETA group in Spain Baader Meinhof, Red Army (Communist) Terror in Germany, Italy in 1980sBaader Meinhof, Red Army (Communist) Terror in Germany, Italy in 1980s

11 September 2001 focused international attention on terrorism 11 September 2001 focused international attention on terrorism Coordinated attack on World Trade Tower and Pentagon Coordinated attack on World Trade Tower and Pentagon Source identified as Islamic militant Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda network Source identified as Islamic militant Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda network Angered by U.S. presence in Saudi Arabia; proclaimed Angered by U.S. presence in Saudi Arabia; proclaimed jihadjihad, holy war, holy war

Islamic State of Afghanistan was established 1996 by Taliban Islamic State of Afghanistan was established 1996 by Taliban Imposed strict Islamic law: regulated dress, entertainment, media Imposed strict Islamic law: regulated dress, entertainment, media Women barred from education, work, health services Women barred from education, work, health services November 2001, U.S. forces invaded Afghanistan, drove out Taliban, al-QaedaNovember 2001, U.S. forces invaded Afghanistan, drove out Taliban, al-Qaeda

THE EUROPEAN UNIONTHE EUROPEAN UNION

G.U.U.A.M. & C.I.S. NATIONSG.U.U.A.M. & C.I.S. NATIONS

Both are terms for nations which resulted from the breakup of the USSR. GUUAM are those nations who have recently had democratic revolutions while CIS or the Community of Independent States are those states which are still strongly autocratic.