New Zealand (Resumen)

7/28/2019 New Zealand (Resumen)

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NEW ZEALAND

CULTURE OF NEW ZEALAND

The culture of New Zealand is largely inherited from British and European custom, interwoven with Maori and Polynesian tradition. An

isolated Pacific Island nation, New Zealand was comparatively recently settled by humans. Initially M ori only, then bicultural withcolonial and rural values, now New Zealand is a cosmopolitan culture that reflects its changing demographics, is conscious of the natural

environment, and is an educated, developed Western society.

MORI CULTURE

The Mori are the indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand (Aotearoa). They probably arrived in south-western Polynesia in

several waves at some time before 1300, although dates of up to 2000 years ago still attract some support. The M ori settled the islands

and developed a distinct culture.

Maori oral history tells of a long voyage from Hawaiki (the mythical homeland in tropical Polynesia) in large ocean-going canoes

(waka). Mori mythology is a distinctive corpus of gods and heroes, sharing some Polynesian motifs. Some notable figures are Rangi

and Papa, Mui, and Kupe.

Central to many cultural events is the marae, where families and tribes gather for special occasions, such as pwhiri or tangi. Mori

often call themselves "tngata whenua" (people of the land), placing particular importance on a lifestyle connected to land and sea.

Communal living, sharing, and living off the land are strong traditional values.

The distinct values, history, and worldview of Maori are expressed through traditional arts and skills such as haka, t moko, waiata,

carving, weaving, and poi. The concept of tapu (meaning taboo or sacred) is also a strong force in Mori culture, applied to objects,

people, or even mountains.

PKEH CULTURE

Pkeh culture (usually synonymous with New Zealand European) derives mainly from that of the British settlers who colonised New

Zealand in the nineteenth century. Although it is recognisably related to British culture, it has always had distinct differences, and these

have increased as time has gone on. Things which distinguish Pkeh culture from British culture include higher levels of

egalitarianism, anti-intellectualism, and the idea that most people can do most things if they put their minds to it. Within P keh culture

are sub-cultures derived from Irish, Italian and other European groups, as well as various non-ethnic subcultures.

New Zealand marks two national days of remembrance, Waitangi Day and ANZAC Day, and also celebrates holidays during or close to

the anniversaries of the founding dates of each province. The national anthem, "God Defend New Zealand" is often sung with alternating

Mori and English verses. Many citizens prefer to minimise ethnic divisions, simply calling themselves New Zealanders or Kiwis.


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GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ZEALAND

New Zealand is in Oceania, in the South Pacific Ocean at 41S 174E. It has an area of 268,680 square kilometres (103,738 sq. mi)

(includingAntipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, Campbell Islands, Chatham Islands, and Kermadec Islands), making it

slightly smaller than Italy and Japan and a little larger than the United Kingdom. These islands are the main areas of land that emerged

from the largely submerged continent of Zealandia.

The geography of New Zealand encompasses two main islands (the North and South Islands, Te-Ika-a-Maui and Te Wai Pounamu in

Mori) and a number of smaller islands, located near the centre of the water hemisphere. New Zealand varies in climate, from cold and

wet to dry and to subtropical in some areas and most of the landscape is mountainous. The dramatic and varied landscape of New

Zealand has made it a popular location for the production of television programmes and films, including the Lord of the Rings trilogy.

Neighbouring countries include Australia to the northwest and Tonga and Fiji to the north.


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NEW ZEALAND CUISINE

New Zealand cuisine is largely driven by local ingredients and seasonal variations. Occupying an island nation with a primarily

agricultural economy, New Zealand yields produce from land and sea. Similar to the cuisine of Australia, the cuisine of New Zealand is

a diverse British-based cuisine, with Mediterranean and Pacific Rim influences as the country becomes more cosmopolitan.

MORI CUISINE

Historical influences came from Mori culture. When Mori (New Zealand's indigenous people) first arrived in New Zealand from

tropical Polynesia, they brought with them a number of food plants, including kmara (sweet potato), taro, tplants, as well as dogs and

rats, which were also eaten.

In traditional Mori religion food was noa, or non-sacred. This meant care had to be taken to prevent it coming into contact with tapu

places or objects.

PKEH INFLUENCES

The majority of New Zealanders are Pkeh of British descent, so it is not surprising that the cuisine owes much to British cuisine.

When Europeans (Pkeh) first arrived in New Zealand from the late eighteenth century, they brought their own foods with them.

Some of these, especially pork and potatoes, were quickly adopted by Mori and helped end the threat of food shortages that had long

plagued many Mori tribes.

Other European foods such as wheat, pumpkin, mutton, sugar, and many types of fruit also became a common part of the Mori diet.

Alcohol, initially rejected as 'wai piro' (stinking water), also became part of Mori life.

Many traditional food sources, such as the kerer (wood pigeon) and other birds, as well as some types of fish and plants, became scarce

as forests were destroyed and species were over-hunted.

MORI CUISINE TODAY

Present day Mori cuisine is a mixture of Mori tradition, old-fashioned English cookery, and contemporary dishes. Most large Mori

gatherings feature a hngi, which is likely to contain foods brought to New Zealand by Mori and by Pkeh, including processed

food and takeaways. . In recent decades there has been much concern that Mori have picked up the worst of European eating habits and

as a result are disproportionately likely to suffer fromobesity, heart disease, and diabetes.

Two dishes regarded as distinctively Mori are the boil-up - of pork, potatoes, kmara, and dumplings, and pork and puha (sow thistle)

which combine introduced and indigenous foods.

WINES

New Zealand has a successful wine industry, with about 76 million litres being exported in the year to June 2007. The first vines are

thought to have been introduced by missionary Samuel Marsden, and planted in 1817 by Charles Gordon, superintendent of agriculture

for the missionaries, according to Dr Richard Smart who was viticultural editor of both editions of The Oxford Companion to Wine.

There are 10 major wine-producing areas in New Zealand, with Marlborough famed for its sauvignon blanc, Gisborne for its

chardonnay, and Central Otago and Martinborough building a reputation for pinot noir and pinot gris. Hawkes Bay is known for its bold


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cabernets and Auckland's Waiheke Island is home to one of the top 20 cabernet blends in the world. Marlborough and Hawkes Bay are

New Zealand's two premium wine-growing regions.

PATTERNS OF EATING

In New Zealand households, dinner (also known as "tea") is the main meal of the day, when families gather and share their evening

together. Restaurants and takeaways provide an increasing proportion of the diet.

In the summer, the barbecue is common, generally as a social event. Guests will usually be invited to bring beer (or wine), and on

occasion meat, which the host will cook. Sometimes guests contribute a salad to the gathering instead. It is traditional for the men to

cook the meat, and for the women to do everything else, although these patterns are changing.

Pavlova, one of the icons in New Zealand cuisine.


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NEW ZEALAND LITERATURE

New Zealand literature is either written by New Zealanders or migrants, dealing with New Zealand themes or places . New Zealand

literature is almost exclusively in the English language and as such a sub-type of English literature.

The Mori were a pre-literate culture until contact with Europeans in the early 19th Century. New Zealand acknowledges the presence

of its indigenous Mori and the special place they have in New Zealand culture. Oratory and recitation of quasi historical /

hagiographical ancestral blood lines has a special place in Mori culture; Eurocentric notions of 'literature' may fail to describe the

Mori cultural forms of the oral tradition.

POETRY

New Zealand poetry, like all poetry, is influenced by time and place and has been through a number of changes. Poetry has bee n part of

New Zealand culture since before European settlement in the form of Mori sung poems or waiata. The first colonial Pakeha poetry was

also predominantly sung poetry. Initially colonial poetry had a preoccupation with British themes.

WRITERS

Novelists Patricia Grace, Albert Wendt, Maurice Gee and childrens author Margaret Mahy, are prominent in New Zealand.

PLAYWRIGHTS

New Zealand has a lively community of playwrights in theatre. One of the country's most significant and successful playwrights is

Roger Hall. Support for playwrights and plays in New Zealand is provided by Playmarket, a national organization which also publishes

and sells plays and scripts. Playmarket also represents Mori and Pacific Island playwrights.


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SPORT IN NEW ZEALAND

Sport in New Zealand largely reflects its British colonial heritage, with some of the most popular sports being rugby union, cricket and

netball which are primarily played in Commonwealth countries. New Zealand is a small nation but has enjoyed success in many sports,

notably rugby union (considered the national sport), rugby league, cricket (considered the national summer sport), America's Cup

sailing, world championship and Olympics events and motorsport.

Other popular sports include netball, basketball, golf, tennis, orienteering, rowing and a variety of water sports, particularly sailing and

surf sports. Winter sports such as skiing and snowboarding are also popular as are indoor and outdoor bowls.

OTHER SPORTS:

HORSERACING AND EQUESTRIAN SOCCER: Soccer (also known as "football" or "Association football") is less popular in New Zealand than in most other countries. AUSTRALIAN RULES FOOTBALL AMERICAN FOOTBALL: American Football, more commonly known outside of America as Gridiron, is a small sport in New

Zealand with programs established in Auckland, Waikato, Hawkes Bay and Wellington.

BOXING CANOEING CYCLING EXTREME SPORTS: Extreme sports are increasingly popular in New Zealand, both with residents and tourists. Bungee jumping

and zorbing were both invented in New Zealand.

GLIDING HOCKEY KI-O-RAHI: Ki-o-rahi is a traditional Mori ball sport played in New Zealand with a small round ball called a ki. It is a fast-paced

sport incorporating skills similar to Australian Rules, rugby union, netball and touch.

SOFTBALL SQUASH TRIATHLON


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MUSIC OF NEW ZEALAND

Popular New Zealand music has been influenced by blues, jazz, country, rock and roll and hip hop, with many of these genres given a

unique New Zealand interpretation. A number of popular artists have gone on to achieve international success including Split Enz,

Crowded House, OMC, Bic Runga, Ladyhawke, The Naked and Famous, Fat Freddy's Drop and Flight of the Conchords.

In the nineteenth century European settlers brought musical forms to New Zealand including brass bands and choral music, and

musicians began touring New Zealand in the 1860s. Pipe bands became widespread during the early 20th century.

The New Zealand Symphony Orchestra is the country's national orchestra. The Auckland Philharmonia Orchestra, Wellington Orchestra

and Christchurch Symphony Orchestra are the leading regional orchestras.

New Zealand has a strong choral tradition. The Anglican cathedrals in Auckland, Well ington and Christchurch have choirs of a high

standard and there are also a number of secular choirs including the international award-winning Voices New Zealand chamber choir.

New Zealand has produced a number of internationally famous opera singers, including Dame Kiri Te Kanawa, Dame Malvina Major

and Jonathan Lemalu. New Zealand Opera is the country's sole professional opera company. The company stages up to three operas a

year in Auckland and Wellington and features international as well as New Zealand soloists.

A number of local composers have developed international reputations. The most well-known include Douglas Lilburn, John Psathas,

Jack Body,Gillian Whitehead, Jenny McLeod, Gareth Farr and Ross Harris.

OTHERS GENRES:

POP: New Zealand's first pop song was "Blue Smoke", written in the 1940s by Ruru Karatiana. ROCK/ALTERNATIVE/INDIE: Kiwi rock is a term used informally to describe New Zealand rock music and the culture

surrounding rock music in New Zealand. The first rock'n'roll hit by a New Zealander was Johnny Devlin's hit Lawdy Miss Clawdy

HIP HOP: The genesis of New Zealand hip hop began with the rise of the hip hop culture in the United States. Many of NewZealand's first hip hop performers, such as Dalvanius Prime, whose "Poi E" was a major hit, were M ori. "Poi E" had no rapping,

but marked a shift from reggae and funk favoured by Mori musicians.

ROOTS/REGGAE/DUB: Formed in 1979, Herbs are a New Zealand reggae vocal group and the 11th inductee into the NewZealand Music Hall of Fame. Herbs are considered pioneers of the Pacific reggae sound, having paved the way for contemporary

New Zealand reggae groups such as Katchafire, Kora, Fat Freddy's Drop, The Black Seeds,Breaks Co-op and Trinity Roots.

ELECTRONICA: The earliest electronica in New Zealand came out of Auckland and Wellington in the early 1980s. Wellington'sThe Body Electric, formed out of the punk band, The Steroids, had a massive hit with Pulsing which, without airplay beyond student

stations, spent four months in the national Top 50.

DRUM AND BASS: Drum and bass became popular in New Zealand during the 1980s. With support from British acts and localpioneers like Riddle, Geoff Presha, and Jay Bulletproof, drum and bass clubs like Herzog, The Box, and Fu in Auckland soon

attracted a dedicated following.

BLUES: The history of blues in New Zealand dates from the 1960s. The earliest blues influences on New Zealand musicians wereindirectnot from the United States but from white British blues musicians: first the R&B styles of The Animals and The Rolling

Stones, and later the blues-tinged rock of groups such as Led Zeppelin. The first American blues artist to make a big impact in New

Zealand was Stevie Ray Vaughan in the early 1980s. Other blues-related genres such as soul and gospel almost completely by-

passed New Zealand audiences, except for a handful of hits from cross-over artists such as Ray Charles.

HEAVY METAL: New Zealand has several well-known heavy metal bands including 8 Foot Sativa, In Dread Response, Dawn ofAzazel, Sinate, Beastwars, Ulcerate and The Datsuns, with most metal bands playing death metal.

DARKWAVE/GOTHIC/INDUSTRIAL: New Zealand has maintained a small dark music scene which dates back to the 1970s and1980s via iconoclastic bands such as Nocturnal Projections, Children's Hour, Fetus Productions, The Skeptics, Hieronymus Bosch


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and Winterland. Although such scenes boast longer and more famous histories in Europe, New Zealand darkwave bands such as

N.U.T.E, Dr Kevorkian & the Suicide Machine and The Mercy Cage enjoy international acclaim.

FOLK MUSIC BRASS BANDS: New Zealand has a proud history of brass bands, with regular provincial contests. The New Zealand National

Band has earned international accolades. The Band Of The Royal Regiment Of New Zealand Artillery is a military brass band based

in Auckland. It is a Territorial (part-time) Sub Unit of the New Zealand Army and its members are all New Zealand Defence Force

personnel.

HIGHLAND PIPE BANDS: New Zealand is said to have more pipebands per person than Scotland; historical links are maintainedby Caledonian Societies throughout the country. The nation is often reminded of its colonial heritage by the stirring sounds of

bagpipes at military commemorations and parades.

MUSICAL THEATRE: The most well-known musical theatre production written by a New Zealander is the Rocky Horror Showmusical, written by Richard O'Brien, and first performed on stage in London during 1973.

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