Newnes Guide to Television and Video Technology

K. F. Ibrahim

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ELSEVIER Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier Newnes

Contents

Preface xxi

Television fundamentals Scanning

Interlacing Synchronisation pulses Composite video waveform Common image format

Active lines Aspect ratio Pixels and bandwidth Video bandwidth

Television broadcasting Modulation Frequency spectrum, PAL channel Channel allocation Frequency spectrum, NTSC channel

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3 4 4 6

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Colour television Light and colour The sensation of colour Primary colours The colour triangle

Saturation and hue

Chromaticity diagram Colour temperature

Principles of colour transmission Frequency interleaving Quadrature amplitude modulation

NTSC colour components NTSC refresh rate

Composite colour signal Colour burst

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The standard colour bar display 25 Gamma-correction 26

Weighting factors 27 PAL colour system 27

3. Digital television 31 Principles of digital video broadcasting 31 Digitising the TV picture 32 SDTV sampling rate 33

Video sampling 34 4:2:2 sampling structure 35

4:1:1 sampling structure 35 4:2:0 sampling structure 36 The bit rate 37

4. MPEG encoding 39 Video MPEG-2 coding 40 Video data preparation 40 Temporal compression 41

Group of pictures 43 Block matching 43

Predicted and difference frames 44 Bidirectional prediction 45 Spatial compression 46 The discrete cosine transform 46

Quantising the DCT block 50 Zigzag scanning of the DCT matrix 51 Coding of DCT coefficients 53

Buffering 54 The complete DCT coder 55 Forward prediction coder-decoder, codec 55

GOP construction 57

5. High definition television 59 Why HDTV? 59 HDTV common interface format 59 The road to MPEG-4/H.264/AVC 60 MPEG-4 profiles 61 H.264/AVC features 61

Contents ix

Intra-frame (spatial) prediction 62 Intra-blocks and modes 62

Size and mode selection 65 Intra-prediction operation 65 AVC motion compensation 66

Motion compensation block sizes 67 Motion vector prediction 68

New transforms and quantisation 68 Adaptive de-blocking filter 68 New entropy coding technology 72

Summarised features of AVC 72

6. Audio encoding 73 Principles of MPEG-1 audio 73 MPEG audio basic elements 74 The full Layer II audio coder 82 Layer III coding 82 Pre-echo 83

Full Layer III audio coder 84 Advanced audio coding 85 MPEG-2 AAC 85

MPEG-4 audio 88 MPEG-4 AAC 89

Low-delay AAC 91 Surround sound 92 Multi-channel formats 92

Perception of sounds in space 93

7. MPEG-2 transport stream 97 Transport stream multiplexing 97

MPEG-2 PES packet 99

Time stamps 101 Program clock reference 101 Transport stream packet 102 Null transport packets 102 Transport packet header 103

Programme-specific information 105 Transport stream multiplexing 106 Re-multiplexing 106

x Contents

Channel encoding Scrambling Forward error correction Error correction FEC processing

Modulation Phase shift keying Quadrature amplitude modulation Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

Single-frequency network Coded OFDM 8K/2K COFDM modes High definition terrestrial television Satellite channel encoder

Terrestrial channel encoder

Video re-production Overview Display units

The cathode ray tube Extra high tension

Monochrome tube Screen size Raster geometry

Scan velocity modulation Beam modulation Colour receiver tubes

Purity

Convergence The shadowmask tube

The in-line colour tube The trinitron tube The PIL tube

Plasma panels Introduction to flat panel displays Resolution: flat panel versus CRT Plasma operation Address display separated

Driving the panel

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150 153

Scanning: sequential and interlaced Sub-field coding

Plasma panel brightness Dual scan

Selective erase addressing Sustain-during-erase Greyscale and colours

False contours Time compression Adaptive time compression Sub-field splitting

Non-binary sub-field coding

Dynamic brightness control Black level drive Sub-field generation Alternate lighting of surfaces Enhanced-ALiS

4-phase sub-field drive Pioneer's Waffle rib and T-shaped structured panel Plasma panel faults Drive faults Image burn

Liquid crystal display (LCD)

Polarisation

Principles of operation of LC cell Reflective and transmissive

The TN transmissive LCD Normally white and normally black

Passive- and active-matrix LCDs TFT cell drive Response time Polarity inversion

Greyscale and colour generation Panel drive The backlight assembly

CCFT parameters Tube brightness control The d.c.-a.c. inverter

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Lamp error detection 201 Adaptive transmissive scaling 202 LCD panel faults 202 Drive faults 205

DLP and SED

Principles of DLP display Greyscale generation Bit splitting DMD structure DMD operation DMD addressing cycle Multiplexed addressing Generating colour The rainbow effect The three-chip DLP Principles of SED panel

207 207 208 209 210 211 213 214 216 217 218 219

Television receivers CRT-type

The analogue TV receiver The front end RF oscillator Mixer-oscillator Complete tuner The phase-locked loop Synthesised tuning The IF stage The IF response curve The vision detector Synchronous demodulator Tuner 1С package The sync separator Flywheel sync separator Sandcastle pulse Field timebase Field output stage Line timebase and drive

221 221 223 225 226 226 226 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 238 238 239 241

Contents xiii

S-correction 244 Line output transformer 247

14. Television receivers: colour processing 251

Colour burst processing 251 Colour decoding 253 The comb filter 255 Comb filter delays 259 U and V separation 260 Colour difference demodulation 261 Matrix network 262 Beam limiting 263 Signal-processing 1С package 264 RGB output stage 267

15. DC power generation 271

CRT television power requirements 271 Linear regulators 271 Thyristor-controlled rectifier 273 Switched-mode power supplies 274 High- frequency chokes 279 Start-up and soft start 279 Standby supply 279 Self-oscillating power supply 280 Resonant converters 282

16. Flat panel television receivers 283

Video formatting 284 Scan-rate conversion 286 Image scaling 286 De-gamma correction and error and diffusion 287 Digital video interface 287 Low-voltage differential signalling 289 PanelLink 291 Transition minimised differential signalling 292 DVI connector pin-out 293 High-definition multimedia interface 294

xiv Contents

Architecture of HDMI HDMI operation HDMI encoding

Operating modes Content protection, HDCP

HDMI connectors Chip count

Philips 2-chip solution Panasonic GC3 2-chip solution Samsung single-chip solution Plasma panel power generation

Power factor correction Soft-switching resonant d.c.-d.c. converters Principle of operation of resonant converters

Steady-state analysis of a basic ZCS resonant converter

Zero voltage switching Energy recovery Fault finding on plasma television Pixel defects

Picture faults DC power failure Fault finding in an LCD television receiver

Faulty CCF tube The classic stuck in standby fault (plasma and LCD)

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296 297

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298 300 300

301 303 303 304

308 309 309

311 312

315 317 317

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320

TV sound, mono and NICAM

TV FM mono system

Receiver circuit Frequency demodulation

De-emphasis NICAM 14-to-10 digital companding

Interleaving Framing NICAM reception DQPSK decoder

NICAM decoder Multi-sound processor

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321 322

322 323 324

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330 331 332

333

Contents xv

Multi-standard MSP 334 Audio amplification 335

18. The digital TV reception 339

The digital receiver/decoder of set-top-box 339

System overview 339 DVB satellite channel decoder 341 DVB terrestrial channel decoder 344 OFDM demodulation 345 Transport demultiplexing and MPEG decoding 347

The I2S serial sound bus 350

SPDIF digital interface 351 UHF modulator 352 The integrated digital television 353 Flat panel iDTV 354 The HD decoder box 354

The HD ready television receiver 355 Testing the digital TV decoder box 358

Aerials and dishes 358 The boot-up sequence 360 Testing channel decoder 361

Testing the transport/MPEG decoder 362 Memory faults and their symptoms 364

19. Projection systems 367

CRT-based projection systems 367 Microdisplay-based systems 370 The illumination assembly 370

DMD-based projectors 370 HTPS-based systems 372 Colour filter HTPS 372

Colour filterless 3-panel HTPS projector 373 Pros and cons of HTPS projectors 375 Liquid crystal on silicon systems 376

The three-PBS LCoS system 378 ColorSelect™ LCoS-based systems 378 Merits and demerits of LCoS projection systems 379 Other projector technologies 380

The 3-panel HTPS projector block diagram 381

xvi Contents

Three-dimensional video display 381 3D LCD panels 385 Power supply requirements 385

DVD

DVD construction

DVD capacity Storage capacity Recording sectors

Rotation speed Data transfer Triple-layer DVD

DVD encoding process Video encoding Audio encoding Dolby digital (AC-3) encoding

Linear PCM PES packet construction Forward error correction—DVD/HD DVD Non-return-to-zero encoding

Eight-to-sixteen modulation (EFM+) DVD playback system The optical pickup head

Focus depth and numerical aperture The photodiode detector assembly

Focus error Tracking error

The tracking and focus two-axis device

Compatible pickup Signal processing and control The RF processor

Servo control The error signals Playback start-up routine CD/DVD detection

Focus search Single/dual-layer detection

Tracking control

Typical servo control chip

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391 392 392

393 394 394 397 397

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401 402

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Contents xvii

The user interface 415 Power supply requirements 418 Content protection 418 Film grain technology 420 Interactivity 420

Magnetic tape recording

History and development

Magnetic tape basics Transfer characteristic and bias

Head-tape flux transfer

Replay considerations Modulation system

Pre-emphasis Principle of helical scan

Track configuration Scanning systems

The azimuth technique The video track Miniature VHS head drum Tracking

Automatic track finding

Video-8 tape-signal spectrum Luminance recording and replay Dropout Crispening

Colour signals in the VCR Down-conversion

Chroma recording Video-8 format chrominance

Signal processing chip Audio signal processing Depth-multiplex audio Frequency-multiplex audio

PCM audio

The complete VCR UHF tuner and IF amplifier

Sound Bias oscillator

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431 433 434

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438 438 439

440 442

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447 447

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xviii Contents

RF modulator 463 Clock back-up 464 Video tape formats 464

Digital recording and camcorder

Signal processing: record DV audio processing

Signal processing: replay DV track configuration

DV tracking system System parameters

DV tape and cassette Digital-8 format D-8 recording system

Other DV formats: DVCAM

DVCPRO (professional) Hard disk recording Digital video recorder Recording files

Audio and video capture Editing Rendering

DV Editing Recordable DVD

Layout of recordable DVD Burst cutting area

Write strategies DVD recorder

HDD recorder Camcorders Optical section CCD image sensor Image stabilisation

Digital picture zoom

Electronic viewfinder Audio section D-8 signal processing D-8 playback

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479 481 481 482

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493 493 494 494

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Contents xix

23. Cable and on-line television 499

Cable types 500 Transmission modes 500 The network 501

Propagation modes in glass-fibre cables 502 Multimedia 'cable TV 504

24. Multimedia convergence 507

Digital multimedia broadcasting 507 DVB-H 508

Handheld screen resolution 509 DVB-H system properties 509 Time-slicing 509

IP interfacing 510 Enhanced FEC 511 Enhanced signalling 513 The 4K transmission mode 514

In-depth interleaving 514

Compatibility 515 Introduction to DAB 515 Transmission modes 517

DAB frames 518 DAB-2 518 DAB TV 518

On-line convergence 520 ADSL 520 IPTV 521 Bit rates 522 Closed IPTV network 523

Video-on-demand 525

25. Interconnectivity and ports 527

RF connections 527 Baseband distribution 528

SCART connections 529 Video coupling 533

Audio coupling 534 Speaker wiring 534

xx Contents

Digital ports Video graphic array Universal serial bus RS-232 connector Firewire

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Append, Append, Append Append Append, Append, Append, Append

IX

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IX

Al: Teletext A2: PC serial control bus A3: Error control techniques A4: Processing devices A5: The OSI seven-layer reference model A6: HDMI-DVI compatibility A7: The decibel (dB) A8: Amplitude and frequency modulation

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