Next Chapter 13 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction The Great War, 1914–1918 Several

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Chapter 13

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction

The Great War, 1914–1918 Several factors lead to World War I, a conflict that devastates Europe and has a major impact on the world.

What are the characteristics of:

1. Great Britain2. France3. Germany4. Russia5. Italy6. Austria-Hungary7. Ottoman Empire8. U.S.A.

Who were they friends with? Who did they struggle against?


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SECTION 2

SECTION 1

SECTION 4

SECTION 3

Marching Toward War

Europe Plunges into War

A Global Conflict

A Flawed Peace

The Great War, 1914–1918


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Section-1

In Europe, military buildup, nationalistic feelings, and rival alliances set the stagefor a continental war.

Marching Toward War


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Section-1 Causes of the Great War Rising Tensions in Europe

The Rise of Nationalism• Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below surface• Many thought this would bring peace in Europe; it didn’t.

•competition among nations•Balkan groups demand independence


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Imperialism•Competition for colonies



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Militarism•Mutual animosity leads European countries to engage in arms race

•Militarism—policy of glorifying military power and preparing for war



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Militarism• Def: aggressive preparation for war; growth of military and

plans for war• Size of armies grew rapidly• Conscription: military draft; this was common in most

Western European countries prior to the war• Russia-1.3 million• France-900,000• Germany-900,000• Others (British, Italian, A-H) between 250,000 and 500,000

each• As armies grew, so did the power of military leaders• In 1914 international decisions were made for military

reasons rather than political reasons


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Industrialism•European countries have the ability to engage in arms race

Section-1 Underlying Causes Rising Tensions in Europe


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Internal DissentA desire to stop socialism, communism, and other internal problems.

Section-1 Underlying CausesRising Tensions in Europe


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Internal Dissentwhat are these big words all about?

• Socialist labor movements grew more powerful (internal dissent)

• Anarchists were active (Pres. McK-1901)• Workers and poor people were potentially

revolutionary (change in political order, social order or economic order)

• Conservative leaders feared revolutions would develop across Europe

• Some historians believe that leaders went to war to stop internal problems


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Alliance SystemDefensive and Aggressive agreements create a situation where countries would have to fight if their allies go to war.



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Continued . . .

Tangled Alliances

Triple Alliance (1882 )1.Germany2.Austria-Hungary3.Italy


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Continued . . .

Tangled Alliances

Bismarck Forges Early Pacts• Germany’s Otto von Bismarck works to keep peace in Europe after 1871• Believes France wants revenge for loss in 1870 Franco-Prussian War

•Germany seeks to isolate the French with a series of treaties and alliances:

-signs treaty with Russia in 1881-forms Triple Alliance—Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy—in 1882


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Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace•Kaiser Wilhelm II becomes German ruler (1888)•Foreign policy changes begin in 1890 with dismissal of Bismarck-alliance with Russia dropped; Russia then allies with France-strengthening German navy, alarms Britain


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Triple Entente (1907)

1.Britain2.France3.Russia


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System of Alliances

• 1882: Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

• 1907: Triple Entente – France, United Kingdom and Russia

• Crises in the Balkans tested these alliances• Austria-Hungary and Russia struggled against

each other for control in the Balkans


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Crisis in the Balkans A Restless Region

•Many groups in Balkans win independence during early 1900s

•New nation of Serbia made up largely of Slavs•Austria-Hungary annexes Slavic region Bosnia and Herzegovina (1908)

•Serbia outraged, because they want to be

leader for all slavs.


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Serbian Problem• Remember the Ottoman Empire had controlled SE Europe

(the Balkans)• Some areas gained independence from the Ottomans• Parts of the Balkans were under A-H control (Bosnia). Ethnic

groups were many in this region. Slavs were a major ethnic group. Serbia was a Slavic nation. Russia wanted to support other Slavic people in the region to form a large Slavic nation. A-H didn’t want this influence in the region, because of its ethnic Slavs in Bosnia.

• Other European leaders saw the explosive situation in the Balkans.


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Assassination in Sarajevo• June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand was

assassinated by a Serbian terrorist who belonged to an organization called Black Hand

• This was a conspiracy.• Sarajevo was part of the A-H Empire with a large

Serbian ethnic group.• They wanted Bosnia to be free of A-H control to form

a large Slavic nation with Serbia.


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Austrian leaders responded• They were not sure if the Serbian government was

behind the plot or not, but they didn’t care; they wanted to attack Serbia


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Section-2

Europe Plunges into War One European nation after another is drawn into a large and industrialized war that results in many casualties.


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Austrian leaders responded• They were not sure if the Serbian government was

behind the plot or not, but they didn’t care; they wanted to attack Serbia

• A-H was scared of Russia, so…• A-H leaders asked Emperor William II of Germany for

support; he gave full support• A-H made demands on Serbia that they could not

meet and then A-H declared war on Serbia


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Things happen quickly leading to war.

• July 28, 1914 A-H declared war on Serbia• July 28, 1914 Czar Nicholas II of Russia (PPT4)ordered

partial mobilization (process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war; mobilization was considered an act of war) against A-H

• July 29, 1914 Russian military leaders explain how there could be only full mobilization and that included preparing for war against Germany; Nicholas orders a full mobilization

• August 1, 1914 Germany declares war on Russia


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German military plan

• Schlieffen Plan: created by General Schlieffen called for a two-front war. This plan called for attacking France first, then Russia after France was conquered. Under this plan Germany could not attack only Russia…so, Germany declared war on France on August 3. Germany told Belgium that it would send troops through Belgium to attack France; Belgium was neutral. So…

• August 4, 1914: Great Britain declared war on Germany


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Time line

• June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated by a Serbian terrorist

• July 28, 1914 A-H declares war on Serbia• July 29, 1914 Czar Nicholas II of Russia orders a full

mobilization against A-H and Germany• August 1, 1914 Germany declares war on Russia• August 3, 1914 Germany declares war on France• August 3, 1914 Germany violates Belgium neutrality• August 4, 1914 England declares war on Germany


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The two sidesAllies

• Great Britain• France• Russia• Italy, eventually• Serbia• USA• Less known allies:

– Romania, Greece, Portugal, Belgium (tried to be neutral), local Arabs (against Ottomans)

Central Powers• Germany• Austria-Hungary• Bulgaria• Ottoman Empire


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Things happen quickly leading to war.

• July 28, 1914 A-H declared war on Serbia• July 28, 1914 Czar Nicholas II of Russia (PPT4)ordered

partial mobilization (process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war; mobilization was considered an act of war) against A-H

• July 29, 1914 Russian military leaders explain how there could be only full mobilization and that included preparing for war against Germany; Nicholas orders a full mobilization

• August 1, 1914 Germany declares war on Russia


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German military plan

• Schlieffen Plan: created by General Schlieffen called for a two-front war. This plan called for attacking France first, then Russia after France was conquered. Under this plan Germany could not attack only Russia…so, Germany declared war on France on August 3. Germany told Belgium that it would send troops through Belgium to attack France; Belgium was neutral. So…

• August 4, 1914: Great Britain declared war on Germany


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Time line

• June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated by a Serbian terrorist

• July 28, 1914 A-H declares war on Serbia• July 29, 1914 Czar Nicholas II of Russia orders a full

mobilization against A-H and Germany• August 1, 1914 Germany declares war on Russia• August 3, 1914 Germany declares war on France• August 3, 1914 Germany violates Belgium neutrality• August 4, 1914 England declares war on Germany


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The two sides

• Allies• Great Britain• France• Russia• Italy, eventually• Serbia• USA• Less known allies:

– Romania, Greece, Portugal, Belgium (tried to be neutral), local Arabs (against Ottomans)

• Central Powers• Germany• Austria-Hungary• Bulgaria• Ottoman Empire


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Sec 21914

• Europeans went to war with remarkable enthusiasm…we’ll be home by Christmas. Young men “didn’t want to miss it”

• War was a romantic remembrance for many• Propaganda: government spread information to

influence public opinion for a cause and to stir up hatred for other nations.

• People thought their nations’ cause was just


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• Dein Vaterland ist in Gefahr, melde dich!.• German WW1 Propaganda Posters• Dein Vaterland ist in Gefahr, melde dich!. LOC

Summary: Poster shows a German soldier, holding a grenade in one hand and a rifle in the other; in background a barbed wire fence and flames


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Western Front…what is it?

• As German soldiers approached Paris they were stopped by the French. Each side began to dig ditches for protection.

• Trench Warfare developed• Ditches for protection turned into trenches.

Soon the Western Front was stabilized by trenches from the English Channel to Switzerland.


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Continued . . .

A Bloody Stalemate

The Conflict Grinds Along• Western Front—heavy battle zone in northern

France• Schlieffen Plan—German plan to defeat France,

then fight Russia• German army quickly advances to outskirts of Paris• Forced to retreat at First Battle of the Marne • Schlieffen Plan fails; Germany has to fight two-

front war


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Trench Warfare

• Advanced weapons, repeating rifles and machine guns made the old infantry charge obsolete. (what is obsolete?)

• Stayed the same for 4 years• What was the trench like?

• Standing water, Trench foot, sewage, lice, dying, food, boredom, fear, cold, “live and let live”, Christmas carols

• Christmas Truce• Great loss of lives


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Eastern Front

• More mobile, high cost of lives• Russians defeated and pushed back• A-H defeated by Russians in Serbia and Galicia, then Germany

came to help A-H and pushed Russians back in Galicia• Result for Russia…2.5 million killed, captured or wounded• Then Italy switched sides and attacked A-H. (May 1915)• Bulgaria joined Germany and A-H in Sept 1915.• This led to a defeat of Serbia.• These successes in the East allowed Germany to put more

effort in the West.


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Tactics of trench warfare

• Old military school tactics were mostly based on maneuver and movement

• The new and futile tactic was called the “breakthrough”

• First artillery would soften up the enemy, then the infantry would run through the area just bombed. How do you think that worked?


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1916-1917

• Numerous breakthrough attempts by both sides led to millions of deaths

• WWI had turned into a war of attrition (war based on wearing the other side down with heavy casualties)


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New Weapons• Machine guns• Poison gas• Tanks• Airplanes• Flame thrower


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Air War

• Zepplins bombed London• Airplanes first used in warfare

– observation– Some bombing– Machine guns were mounted– “Red Baron” (German)


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Attempts to broaden the warGallipoli

• Allies tried to find a new strategy; they turned to the East

• Allies decide to open a front in the Balkans at Gallipoli, area of the Dardanelles, SW of Constantinople (April 1915)

• This was a disaster, Allies withdrew


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Attempts to broaden the warItaly

• Allies promised Italy land from A-H if Italy opened a front


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Zimmerman Telegram

• Sent from Germany to Mexico• Secret to try to get Mexico to invade USA• January 16, 1917


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Attempts to broaden the warthe Middle East

• 1917: Lawrence of Arabia, a British military officer urged local Arab princes to revolt against their Ottoman rulers

• British forces in Egypt defeated Ottomans in the Middle East with soldiers from Indian, Australia, and New Zealand


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What about Germany’s colonies?

• They lost all of their colonies.• Africa: most of Germany’s colonies were

defeated by Allies. • Pacific: Australia took some of Germany’s

island colonies. Japan took some other of Germany’s colonial islands.


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Naval War

• Britain used its large navy to blockade Germany.

• This prevented supplies from reaching Germany from abroad.


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Why did the USA stay out of the war?

• Isolationism was the prevailing thought• USA was brought in because of U-boat attacks• Lusitania: May 7, 1915; British passenger vessel was sunk off

the coast of Ireland by a U-boat (1,000 civilians died, 123 US citizens) “Remember the Lusitania”

• But then Germany agreed to stop attacking civilian targets…for a while

• Then in January 1917, German naval officers reinstituted unrestricted submarine warfare. Why?

• They thought that Britain would starve before the US would enter the war and send military…they were wrong

• April 1917, US entered the war, large numbers of troops didn’t arrive until 1918.


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Home front

• Total War: a complete mobilization of resources and people. Civilians involved in the war effort. Lives were affected far from the front.

• Government control of the economy was increased in many countries to provide for the war effort.

• Free market systems were now under government control: price fixing, wage controls, rent controls, rationing of food and other materials, transportation systems were nationalized

• European countries set up Planned Economies (systems directed by government agencies)


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Public Opinion

• Massive casualties made civilians in all countries question the cause.

• Governments controlled the media, and produced propaganda to keep up enthusiasm for war.


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Women• New roles for women• Factories, farm laborers, truck drivers• Many lived in their own apartments and

showed independence• All these jobs were thought of as temporary

until the men returned• But women did get the right to vote in several

countries following the Great War

Documents

Next Chapter 13 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction The Great War, 1914–1918 Several