Next Chapter 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction Three great Muslim powers—the

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Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction

Three great Muslim powers—the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires—emerge between 1300 and 1600. By 1700 all three were in decline.

The Muslim World Expands, 1300-1700


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The Ottomans establish a Muslim empire that combine many cultures and lasted for more than 600 years.

The Ottomans Build a Vast EmpireSection-1


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The Ottomans Build a Vast EmpireSection-1

Turks Move into Byzantium

Turkish Warriors• Many Turks live in Anatolia, on edge of Byzantine Empire• Many see themselves as ghazis—warriors who fight for Islam

Osman Establishes a State• From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds state in Anatolia• Europeans call him Othman and followers Ottomans• Ottomans win battles because they use muskets and cannons• Successors expand state through alliances and land buying

Continued…


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Turks Move into Byzantium {continued}

Osman Establishes a State• Orkhan, Osman’s son, declares himself sultan—overlord• Ottomans rule fairly over conquered peoples

Timur the Lame Halts Expansion• Timur the Lame—Tamerlane—rises to power in Central Asia• Timur defeats Ottomans in 1402, burning Baghdad


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Murad II• Murad II begins expansion

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion

Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople• Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers Constantinople in 1453• Opens city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims and rebuilds

Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities• In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson, comes to power• He pushes into North Africa• Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo: important Muslim cities


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Suleyman the Lawgiver

A Great Ruler• Suleyman the Lawgiver, Selim’s son, rules from 1520 to 1566

•The Empire Reaches Its Limits)• Ottomans control eastern Mediterranean• Turks take North African coastline, control inland trade routes • Suleyman’s forces advance to Vienna• By 1526, Ottoman Empire is the largest in the world

Continued…


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Suleyman the Lawgiver {continued}

Highly Structured Social Organization• Suleyman creates law code, reduces bureaucracy, simplifies taxation• Army uses devshirme—drafts boys from conquered lands• Trains 30,000 elite soldiers—janissaries—loyal only to the sultan• Jews and Christians allowed to practice own religion but must pay a tax

Cultural Flowering• Suleyman’s broad interests lead to flourishing of arts, learning• Sinan, brilliant architect, designs magnificent Mosque of Suleyman


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The Empire Declines Slowly

Gradual Fall• Suleyman kills one son and exiles another • Third son inherits throne but rules weakly• Later sultans kill their brothers and leave their sons uneducated • Long line of weak sultans leads to empire’s eventual fall


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The Safavids Build an Empire

Safavid Origins• Begins as religious order named for founder• Safavids concentrate on building powerful military

Isma’il Conquers Persia• Fourteen-year-old Isma’il conquers Iran by 1451• Takes title of shah—king• Makes Shi’a Islam official religion; kills Sunnis• Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands empire


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A Safavid Golden Age

Abbas the Great• Shah Abbas—Abbas the Great—takes throne in 1587

Reforms• Helps create a thriving Safavid culture• Reforms military and government; brings in Christian trade

A New Capital• Esfahan—new capital—is one of the world’s most beautiful cities

Art Works• Chinese artisans blend Chinese and Persian styles

Carpets• Carpet weaving becomes national industry


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The Dynasty Declines Quickly

The Safavid Empire Weakens• Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons• Safi, Abbas’s incompetent grandson, leads to empire’s decline• By 1722, the empire is losing land to the Ottomans and Afghans • Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire, but it falls apart in 1747


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Section-3

The Mughal Empire brings Turks, Persians, and Indians together in a vast empire.

The Mughal Empire in India


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Section-3 Section-3

The Mughal Empire in IndiaEarly History of the Mughals

Mongol Invaders• Mughals, or Mongols, invade northwestern India

Conflict• Muslims and Hindus fight for almost 300 years• In 1000, loose empire of Turkish warlords—Delhi Sultanate—forms

Delhi Sultanate• Sultans rule from Delhi between 13th and 16th centuries• Timur the Lame destroys Delhi in 1398


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Early History of the Mughals

Babur Founds an Empire• Babur becomes king of small land in Central Asia at 11• Is dethroned and driven south into India• Army conquers much of northern India, forming Mughal Empire• Son Humayun loses most of the territory Babur conquered• Babur’s grandson succeeds Humayan


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Akbar’s Golden Age

Babur’s Grandson• Akbar—“Greatest One”—rules India from 1556 to 1605

A Liberal Ruler• Akbar allows religious freedom and abolishes tax on non-Muslims• Akbar allows all people a chance to serve in high government office• Hindu finance minister develops better tax plan; income grows• Akbar gives land to his officials, then reclaims it when they die

A Military Conqueror• Akbar uses cannons; names native Indians as officers

Continued…


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Akbar’s Golden Age {continued}

A Flowering of Culture

• Many cultures blend, mixing art, education, politics, and language• New languages like Hindi and Urdu emerge

The Arts and Literature• Book illustrations, called miniatures, flourish• Hindu literature reemerges during Akbar’s rule

Architecture• New architectural style named for Akbar develops


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Akbar’s Successors {continued}

Shah Jahan• Shah Jahan—Jahangir’s son and successor, marries Persian princess• Assassinates all competitors for throne• His wife dies while giving birth to her 14th child in 1631• Taj Mahal—huge marble tom Shah Jahan builds for his wife• Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings in the world


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Akbar’s Successors {continued}

The People Suffer• People suffer paying for wars and monuments• Shah Jahan’s third son—Aurangzeb—imprisons father and takes over

Aurangzeb’s Reign• Rules between 1658 and 1707; expands empire to its largest• Strictly enforces Islamic law and attempts to get rid of Hindus• Hindus rebel and Sikhs become militant• Levies oppressive taxes on Hindus, causing more rebellion


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The Empire’s Decline and Decay

The Mughal Empire Crumbles• Over 2 million people die of famine while Aurangzeb wages war• Emperor becomes a figurehead; empire breaks into separate states• Meanwhile, traders arrive from England, Holland, France, Portugal• European traders gain key ports


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