EnvironmentalAssessment/AnalysisReports ___ __

Report E0036

Nigeria -Irrigation DevelofpmentProj ectEA Category A

Environmental Assessment1 of 31994

This report has been prepared by the Borrower or its Consultant

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EnvironmentalAssessment/AnalysisReports _

Report E0036

Nigeria -Irrigation DevelopmentProjectEA Category A

Environmental Assessment1 of 31994

This report has been prepared by the Borrower or its Consultant

10

RNVfl.CtNMRNTtI. 1M7ACT ASSESSMENT

-OF THE NATTONAI. FADAMA nFVEI.OPMRNT PROJE.CT

(SOIJT4EIRN STATES- NTGERTA)

j.

itfrPORT PREPARED FOR

i?DR!. .A&rR,T: !i!.TIJRATI. COORDT)INATTNG IJNTT EACII),

DECEMRER, 1993

.4..

STUDnY NO. FACM /93/4

l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Thiis stiudvy was uncldertnken oii behalf of FACIT by Messrsr M.O.

^twoa1,nie (Soci or l Anthropologist/tTeam T.LAeder), K.R. David-West

i:lna.:tt.l ii.: r C it.!'.' i, tjj .\(i r.' i I Vii'hpriPr. F':mrrt)., S.S. Ajnyi

'Wi;ldI ifo F': e:.rt). 'I. Asuzu (IPublic HIealth Fxpert) and S. Lagoke

I T rr i r::o. .. \d i rorXz: . sir. I

T^hlp o? C'nntents

Pagp

Fvrr i I veo Snillinn -r f nflf!olnrnrIl .l N

Acknnwl edgeinetnnt.

1.1rt lo ile : o~~~~ t o ic1.1 i' nkr.in .......... . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .

1.2 Agriailt t.ral zones and Potential Fadanim ares onStat.e Rasts ............ *.........*.... ........

I. CI {§Imnair.,, R1iver I1"e.ndleulg amid FadAma . . . . . . . . .

2. Nethrnlq..... ...

2. 1 1. i 111 i t.H t.in nf t.he St.u3d y ........ . ..... ..... .

3. Findings an e-rnlogir:ni uris! Socini Tmpnri;R .....t.

3 .T1 r rr;zsAtion . ..rnno... .... .... ..-.

:3.1 . Iat]nma alsnij Tl;i.inl 'g Sn .helmrn States . . . . . ----

3.1 .2 Sarvey ............................................

3.1.4 Soil and W9Nqter 4nalyi.. . ...

?.1. -,Ero.sin.. .1 .ro 1r . . . .c .a . .l .z. . .f . . .? .n . . .e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . ..

a I Pro,p Mlnisagncmenrt Practire.s.........

3.1. fi.1 land Prepnrvainn ........... .....................3i . 1. f . 2 Crnpping pat.?ern .................................3.1.6.3 Seeds ...................... - - .

3.1 .i.4 Trrigatinn ................................. '.-.-.

4;1 .6.5 Fe?rtilizer ................................ ;

*2. LR. . f Werad Problem and Control .......... .......... . . . .3.1.6.7, T.sl s a:..! IjiMxlr-ls^ ,,nal Corntrol ..................

;. 1 . f . Harve-st i rig .......................................

;. 1 . 7 Market. I ng . . . . . . . . .............................. . .

3.1.R StoraA5R

3. I .9 rhiaidil inet rnr WAt.Pr QInl It.y MOnlitoring

I.1 I |I-vlew of ProjerL flesiqn . . . . . . . . . . a . . . . . . *. . . . .

3 . I .1 1 Pncknqe% nr Rtn-ernmom ndn I i nn for Fndinmun Crnop .

1.1. 11. i nry SeAson %.egMtnh1vh1 Prodtict.ion . . ............

3.1.;1 .2 Nilmn of 1.niid And lanrdc PrepArnt.ion . . . . . . . . . .

3. 1 1 . 3 Xm:Rpry Prtire . .. ...... .. . . ........ ..........

3.1.11 .1 Nfimntodes i n N'-l #hl Prothict.i ...c...... .

3.2 Fishoari. R.

3.2.1 Fish diversity in RiverR/Stream Channeln and

floodplains .............. .....................

3.2.2 Froles of flonodpl.nin on life yrl of fiRhe .....

.1.Z. 3 rJ).mR a nl alt.art-d r ive-r reg imvw e . ... ..........

3.*4 ( anu.ijiors a, ; fInodp in/fdamn ...............

;2 .'-' } W.,t.er ql2Al i ?y ind Agrncrbeni cal s ....... . . . ... .

:1 .2. t; PrvediurPs r'or monit.ringwater qility... . ..

3.?. .:iidliVe.

3.3. 1 Firml nnd as; n RpRoierce in Simst.ni nnblb ise of

theFRam.5 ^AA

3.4. RA n g e 1 I SP.

;3.l.l {':sRAne. lisfa ..........................................

3.4.2 ler-d Managempnt and Associatoed Problems ..

3 .4 . 3 Fad?:ina tnd C.. t.t il lTamsbRan3dry .

3.4.4 Potential for establishment. of focider bhnk andthp in:volvement. of PAstoralists in irrigat.ed*f rdder hank in Fadama areas .

3R. 1.:5 : Watilt -. y i I occyring imedic inal and food plnntst inF-;j(ir,ir.na n -rf-asi ....... . ..........................

31 1 .Social Tnpact.s and Confl icts ..

. . . I la'JWildT-311- 1Ia nci 1 Unt .! .............

'1'I t

3. 5.2 PrI'od of Confli1tt. ndl soarcen .g........ a

:l, T, l, ,o 'f'O @) II 'I I V:x.{iw I. ................ . .. .. .. .... .. .. ........

a * 4. .'nlnl'l mt. i nt nr wnrter aanngement.Ifnrmers/firshgqrmPn) ......................

.1;.5u.5 'onrN lott Reasnlut.lon .3.5.6 Womnr int Developmcnt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...* 5. .1 Wninrn in pvp .lopment..

*" A~~i ., ,r,I W ;,1ninen iri Agrictillt.mrt .................................

3..F.e2 SlOhiliVation of Wnomn in Agriculture (WTA)

3 5.7 CnnI-raint.s ko Women involvemePt. in Agr Icultureo

.3.#8 fCrop grown and Finnnr ial Retujrn

:3.6i Pbablci as ith .....................................

3 . 6. I Tn terxvi v'S w i t.h Farmers . . . . . g e . . . e e

4. M'i tignt.ion Hensiu rfe q..... .. ......... ....... ....

4.1 Trrigation Agronomy .. * ... g... .. .... g......

4. 1.1 Dot::n i Ied Soil Sirvey ........................ . e .

4.1.2 Soil Acidlity g.g ...e..g....g g......

4.1 . FroInirn Control ........ ................. . ...

4. 1 .4 Mon i t-orinrg of Snil anrl. Water .......... . . . ...

3. I ,,r rnlgr.ert.n d Pea%t Management . ................... o...

4 1i Training ...

Z. Fi.heri e...

I .3 Wiltilife ...

1 . 3.1 rt j :e , rmi vi ,g I irs i n i Pfl i i rI 1'c 1.S I f3 ii l 1I.i . ...

1.4 Ranea IUe ......... ;

:.;.1 |C,;rr--en;: Progr-Anmrnr of Federal and StatieCvervn!,.ents .....................................

- An i uti l ihn1t.h programmes ....................- pj.5 r: xcjig t O......... . .

- lrn.Grzing reserves .........................

- ^Co't.t.le fntt;nning *........ *..... *..... O.

- 1'rop-l inVR1.or!lr int.egrret.Ion ..................

- fl r 1 jJrnltitl( 1 .i ..... .3 .a.3 .3.. . . .

4.4.2 Sm.ill rtiminnnt ....... ... *....... ....... 3

4.i C'nnflint. And Women in Development 1 . .........

*: .. 1 Conf F ;i Ot. RaRsol it.ion ..

4.52 Womr-n I n Actriril.0l- i.@ .....- ..-........

4 .4.5 .3 lIoan .... ..-.-. ......

4.5.4 Wronensn' Organiw.,tion ...................

4.5.5 Rolp nf WTA (Women in Agrimr1 ture) .........

4 i'tPIiiDl i . Iferi1 ' ............. 333*.........

4. 6. 1 64onitorinng 'Programme.. ....

4.6.2 Proposed Phblio Hea1t.h Men-aurer

5. Tmplermentat.iin Time Chart: Mlit.igatinn MenurnReR

I.l Tnatiodit.i nn ......................................

5.1 .2 Time Chart. ..... .. .. . . .. .. ..

Rfree...........

Appendlix: 1. Agro-c.hemicals diqstribht.ed in 0ts1nStritp, 1992 .............. .

2. Agro-chemiaA1 S di;t.ribhuted in tdoStat.e (Olcetoher, 1992 - Sept.ember,199)) ..............................

3. Agro-chemical.s di.stribited in TmoStat.em 1991 ahd 1992 ..........

4. F.tiviroynment.al Tmpaot. Assessment:R.Apid Public Healt.h Assessment offarming activit.ies ...............

5. Terms of References ................

r:i

V.XF.OIJTTVlF; SuiMMfARY AND RRCOMMRNDATTON

Tntrodui. i-n

The rlnvi ronnotnta1 TmpAct. Ass.c-sinrent. (PTA) stujdy of the

P':Pnriod.-cl NsnI.iOnnl Fndam noevelnpment. Projncl. (NVI)P) In the

nI.It lern nI nr.os, Is t.h l fncus or I.hi t.h st.udy. I 'he report is soIn

to propost sinn eivironmentAl mAnagnement plnn (RMP) that. will

PeISIIP1 opi.initiam agri ciultuiral yield. in conserved

f ndmMsA/ ?l noripl is i na.

The term 'fadama', a northern Nigerian terminology is

-;yeronyirooias w i ilA, 't o'ndpl a in 'or 'stwamp' i n sciat.hern Ni geri a. The

term floodplnin or swamp is fppl i cabl e to thoste de-prssiion

we'ttlintI) it. the southern States. where soil remains- saturated or

more or less permanently covered with shallow water, andi which

suipports chnracteristic growth of fish, wildlife, farmed crops

aned v-petati on palatablei for livt-stocl& feeds typical of the.

environmpnt. Tn this rep.-'t. Fadsama iS alRo termed as a

floodplain.

A TeRm of 6 consultnr.ts consist.ing of specialist.s in

Trrigution Agronomy, Fresh Watesr Fisheries, Wildlife Riology,

rt:,i,i-oinrid, Puhl ic Hlenl l.h and Sonial Anthropology (ns Team Leader)

wAs appointed to caondunt, a.Jn environmental impact asRsessmpnt. study

(fAI. The states covered are:

Ogiun, Osian, Fdo, Tmo, and Rivers. Tt i;s ep!ct4?d that FTA

ress'rps from thpm wild; he Ppplicable to other refti ning Soutthern

Stat.es (sne figure 1.1 in the tert).

i

Obl.rt.iveR

The' Ih,fcn,il othJett. i vi or ttioe vr t Rtdtd)' im I.e ec Anm I e tn ndI

idebnrI ify tle ecologi rn,I ndnd sonmil imp,acitm which NFDIP wltla l have

on Pnpanded fAldAmA developmtnt !n thn Soeii'Jinrn shtdoR; *aAPNsM t.hM

risks asRoeinted wit.h Irrigat.ed ngrlieult.iare, and formulAt.e

mitigation and mAnagemenk net.ion plans for " inclusnion in the

d1rs1ign nnrd m*nngenent. of NFT)P.

The environmentAl conc.erns are explic5itly stAteP in t.he

s4pieci fic terms of reference of t.hp stt.udy hy the cnlnRIltAnt.s.

spI|. l14 I' IC i§ rNI) r NGS!

Tn order to addresR dirfeetly the speci f ic risks And

problems of developnuent associlat.ed with fadnmn in the st.at.es

stldied. w'e will pPesent. the P.T.A Findiings Aen rci i ng to the

following components: Trrignt.ion, Freshwa*t.er fisheries, Wildlife

Rnngelind: ;cC)inl Ctonfli ul:. antl Women in Nlcvvelopmerit., andI Ptebl ic

pen 1 th. This will he l fo1lowed I.y reco n nda t. i onR anti

implementat.ion tinme chart..

TRRTGATTON AGRONONMY

FnAma Potential s Of Soiit.hern States

T},o xl miridy in!; eslahl ished the potential arens of ratimma in the

five sampled soujthern states of Nigeria as:. 54,OOha in Ogian;

7P..011i.i in (nthin, 7:z,000in 1 ilii lt, IH.2,9* hn lfi ti1 l mil Illal I 0, 0t0hL

ii: Rivers Stat.P. These arp to he irrigat.ed by direct lift.

pumnpii, llS:S of tjhewel 1 ;/w%ShhortXs avid in Roi.e canes, flood

c:ontrol

WAter RAnousren

The Rhal low groundiwater aquiif1r i tiidi bn indert.Aken in Oanan, MRl

nnsd Imo hlAve proved thatr. Oipr., r nrifieqe.It airare.e and gronund

wnt.ar to irrigitte' t.hn Parinniked FAulaMna1 wflsLI OS' L.h;' Rl.13t.PR. All

t h t.hree Rst.nreR hANvo alre!Aiy drillted monitoring tishowella to

* nR4 RR t .Rhe disnhaurge/rnnhArgo rateis anti t,h'tai determine theirI

yiedldR find pot.entiAlit.ieR. No Aqtiifefr Rtlidy WAS aonducnt.ed by

Ogtin and Rivers St.St.e.

Soil And WaIter

Ne det.Ai l ed sail szarveFa were commieaioned hy any of t.he! five

SS.At.04. iIlwhPvg*r, resoilt:sb or ranioonm roil R Ample analyRirn In t.he

st.tily rve.Aled that t.he soThils nre g ntrsally of low pH enpe.ially

in IEd:). Tmo iand Riverx stlt.esh with pHC5.O, low EC x 10

- iillimos /cm 1 .n0 nnd high Fxc.hngt-Ahn P. A. i dit.ylFA) 1.4-2.R

indi atl.inrg the soili tc. life vidit-i ill nat.ire. The reRallt.A of the

w-qter siirfaoe anrd grouind) an.lysia confirmed1 the arid nat.uare of

t.he soils. The .soils are fgenerally poor in nut. rient Rt.RtUR JR A

rf si It. ofr ipl,l ance inr the di-i i.ribisation of mAcrn And

miero elements which henome low as a resiult. of low pH.

*l t.hnisuxh tio prolhliem of sal init.y hazard wns establ ished both by

field ni:..-a-qtion tni water nnalysis, orrurenre cannriot. bp rilled

oIIr. i n fist-sire i f t'he -aci ri soi I R Are Aiael I oriated anti thereafter

:. o.1owul by poor wnter management., And drainage praetices.

Erosion if s also a iio-is env i ronmental prohlem in Tmo st.ate.

:.nle ss the erosion .;enacne i. rhenked, it. may pOSe some problem t.o

?iar Rl^(*Ss of f'uulnma d½%-eIopment provramummn.

ii i

mu

froD MnnmenI, Irnct.1eei

FPrmerS ntre mitinly growing vP etnihlPx in the dry ensonn. Theme

I lf. 16|11o I vi l' vt-qot1.8al I t"8 I i-ite-Ai i-t1|tb111|fiiii hLPp

ronrchcrtiu (C. enl I torlins) I Calosia (Cr. nrent.eeA nnr Some' fri It.

%,I.,& b%Ib.# IP *m I I ke-OI (ir. (i A1bel- ounrhias t-e-ieul enti3m) , Tomato I ..

."sc.uIIentisi) Andl Gardien egg (S. melnntina). Ot:hnr eropR grown are

ainnie (gretri's, soytinhOA1 And riwpea. under irrigation.

Tl~1. e ruIi... i' ,*.in I r 1i I n in m t.-r'd by *%onrid I I Ito .!1.fl!hjA

-m.I.* a V lily l. li ,,, lt llrVIII! 9' f'iifl_ _li4If!JI I !E.;sL.w !.,lUJ.±IL.LV.......1! 11 In ,urettnl

Anittr.nt.hnq -ino¢sa1as and PaniruIm App. PeRt.R and diReanne are alRo

prevoleiet. ir I lif Vld.IVnmIS A ePP . TI'hbem Inc 1 ide (G riRtahnpperR

I ,ono'erv',i "HZ:l t.ns i1 Ar hee.t.le P LATstri n v i I I oRa1 leaf

rreterpi-1nr I tlmnoni a r4eiirvAl iL tnd aphid3s (AohIr Rpp). Most.

f nrmers r3o not spray pestirc,dps to cont.rol the' weeds, pest.s or

di.seftses cI4e r.o high co.t of t.he pesticides and sprayers.

F.ventholIgh tl;e fert il .iry I eel of t.he soils A re low, farmnerR

apply 'err.il izer-, only Ht. stib-opt.inial levfel dif-e to IivLAilahility

innd tio 4h rost. rn some I oAat.ioni, fA rmebrt sulppi enewit; the

i 3norgnani c ferti 7 i zers wit.h bird's droppings g(guano) whi ch they

The ma in source of wat.fer for irrigation is suirfnFce water from t

streaims and rivers. Firmers mAkep uste'f himlrket.s anrd watering

Crnn te, fetch water from t.he .threnms and rivers. O(lain, Edo nnd

Tmo statp.s have drillei 7 omne dtpmonstrntion t.ubewe1llA for supply

o? roindwa rpr to i rri gn te Fadamsa crops. Wi t.h exception of

Rli vs rs-. a11 .o her sarnpl ed st.3tes have puirrhaised portahble piumps

The only Area thAt. wAs fouind to h sen1itive t.o watertowl is

I.he flnutist l.nke and the nr,jnining rhrnq Ifaduma^ I.hnt. He1 within

Oml,t,um .mncl Pghnmn L.or '.IvPrnInmIrFIt Ai hninrt.O 1M IA'm. Tr TItmr'ri atr

nhlnieroils c?rornodilies and mhout. 10 %pacies repvesenting A

populatilon of over 1000 nemi-aqui^tic birds that. .at.iI 1n this

Inke. Thp Tmo St.at.e ynovrnment haP Already earmarked 1h.i fnadnme

complex for NFIP, and therefore may be under threat. by farmers

innierrsinn inIm smrnsitive wntrrfowl hnh1 intm.

Renommendnt. I ong

1. Rstahlish FnrRstry and Wildlife division iih FACIJ and ill the

st.atP;s ADPs. This developmnint will he in consonance wit.h

the importance of wild11ie/forentry rmsoirct4s to Nigerin

Agricuiltujre and to t.he welfare of farmers and local

enmmtini tien.

2. Conservation of 20% of fadamA lands fhr the prnt.ect.ion of

fish sanctjary, wildlife, hbodiversity (flora and fatina),

and where possibhl for livest.ock grazing puirposes. Tn

jdalii L:ion, Pqujal proporton of the immediate uiplarid woodland

must, he conserved AS Wildlife sancttinry Rnd'

hioriiversity (flora sand fatina)

3. Regard fadama wildlife as a *resoturc'e for.rat.ional URe rAt.her

than pests that are meant for total ext.ermination.

4. Grouip farming and conservation methods- nf gskme harvest.ing

shouald be enenournged mu mannagrmeri. tonls ror minimizing pe-t.

activities by wildlife.

{ci ii)

… - - - - - -- - - - -

for 'dit.rihlbtion t.o farmers and fArmor groupm on crerit. hbasi.

Somm individuial fnrmers Also nhn persnn'l ptimps which they time

and somptimes hire oit. t.o neighhourm. Ot.her farmers wiRh t.o

piurchAse fnd own piumps alma.

Mayrketivwe And St.orges Of

Farmers always have ready marketms f.r t.heir fAdumua crops which

are sold at fArm gnt.em or t.aken to marketo.. Traders cnme from

urhan centres to piurchAse and transport. to cities. TrreRpective

of pricing, vegptahle prodisetion In the ciry season I profitahle

acnording t.o the farmers. TnfLct., prie s doulble towards the end

of dry He'ns4n slise to Acuarci ty and higher demAnd. Storage of

veget.ables only takes plaefO In Osuin st.t.e, where with indigenous

technology, vpgetablPS can be kept. fresh for tp to. one week. No

storage facilit.y iS Availahle in other states.

Recommendat.i ons

The following recommendations are put. for4ard haSed an t.he

* abshove findings for inclusion in the project designs of the

Roat.hern States to mitigate any ponRihle potent.ial prohlems t.hat

ari se and ensure successRful Fadama crop produjct.ion.

1. Need tn uindertake rel iable groundwater shal low aqul fter

st.udieAs in all the soutthern states to ascertain the

availsbhtlity of adequate water frBm hqth surface and

grouindwatter sotirnes to irrigate the pot.ential fadama

aroasls.

V- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - ----- - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

2. A dit.il "d moil murvey of t.he faLdama arnas of t.he nouthern

stat.ea should he nommissinned immediately to give an

appropriAte land use planning pattern t.hat. will he

incorporated into the proJecut designs of the st.t.es t.o make

the project. sUst.ainahle.

3. The ATPs shoild est.ablieAh t.heir mOil and'% water analyt.ical

llborat.orisR to enable them monitor moil and wat.er quaLlity

on a raotitne hasis t.o prevent ac.idit.y or sallnit.y problem.

4. Tt. in neensRnry t.o monitorr t.he npplientitio nf rnrkte? l i zar",

pesticides etc by farmers in order t.o check surfaceR alnd

groundwater polliution. Fertiliz.er applicAtions shoild be

strictly hased on need while an int.egrated pest. management

approach shoujld he promot.ed to minimis.e the use of'

pesticides.

n. Farmers should be encouraged to diversify t.he. t.ype of crops

they grow hy int.roducing new ones to prevent. t.he hiild Isp

of dispasRs, pests and ef ;inmatdes. The socin-economic aspect

of the market.ahility and profitAhility of t.he selected crops

Rhould he taken into conRiderAt.ion.

6. The issue of erosion menace in Tmo StAt.e should be addressed

to avert fndnma lnnd loIsse 1.hroslgh gully e-rosion,

espeonllly at Arondis uogii in Grlnu z.ne. The Nat.i onal

Resource Conservation Cntiancil (NRC(C) could assist. to check

t.he prohl em.

7. enied ror manpower developmetit in the nrean of';

(a) Trrigation Engineering to drill and maint.ain tube

h-el 1 s/wasFhhcres.

v i

- - - - _ _ - -=

(h) Tnt.egrated P,ut. Management. for pent end dinmeume

monitoring andl xAf^^ appl icastion of poRt. managnmpnt

i npiit.tR.

(o) Snil and water analyRia for AnP laborat.oripH.

R. Need to commiRmion the development of mimple technologien

for t.he storage of veget.ahle cropa t.o be able to cope wit.h

expect.ed increame in prodrution uinder the PadamA project.

PTSI4RRTVRS

The fiRhee thnt inhahit the river/atream channnIR and the

floodplaina in Ogiun, Onh1un, Edo, Tmo and Rivern' Stat.er comprined

23 finh familieR (78 fi1ah Rpeciep). The blackf ish, community

which are more or leas permanent.ly renident on the floodplain

romprinen species of the families Polypt.eridae, L.epidoRirenidae,

ClarridRe, nOm Stialirnida and SyprlnidR. The whlt.e timh

community, eomprising fish families ChWracidae, opsnet idae,

Cichilidae, Ont.eaghesnidae, Citharinidae, Centropomidne,-

Cluzppidae and Distichondontidae are tpmporary resident. fi%heR

that, migrate between t.he main river channel And the floodplain

Mainly for feeding and aocansionally for breeding.

On the floodpI in where fadamn agri cilt tursl practi ces Are

int.ended to t.ake place actively, the litt.oral z.one in very

important as hreeding and feeding grounds for bot.h whit.efish and

hlackfi;h commujnities. The dest.ruction oaf the floodplain by

extensive devegetation (to provide land for farming) ban often

led to limited hreeding succe'ss/t;otal breeding failure,

vii

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- -_ _ __-- - - - - - - - -

particularly for hlack?fish commuinity; and loas of rich feeding Iground for fishes. The total fish catch/saupply and earnings from

fisheries to floodplain human comimnities would he threatened.

Some rivers in the fixt' states are inamed. The impacts of

damed rivers on fisheries and floodpla in ^griculture are:

artificial flooding of the plain, changes 4n fisth community

strucntutre from se!Raonal spawners to fish species with more

fle-cible spawning/brepding. Tn -addition, the nu3trient cycle (for

agricultuire) on the floodplain changes and thhe quiantity of

deposited allulvial silt is affected. Low depoRition of alluvial

silt. nn the- plain can no longer fertilize the soils, thereby

rpquiring periodic/regujlar use- of inorganic fertilizers in

'intensive floodplain farming.

Among the existing occeupations on the floodplains, fu3lltime

farming was dominant over fishing in Ogin 'State and Edo St.ate.

Tn Rivers State and Tmo state, farmers doubling st fiRhermen, was

dominant. Tn Ostin State, fuiltime fishermen and fuhltime farmers

were significantly important. Tnteractions between flondplain

farmers and fishermen we-re quiite limited.

Fish was a major supply of animals protein to floodplain

hiuman communities. Most of the fishes ca.ught each day enter

directly into their diet accouinting for 56.5 - 90.9 percent of

totel animal protein consumed. Tn addtion, .fishing waS done as a

secondAry occtipAtion. The relative importance.*of fisheries Aa

sources; of animal protein and employment to riverineffloodplain

viii

-- _____- ______ ._ _____._____-

*^2 c:ommunitites imply that flondplain agriculturaLl praLctices should i

of necoreity prxserve/accomodat.e fisheries (fishing, crop-crnm-

fish farming).

From the analysis of 15 saurfacet water samples (rivers and

Rtreams) rronm the five Stantn, the qual1 ity of water waRn good, and

Capable of sustaiitining the wellheing of riter and flaodplAin

fis RheR. lUsage of inorganic fertilizers, pestclides and

herlicides were generilly low. Tn the meantime, water quality is

not threatened by pollition from usage of agrochemicals. Tf usage

of agrochemicals increases in futuire due to intensive farming on

the floodplain, periodic monitoring of surfaoe water qiuality is

recommpnded, and sorfece water quiality maintained at safe

limit.s/levels recommended by Federal Environmental Protection

4 Agency (F.E.P.A.) and World Health OrganisAtion (WHO).

Recommendati iona

* < 1. Tntegration and popular adoption of fish-cusm rice farming N

and/or crops cism fish farming (extensive fish farming,

intensive fish farming systems) on floodplain agriculture.

2. Controlled/rational use of -agrochemicals by farmerR At

levels thAt do not thresaten environmental water and soil

qualitty, fiRh, wildlife and human health. Tnse of

agrochemicals shouild not exceed thA lpvels approved hy FEPA

see s'fbles 3.2.9 and 3.2.10 for suirtace wster and Tahle

3.2.11 for grouindwater in the text.

3. Rational use of agrochemicals will require intenRive andI -

extensive education of practising farmers, adoption of

i--

-~~~~~~~~~~~~~______________.....................................................................................___ .

modern floodplain farming technology and rational ust of

j xy~~nronhominalst by farmotrm to tse, Le-hinved t.hrniigh aggromaive

extension servi(es progrAmme.

4. Periodic mnnitoring of smil a1nd water quiality, fish quality,

part.iCIIlarly for levels of pnst.icides. A qnarterly

environment.nl monit.oring programm. (at 4 nonths interval) in

recommended when t.he Fadama Agriaclt.ural Projoct. has fully

taken off.

B. For suarface wAt.er quallt.y ostsessment for fisherles/agquat.ic

life, 1he following pmramenters shouild be ameasured:

Temperatu.re, pu, DO, nit.rate, nitrit.e, ammonia, R, Na, Ca, t.otal

solids, COn, p'sL.icides/herhc.Ies.

f. Gradual replacement. of pest.icides/herhicides, wit.h

d hiologinal control methodR or Ute of disease resist.ant. crop

varipties throuigh establishmont. nt researoh/pilot farms by

ADP in collahoration with Univermitiesx/relevant. research N

inst.it.ut.es.

WTT.1 T.TFR

There is pauicit.y of informAt.ion on fadama wildlifr 'in thhe

five states listed above mainly beca^use, t.here has been very

litt.le work done. on t.he wildlife of the t.xopical forests of

Southern NIgerla. Fiurthermore there WAR no piublished information

nn the avifauna of this region. However, Ajayl (1972) reported

the surveys carried out. by the Frnderal Office of St.atisticRs in

1966 thnt hbiRshmeAt acountned for as mueh as 14-25% of the total

I~~~~~~~~~~~~

AnImal protein ennniamed by people in ruiral Areas in the then ¶Wentern, Mid Wentern and Rastern Nigeria. Therp waS no Rpecifitc

mention of what. species fncnst.it.at.nd the "hb3shmat.". The value of

total h,irhment ennnRimed in 1966 wnR ilicniil. N32m annd I-hnt. ne-nionl.i.d

for aouit. 4% of the GNP of the pre-oil Nigerian Roonomy. Wie ld

st.udieR however revealed that wildlife populationn hAve denlined

.onsirlr^hly beocaurn of t.he inereamltig populSAtion pressuare which

h,!q refSlted in e-t.CfnRiVe farming aetivities and overhimnting

everywhere.

Wildlife hAs thiRs become scnAnty, eveept in legAlly

const.ituited GAme Reserves and in the fadamas. The bilk of what.

i; left of wildlife in the stusdy arear sre farmland wildlife -

particularly, fadama wildlife. This is hecaunse fadamaut now

4 represent the last. frontier for wildlife - with the attendant

food nnd water stipply, providing a focal point also for upland

wildlife in thp dry seRon. The terrestiAl wildlife identified Nare mainly rodent.s and birds, which can be described As small

"gamP" animals. They are nevprthelesR prolific hreederr that. nrc

Ii (hly adoptahle to the modified farmland ecosyst.ems, and t.he

niijarent. ipland woodlands. These species, even In their rAt.her

precnriouls consprvation stAtius, account. for 11.4 of t.otnl meatn

cnivitmed by local comminities on annuial bnsin in 0 gtin State;.

60.2% in Osun State; 22-.4% in Edo Stat.e; 15.6% in Tmo state;

and 11% in Rivers State. Wildlife has a wide vjrietieR of uses

in traditional medicine among the local communities.

C1

i.,.

Tt. in the same wildlite apnelien thAt. provide meat. for

farmera t.hat. are Incriminat.ed an "peat.." t.o farmeir crnopa. Pest

nel;IvIltleo 1by grnmansit.torN, rit.q4, wnaver hirdR and hiinhfowla are

relat.ively severe on cereal And vegetahle cropa, and mAy renialt.

in total loRa of cropR to farmarR.

fArmland wildlife. muatt he regarded hby farmarm And laoal

eommianit.in an "Valu1able reMourrenm" t.o he managetd for Raut.ainable

I ISf14* rnl.her t.hnn mooing l.hm oia mere peI. Lo lifte e.I.erminatnd.

This idea may he ftill of chAllengeR buit. if wildlife in to

Riorv i ve, t.he Rmall game cont.itist.ing farml and wiildlIfeI miatnt h

ron%erved nnd not deRtroy.d in t.he name of pentx.

Another met.hod whereby peat. activiti.i caon he minimized in

for farmern to adopt a syst.em of group farming. For esamplec, an

extenRive fadamna with jUst one farm i n likely to At.t.ract more

wildlife and consequent.ly more peRt Aot.ivit.ipR than nay 10

farmers on the name fadAmma. The larger t.he hectarage of farm, a

the lpsR the intennir.y of damage/lons to individual farmer

hecosiine wildlife population denRit.ieR tend t.o reduce

correspondingly per fArm unit. .

Tr wi lill I rH irn rImrmlan arfe t.o be regArded Am valuLhIe

resoircesn for nsistainabie tise, then appropriat.e meanuren m*tnt. he

taken to prnerve ttheir hahit.atn. - Tn thin regord, it. la

rerommended that 2nx of t.ot.al fadama and an equjal proport.ion of

immediate upland vegetation he prenerved with farmerR activit.ien

ewcliided for conservation. Thin in in consonance wit.h t.he

Tnternational Conservation Strategy of 1980 on conRervation of

n.qttsral reqni3rces, And Nigprian Conservation Strategy or 1986.

xi i

_

I . :uOCIMA I.ak and the adjoining fAdRMAt t.n hp dprlrtd

onnearvntri nrea This 't a,rpr in l;o lip protatil t rg4 inti

hahit.at.c.

RANOR. (ISE

Ilhere nrc now 179,000 cat.t.le In Che hkauild zone, or I.3% nf

estimated 13.R million rnt.t.lp in t.he national hprd (lFMA/RTM2

1990). The cattle density in the zone is 1.33/km NA against.2 2

13.R9km in Rlih-humid w.onp and 39.69/km in sarid tone.

Thprp nre bnsicnally three mnnngpment aystems in the study

areRS: TraRhtimance pARt.oralim, Agro-paRtnoralism, and Semi-

intpnRivp, whqrp animal nra set.t.led nurn,unrd lhr hlomect.ra,l nnil

zero-grazpd or nllowed to grazf- commiunity grasslAnd after t.he

harvesting of crops.

The prohl ems asso int.ed with cat.t.le management. are

Pesentially thnsp nf fPed, wntpr, disPHRO, hreeding/reprswl.Ion,%

socio-cult.isral, marketing and institut.ional support.. The

great.est. problem to catt.le development tinder the pastoral

producti on syst.em i s socion-eiltural. Past.oral at.t i t.iden

Pncnisarage the^ accumulat.ion or excescive cni.t.le hefrfls and common

ep ploitat.ion of grazing resouiroes. The. onff-t.kke from their herd

is fAr. below technically feasible Te-vel andi doeR not responl -t.o

demand-suipply pressure.

Tn the AnlPs, there is deart.h of pecialinSd liveRst.ock staff

in all the States visited, Pxcept Ogun St.te. There iS lank of

appreciation of past.oral prolduct.ion system and inter-disciplinary

approach in offering solitioTas t.o pastorlists" problems.

(x i ')

tn the stdtdy area, =mt ofat t.h pa.t.oralist.a interviewed

reported the une of fadama arena for dry sasson grazing, however,

their role an soursre of fodder m or.nnsidpred Inaignlmtant.. The

fadams areas woild he more important t.o the cat.t.le ain saurces of

watter. Tn F.do StAte, there is wide spread use of glyricidia for

fpncing farmlands and st.aking ot yams. Siisch a pract.irco may

facilitAte the exploit.ation of int.egrated crop-14vest.ock farming.

The eurrent nattional programmes which are intended to

mitigate the problems associoated with pastaralist hussbandry

system inclidn animal health, nistrition and feed., and hreeding.

The major animal healt.h programme. are the control of rinderpest

and contagioujs bovine ploisropiumonla (CRPP) and cont. recovery

driug revolving scheme for other dime1RAs.

The int.egrated use of sterile male flies, delt.amethrlne

impregnated screens and trapn, have been successfully implement.ed

aon a pilot basis. Meanwhile expansion -of arahle land and

* . int.ensificat.ion of land une have reduied the t.setse challenge in

t.he study area.

Most of t.he agro-pastoralits.lint.erviewed in t.he study area

complained of lack of satisfactory animal health cAre. The feed

and niutrition programmes inclside: estnablishment of graL.ing

reservPs. .-#Lnd range improvement and IJre of ;supplement.ary feed,

fodder bank and alley cropping.

rodder hank. and irrigated pastures are also not relevant to

the pastoral production system bpcaulse of costh, land tenuire and

non-commercial natunre of operations. Some food and medicinal

plant. were identified in the fadamA areas of the StateR.

(WCV)

… - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -

rnspite or henvy a%pen:dit.iore t.hat. haat hben int:irred on NdAm

Catt.l e, imparLtAion, mult.iplic*ttion and distrihot.ion t.o farmern

in thp Rt.ilIdy Aren, .nZho cat.t.le which hnve Adapt.ed Io thle hitimid

zonnt environment. hFave aF&Raimpd gre-ater significance In the farming

system than NWlama cattle.

Mit.it 1tion MA,Iusre,q 12commended are:

1. support for private sector initiat.ives in exploitat.ion of

ahbindant. range resouRrcsR fnr fattening in the st.sdy area.

2. Fxpansion of rangp reRources t.hrough the control of t.set.se

f iiP hy non-poll atfant. methods nnd t.he 1 u4l.ablplRhametwt, or

wAtpring points nway from tfadlamn and densfly cultivated farm

- ~~~~~~~I &iridls.'-

1. Promotion of crop-l iveRtock int.egrat.ion in the fadama areasn

and elsewhere.

4. The conservation of food and medic-inal trees in t.he fadam_

areas.

:i. Jnt-.it.uational strengthening within the livestock section of

the AnPs and the zonal syRtemR research institlJtPR.

SOCTAT. CONVT.TCT AhNin WOHFN TN DRVI.OPKFNT

I.And teniure and 1land tise

Farming activitieR is a family Affair in rural Ogun, Osuin,

Edo, Tma and Rivers state. Land ownership is based on custtormary

rights of oneispannF (CRO). All 11nnds indfer CR0) enn he passed

f.rom one generation to anot.her.

YV1

ITLand hel d under CR0, nan he leased oat. t.o ponple sandev ,u

Agreed terms, iirnailly exrhenges of monny, goods, or services. No

l and d4rput.e wAR reportedi hy farmers in t l t. ady area. Howeveir,

dipuites oeeimr when there are eneroachment.s int.o ftrmlanda by

pn4 t.ornil IIt.

Tt. ins alon significant. t.o note t.Wat no dispiat.on were

recorded between farmers andi fishermpn on the usme of flondplAtns/

fadama in t.he five Rtates.

Thy average farm si.me In. the farming hnieholtid Rsrveys In

Confi ct. tLocat.ion and Period -

The location of conflict. is restriated t.o t.hree states - 0isgr

:Osuan and Fdo. Tt occurs after post-harvest period in

Marrh/April. Duiring the planting of FadAms crops in

Decemiber/Janusary livPstock Lre hardly permitt.ed to enter art4ve-

farml anLsd.

TVDe of Conflicts

fleneral o;,servation in the three stat.es mentioned Above

shown a common pattern in the cAuses and types of coiftlict.s.

There are t.hree cau4eps irHent.ified. These are:

1 . location of farms along cat.t.le rout.es.

2. 1ocAtion of farms near grazing grouinds; and

?. hlockagp of watering points.

xvii

- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

S~~~~~~~The most nommon otarce nof conflict Is lonation of farms

neAr grazing groaunds. Tn the, remaining twn state,n Tmo and

Rivers the level of conflicts is on insignificant to the extent

that It caLn hb taken as non-is 1tenen.

Conflict Resoluition

Field obshervation shows that all tht cacntfllts recorded in

the' rivr sPLnt.es hanve not. lcd to seriotus law ant orlfnrr larnakqlownn.

We note that most coflicts are settled atmicalhly. This is diea to

the diqplay of uinderRtanding of the locAl vernacular (Voruah) by

FPal ani pAR.toral i Rta in the stAte that are prone to conflictst.

There re five methods usedi In the settle4ment nt c.onfl Ict.s.

These Are:

1. between selves,

2. chiefs/elders.

3. local government,

4. state government Agencies, and

fiu. courts.

Aniong the fArming hosReholds surveyed, 72% have had no

trouiblsle withi pfstonralist.. This refers to the three Rtates prone

to conflict situation over the use of fadama key resource.

WOMFN TN D)VRl.OPMKFNT

Women participate in the dry season either aR individuals or

in groups. Apart from farm activitieR they are involved in

fptching water,'gathering of firewood, cooking, child hearing and

carp, and satisfying husbands' needs.

x,vi i i

The gender n'lntiiraul dim"nniuin which denied womnn r'ght t.o

inhprit landed prnpPrty in In vogui in all the five st.et.n. Thb

land heing isend hy women ror dry snason fArming in enither

ellorAted by hiishands4 nr le,a,4d oiit. hy the chlefs or communities.

Some nf t.he women interviewed claimed thhir husbhandR do help

them -in lInd prepnratinn and wending. The plant.ing Lnd

harve't.ing in carried oatt hy them or help from her children

and hibued lnhomir. Thp prohlpm nf hired lbnhour createps more

hardship amnng single women or cingle parent., who conmt.it.ute 10%

of memhership in women in AgricuIltire grtoupm.

F1 nanep

Ar.-egusihilit.y to lnan in at1.1 difflrnlt. ror women. Rlank.i

are still reluictant to give women loans without, collateral. Most

mer) xt-i ti do not WiRh to Ft:anci aS giiarantor, on behalf of their

wives. Moreno, women are afrLid t.o usie t.he convent.ional hanking

system. They prefer the traditional hanking syntem (Rsusu3).

Renommendation

Confl iet

1. ThP existing variouts social contact.s between farmers nand

pastoralist.s are RI$ f f I C I entl y eneouarAg i ng. The present

inst.itMttions in place to solve -conflict.s are suafficient.

enouigh t.o gunrantee pente. F.irthprmorp the role and usae of

native vernacuilar (Yoriuha) in the sRt.tlemen.t. of confl icts

have enrou raged and nonsol idat.ed cuiltiefarl anderst.andi ngs.

'K IC

0

14 Thin area shouild he fu'rther enploited to vuarantee peace and

harmony. There is no npnd to met nup nther parellel

organisation to Intervene on di sput.es .

Women in Develonment

2. There is the nepd to introdiuce lnbotir saving deviesn for

uegrillt.13rr and prnersiing of farm prodiuce. Thin will help

to redice labhnir prohlems.

Crpdit. facility to women sihould he made gentier specific, and

can either he in ecahonr in kinds.

The Use of collat.eral for loans by women shnuld be snt. aside

temporarily, uintil such a time ruaral women can be convinced

of the advantages of usting conventional banking system.

PURI.TC HF:AI.TH

rFour souire:s nf data were used for the stuidy which coiered

fivp ssmple states namely: Ogumn, Oman, ERdo, Tmo, and Rivers

States. The data conllected was on the incidonce of water related >

dispase data from thp St.ate Ministries of Health; from individual

farmers and general farm commutnities; qualitative information on

FAdAma watpr usage andi related sentinel diseases, water qu1Ality

annlvsis in the fadamA aRRociated water-hodies whiich are also

being u3sPd for domestic puarpoesRe hy thp farmers. The dsta ftrom

individdual farmers also incluided farmi ng related diseases.

The data from the Ministries of Health showed that the

disasRes malaria, diarrhone, schistosomiasis among other water-

relatefd diseases were very prevalent i;n the si.ntPR. These hIAve

the potential of heing Rpread to the farms even if they were

! ~~~~~~~~~~~XX

'..

ahbent at. this t.ima. Paragonimiasis in very nommon in the Solth-

RaItiarn States, which were absent. in Soith Western Nigeria.

The1 fnrm nommionit.y interviewps nonri rmed t.he prefence of 11

the water related diapeasR reported at. the states level. However,

gq.ineawnrm has been completely Prndliant.ed as no inc.idence wan

fouind. Apart from malaria and diarrhoea, thob incidence of other

di msaes is rather low.

Therp were also fe"w reporte-d Accidents or poisoning by

sgro-ch.emic-als iised by the farmerm. Acceps to these chemi als

wns however low .ns n result nf inaccesshiilit.y and high comt.

Snake hit.es and rat infest.ations on the farms are generally low.

Farmprs were fouind t.o take preventive measuires against. mosquito

biteR which will redice mala ria.

'1 lie m i * plv r rc inhle sarni tary domestic wat.er to most of

t.he farmers is poor; only 3R% of the farmers have accesR to pipe

horne or sarsi Lary well water suipplies. The results of analysisn

of thhe samples of fadsama-relat.ed wat.ers collected, which were

reportedly uased for domestic purposes by farmers showed that

exrcpept for 2 or 3 marginally eltevated indices in t.he groand

waters, t.he level of the chemical parameters are within

permissible limits.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

lINVTRnNMRNTAI. T4PACT ASSRS.SMRNT nF TRK NATTONAT. WADAMAnFvRYTAPMRN'NT. PROJxeT (SUITRRRN S9'ATRS- NTGRRTA).

1. TNTROntlP2m F-

1.1 BA1r.an* i

The Nat.ional Fadama Development. Project (NF1P) ham*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

* t:he main ohjeet.ive of ancelerating the pace of FadAma

nevelopment. for agrlcult.iral purpocn. in Nigetria (FACUl

1993). *adama in a general term referring t.o any lowland

arpn whinh is oither a low lying Area on a river hank or an

inlAnd valleF. Reamuse of this nature, thA fadamaR Are wet.

for a period of time in excens of the raining una#on in the

Area. Dlifferent. local namest are uised for this in different.

cilt.lures4 arouind t.he world (Scoones, 1991). Tn soust.horn

Nigeria, t.he term "fadama" is synonymousA with "floodplain"

or "swampn.

Although the NFIP was t.o he implemented mainly in the

pioneering StateR of Bauchi, .7igawa, Kano, Kebbi and Sokoto

the appraisal report made provision for ot.her eligible

Staten to participat. in the project after sat.isfying rome

eligibility criteria. One of these criteria is t.he need to

uindertake an Rnvironmintal Tmpant Asseanment. (ETA) uf the

projaeg n such a Stat.e. The ETA wan carried out for tha

pioneering States in the semi-Arid Northern zone of Nigeria

in 1991 and t.he study covetred Kano, Sokoto, Rauchi and

Katsina States. As the ecological conditions were thoulght

t.o be similar for four and all t.he semi-arid States of the

Nhrt.h, FACIJ propnord to eytend the results of the ttudy to

1

the remaining fonar Rt.t.an in t.he nort.hern zonne, namely,

Vobe, Rorno, Jigawa and Karlilna St.ates.

Tn order t.o extend the project. t.o t.he ot.her non-

pioneering, non-arid hblt. SInl.emi In NIlnrIn, FACI1 d I vIcl,il

t.hese St.ates into two zones namely the Middle Relt zone and

the 5otithern none. Firthermore, FACtJ deaided thAt. mine" t.hn

ecological conditions in the St.ttes in each zone were likely

to he generally the samae, only a R.mple of the StateR in

each zone will he rpquired for environment.al impacet.

assessment st.udy; and the finding. in theme lt.At.to extpndeid

to All the ot.her States in the -one (Fig.1.1).

The hroad ohipetiven o f the environmental ammam"ment.

Rtimdy are as follows: (1) identify the ecological and sociLl

impncts that nqriculh.iral D%evelopment. ProJect. wouild hav` on

the fAAnmaS; (ii) assess the rikR associated wit.h mUch

divelopment; and (fii) formsulAte niwnca.ry mitigation

menARreR and action plan. for incli.sion in the demign and

execontion of the projent.

The .specifio objectives fo:ussmed on valuation of the

following envi ronmental i snmueR:

(a) the potential for increased conflict between farmer.

and pa.storaliat aS land imR cbnverted from pamture t.o

arable land;

(b) conflict hbetween farmers and fishermen over water

management in the flooded fadamn a reis;

(cI the affeets of t.ha proponed project on fiRh habit.at and

the potential of the project to dent.roy or to enhance

fish habitat;

2

(d) the p:t:nnt: i for con:tamination of xurftne avnd grousnd- Iwate^r wit.h ttrtillzrn and/or nther agro-chemioals iaMed

for int.ensive irrigat.ed crop prodiact.ion on t.he fadama;

fe) t.he pot.entiLal for t.he projec:t. t.o provide tncent.ives.for

the destru:ction of the habitat. of wLterfowl and other.

migratory arnd non-migrat.ory hirdn depending on the

extensive fadamA wet.lands.

I r 3 I|.h,. I osut.roir1. I cn of t;he hahlt.at. of other torrestrial

species that inhahit, the fadama; and

(g) changes in the pat.ternR of water hoine diReaRe.

Tn order t.o achieve t.he broad and spfecific objectives

nf Envi ronniental TImpact. AnqeRSment. of National Fadama

nfevelopmPnt Projent (F.TANF1)P) in Ogiun, OsRun, F.do, Tmo aind

Rivers St.ates, nonRiItant.s in the field of Racial

ant.ropology, range management, *freshwater fiRheries,_

; a i- . wildlife hiology, public health and irrigsation agronomy were

* - Yiven explicit terms of reference (TOR). These t.erms of

reference are present.ed in Appendix S.

1.2 Aericult.ural Znnes and Potentia.l PadLmL Area on States'

ARa i R

The ADPs in Ogun, Oshun, F.do, Tmo and RiverS St.stoe

divided t.heir opprational area into agricijlt.ural moones

(Thble 1.lI ). Based on availahle Wsuvey reports on the

existing fAdAma areas in the 5 States, different estimAteR

of tntnl fadama in ench Stat.e emerged. These eRtimates are

shown in Table 1.1. Figusres 1.2 and 1.3 shows the existing

fadams locA.tions in Osun And Tmo St.ates.

3

WFadama area IP auhbjenit to river tInoding. The3

proportion of a floodplain/fadnma is hound to vary iuhbjent Ito-t,he following reasons:

(mn)'- Time of Purvey/sampl ing of flnndplain/fadmm.

(b) Variation in t.otal annual rainfall in relation to time

of suirvey.

(c) Methodology/sampl ing technique.

(d) Man-included alternation of natural f low requl rement.a

of some major rivers in relation to time of survey.

For the puirpose of NFDP in Ostin, Ogiin, Rdo,

Tmo and Rivers St.t.en, the estimates of total

fadamn/floodplain obtained from Reconnais'ance Survey_

Reports nf the ADPs shotild he used for planning: And

4 bidiget i ng. They are eRtiMnAteR arising from recRnt.ly

commissioned st.udies by the ADPs in fotir sttAtes and

report. of the orricer in charge-of Fadma in Rivers

StatPe.

1.3 Climate, River Flooding and Fadama

The fadams in sustained by rainfall, river, flooding

and grotandwat.er. RasRd on long term annual data for

rsinfall in Ogun St.at.e, t.he hulk of water discharge in any

year occuirs between Jiune and -NoInmher; nhowing two paaks-

(in!July and October respectively). Tn the recently crreat.d

Onsun State, longterm rainfall dat.a were not available.

Nevertheless river flooding in Osun StdAte occuirs between

J.ily and Novemher; Rhowing one peak in late Augist. to

September. Tn Edo StAte, river flooding begins in Juine and

peaks in Auiguist/September. Tmo Stat.e experiences river

4

-_ - _- _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- -_-_-_-.-_-.-_-_-,-_

flooding from lat.e MAy t.o Oot.oher, wit.h t.wo Pankr in Jnl Y

anti Siptomh.r. Tn RivprR Stnl.n, river finodilrg In nYt.nmlv,

And long in diirat.ion; boginning in May and 1Amt.ing t.ill

enrly flermher. Tn gqtne-ra, I .he flnodplaina/fadnma. of

Oguon, Omian, Edo, Tmo and River St.At.eR are apparent. in tha

i .mIny mFsiRnn lbi.wann MAy nncl Novemhbr.

YabI,' 1.1 Agrgultioral Zenon and Tnt.ll EadAm1-andI n n.-un OEn. Fd. Tan nnd Rivnrn RtAten

Rt.ata. I&.D.P. 7.nen. Pottntial Fadna^ l.mnd(h0)

- : ~~~Trriqnble.

SRarfate water t Cantrnlled : Orsand water : Total I Totalnlirert. l1r.ng F Flod I ng Tsoat,,waahhIorn TrrigahlmlPotentLal1

Ogun T*rennebhenkult.^TJnaIsh 4000 nt 4R000 .000. I 54,000

: Tlenrn

-Omm Tte-Tj,nha I II IOrhogho nm * 16la 12 I

: Iwn nnnn 1871: 7. 24788 7R,010

Fdn Fdn Nnrth *IJ ln Sonath 47880 1030 24090 73000 94,000

Tmn Owerr1 S 1flclgwa ' 74360 10254 100348 lA 12914 .'

C)k i gwvk 1.~* I,,-IO)rl is .1 , \ -- --

Rlvpra Nthin '

a I Y^nnno ' 2500 na 7500 10000 n1

Snmar,g.: (a) Pernnnnlqnnnro SservPy Rnpnrt.u. An .Ohtman, ilian, Ktin and Tmo Internal Mgeorandajm Rivern St.tnr.(See Refere-ne,a)

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

*-0e "a.

2 HJQRTHOLQOX IThe team ot Conum3ltantxs undartook A preliminary field visit

to O(un, Onin, Edo, Tmo and Rivers Stnl;en betwenn 41.h ndsl 15It.h

October, 1993.

The nhjnctive of the visitn were As follsnw:

(a) To acqaiiint the Programme Managers of thR State Agricunltiral* t

nevelopment Programmes (IPsx) with the objective of RTA

studiy .

(h) identification at. firstt hand hy the cnnstultnnts, the field

reqUirement.s, human snd mAterials, And thheir contact men, in

preparation for the impending detailed field studies.

(a) RAsed on th.e level of- fadPma devplopmpnt, and the

devaelopment plans for the smal irrigation development,9 the

consultants identified fadama sites and other key areas to

hb visited for the detailed field studies, and from this,

each prepared a realistic itinerary of field sttudies to

reflect his terms of reference.

Selection of fadama sites to he visited were based on

the following considerations:-

(a) Some fadamas were selected becauste they were Already

intensively developed throUgh irrigation schemes and coul d

portray not potential impact. bmjt' actuial impact of fadAma

drevfTopment on the environment.

Ih) Other fadamas reflected lower levela:of development where

possible impact of irrigation developmhnt and intensive

farming on the environment was potential, and where

mitigation plans and alternaLtive plans for environmental

management could be proposed.

7

(a) While nomE fadamam were melet.ed for deta1ild ittudle based

on t.hir level nt development, ot.here wern chnoen on the

halii of biodiversity and the problems of environmental

constervation 'that. may he paiRed hy future ftdama development.

Id) Seleetion nf FALdama t.o enmure the coverage of fll the major

development./operat.ion sonen of the ADPm in each St.at.'.,

These methods of site selection wan t.o provide a hbai1 for a

comparative Rtuidy on fadamax in cat.egorien A-C ahove on pot.ent.ial

and acttial impact.m on the environment by NFDP.

Caonsil tant 's Terms of Reference were ueinri t.o demign

comprehensive qtipstionnasires _ for , fadama farmers. The'.

questionnairen wpre designed to provide information according tn --

the rPquirement. of each conasiltaLnt and him Terms of Reference.

sample or soils collected by the Agronomiet. and wat.er by the

Fisheries and Ptublic HeLl th Specialists kere analysed for theinu.

quialities from each ADP Zone in the study area.

Dfetailed field sarveys of the -five States were CArried out [starting from lst November, 1993. FipId activities included

administ.ration of questionnaires hy the Cons3lt.ant.' -and his !

guides, direct. observations on crop management pract.ices and t.h

st.at.ts or wildlife and tt.s. itilization prttern in the fadamAs,

and Lamo- interviews with farmers, pantoralist.s, fishermen and

women in agricujlt.ure grouspsx and rural comrninity leaders.

Thn n I ' roviKui Itnnts worIrcd t.ogether AR a tearn on this

mathodol ogy, field studies, arid prodiuttion of reports, and

propoqals of vArious mitigat.ion plans, in recognit.ion of the fact.

that the outcome of the ETA :must reflect. an integrated packiage of

8

interrnlatlonshtpe of environmental factorm which were to

affected hy fadamma development.. From eAch fadama, four core moil.

anmplee were cnllentnd from 0-30cm d,pt.h orid iiulked int.o a

composlte nample from which nsih-RampleR wore tueed for physlcal

&riul :hei,nnlc AarlyAle.i Water RAmplee were alRo collect.ed in

hot.tles from tiahewell, Rt.reamm and rivere 'for detai.led Analysis.

2.1 r.imit.At.ionm of the stujd-v

Tt. in apparent t.hat. the available information in all thr

Rtates viRiit.ed were inadoquat.e for a fill 1c ale assessment of the

envirnnmental impact. of Fadama development.. Nonn of t.he ut.t.ea

has dPt.ailed information on moilR sirvey and charact.erimt.ien even

in the reconnnisnnce reports. Fven Rdo and Tmo Staten whiich had_

det.ailpd reconnAisance saarvey lacked these ua"eftl informat.lons.

The reconnniRance at.udies carried out. by Ogun and nOun- States

were p^arttiJll while Rivera Rat.f%e hAd nonn. Tt. wna flot. possible t.o

get. the information from other sourrceR within the Rhort-tiluN

AnRilAhl1l for the stiody. The nimber of soll and water samples

cnllcet.ed for analynis were not. large enough for a global

interpretation and recommendation.

The t.ime of t.he study was inappropriatte and the period

inadequ3ate. At the time of t.he visit. land preparation had Just

commenced at. Rome Siten, while ot.hardworet.aill flooded. Tt was

therefore difficuslt t.o s.atisfactorily assess the impact of Fadama

activitien on crops at fadama Rit.eR.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -9- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

3. FTNDTNWOA ON IRCOLOGTCAY. ANI SOCTA!. TMPACTS OFVA1AWA nYRVIROPMRNI'

3.1 TRRTC2ATTON AGRONOMY

3.1.1 Padomm Tlnd Pot.ential ln Soauthern Niferis

From the field mt.udy vicit. undertaken in Novmhber, It. wax

.et.Ablinhed that. t.he Fadama pot.ent.ialm i t.he five sleted

-t.mt.em are 60,O0Oha tor Oguin, made up of 4,OOOha by direot.

piumping and 46,nOOhn by use of tithewells And wAnhhorem; 7R,OOOha

for Oscan out, of which 24,7R6ha was fouand irrigable conninti.ng of

6,OOha hy direct. pumping aLnd 18,7F1R ha throuigh t.he 3se of

tubewel ; 73,00Oha for Rdo made uip of 47,RROh. by direct lift.

piumping 24,090 ha hy meant of t,abewel1n/waahbores And 1,OOOha by

flnol cront.rol; 1R21914ha for Tma conitniting of r10,34AhI Wy meann

of tiahPwellP/wARhhoreP, 74,360ha by lift, irrigation and I),254ha

bF flood rontrol; 10,OOha for Rivera with 29500ha hy lift.

irrigation and 7,500 hy mtans of tubewelll/washborea (TLble 1.1)T>

At. the t.ime of t.he viftit, only Onun and Tmu St.atnu have some*

siubRtantial fadamA land tinder cultivat.ion.

3. 1 .2 SIIrvR

Tt wan diRcovered t.hat. Edo and Tmo Stat.est have uindert.aken

detsiled Reconnainance survey of t.heir FadAms programme while the

uiirveyc for Oguan And Osetn weire only ppart.ial . Riveara Rt.at. had

not oabmlnsioned Any ixzjrvey at. the t.ime of the Rt.udy vinit.

Alan, none of the five Relect.ed stat.e .had uindertaken det.ailed

O il 1 FturvPy .v!

10

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ___________-

3.1.3 Wntpr Resnires |

Th fienld stuody vinit. hAs etahblishad that nl 1 the ct.at.e

have ext.Pnotive aartfac end grouindwater resaources t.o provide

enaoiuh water to Irrigate thp pot.ent.ial Fadama crera earmarked for

devolonpmonIt. Somne mt.^t.na are ahe^d of others In drilling

rlpnnnst. rntI aon tbihewells useod in monit.nrivg the dsnrhnrgc and

recharge rates of t.he grouandwat.er (Tahble 1.1).

3.1 .4 Soi 1and Water Anal rysi1

Alt.hoiagh no detailed moil s1urveys were condiucted by a11 the

sxloct.ed souxthprn states, review of hom cit'rveys colipled wit.h t.he

resiul t.s of analysis of Foil 'samples collect.ed from the t.at.es,

confirmed that. the soilR are none anline and have low ;lect.rick-l-

Conduietivity (EC) oF (O.3/mhos/cm anzd low pH (Tabhle 3.1.1).

Soils of Rdn, Tmo and Rivers States in particuilar have PR

-' 3.1 .5 EtrnJ.na B Rrotion in a serinis environmental problem in Tmn and otherim

Fant.orn at.etqn (Fig. 3.1). The World Rank Report. hka given the

ent.imat.ed Annual cost At.trlbut.able to erosion problems in Tmo and

Ah1i^ Stat.es to About. 600 million IU.S. dol lars . A lot. of

prodoiet.ive farm land han been lost. to erosion menanen in Tmu

State. Tn saoie places arouInd Orli1 and llmslriAm t.here Are severe

gille erosions. Severe sheet is Also taking plAce in

Arondizoiogmia C)Ina And AkokwA. Most part.R of Tmo State Are

pArt.AcnalArly suscaptible to moderate sheeat erosion. Serious

ernstion is likely to ociur wit.h the introduction of Padama

prngramme which will involve the removal of-protective vegetaticen-

from Fedtama 1(n1 on t.he banks of river andl streanms.

3.1.R CrnD Mansaement Practicesi

3.1.6.1. Land PreDaratigon*

Tn all the states visited, lAnds for dry season tadama

farming Are prepartd manually ehtwteen October And December

After wAter has receded. However, att few locat.ions in Omian

stat.e incliding the farm sett.lement, land preparation is

tractori zed.

3.1.f.2 CroDainsU Patt.ern

VPgat.ablas are -the major crops produiced in the fadAmAx

alt.hoiigh mai%e in commonly plianted in February for green cohb.

Thp vegetables grown incl ude- leafy ones likt4 AmArantbhis erisenti.u

and Cplosia Argent.ea as well As fruit vegetables like okra

(AhPl mnnchi3s enu1 rentii) . tomat.oes (T.vorg:r2Eiclm ebcar1 en t,1) .

pepper I[Capsi ium spp), garden egg (Sol anum til n) and cuciumher

12

-----------------------------------------------

., sq ~(C.umm±a4 app). Produat.ion ot C,nrchoruc (Corchoriac olit.orinab I

preferrord In moat. parta of stit.h-weat.ern NIgeriaL due to itR thort.

ifte-cyl e and high market.ahilit.y. Telfairia (Telfai r.

* nneridentalial In eq9aally preferred In aouith-eact.ern NigariL

mainly hecaume it. att.ra.t.s highfer price compared with other

vpgetahileR. *

nluring the wet. ceoaon, rice in t.h major crop grown in t'he

wet.lands Of All the Rts.t.ea while a large Are^ in devoted to

sugarafane produiction in Ogun St.ate. CropR like yam, cansava and

mAixe are also prodcited on fadamn lands that re- not. susefptible

t.o flonding.

3.1.6.3 SeePdR

Seeds for vegetabl e prndnct.i on are iisual ly sotirend from

- farmer's st.ock and sRipplement.ed by purchaRes from market.a and

commercial wings of Agricaltuarsal Development Project.s (ADPe) when

necessary. Maijze and rice seeds are mainly purchased from the -

ADP commercial storea. Vegetable ReedR Are urisally not. dressed

prior to planting, hiat in some inRt.anceR farmers treat their

vegetable Reeds wit.;i Apron plus or wood sLh to reduse stand

1oegp! daze t.o psRt.s and diseases.

^3.1.6.4 Trriutation

Fadamn vegetable crops in the sqdsthern st.ates are init.ially

started on reRidiusl moistture and later Fsupplemented with water

from adjoining st.rpeams or rivers. The most. common form of water

for irrigation is from the surface souroe lift.ed by means of

hi3lket.R sni wat.ering canR for application to fadamn farms. Among

thp Rtates v'isited, Oun, Edo aqnd Tmo have drilled nome

demonstrat.ion tuhewel ls for Rupply of groundwater for irrigation.

13

Wlt.h t.he eiraept.inn of 1ivers 8t.at.e, all other st.atia havrt

piirchased portable water pumps for distrihnvtion to farmers and Ifarmer grouips on credit hbniR. Some individual farmers also own

personal puimps which they Ise and nomettimes hire nost to

neighbours. The formation of Water Uisers Association (WIJA) And

Wnmen Trrigatinn Gro ps (WTO) are heing eneouraged hy ADPs in

order tn benefit from the pimps hbing dist.ributed.

3.1.6.5 Fert1ilizer Ime

Fert.i11ers are genernally ustd on high valu e crops

particularly vegetables, rice and maize. The fertilizer types

inclurde compou nd (NPK) 15-15-15 alone or mixed with farmyard

manire (FVM) particularly bird- droppings Guasno) as hbsal; and

sreas for top-dressing. The rate of appl ication im modest bunt

hb-optimel rdue to Rearcity.

3.1.6.6 Weed Prohlem and Control

The common weed species fouand in fardamL areas in the stAt.s e

incliude grassRes like Pennimetitm VediCell1Lt3m, P. olvstachion Po

pslrDfereim, PFIpAlim Rpp, Paninum Rpp and -broad-leaved weeds like

ChromolAena odorsta and-Asnilla africana; sedgeR include tr,ra I

iriR, Fimhristvl ist littoraLlis and KRYIlintaL bhulbosta. t:vinodon

Rpp and TmEDrAtA rvlindrica constitute steriou s problem in Onion,

Edo and Tmo St.Ates. The presence - of 4rvr.a harthi and 0.

1 nq_%ittAmi nat. wans fnund to connsti tittP sri ois prohl em i n Tmo

State. Fumborhinb hetProRhyrl la and Amarnnthius sit nonust WAs

reported to constitujte a problem in vegetables in all Rtt.fts

except in Rivers State. Weeds are commonly controlled manually

by handweeding, slashing or/and handpilling. 1se of herbicides

is confined to rainfed rice and maime. Round-up is stomatimas

14

need for the control of nonin'1a weede like lynodimn pp prior to?&dAMA land preparation.

3.1 . R. 7 Pesto and Wmn1aseea And C:nnt.rol

Cnmmnn innct. peat.a report.ed t.o onnt.it.iit.e mcrionia problem

in vetPtAhle crops in the at.t.aR incli3de Zonne.eria varjeffati.t on

all ernpa, leAf rollers (Sl.prt.a dernuAt.nP. leaf miner i(Hi m!nis

roiirv*l ,s) cut. worms (SDondoDt.era 1 it.oraIlim, aphids Aph±n

tonmipi). whit,e flieR (Remisls tAbacci).. friuit. fly (Dacan app)

and termiteR (Tahle 3.1.7). nl eiseae report,ed on the vegetbImlee

inclujded damping-off, Rt.tem rot., leaf apot.a and leaf curli.

Tne i dance of nematndeR WAa - Al sO reporttd I n -acome att.ae .

Vert.ebrat.e pest.s incluiding rndent.a, graRS' ocuttersg porkupinle,

weaver birds and huhfowlR are mAnjor pastn of voricuan fadama

crops. The insect. pests Are being cont.rolled by varinuR methods

inc iIidi ng removal of -surrouinding veget.ation and Application Qf

insecticides. The recommended inaectic:ides like Rynthetie-

pyrethroi ds (Cymbush, KArat.e), cabaryl (Vetox 85) And di mat.hoat.e

(Perfekt.hion and Rogor) are however not eaRily available and

expensive, And snme farmers resort to t.he tun of nhbe6n1cls like

lindane (Osammalin 20), nuvacron etc. The application technique

needs a lot, of improvement. throutgh prov.ison of equipment and

training. Most of the farmers do not. apply fungicides even

thouigh RenlAte, DithAne M45 and difolat.an have been recommended

for uspe. Roguiing is the common method of cont.rol against.

diseases. Although VAPAM is recommended for sehedhed fujmigAtion

Against. nematodes, it i s unavailahle and farmers have t.o rely on

hent. treatments, crop rotation and the uIe of nematode resist.ant

15

varietlee Re in tomato. The adverse effect of vertehrate pent. 4ar reduired through the use of aeed t.reat.ments, hait.a, diammie.,

trmpm, humAn acarerm and gutruif.

Although mAny imnact peat.e cnn he notitrolled effentively

wi th chem i cal R peRticidee r o tften di fficlt. t.o ht.ai n,

particulaLrly for email holder fadama farmerAwho lack. acceeR to

eredit.. On the other hand, chemical control iR increaaingly

viewe-d cR hfbing nindeairnhle, since reguilAr caReR at the mieiine of

the pest.icideR when available, have threat.ned hiaman Rnfety and

cAfiin' rteriotii diAintage t.o t.he environment.. fConcern for amal l-ecale

farmerR is part.icularly great., given their generally poor

knowledge About post.icidfe afety. Tn view of the implications

for huiman and cnvironmental healt.h it. is likely that t.he uns of

toxic chemicals for pent control will evPnt.ually he reduced

throIugh the iase of TntPgrat.ed PeaIt Management. (TMP) which given

prominence t.o hreeding for t.olerance/repiet.ance to common peat.

and disenses.

3.1.6.8 RarveRtinut

The bulk of the produce obtained from fadAmac are mold by

fArmerS leaving little for consuimption. Tnitial harvent.ing of

leafy vegetahles in by handpulling, while auhubeeqsjnt ones are by

ritt.ting. Frui t. vegctablseu like tomat.o; pepper andi egg plant are

pic ked and collect.ed in habket.R or Racks.

3.1.7 Marketint

The prodiue are atiRal l y sold at farm ai te.e or transported to

t.he nearest market for sale by porters, bicycles, mot.orcycleR or

truriks. Farmers are worried ahout. high cost of transportat.ion

and unnavailability in time. Some farmers- whose fadamA farmR were

16

---.-----... -- . ---- …~lf

relocat.nd in Ogun State retf 1. t.o commence activity at. thn nefw

Rite du t.o poor ac'cenihilit.y And lack nt t.rnmpnrt. Alt.hoaigh

* prienn Mdf vegetaihles flurtuate t,hroighnoit. tho RoeaRonf inc reasing

olmext. throe t.n tnir fldRs at. t.he peak of the dry season, farmers

conRider the prodtirtion profit.Able. F.st.imated rpt.urn to

inveint4Int. roi firlry snaon nkrn wna ahoiL; I.bLrn t.lmne i.lIln !or wet.

nea^on prodiuction in OsRin St.At. (Tahle 3.1.R). Rot.h prndusction,

hmrveRting and pricing are reguilated hy farmers t.o prevent, glut.

or excIeSs. Okra product.ion At. Rome locat.ionR 1lke Okun-Owa in

Ogun St.at.e, is well organised At. high political level involving

the tradit.ional head of t.he town. Producers have Also.

est.ahl i shed good rapport wi th cusntomerR who -are usual 1 y irader-

from irbhan centres. Wives of farmors part.icipat.e in t.he

harvest.ing and nmnrket.ing of t.he prodiuce.

3.1.R St.ornse *-

FArmprR i n the survey states do not Rtorp lafy vegetabl es

PxCept. in Osun St.ate. Simple indigenours t.enhni que in employed

wherphy all types of veget.ables can he kept fresh for uip to one

week after harvest. Fruit. vegetnblen like tomAto, okra and

pepper are also out. and dripd for Rtorage and consuimpt.ion lAter.

F'ccess mal1Z meant for green cobs are allowed t.o mat.ire and dry

befori r ves ti ng. The grAins are Rt.ored in cribst using Act.ellic

ditst. or a elled and stored in bagn. Paddy rice in usauially dried

and milled later. With increase in fadama rop prodiuction, t.here

is the need tno emphasize the development, of storage t.echniqules

for veget.ables as a major aspect. of t.he Fadama Development.

Projert.. Some of the veget.ables may however be allowed t.o mat.ure

17

and he proneesed into moeds for iame nnd male to t ther fArrmrI

ne't. ptafOn. Menawhil, there are no procemming plAnt.m that. A

pisrehnem and pronoean even t.he fri,it. vr'iet.ahlem 1 Ike t.omat.o nd

pepper from t.he farmerm at aoeptahle prico.

FarmerR have indlcat.ed a niimber of t.eorhni cl nnd mooio-

eeonomi connt.raint.s t.o fadamn crop prodiertlon. The t.echnical

nonst.rAint.A incluie lank of Adequate informati on on the

produiction t.echniqiieR of varlrioum fadama crops,i unavailability of

apprnpriatQe peed that. exhihit. high rnieRt.ance/t.olerance to common

problems lilke inReet pests, diRpasRe, nemnt.ndea et.e, non-

availahility of essential imptutn ineluiding Rouircea of wLter like

tilhew*pls, washhores, piumps for lift.ing wat.tr, fortili mern and

ngrochemicals. Some of the socio-economic problems incliude high

rost. of some of thi input.s if available, and lack of accexeR t.o

credit facilities. Many of t.he fadama farmerR do not. have land.

The 1and may he taken hAck hy the 1And1drd at. will and mucah aN7

s it.uAtion limit.s any meaningful development of fadama piton.

Althouigh expensive hired labouir are supplemented wlth family

labouIrl efficiency and profitability may be highly reduseed

throuagh t.he uRSe of hired laboujr. Thus the need t.o develop Lahour

- saving devices in fadama crop prodiuction.

3.1.9 GuJidplines for Wat.er qualitoY mdnitorine

Federal Rnvironmental Protection Agency (FF.PA) han a1lready

given gsidpl inen fosr t.hf- p.-rnt.>ct.ion or gro,a,.l wnl.~. (Trlatil

3.1.4). The use of ferti1izer and agrochemi'ials in the proposed

Fndlnann Projsct. will he limit.ed mainly bsy Lhp size of t.he f^arin

anrd the introduct.ion of crop prodlWt.ivity improvement romponent.s

suc-bh as incorporation of crop residip, vPget.Ation and vAriOuR

1 R

forms of ornnicn mttetr tn Improve' soil Fnrt.111ty nm well .1integration of various pest. management pract.ires incluijding

varnt.ies, good nrop husbandry, indigenotua'non-chemical methods

And m;nimigim tipa of peqt.ivsidep. owe ver, it is Ft.IIl neonePsry to

ensure that. only the recommended fort.iliser and agrochemmnalA are

ariod In the prnject and that an approprinte mnnit.orlng prngrnmme

for suirface and grnimndwater within t.he project. he estahlishad

e'lt.her by the APm onr other renognised agenIesa. Thin would

Pnsisre enstnant. and early dt.act.nion of the presene, of high

coneent.rnAtions oF t.ovic or dangerous chemir:als in water bhfore

they nonstituite ha.ards to th4 environment..

'I'he guaidelinest given hy F1PA for the monit.oring of

groundwater shouild alsn apply to t.tihewell'/washboreas drilled for

ir- igat.i ot. Tle gromindwnt.er monitoring programme therefore;

(1 ) mnst ronsist. of suiffiripnt numher of wellst (t.uhwellsa) at,

a-ppropriat.e locations and depths. to yifel d groundwater

samples from the uippermost, Aqujifar.

(2) ensRire thAt the monitoring wellR are cased t.o maintain their

int.grity. The wells Rhall alRo he protehted from

cront.Amination of samples, the samplpd Rtrata, the layers

hbtween aquJiffer and wat.er-hearing strata.

(3) in*luide at a minimuom, procediares and techniques for sample

collection and preRervation, anal Fti'nal proceduirPR, qu3ality

assurance and rontrol, cu.ntody and distribution of samples.

(4) inliudf consistent. sampli'ng and analytical methods t.hat.

ensure rieli shl e grnin3dwat.er sampling and accurately maesure

dangerouss constituents snd indicat.or parAmPters in

19

groiandwater namplen in order to provide a rllalhlej

indication of grotindwat.pr qtmality.

The genncy I n-chi, rpn c*r wr.ui,i 1.o)11 it. iqnr|e hilt 1mpl ennt. .-..

a nor rt.ive action programme that. wil prevent. dangernuin

nonst It.uaent.s from e.ceeding tiheir respective connentrat.ion

limit.9. The dangerous const.it.it.ent.R A9 it. kpplles to National

Fadama Projects inc.lide pH level, sodium (Na)p, hicarbonate

(HC03), narhbont.e (C03), chloride, (Cl), hbron (Ro) and heavy

metals including Fe, nitrates (NO ) and pestic.ide residtues.

Facilit.is shouild also he AVAilable for analyRing theme

connst i t mien ts4 n t.he crop produce-P.

To ensuire effPrtive monitoring, there in t.he need for the

state AfPs t.o Set up t.heir water qjal it.y analyt.ical laboratories

within their projpct Area smince wateAr sampleR wouild need to ba

collected regularly and analysed promptly. Other instit.utions

t.hat may also be consult.ed for wat.er analyRis incljdpe:

1. Department of Chemistry, U1niversity of ThAdand Tbadan

2. ,Dept.. of Riolngical Scienes., llniversit.y of Thadan, Thadan

3. Dept. nf Preventive and Social Medicines College of

MrAdicine, University of Thadsn, Thadan.

4. Dept.. of Chemistry, Obafami Awolowo llniversity, T1e-Tfe.

5. T)ept. of Riological Sciences, 11ni-versit.y of Lagos.

S. Federal Environmental Protection Agency Laboratory,

StIIrulzere. lagoR.

7 . Proposed Water Resources Research lahorat.ories t.o he located

a.t Lagos, Akitre and Fntigui.

R. Tnt.ernaitional Tnstit.ute of Tropical Agriculture, Tbadan.

20

…-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

9. SoI 1 Anslyti CAl Lahoratory, National Rnot. Crope Raenarch'r

Tniqt.itu.te, Umiadike.

lo. soil AnalytIcal l.nhorahtory, Tnat.It.uite for Agrit.ult.aru1

RPsearCh And Training, Ohnfemi Awolown lUniversity, Moor

PlantAtion, ThaLdan.

11. PropoRed Soil Analytical Laboratory, Petderal Depart.ment. ot

L.andi Development, Owerri.

:.1.10 Revhumw nf Pro1irt D)sign

The reconnaisance suirvey condiunted in roiar of the five

sAmple st.At.eR did not. include any deRign for Fadama Project.. Tn

thrve Rtnt.es, Tmo, Fdo nrnd t.o a lesse -r et.ent. Onin, the report.s

Attpmpted t.o identify pot.ent.iAl fadama Areas, delineated ar"A t.o

irrigAtion t(-inhniqtjeY and prioriti.z fadsLma development. in t.he

states (Tahles 1, 3.1.11 and 3.1.12). Tn Oguin stat.e, surfacee And

grot3ndwatpr sulppl i PR were sRsesspd And appropri At.e

recommendat.ions made for Fadama development in the Rst.at

Rpr(-ommermda iIiorIs an; auggeslt.ionR wpre mainly hased on desk study

of available information on geology, hydrology, topography and

limit.ed information on soil sujrvey in the stastes. Rivers st.ste

hIas not. conduct.ed sny reconnai ance suirvey al thouigh some useful

infnrmation wasR provided hb thp nfficer in-charge of t.he Fadama

proje-ct. For a meaningful, sutstainable project design, detailed

soil survey to provide informat.ion on soil physico - chemical

characteristics shniild prerede project design in all the Rst.t.e

in the Recond phase of Fadiama project.. Such design should A1Ro

hiuild in a programme for reguilar assessment. of water and soil

qi1Al ity aS 1 well as giv;e consideration to the sust.Ainahility and

tha economics of any irrigation techniqlus being recommended.

21

3.1.11 Pser"ajaR of R.nnmmgflxdatinnf fnr Fndnmn (roDm

Tt is not. pnomible t.o prodtuce pae.kages of recommendat.ion for

A11 thP rrnps grnwn in FadAma in t.his docuiment.. However, .tUch

informat.ion are regulnrly produced hy the relevant. inatit.utionn

siuch AR RAseAre.h Tnst.itut.ep, Natinnal Agric.ult.ural Rxt.aniaon

Research liaison Services (4APR1R) and the Universit.ies. Suc3h

information are also reguilarly modified to re!lnct. current.

findings and transmitted t.o ADP ext.ension staff during the

Mont.hly Technology Review Meetings And ot.her appropriat.e fora.

Many AIPs have prepared suich packages into giu1'fdRl and bulletinR

for farmers;

Tt. is however pertinent t.o indic.ate. that ninfle Fadama

ngriil-tisre i4 n n ew developeiieuL. in the APPn nf t.he Sout.hern

st.ates, recommendation on produsetion pract.ices for crops uinder

Fdama especially vegetahle may have hot received adequjate S

emphasis.

3.1.11.1 Pry feason Vesetahle Production in the Fadama

Vegetahles are the most common crops produced in the dry

season on Fadrama land in soutthern Nigeria. Thi a 'o*an bh

att.ribzt.ed to t.he fact. that. t.hese are usitally in high demand and

attract high prices during the dry season.. The production of

vegetnbahles gives higher rettiurn t.o invest.ment in thle dry season

than in the wet. season (Tahles 3.1.6 and 3.1.R). Generally essR

itisect and disease problems aire %stia1 ly encountpred in the dry

sensnn thus reducing orop prot.ect.ion inpust rpqujirement and

eonsequent.ly prodiuction onst. ThF le-af veget.nbles can he

proalwerd with residual moist.tlr ont flood plainn and wetlandsr wit.h

22

__________________________.-

little or no Pupplement.ary irrigat.ion. Weed prnhlem in launi7lly

IsRR during t.he dry nseson compared with the wet. seasnn in apitu

of leRs demand for labour in t.he former season. D*uring the wt.

RPFnRon, the flnod plains and wet. lands are insaially uptod for rino

and nugareano while the dry land area not. flooded are ueR!d for

mai7ze, casa va yAm, cowpeA and vegetableR. Otther crops prodiueed

in the dry season include maize and cnwpen plant.ed in February

and C&RRAVA in September.

For a very good ret.urn t.o invest.ment it. in required thhat.

recommended nultural pract.ices are Rtrict.ly followed. Tahl a

3.1.13 nnd 3.1.14 cont.ain informat.ion on recommended practice

for common veget.able prodi3etinn in t.he fAdAMAP Of sout.hern

Nigeria.

.3.1.11.2 Choice of T7,nd and TLand Preparation

The land Rhould be gentle in slope, well drained wit.h a deep

nandy l oam soil. The land must. he t.hroughly cleared of \

vegetat.ion as soon as flood has receded. Tf perennial weeds

like Cynodon. Tmierat.n or sedgeR are present., it iR bett.er to

spraY the weeds wit.h foliai t.ranslocated herbicides like!

Slyphosat.p and wa it for about three weeks before removal. Dead

vegetation may he incorporated int.o t.he Roil t.o improve the

orga.nic matter of t.he soil. The land-shouild be well cuiltivat.ed

to produ

. .0

3 .1 .1 1.3 Nturmerv Pract1icn

Wumrny rof t.he esall ml oded vegetabsle. which -have cl w early

growt.h iquch am Solanii1m mpp, t.omat.oee pepper et.t.. are firat.

ralaed itn nureoriem hefore traneplant.ing. Nurnpsery practlOe. P

enaeire hptter germination of meedm and noodling et.ahllmhment.,

prov'idPR hktt.er prnte.tion of crop plant. agatnet. pAnt.a, dIeancec

and solar heat. and wakes land mace more efficient. mince the.

tranRplnnt.d crop nnly nt.ayn in the fiold for Inc. than two-third

of the normal life-cyele.

There may he t.wo t.ypen of niareeriec: EontAinmr and grouand

heda. The cont.ainer may he made otf mh&llow wooden al;aminiim or

galvanized mptal hnxea and t.rays of conveniently portahle ninon

which are filled with Rutabhle noil mixture of which needs are

aown. The bot.t.om of ssch cont.inerm laRually have drainage holeR.

The cont.ainer iR tiually filled to widt.h 1.f-2.0cm of the brim

with A mixture of good t.opsoil, fine Rand and well compost.ed

organic mat.t.er. For grouind hpd1 a well-drained non-gravelly Rite

near watpr sourrP Rhould he selorted and prepared into narrow

hedA of 1.2 to 1.5m widt.h and any convenient length pathways

mhoiild hp provided bptween hPdR. Once t.hrneh and Rt.onnm have

heen raked the Roil Rholild he mixed -throughly with organic

matt.br. Tn the th'o t.ypPR of heds, NPI 15-15-15 fertilizer may be.2

incorporated at the rate of abolut. 2og/m , before adpquatte

watering. nrills of 10-15cm apart Rhould be made and Reeds

treatpd wit.h either rernanan n, Apron pian, Rovral Rhotild be Rown

in t.he drilIl and onvered by Roil prinicl PR. Thf heds are then

cArefully covprtd with graRs m11lch before carefiul watering. The

24

'_ __ _ - -__ -----------

mii eci sol n.l1 honwvpr hp r'rmruvrVt nRm moisn nq as I te nnuIl hugn ern irgem.

Rede muist hp wAtered regiularly and kept wend frpe uintil seedlingt

are ready for planting at 3-4 leaf stage (Table 3.1.13 ). For

piontertion mgqinst seeodling pns^ts, Agrlorid 7 duim. na^y he mixed

wit.h hrans and Rpread on the hbds.

3 .1.11.4 4ematnds in Vevetable Production

Almnst. nl vegetxhles harboior nematndes and therefore

fAnn1it.Ate the hiiild-isp. Tt. is 1therefore importaknt t.hat. a gnod

nemt1MAde prngrAmne hP integrAted within the system that. involves

intensive vegetathle production. Suach control practices include:

i. Cnntrol in niurRery bedR iiith

(A.) Soil fumigant n.g. V'APAM

lb Heant. t;reatment. lbv biirn ivg thriaRth on bed.

ii Usle; nf rpsistAnt varipties as in tnmAton e.g. Romm VFW,

Iini t n. *0

i iin. :nsring onol crop growth throtigh;

1 . Appl icrati nn of water appropri ately

2 . Aclqctsmte. ferti 1 i zer us.p .iv . 1,ona terwv rot.at ion 1.inl Per sloides nematode silsceptible crop

al ni.s; mnn i nl y brosl f-livedr crops.

v . Fallow thzat Pec-lu,des nematodipe misceptible plantsr.

2 5

'die 1.1. 111 1:(kIl PrpetesU ol u lesmmmtd

611#iI :il1IrIahir:ftrIa1hlc. toa. Freetl atin ' i ,*LGrtatlv. :II(# :Cat12 MOaft; ?NaLter :P :ua :11 :ca ,N :z. :No :1. :C. lEA :RNvID

NC.PArpla .'!* I * 0 4.1 :nmus1 1111 :1.2..' *ij 11 :.70,1., q00, kO , ms 0.u.mcm

to.S 0 Im S.1 I,6- I S "f. I II21 I I I 0 I I I 'S. , L 0. 1 0, 26 1.1 :0 S1 815 6 I371 I 37:10 5112 I0 I.2 I

* ' * . a . . a u~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~ 2 a a s"1II I w!~~~~ I. I.1 I I4 I I163 I039 I.06 I.66:3S I . I I601.9 1, I 1

Ia:.nflklfl q:54.1 L C.m :'.:" 1 9.37 10.31511 :o.ow3 1.IiI0E 1.0D?3:206.l: ii.4: mno:. .: . 0.21Su4pru ~ ~ L: f ..U bI 1,0 I 0.1 1 .31 08.10iI o,.iii5 :1.3613: t.i,ii:1a.o1 3O.E a,: :. 0..: 0.221

NGn*PIA : !..7. 5.5 *.~o : .oa :ui.m. :o.ta :um63 : .3i7040i.152o122.e: to..: Us.i.01.94 0.2: *,g

* , .~~~2 I 3 I IS ! .34 3 I7D I S0:1.29!4A ' I 91I5 .0 I I D I: .1 02

La. 5.0? Li : 0.12 0,207 :71.11 ;D.i;ii :o.1zw :3.1.73: f.62KI:1I.m:313.D:2I0.10:2.3: 1.21 0.23

0keO~u : .115,1 :0.2 .20 :1.3.:a..to:0.55 :6.2371 1A331:2OJDIIJ:202.0l5 02 .15

:x : D.: : ' I :615 2. : 3- :11J '9:14:11... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .I .. I .. .I .. ..

I.E .e c.o '..15 1 ny :.'ua :oo'2 :A .n:ml?:*s .:s.:.z .101

*~ 2- P h _ _

The3.1.2: Physigi3l Proportieft of Roil Sampl.e

SaLmplP Rand Kilt. clay Towt.tsrnl Cm:la1,onat.ion % X %

- ---- - - - - - - -- - - - - - --- --- - -- - -

Oguinmlk 1 n 76 1 f a Sandy loam *

Rhodeti BR 10 22 Sandy 1 am

MoaafeJo 7R 14 8 SAndy loam

Ado-Odo 7fl R 16 Sandy 1nAm

OSIJN

Ado-Ob^ 78 16 a loamy Ratnd

I;d- .70 22 S Sandy loam

Mnc-OPun 6R 22 10 Randy l nam

Tlm^ha RO 26 14 SRndy loam

{Ogba 7fi6 6 16 Sandy loam

Nana camp 72 iR 10 Sandy loam

11 lliaRhi RO i 12 Sandy loam

TMO

llmtinkara-ilhoua 44 22 34 l ay 1 oanm

tJniuike 72 10 18 Sandy loam

(rstu-Ohoado 90 2 A Sand

Arondizougu so 4 46 Sandy clay

Ohiunogo-FEgbema 7R, 4 IR San dyr l noam

RTVERS

Triehe 7f6 10 14 Sandy l Dam

Oyi gho Rf 4 16 Sandy loam

27

27

S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

YaM. * 4 .1.3: Rauw1t.z nt Wat.eW Ana16 ij t,rnm t.udvY air.n1 n Rouath.wvi it.at., o N1 *r1 a

1; ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~-- ----- ;--- ;--------------Sampl T.CAx0 co03 N t cl R1.nontinn (mohluN/Mm ppm ppm ppm ppm PII

Or:EIN

Ogunmakin 0.82 0.R0 12.0 1.0 0.000 7.30Shoderti 0.40 0.40 11.0 1.0 0.049 7.10Oru 0.2fi 0.00 15.0 0.4 0.049 7.10Ado-Odo 0.13 0.00 10.0 0.4 0.049 5.50

F.jIgho 0.20 0.40 6f.O' 0.7 0.000 7.40Odo-Oh& 0.22 0.00 10.0 0.4 0.027 6.50F.jigho 0.16 0.00 12.0 0.83 0.049 7.20

Ok~--0Mtn 0.2f a0.20 8.0 0.4 0.026 7.40Okp-Oxtan 0.25 0.00 .0 - O.R 0.074 6.90Tle-Tfe 0.19 0.00 15.0 0.7 0.02f 7.60lTlemhb* 0.13 0.00 3.0 0.6 0.000 7.10

FDO

Iriieghia 0.15 D.0 '6.0 0.4 0.074 5.10NanA Camp 0.10 n.00 7.0 0.4 0.n27 6.50Tlluashi 0.13 0.00 7.0 1.0 0.173 7.10Aghede O.1R 0.00 7.0 0.4 0.049 7.10

TMO

UlmllokarA-Ulhoma 0.15 0.00 12.0 0.6 0.000 60fi.fln,like' 0.10 0.00 10.0 0.4 0o.000 5.50

rnl-Obhndo* 0.12 0.00 3.0 0.3 0.000o 6.00Abachbul:ke F.thema 0.70 0.00 5.0 1.7 0.000 f.00Arondi zougu** 0.50 0.00 4.0 1.5 0.000 4.50

RTVERS

Triehe* 0.11 0.f0 24.0 0.4 0.025 6.h0Oyigho 0.32 0.0n 4.0 0.7 0.074 6.RO-- -- - -…-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

* WAt.pr nampleR from tbuhew*llA. All the other Ramplnn were takenfrom st.reams and riverx.

2R

-G - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -

l ~~~~~-:- :.. C -J

- - D . - s - o i S a a 1s I? I S 4 < t * 1 .o - > 1 a. 1 R I - *

- Y 3. s 4 3 < 3.5 o 3 _ 3 I| I I - N S I - 1 - - - IS I

s 3 )UUI' :I-~~ 3 3. I I.

X a . .I

-. ~~~ ~~ I .-4 , I I

4 I~ ~~~~~ I

sw o O. O o O :> o o o o D - o ~~~~~~~* I

g sn P o N~~~~~- I S

I~~~~~~~~~ . . I,.

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

r~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

I. 11 6 elII I -.

[ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- ' ; i s

- I - E'T,l -, I 'x!le :@*1 ii _-I. I S PZ||@

| -- ! - 1 - [::- :t:---::l:-~ ~~-::----:---:W--------- -| I -i i i|-!E | l |i| i - ' I f -; . .; ; . . . ~ ~ ~ ~~ i . .

I~~~ II.. 1-a ° - Ii iI~ ~ .- e ! .: . U , -j

.!I t l. q -IQl IY±H ' ll" l'.-. I I ____ _----- . . _ _-____ _-_-

~~~~~~A°1 s----9@ @-

I I~~~~~~~~~I --------------------------- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~-I--.

| ._ ; _ _ S ;___;_______ |_

| | ,; | | § ° 0 iii IJl; §~~~~~~ - |* Y * -i|-* .

_.~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ .

------------------------ ---- ----- ~I - S

.9 ~ ~ ~~~~l CD. l.t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A ;0 ;M , ,

|~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~C "II

q'Abl..A COnY AND IVN1XWTTR AWnD I!fOMONONTC WATA OP RRTIIRN OFTRRTGATV. -AR,TCl.TIJRR UOTN D]IRTNO DRY AND WWT SNAIRN

owt- nt eoiltivatinf an hAetarp nt drv seamen veget.able

----------------------------------------------------------------- __---

NATTIJR1 Or TNPIIT/DrRCRTPTTON IJNTT QIJAHTTTY IlNTT I COST PRRIPRR IRC,. I N

------------------------------ ------- ---------- -- _----- ----------

I I 2no.nn, 2nn.on

Pirst. pinltghing-umin; t.rit.nyl hn I 200.00: 200.00

iSPonhnr po rghting " h s 1 200. 10 200.00

. ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~..M4akowing ofha c 1 0 100.001 1500.00

Wae P p4 erdLy 0 000 000

PrFormnt.ion of Supplying k gand-: dit.c.ham &[ iidgam : day 1 fi50 25i.00: 1250.00Thaking of cheek hyi ng Mann/day 100 4t^_ 25.00: 2500.00C * ' tr 25 rI 2

Rele 15_,0 37 ,0

FWt.er Applie.Atlion cainMn/dAy: 70 20.001 1750.00I I ,. I

Fue"l 1ng and l.mahrlcat.ing of :8 IWt.erv Pump 2Per/day: 70 0 10.001 700.00

PT.ANTTNG *aPrneulrpmqnt. of Seeda *

O(II;anc A.1,.P) 1 kg 10 0 100.00: 10O.00.0Planting of See^da :Man/day: 2fi 1 25i.00: fl2b.0

ining and Sipplying MAn/Ay0 14 i 25.00: 3S 350.00

- Weeding (2-3 t.imem). Man/day: 150 26.001 3750.00 --

Cont.tol of i nsecnt.s ltT,i treR 25 1f65.00: 825.00nt(Cymhulsh ).. Renlaft. . ', '*kg 2S5 15h6.001 3750. 00

Prculrr.ment. of Fertillze? Rag : 150.00: 600.00I O I. O ,' ertilizer App1icat.ion. :Man/-Iny: f0 ,' 20.00: 1000.00

I It 4

I,' rv..st.ing t22 t.imes>. ,Man/day: hO00 2fi.00j-.12500.00

TrAnspnrut.t1t on. , ', 3 :7fi0.00

...