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EnvironmentalAssessment/Analysis'Reports -______
Report E003C
Nigeria -
Irrigation DevelopmentProj ecte-EA Category A
Environmental Assessment-3 of 31994
This report has been prepar-ed by the Borrower or its Consultnt
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Environmental l.Assessment/AnalysisReports ______
Report E0036
Nigeria-Irrigation DeveomentProjectEA Category A
Environmental Assessment3 of 31994
s..... ..... .. b .p . ... o.. t C nsut..............
Ibis report has been prepared by thie Borrower or its Consultant
MNVTRONMENTAT. TMP&CT ASSRFSSMFNT OF
P'riw. NATTw;NAr . FAI)MA )rVEI.lOPt4FRNT PlO.JECT
(MTDfT.R AR1.T, NTGRRTA)
RRPORT PRVPARED FOR
FF:.DRA I. AGR TC1I.TIJfAF. COORDINATTNG IJNTT,
FFD.RA I, fJFPARTMNIT OF AGRTC1J1.TIRF,
ARII.TA .A-
DRCFMRFR, 1993
s'rniJ)y No. FACnI/9n/f*
iI
* Ti s; sttudy wns tanclertasken nn brhnl f of FArtl by MNrssrs%. J.Ayeni :wi ilil ire Expert/Team leav!Pider), J.O. of-tn. (SocialAruLbhrrpologist). A. Rolawole (Rnragtelnnd Expert), E.O). Tta( Fisbnrinsx F.spcertI, Nf.1C.C. S ridlmnr (Pishlir Rnltbh Fxpert.)nnd V.0. Chludr CTir-rignt Li Ag r(irflhII .)
TARP.E OF C,ONTENTS
Li i.t of Tabi eR t 0 5 C C 5 5 0 a O .o * 5 O O O O O . O 5-5* O O O. O 0 5 I 5a 0 . 6
1I.ist. of Fl giarca . .. .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .................
r.iRt. of Pl*t..a....................*F.cernt.ive Summiry *.O.OO...O .O ... a a 0.a a ass...... ,550
1 .0 nRACKR.ORUND TNFORMATTON ............ .............. . * .:
1 .1 Tnt.rodliaet.ian .... O ..... .. .................... sa...
1.2 TermRof Referene . ......... sss 5 5
2.0 STlUnY ARRA ........ .a..a..4 - OsOsuuas e * a a O aa0 |u Sa
.A1u10 2.1 Lncation *O ... .. . O...OO.... O .e. -- s 0 O 0-s-sO-a
2.2 Roils and siGology .. sc t
2.3 RLintnfll .
2.4 Veget.at.ion ............... ----@-@@@@*l
3.0 MFRDTOY.c.ecnAsSeessese.. i3.1 Prteamble .. 5.cs ... ...... ........... .. 5. ;
3.2 RecC,nnitfaR ncP, *. ... O.s uO O c~s. OOOOO ca0OO0 as5*. 5 50
3.3 Debtailedi St.udy c... scec.e.e.essccse.
3.4 Soil nun wnt.er mnmpling ... ..*............ ..** *-.e.c. j
4.0 F.NVTRONMNTAT.THPACTASSESSMENT ..........................
4.1 RAnge Manngement. e ....... ........ .. .55505-5
4.2 Wildlife Rinlogy .,O.. O ,cuO.easO.Osa s..Os.5O5O5 |eOI
4.3 FreRhwater Firheri . .... s o .......... c ......
4.4 Trrigation Agronomy |... ............
4.i5 Social Ant.hropol ogy .. . ....-. e.. .@. . . . . .
4.6 Public Health j .'OO.s OOOO.s OOc O.O.a.O.OcO.casa.OOOOOe
--- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
6.0 MTTTGATTClN MEASRURES ......................................
F..1 Range Management ................a.............. ..
5 .2WildlIfse Riology
5.3 lPIhftrhwat.er Plsherie ...... ..* .a...........
f.4 Trrigation Agronomy .............. a..................
5.fi Soc1a1 Ant.hropology .*.......eo* ^
5 .A Pumbli c Heal t.h .h ...................................
ACTTNX PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RTRT.TOCIRAPRY . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ...............
APPEN-T-X . ..............
ACRONYMS
ARIl Ahmadis Bellao lnivern it.y
ADP Agriaul timrpal Development. Proj,not.
RMWA lvangelical Churnh nt Vast Aftrlca
R.TA Itnvironm.nt.al Tupuct. DAneRaAnt.
PUlD t.TP Environment.al Ranit.t.1ton Task Po,roe
PACItJ Pederal Agricultural Coordilnating lunit.
WEPA Federal Envlronmental Protect.ion Agency
KtGAnP Kogi St.at.e Agricultuiral Development Project
MACRAN Miyetti Allah Cat.tle Rreer eru Asnoaciati.n ofNigeria
NAPRT National Ailiral Prodmact.lon lRe.earch Tnatiut.mut
NVDP National Padama Development Projct.i
NGO) Non-Governmental Organir.atian
nuu NlXPD National Livent.ock Project.A Division
PADP Plateau State Agriculti:sal Development Project.
PI.PD P1 at.au Rt.ate .i vent.ock Projeoct Department
SHFRF (Small Holder Fatt.enng Scnhe.?e
SLDP Second Ti veetock Devel opment Project.
TADP Tnabiha Stateo Agricull;lural Development. Project.
WTA Women in Agrioault.ure
i!. S
----- __
NVTRORM.NTAT, TKPACT ARRRSRMENT OW TH; NATTONATIPADAMA nFVRT.OPMRNT PRO.TROT TN TWR MTDnnr RRLT.T.;
NTOFRTA :
RXnal"TVR SIJMMI4U ,
The Xt.udy on environment.al impact. asseeiment of th. National
Vadama Dnvelopment Project. (NFlP) wan commli.ioned by the
Federal Agrirulti.ral Coordinating 11nit. (FACUI) to broadly
ident ify:-
i. t.he pot.entiAl for increamed conflict hetween fArmer.
and paRt.oralixtR as land i n converted from ppNtur to
arable land;
ii. conflict bet.ween farmers and fishermen over wat.er
managpment. in the flooded Fadama areas;.
iii. the effect of the proposed project on fish habit.at and
the potent.ial of t.he project. t.o destroy or to enhance
fish habit.at;
iv. potential for contamination of surface and groundwater
with fertilizersm and/or other agro-chemicals useUAd fora
intensive irrigated crop produc'tion on the Wadamas;
V. the potential for the project to provide incentive for
the destruection of hahitat.s of waterfowl and other
migratory and non-migratory hirds depending on the
extensive Fadam a wetlands;
vi. the destruction of habitat. of other terreet.rial apecies
that inhabit the Fadaman, and
vii. changes in the patt.erns of waterborne diseases.
I
1)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~U Rnne M^n *mant.
A team of' six conaultaint.m consistting of A Rangi Manageetint.
Ex~'pert.; ROM Il At.thrapologi at.; 'Freshwater Fi sheirie an
Riologint.; Wildlifng BRiologist; Trriga.ion Agronomint.; anrd |
Ptubli. Health Rxpert. was comminsioned to undertake the
mt.udy.
The conault.ant. conduct.ed a reconnaiRsance viNsit t.o
three Middle Relt. StPat.en of Kogi, PlateAus and Taraba. Thir
wsn followed up with t.he colla.t.ion of relevant, field
iniformat.ion. Samples of soil, fish, sui:face and ground
wRlt. r were coll lcted f rom the vistited Agri nil t.ural
nevelopment Project. (ADP) operat.ional sons for chemical
analT. o o Ft
Discssdions were held with Rt.aff of rele-vnt. Ministries
and Parat.atal. n Useful information and publicationsd were
collected to complement the field reports. rindingl from
t.he different expertS. are slummarized helow.
1')R.aueManat4a-Ment..
Fadaman have competitiveg sTes among which are: farming,
grazing, fishing and wildlife hunting. Vadamai in the three
Rt.ates are used lar%Xely for rainy season crops and are Ileft
fallow for most, part. of t.he dry season for grazing. IAvailable studiest indicLt.e t.hat.- the Nat i onal I
Livestock Projects Division's (NT.DP) cusrrent. programmes Ibenefited montly the- urban elite herders, raLther than the
pantoralist.s. This is the case also of bot~h the fodder bank
sand Small Holder Fat.tening Schemes. E.xisting Grasing
- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -i
U~~~~~~~~~
\Renerven have not bheen fully ut.iliead by t.he past.oralint..
dime t.o inadequst.e knowledge of their ex1st.ence and lack of L"
,1 nfraMst.ruCltUrr. .
There are three major 1 ivest.ock produr.t.ion ey.temu in
the three st.'tes, notably: nettled pamt.oralits, agro- [.
pastoralist., and t.rannint. pastorali.ts. Availabillt.y of
fodder and water for animal well-being in basic to the t.hree
produsction systemm.
The competitive IuRe.R to which fadamas are psat is t.he;
sourne of potent.ial conflicts amongst the various rural land Vusers. These inelude conflict.s among settled farmers; ;
hetween farmors and pastoralits; between farmers and *
fishermen and between fishermen and past.oralists. Six mode.
nf nonflict resolultion are operative but resolution by L-inter-personal and communal modes are mostt common and r
preferred by all reRpondent... i
The cattle population densit.y for t.he Rub-humid region-2 i
is estimated at 14 cattle km . This was however, exceeded2
in Plateau State wit.h 18 cattle per km and Gongola (Adamawa
and Taraha Stat.es) with 16 per km The fadamas are
cuirrently the main sou3rces of fodder together wit.h browsing
of t.rees and shrubs. Tn the t.hree st.ates, fadaimas are
heavily grazed during the dry season as they remain fallow. ,
'Fdama crop residues are grazed eit.her free, bat.tered or
charged. Rut. utilization of fadama crop residiues is
constrained by the current low level of fadama farming; the
nat.ire of fadama: crops; and the relay-cropping systems.
iii.
1 iIt
--~llzl- -- rr - --------- -.-
Rome of t.he natural I y oacmrri ng f dama productant mch not
plants, fruvits and flowers Are used for food, medical and i
household purposes.
The prospectm of fodder bank prodruntion on fadama and
the involvement, of thn past.oralist.s are limited byr the -.
t.ransient. nat.ure of t.he paittoral1stag lack of land use
rights of t.he pant.oralists, the opport.unit.y cost of growing
cropR vis-a-vis est.ablishing fodder bank, lacsk of irrigat.ion
facilit.ie, and the relatively large herd mixe of t.he
pastoralist.s.
Options for improved livestock management on falama
include; t.he neeAd to grant land Use R rights t.o the nomadic.
past.oraliRt.. not only in the fadama but alec in tnhe upland,
persuading them to grow and manage pamt.ure on t.heir.land or
embark on livest.ock crop int.egrnt.ion, rehabilit.at.ion of the
exist.ing grazing.reserves and the development of new ones
it.h adeqnAte facilitiee,and proviRion bf efficient and
effect.ive extension and input delivery eyst.emn.
The following mitigat.ion measmres are suggest.ed:
a) A Riit.ahle portion of the Fadama land should be met.
anside for grazing;
h) To fnrestall the potential conflict.s that would ariRe
het.ween the land ownerR and the migrant farmers, NFDP
shouild be deRigned to aecommodate prospective farmers.
The present. operat.ors of fadamas are not necessarily
the owners: some of the operat.ors are migrants. With
t.he NFDP, the rightful owners of the fadama may want to
iv
-..---
taker advantage of the tershnical innovat.ion t.herehy
creating conflict., het.ween t.hose who have accean to.
land and t.horn without.;
r.) The project. design should encourage livst.aock/arop:
integrat.ion in order to encourage fadama farmers t
adopt. crops whose residiues nould hb ised As Animll
d) Commuinity t Leaders (Ardns. ;arkin Vom eto.) and
traditional rulers should continue to resolve conflict..
amongat t.he various rural land userm. Tn addition, an
Appropriat.e Tnst.it.ut.ional Framework for conflict
ramolt3tion sujrh as the Area Livestock (rasing Comuit.t.ee
(of Koji State) shouild hb st.-up in other St.aten;
e) More Grazing Reserves should be c.eat.ed while t.he
eviRting ones are gazett.ed and properly managed. For
the paatorA.liRt.S to he encouraged t.o patronize the
Grazing Reserves where papture, wat.er, and veterinarr
;support. servicen are provided, cAtt.le. rouates should be
surveyed, gazetted and prot.ected;
f) About. 20X of fadama land should be set asiit for
grazing and Conservat.ion piarposes, with a view to
prenerving the hio-diversit.y of fadama resources; And
g) Fodder bank demonst.rAt.ion plot.s should he set up and be
run hy AWrs for a number nf years before they ire
ttirned-over to the beneficiaries. This is very
import.ant. if t.he past.orali StA are to be persuaded t.o
adopt. foddpr bank produoction.
v 1
__ _ _ _ _- _ _ _ ____ _ _ _ _ ____________ 7
2. Wildlife Rinlnefv
Thn atudy area in well ondowed with diverin variet.ies
of plant. and animala which are mainly protected under.
Stat.eA adictm, National Deairee and Tnt.ernat.ional aonvent.ion
in conservAtion rear made tap of a net.work of Nat.iona l
Parka, fAme Reserves and forest Reserves.
The development, of thel Padama gream in an \i nt. f erenae
on thhe fAdama eco.yat.em. Tt not. tbhoaghtfsil ly and
yst.ematically implemented the development, will have al
det.rimentAl effect. on plant. and animal apecies bio-
diver.it.y. WaterfolwR, and aquatic mammal. much an. ott.era,..
crocodile^ and hippo. will migrat.e from th Vadamaa an a
resilt of drainage of the polders in whinh they live. Then"
mAmmal.. and wat.erfowl. face extinrt.ion unlens alt.ernative
and appropriate hahit.at iR found.
Terre.;trial mammaliann wildlife a pecid. that. require
regilar watpring are aimilarly bound to migrate from the
drained Fadamaa. Some wildlife specien Rusch as quaeles and
rodents will increarse in popuilation as a consequence of
increased crop production resulting from the Vadams
devel opment.
The waterfowls which are likely to reduce in number am
a result of fadama loan of open water due to irrigat.ion
innlinde the white pelican, the great whit.e heron, the black
heron, the Spurwing gnome, whit.e-faced tree dusck; the
giint king fisher, and the northern crowned crane. Other
vi
=_.___ __ ___ - -_____ -
game hirdi that. wilt similarly he impanokt.d by Fadama
develonpmont ienrluai3e 1.'h wnter t,1cl?inne, rita cal.tle egret.
V I-ty pItivetm, 1.1op- IPUWII 41wtH t}lrFII 4. ,l1. is.1l 4 I (J' rC tintl U1se sl idge
wArhleriq. The numhern of the habove lit.etd hirda itn the pnmt.
werr fontnd to. have tpeei misch more t.hnn nt. preenil. wlt.h mnny
now snorce' where fdIimna develonpment. hng nlready begun. On
t.he ot.h,ar lInnd, while moam waterfowls nrQ fouindi to he
deld ing in nuniber, ot.her hiirdt msch ni qtinlei, dovaR t.he
rock partridge, t.in weaver and the rut.ff are incr^aming
rapidly aR a connupqiipne of espnnded pr,odsict.ion of rice,
%0inecnorn, millet, And mnL7Xe in the Wadaman.
Terl w 1 1 11 I re. mpfe'I e 1.inht. wI 1t1 n nnga t. l vn I y impacted
d*Ie to water iaoe for i rri gat i on i n t.hr fAdnma I nel nude
hippopOt.amni. mnmatee, and otheir-. The crocodile and
anau Ini.r 1 i .rnrds uare C.haet repi.le-t. I.o tin 4inmilarl y ,trfef:.t.ed.
The wat-rhitek, rendhtick, btuffaln, elephant.R, rnnn ant.elope .S
and hantphebett nrc Riome of the larger wildlif e rnimalR which
are no ted to he more abundant i n the Pant. in t.he abpence of
fadamn devplopment. Sur!h other wildlife eppeies an t.he
gramRmit.t.ern, t.he wartlog, nnakee, ( Roach AR cobra, pyt.h)onn,
and vipers), an well aR rodent. p9t.n RoUch An the Nile rat,
L.he ainrt. rAt. nnd t.h mill1.inininotiht.i' rat.s hbnve inerenamd in
popilat.ion tam A reRiult. of Fadrtma nevelopment..
The rpmoval of ext.encivp vegetation cover in order to
opeta tip the Fadamasmn for crop, production will certainly lead
tn lomR or bin-diverRit.y. Tn place of the laRR of original
vii
vegetation cover types a new herb layer of weeldR are
dpve'l op i nig.
N I grri a. i y.vt. In Intqca-onu' ii It g1l0. 1.aII-Y 1. l I.1e II nmsfr
conventinn for protection of wetland nnd waterfowis which
are' likely to he impartebd by the proposed Fadnuina. Develocpment.
Projort. This shortcXoming should be 4uick1y corrected.
Den I I.e th i n, wit.hin then situdiy r rea there are Rsfveral water
inpouandments and ext.ension of wetlands from neighhousring
States whiirci rnlr of specisr;n importance ton waterfowl. and
other avian speRiPS that might be impac:ted.
Rntsih areas inclut3de the *Kainji lake in Niger State, the
Jebhn Laake in Kwara Stnte, the Sert;i nrea or Gnshaka.-Oumpti
Naticnal Park of Tarabn State, and the Yankari National Park
in Rairchi State, thp wetlands of which extends into Plateau
State. I'he wetlnnds of Reniae River, Rashimbila, WAnse Rock,
Pai Rivpr and the confluefnce or rivers Ntfger and Rfenue have
rpcordso nf spectiactilar wate-rfowl sighitings that. nre I ikely
to he impacted by the Fadama ditevelopment.
Sonme rst*s or ; Itit rnlosr I wts in c) mt it. i v'tv n rens i os I siall :
1. OceipAttion of part of FadamnA in consprvation areast for
f:nrm i ng puarposes.
2G Ocuetpation of conservation areas by catttle herds insearch of pasture
3) L7opping onver of legCimminous t.reeq in corder to obtainfodder for livestock.
4) Setting fires to bush ir, order to promote early gre-enfiush of grasses and poaching of wilellifte diuring dryspesonO when farming nvt.i;ities are at t.he lowest level.
viii
.ai iel neF for st.emnming C.hne ine-au1Ritio nliudeq:
III Iits divie II sijflhle iII Or I w1 e II I I-IIIfItiII m1414 ld rspOlsit 0'v poI iryn,r w iltl Ifp monnsement., snd rlonRervat.ion progrnotime tn*,i.l r ' Clots II.s, I I e.tm 1m, Wi III I it1 t,veIs dilmdil I sing isllilivirtor' widrilire wi.titiu nnid 13t.Aide Oteir .onRervationvi ArpAR.
hi) MFIto licawqs r In wi IMi fe iminrmncme.nl. oil. ikll 1evn1 miRat. he.r- mned nn¢d lne.reist3e hy t.he gamle protert.ion unit.A of
t.he MiniRtrieR of Agricuiltujre in each Stat.e.
n) ranitor prnl:ert inn perMovlYine whiirh nre iont. preeni.rly inp3o Ri F4 1S iI o n r r I re-si rin.n, in coe w i u, rl ruieti ponc:lerRmiaut: he armped.
dl St.nt.e Eridit.e miulnI. he inrioni7I ed wibLh Nat ionallegislation on endangered RppeieeR and enforced.
e) Tncl3rRion Int.o Renit.ive arens by liveetock miet. beRt.emmed t.hroaugh a progratmim of 1ed;nt.ariliz.ation ofherduui into qrnzing rRearven where pnatitre, wnter, andvelEeri tinrv stapport. are .providedd by Rt.at.e l.iveet.ookDepart.ment.
f I T 1 e.an1 oI ealpati. i cfn of oItC. c?iKe PtVsfev I. I on nrena forrn ut i ,i L piairponsR nmalax1 he t.oI.il1 y diReoi3raged by t.heStat.:t' prot.ection staff.
g) Pli1 ic Pinl ig lt.vian.-?al. rnmpisa igr_n L.o educ:n1.te ruiralc!1mnhu1i t.it-q nn the (lhinger of eet.t.ing wi Id i fe t.o thewetlands in the. f^dama areas must he embarked uapon.
To nvert. Ihe- stiov e menti ntael inrmies ive-onlil e onaeq eitee t.he
followinC rneammnendation.s nrr given .
1 I Tot.nal removal of vegetation cover ire extended areas
thT'nhalghoiat t.he Fadamnaa. minsi. he di scousraged. TnRt.erd,
the. Fsldsitnis muis. h1- r devel cpedl in pnt:litceH ! v i 1h
undi s:tirberd nrens left. betwepori. The uinclearfeal huahee
wil I pron%ide litel t.er ntnd refiuge for escaping wildlife
sp#cires' from t.hp imparn t,edi FodatmAs, nnti a corridor to
t.lne watering points for m.igrat.ory livaestock;
2) Wildilife species escaping from t.he Fadama deve-elopmfent
project. areas shouild lie rnptiured alive and tranalocat.ed
I) is i l n, *VnI l? I sVl tel t revs to Its ,*e1 1 1. I W It hjis"! I.n"-di.f IC ent ..
pnrt"m;
3)1 wiiii I ro renIti .edl ic'1A VI t.it4 Rise-II aft animftl
dnnieatAlcntion aind wildllifeb game rancnh Ing miaatt he
PrIC)tI1'~S ged) D&tiIolog t.hte Vix rone r 1i,l the Flukoiam ni.eaR.
4) Wildlife policy, mainagement. and adminit.rnt.ion muant he
haserid on commuanity ptirt.icipation approach rnupport.ed
thrniagh pibli i enli ltepnmennt. in the Fadaima arean;
5) F.veryt.hing poa.Fihle muiRt. hp done not. to retdsce bio-
divarnit.y of epecieR of plant.. and inimals an a remuvlt.
oif Padnmsx davelcopment._.
3.Pre-Miawater Firtharerlo Arid Witt-fr QuiA,i L,
The middle belt. Rt.at.eR nre drained hy t.he Niger-Renisa
Rivert RvRt.enist and t.heir- lrihiilarien niamely; Iivi-vesR Kaduna,
Giarara and Anamhra on the P'iger and 'rivers KatReinn Ala,
flonga and Tarabnaon the River Rensie. A few of the
t.ribut.aries e.g. Ratsins Ala and Taraba a-re perennial while
the gre,ii. maojority dry isp andi separat.e in!-c. pools dujring the
dry neason. Thiere are as total flood plni in areat of abOu3t
3R15 , 001in bet.ween .7ehhn,a uinn.ine nd the confli sencee whil e the.
River Renuse has an estimatedi 312,000ha of floodplain. Along
the lower Niger in 1gogi St.nt.e thern in another ext.ensive
floodplAirn estimai.ec at; aboist. 165,000oh, wit.bin the Niger-
Arsnnulattrn Rivyer xynt.emn.
Thfe biology of the fishi poptulat.ion-s in thet t.wo major
Rivers, Wiger ijndi RenueF is closely linked with t.heir flood
*.q't i :nlr'. * S;n~m11 lm Im I 1.1n i q r,t till 1jnt i. ,.t,', Ii w I t I. I I wI1.11 CI ho
i nfI sin of fl nnd wett.pr Iintn thr. rivrgrq di v- I ,g ; Lhn rn I ny
Rsason. AR t.he rivers overflow their hankR int.o the
ri .l lpi its I *I t 1i' f I r.IOP eide. i i I I .P.I-i vly 111I(1 1 iDIW11p1 wt.ihin
the plainF. With the onset of the dry season and renesRion
of the flood, the fishes hath adilt. And juvenileR migrate
back 1.o the rive-r channenl. Majority of the migrants Pre
etes pit, r.u| i,*. r i s<iii. r * I lsriM rem I ni ritg t 1u111 pooi{ A tiii
sWAmpR nre AlRs Puploit.ed dUring the dry season. A ftw
speoies; survive and remain in perenninl pools and swamps
l.i1 11 t.Iie' t i. ri nodt sensors.
ChAnges in c imat.ic pattern leadling to reduePO rainftll
,dv'ersti 1 y nrrec.,4 I.tie tin t.ur111. Ie,'fdirg cyctle of rith lenling
to low fish catch and r-eriiit.ment int.o t.he main rivera. The
control of wat.er at. Kainji and Jehbandam- has had adverse
ef-fet. on t.he fish popuIttion It thPIwen *Jehl annd t.he
confluen:e At Lokoja. A suhRt.antial loss of floodplain and
reduIct.i all in 1.otl.nl fis}i la-Iflidilgs by fishermeim have beent
r-eorrded within thfe Rt.ret;ch. Available Pvidence atlo nhow
that such Pxtensive loss of flondplain caised by drouight or
wat.er control in dams has signi ficant. adverse impact on
hin idversi t..
Flo:h Rivers Niger and RPntie and t.heir tribut.aries have
been reported to have low dissolved nuatrT ients similar t.o
other tropical rivers. Condtictiv'it.y ranges from 48 - fifi3
IUmhos/rm in the rivers -ind Total l)i ssiolved SolidsR (TfS) of
-
Aho11i. 100mg/i itre hnve hben reordfed. valnes in sta,gnant
ponrds annd reservoirs are muc:th higher.
The mini ng pnuidciakR in Plateau3 St.8I.e nren P-4I.remely low2
in nustrienits with condusetivity rAnge ror 11 .9-951 .ms/nhm
with Ai meAn of 31.9. The paddock. arre deep and unsuitabhle
fnr fIish prodiuction, buit. couild he improveff by fert.i I iZat.ion
And stocking anvd caget cialtiara production.
Tntenstive cultivation of fadama lands nPcessit.at.es the
applicntion of organie and inorganic fertilizers and
pesticides which are later washfed down into staignant pools,
swamps and reservoir. nDirect pesticide poisoning du ring
applination is also common. Washing of pesticide containtr.
in. La sI.ngnsIII. 139301 R of wuat Ir i n Ikuiwr to hie ten iai otl.o 1.0
fish and humanps Pating the fish. Althou3gh fadama activity
in the States visited was low sofme signsi of poll ution of
suirface waters were observed.
The National Policy nf the EnvironnmnT1. by the Federal
E;nvi ronmental Protection Agency (FEPA) titled "Gui del i nes
arid Standnrds for En vironmental Pnl lit ion Control in
.Jiierin" has takein Adequate care of water quality guidelines
fnr t.el, usl,l nngenernt tof sTurnron antid groelu.ml w# .trR. '* lhe
ffluafpeil limitntion giiidelines cod%vers All c"t.egories Of
pol I Iall tl.ats Il.o 11 fromn i nclhs I.r i es 3nd agronhemni cal sc. Fl;PA llsnR
definite polinies on agricul%tujral chetpminals and has o1tlinled
strategies to minimize the- adverse impactAs of chemicals on
human health and the environment.
Y4 i
riuideltine for the monitoring of grntivndwater whiith in
11i il v lt.a nliply t.o tihleo-well 1 1i1l wvMluihore Iri I qa I. I ti n tre
ta I noi te Laf I I t it] |i I lift A geir- yI R pubi I en 1. I (1'1 is i dncl i nen P nd
Si I nti(li. tal.4 ro, r Frin% I rntimletnf,n I I'nc I )lII. iot' .nt. t'. rl * A
r'nmprehinncive 1 ial. of inietituti.io,uR cnpnbl e of prov i ding
rrhq.inxitle laboratory cnrvicrrn nre given In t.he txt..
The majority of fishermen finhing along t.hp major
Rivprr Nigetr anid Reflue operfte tin full-time and are abhle to
providie this Fnalrne of' protein Co Lhe Inhhbil.nnt. of' .he
middle hblt. St.at.ec. of lCwLrA, Niger, Kogi, Reniac, Plateau
and TArahA. To the ihnahitnnI.s of t.hrmRe St."t.eI
par ti c IIarly those l iving r lIeoe t.o the perennial rivers,
fi iR t.he major prntein enmirne. They orcupy l.hn mneond
mnst prodiac'tive naqiat.ic region in t.he oniuntry sPecond only to
t.he anaRtal Staten.
Sonme recommendat.ionn hnve been ndvinnce,i t.o mit iggni.e t.he
impants and anRiet. in the Rmooth operat.ion: of t.he uinified
extension services e yxtem of t.he ADP. Amnng the
renommeendat.ionn are t.he need for increased ex1:ension
ed,icat.ion t.o farmprn on the right. nxe or fert ilizere and
pest.icides and preenistione to hp tnke,irrf diuring npplication.
Monitoring of resiiiues in stagnant wat.ers of pooles lake.R
and re;nervnirR ha-, been ndvoci t.ed and the need L.o legiRlAtr.
gEn i net. imuaportation of hnrznruinian pesstticides int.o the
country has been emphasized. PF.PA has t.hig nmandate.
. .i.
^;1 1 1~~~~
ThP importannce of coneervaElon of gqemrmuir' rFainarr"x in
ensue orfrmi'unul pon1s, milninbz.e t,h impaRrt. of drought, and
flood voint.rol in dinm i nal4n hi ghl IhkII.rP1.
Fi nil,vy it. wna rer:nmmmdefldPui th.i. ithf ri mheorIe paerennnl
e1vrrnq1.Ua in lim AI)Pm R1otild be Inci:pneeri t.hroigh rerrult.ment.
nnAiI us,:siPCOWlr" developilimilI. I ri ortder 1.n 'enhiuieQ P- enp Ionn
edIIa.E,ion. Imtrlbiut.lon of flshing input.s t.o f i hernuen
tor1 c r wi i.i rnminim rnrnilisg iptilmI Iffs advoctal.pid. Al Ro t.he
manngpment. of pervnniAl pool; AnTd amining paddaockm nhoild he
tanr*nt f.sa pdi by dimntnt rn.ti on c.r nllAlIAflI. t.echn i quae in
mnodl paddockn And pnol by h,illage R'ct.enqion Agpnt.m in all
thp AnP zonee.
4. 1
The etmady Rhows that. mauingeminrli. of i rri gAed cropR
lnder rnrmere conAi t.ion liAnl been mAde inerfriipnt, due
largely to miiltifarioiar prohilemtm. Thcf- proleilnme ineliluio
lack of Inthouur mnnving lnnd prepnrAtiori met.hodn, inability to
pronre-t'P imprnved high yifelding ndnc di eneS tolerant. Reeds,
iin^viilfhililCy Arid thi gh romt or r.hmnnicnl ee.rt.lf 17nr ,
pcet.icideX. hmerhiride-,, engine-p pampn, and wmi.er hoqes.
Oft:her pronlemsu- arr inc?k or credi1. fneiltit.1ee, ponr conndition
of Acepns rnads nnd inndequint.e Rt.ornge facilit.ies. Farmere
Wr%ltc 4 a r 1e*g * r I.Iui iiitt I.hsia . s4 Ihec I iseuee Ar
properly naddreRed, t.he proposeed e-pnnded- fadam project
will he a failisr. They rcq!ve'St.ed for fill part.icipation At.
all stmi(es. of planning And implenment.at.ion for the project.
Pr'v i niiR Rai1 Ancd water report.4 Incliadling thre
ailimI,rv II-Il l st llu r 1-4)lf MIIiIIII qn om 1 I *I I f66 ll4wmflW'( li.m. I. a lI1 Lhr
nlI1R nrf' low in nat.iurnl f pr*ti I I1.vh mcept. tonIte I.htn. avrn
,Pw1. a<% r '..1 r I D1 ndwaI.e S. * .1- iii. Y1l415N8 tn I sued roj pn ,'du roIa . i o n
hnt.h carg'nic nnd ninorganir fort.llivpr, mat. hp. appli ed to
nnilA low in fertility with diue regard''t.o ao 11 tenting.
Mnrenver, all the "alinit.y and aodicit.F i ndieat.nrR were
low s ggrating thal there are no immedinte riRk of Ralinit.y
itl 1.Is o 1 ol. Si milnrly, the ciont.pfntr offol alibl taol lda and
VnAif...% ror Pl ertrnivl o ondutcicnvity nre wit.hin ACOP.pt.ahl I
limit.r for irrigt.iion water. A call wast, however, made for
routine monl ILoring of water qlinl ity and qunnt.it.y for t.imely
dptertion of aalinit.y and aqiuifpr depletion rpetpectrively.
T'iert prolpFottl fadinmm pm'oJet.f *fi .% . o il. aridrea. 1.he I RASiC
of sail adeqaately end t.l,e need for detailed sail Rlsrvey of
nrPnS wi l:h e'-rel llvt. Foidamn pot.enLial for thIe puirpone of
adeqaimat. land aaae planning and development.. Moreover, thi a
evcerriep is a prprecjuisite for Rustained iuSe of the fadAma.
A rPview of thP evint.ing pest; and disfe:ae mnnngement. by
farniers revenIfd t.hai mnot. fimrners do not. ujs;e chemical
control men;Isuien lnreely lZroc-n uJ or p-cinvlti1:lvf cou}st. or tui
matiri Als. Somne i nd i genotas knowl ed3ge Rtuich as uSie of
detl'enentts. ah unl 1n1'nli r> irnti rri. i o.ti s l or cert.nin
insct-s were' identlified .9nd recommendat.ion made for fuirther
evali,ation of thesp lornl cont.rol mueAsires. The poRsihility
of inereased innidence af peft.R and dineanes as irrigated
-
nropping be.ome" more intensive are highlighted. A more
rat.ionAl approach to checiking thiR proliferoLt.ion lios in an
int.egrnt.ed post mAnagement Approach which conmprilmN of
AdPq%an.i,. land preparation, tIFa of improved crop variet.ies
t.imely applicAtion for ciultiural practices and tame of
appropriate agrocheminals for cont.rol ofAprtt and diseases.
Cturrent fArmerlt crop elect.ion in Amt.ifact.ory. The crops
are hoth adapt.ed to t.he environment, and are of high vAl1U
except. for a few spenies. Thnir timing of planting do not.
require seriocis modifications so long am t.hor are organised
market.a to porcnhase their prodisce. The sequennn or aru,pping
shouild he siuch an t.o nenouragi cereal - vegetahle and cereal
- Igl2sme ret.at.on.
The conflict. related t.o market. forces in which large
quarnt.it.ies of perishable vegetables from irrigation sehemen
are lost, due t.o glut. and low prices in a major nconomic
problem to farmers. Private investment involvement. in the
establishment. of vegetable proncessing plants near large
fadama areas shoulld he encousraged.
;nSocial Ant.hroDolnfr
Conflict. in fndnmx resotrce usise is c<auRetd by
int.eni ficnation of resource IIRP and expansion of fadamA ise.
Tntensifirntion mny I-Di poposalation driven or market. driven.
Which etver form of reRouarce;. use, competit7ion for use in
usual l t.he end resil t. Trnsiton and conflict car be groiped
int.o two dift.inot categories viz:- "Wit.hin group" And
"Rptween group."xvi
Wfl cm urmuiS o1.ecgary r:ompri ReF nf rarmePr/farm#Pr
pAstOral M i s /iJnFe.I.ara1 i 4t. Jbitfi fheritnar/fisRhermnn.
Tuh lieL. wenr_n_pLL rorflimit.s or favrme"r/pnat.o.nl iRl , Iarm# r/
ft sh'e emniY n rd ptsRtorn 1 i t4 / f I eheh rmni t
Thp most. frequient, form of t.ension nnd !onfl ict. is t.he
"'btween troaip" where t.he farmer/paAt.ornlit. conflict. is t.he
mnst. frequient nnd significnnt, involving ppople of divergent.
et.hnir orictisi. Crop damagte einaRe-d by anninlAla IR tihe major
source of conflict and tension. Conflict. bet.ween ot.her
stroaps anrP minimal. Tn most. ncse, 1.be fiaher,nni nr tIaPin
t.he same people that. opernte t.he cont.iguoias farmlands.
Confliot between rishermen nn;i rarmre*r it , .hereforr vpry
rare. There were, however, report.s of conflicts
lielWeq', f i Nliermetk #indl herdNmneii. Fi shermen operat. I ng nlnng
the Tarnha River in Taraba Stat.e, for instance, cnmplained
of regtular disrutption of thpir honoks ani traps hb cat.t.le
drinking along the shorp of 1.he river. The ronflict in not.
515 s:fr-ioulls as1 thoes hbtween dr.y saeson farmerx and hprda3men
and r-ol d be- eansily rpsaol ved i r fishermen a grPee t.o show
rOll:p i r7ouui: signs in Xllr-1i fII'oEJ rI- tivoidennce by herdy,men.
Disrnuption of honks nnd traps coulld oreate problems. for
h#errdsmefi silrec the.i r ral.l.l! roi,e]d- hlo hookei or wounllded hy
the traps. Tt. is. there-fore, to the advAnt.nge of herdsmen to
fjVOi; MSlCh1 fi-xhiTn6 loonl.inns.
Ot.her souirceR of conflict, are social in natuire and not
relatecd t.o resonirce tsie/competition.
xvi
1'Iiim mei,ttl.nd siR#d in r#bolving :onf1 ir dependa nn the
nn I.ii r a ndi nitq, I tiuie or t.lw cont, ri I i. III fill Cl MARF449 W1rE`
cnnflii-1. hRR h-en ocrenioneti h,v erp deri.rvl'1.inn nnsc whprm
the offenrlinq herdnmAn nmimi t.n gi ilt, i 1 to rpmruorn 1
ngremeent.R Are reached. lompenmnt.ion (varying in xmount.R)
arp often delmanded and paid hy pant.argl ist.n. Where
interpereonal renoliat.ion in not. ponstihl, t.he village hetad
and/ardo i*R clled in. Where thin fainm, t.lh law
enforenment. agent in brouight in. Occ.nionally 1, State Police
and/or t.he milit.nry jR drafted wheren otnfilirt. in large sicale
involving whol groimpa.
rtu 111 car1nn, the pIncipoKedB proj4e:l. Parenn are tined ty
pa9toralint.a AR dry neaRnn grazing reRotarce. Nomadic
hprdRmqn. whnme herdaize nveraged 2601 ea1t1tle or. fi rt. to.
arrive in the early part oF thp dry Reasnn
(October/November). They Rt.ay for periods rnnying from 4
wepka to 5 monthst, depending on availability of feed and
water resolirres us well aS norial lnrmony and ext.ent nf
fadiama cropping in the dry seaRnon. Tn Romp cnpen, the
hs rdhxmr't, n 1m4f rni,i sIamrj c'I-tPp% 1I mlin11y vept.nul R ).
1 WAeR observed t.hat p1 pl'rp wit lii gi A r-attl e popiul at. i onr
(high nt.toki ing rate) riec,orded tihe bi ghti.Rtt caseS of conflict.
letween past.nralistn and farmerR, viR-a-vin limited dry
se.%ason grazing resouirre.
AccenRibility tn dry senson grazing and hatering point.
counld he n major ronstraint to 1 ivest.ock mnnagement when t.he NFDP
'-vi ii
rnme,m on at,mnam. Thin wrnild necpiit.nt,e t.he rolocation or
14mI 1#orn1 IImt.4 ' wi Usl oil 1I Ii l I.l.pnidni LI. phliI eimR cf rf4ndjis"t.I ng
to new rondillAnna mnd waxy, nf life. Tf pentor-limt.m are not.
dixlpi nr%d *.heir itrnp ing nridI. w111 1.fe rndlefil1 y nI l.ro%d nvld
drAmti ral ly reduicned. The y will, therefore, he forrod tn
idopt. litw Pi^trat.teKI .,r hr fi mrlemenI. I nr ladI ng
poaalhilit.y of d,i"lorlcing ancl/or herrl aplittAtig.
A eignific nnnt. proportion of t.he women folk torn engnged
In agrI isItu ra l prodiirtlon, procn'esing, atorage and
mnrkpting. Women grotipa purcue A varirty of gnnllie which are
ultimately ditreot.nd at improving the livelihood nf their
family mpmherR. Snme nf thReg women grolpFt have heen
regiRtered into cooperat.ive aAmRciationnR. radama farming
rdrmR nn actilve component. of the mact.ivit.ieR of mont. of the
wompn groupA. Major- onnatraint.s the women face include
c rpeit., lnand prepnratitn, timply aupply of farmii inpst.m,
limit.d eixtension eont.act. and marketing hottlleneckR Lt peak
proaIc tinn p1r3rii el.
A mAjor prohlem the women will fAce when projert.
commencer irs Ihat. of nrceaRihiility l.o farmland. Land i R not.
ownled hy women as individuals and Ro they wouald have t.o
depend on t.he menfolk to providp fadamn farmlnnd.
Women pairticipation in increased irrigation farming
w-ill rel.lv 4 r'rilnntetr h)- 1 v t t..mdn i*i1. ..r wom.uqr. nst El.t.eit-
family memhprs.
' i Y
Mu I I I I !e WPfli rttin g..ggg I puobR11~ ~ ~~~..jpe 1%gsp Iv Voll*l+e ios 1@, Ii oBlla I n
internal Io/1nV1: lJilir1vV1 .1elVa. n;IO#l n
i ntprnml i onnn I I fqvpl n.
At. t.heb tnrmur lovel, rrnp tarmera thotild he anciouragod
t.n rai IcP anmP 1 i vet.ntnr kn ftirl.hey' Pnhnnen i:rnp/l Iveit.or,k
I u *rl rue 1. I on l *
Paqt.nral it.s ahonuld he nerni-rngrd t.o make andi atoir, hny
diuri ng the ra iny spamon for ine1 in dry ctamon. ThiR will
provideb ffeei mnt,er i l t.n Pninin1.e nil 1 i m. itlh p.mote1. itn1 or
I,ierld cnce. of coviilirt frrom gro.zing animakl. on ftdamn land in
Credi t nnd Land shniildl he readily av^n1able to women
frirmorm who hnve conapl It.Wl.d tbrmtHelvs I nin. rveg l l.ered
n.asoc:iat.nns.
Asn fnr Fir poRRi l fe. *nid pfirI.Iciallnl lyr II f untf I icl1. reidden
areaR, fArm land (fadama) Rhouldi lIe fencpd wit.h life
suateriala, espec ially Rpfec ieF4 t.ht. are us.efmal for Lnimal
inn - tPfed n' wPt I o well I adapt.ed t.o tle I onal it.y.
fe-rtrity nnd land uIRe comnit.t.Pee should ei e.t.nhlinhed
nt 1noal and St.at.e levplR of government, to monitor And
nid.jid in1e 1Innd n,gd rei nted dimpiiMPhI.f:4
At thp ATP lev%el t.he ext.:Cnfion out.fit Rhould he
ronsii deril,y !4tItI regt.hLenred l.o mnake the desired impact.R on
riural farming nnA fadamn fArming in particular.
The ADPR shhouild oollahorat.e, to t.hp extent poaeible,
with the River Basin Development. Aut.horit.y (RlRTA) eRpecially
ii. i.he nrfn (if wnt.r i r;nioree4 3eve0lopnifnt.
xx'
When Pnunlt.ing t.he fadama pro,jet., nnly pArt.iAl
dle.vfl niife'l Ime. h4ooildi' Iseifh r11 how edipo] i in, i.iw r i raR. I nNtAicil.
uu Only ahohnt 7fl ofr nany qive4n fatdimn nren ohoild lw ieve'lnpnd
in tIhr early vefnrm nf the project.
At t.he nLt.inna lvnl n AOAtt.l eorridara, the
enrhroachment. of whih ham oft.en connt.lit.u.ed major aonre.e of
herdnrm/rArmerm eifli 1rl;., NiSOdII lho ie-eml.elil 54ImfU;i *
And prnt."nl.01.
Wnt.er narml grazing roRniarnce cInii hte nii.oie evel vilndl q for
1.1wh sIme of ho'dlpr14. Tlue lorsil ennimaani ty l omemarR can grent.ly
ammint. in this rig- rd.
Liventock mervice ent.ree, form Rervine eent.reR where
inrpIts woilmt hp readily nvail inlpe to firtmirv. vhnoisId he
etwsihbi ibend wit. i trntegir cud cenamihle plarfe4. Vet.ri nonr!y
driaiss ahomild he nay I alil tn fn rmrerr/pFmt.onpR i4 at.R to
Compet.itive price.
KNfOR, msch An rel iqinimR orgqnniRn.1ion 4 (.g-. RCWA,
Catholic Chirc.h), farmerRi' aRRoiAtions, Women Prodic.tion
AsRociatinina, Profes ionwil ngricalt.ural amRocintinnR, ate.
estpecially those that. ronst.it.ut.P import.ant. inpujt. Rervice
P - oiIl.s; 1.0 n .hhe local rnommi titfes, simoialcd he mipported by
-Riovernment.,
01 Iii, mofv.l I .. I iw r ,, r . riwlc 1.11 RE, !;cIt AR nceRmF rC.andR,
grnaing rensrvect watpring points for livst.ock, health
centre shoujld he availAble at place eAsils aceossihle t.o
riural produrr,e -s.
,ci
nftlnunt r e liinri tg SituPt 1bsniis¢di,r1e IRS shOt 1 jioul reHOhfOfRe
il iesrwal I 1ii a' I it ttnil con.reca 1 o 1 @Io 11 I cvac4 c dl l I oseuse . Tom. Ii y
warning deviesr shouild he e mhbarked lipon by contRiguousFR nationn
5t. taFte 1.
a6. Puhlir ilunath
;u A review of literaturie n the Inf.lienc of smal l
irrIgnt I on schemeR on rise' health of farnmer WAR made. The
AV 1i1 ai eh 11 terature has heen seantty and i nd i nteR that
malarin and schistoRnsoliasis are the coImmon infections
nffecting the fnrmprR nll onver in thp trApictnl region. A
recent World Rank repopt., indic-Ated that irrigation
development in Nigeria reRuilted in the inerease of
incidenne ar twn variet.ie of Rihnri-iasis (intestinial and
uirinary). helminthiasis anid
gnfttrnoen.erie diRseses. Howpver, amnst of t.he reported
literatiire isR hbased on largfe scale irrigation dams.
Thi% staidy is theerefCore p1 nenied to find Otlt the impact
of Rmall irrigation Rschefmes Rsuch AR fadamA development
coverirsU shallow water sRournex on the hfealth of fnfmrms in
the middle bplt: states of Nigerin. The resuilts indicated
thnt. in Ithe stiutly area, the common diseases were malaria,
diarrPhnea, schistonsomisis, and hIelminthisRis.
Onclocerciansis wns pretvftlent in some pockectra in the States.
Tn Taraha stat-e Onchocerciansis is the most prevalent diseaRe
it tHal i aarid (;ashaira arens. In Plaie St.Ate alsto it waR
recordefd up to R1.t.. Trypanosominsis and Guineaworm were
t'Icii
not s8n nnm.mon in the rommulnit.iet vlisited, hence giiinenworm
I is mu.,.'-, ,,,,, m,,,. 1 *H i.......... lit|@. naastt Ii 1.I,~ we. Iz.e m 1,1w I.ll USd7z l .................... IeA
tn a .rent e:t.ent.. Wnaer 1lqomil nwnmp.% nresn in olI thp
mt.,diedr stnt.R ahnwed high prevnlpnen nf msalnrin And
Rahi Raosomi AtRi R.
Among theq vectors, AnophelAR, 'Cmlec4 and Aadma
moRqiit.oex were common in nil the Areas; snall vectors
Riilinian and Riomphalaria were fouind in all the are-a. Black
flien aRnd t.set.p flitP arp seasonal, momtly at t.hp hbginning
of rniny Reason or diuring peAk of rainy periods, when the
rivpr flow inereanca and treoo have large c:nnopy. However,
fl ifN sure RSolnMOmll Atnd l At. the tinme of Rtnarvey Ii nlovemher,
their infestat.ion waR moderate. Snakes, Scorpions and
lfehe1(s; wprCe nor-mel ly encouint.ered by the. farmers hut. t.hey
.nrf not serionis prohlems in the oirena.
Firnmprs lIave not bepn practticing Any serious prot.etive
devieRs fromi these vert.ors. Only against mosquitoes, t.hey
lis insecticide sprays or tise bed net.s. Otherwise, their
hAhit nf work on farm or rfclatatijon at hnme make them
victims of insect hites.
Althoiagh most of the farmers own pit. latrines and
practice washing of hands before eating, it i;R dist.urbing to
nnt.v. Ihi' h i l rni.,. nrf liinorr-ho, ,iliet.oe t.l.e' cominnitiI1.H CN. *ro a
great ertent the living area.s with dirt.y environment
i ri ri walf .l i N *-c2rlcl i t9i OVa.
Ilse of agrochpmicals on farm is very low. There is a
tenndeney of incrensed tims in Plat.eas Stat.e. However, their
v-vi ii
inflnapnre on polliation of wnter moisrren and riRk of health
i9s mini manl*. FsaIli I ZarF n.! nn lan1WI.ra4 na* gaisiag' alMell
Iii#|. ~ pr P41 * Ivlide'R ,il klit!, 1Ie I .1f.H. I'U1F I emtill aiafill '. I I ailsi I Iy
wprp t he det.rminantR.
RnRed on t.heea findingn certain rotitine mnnit.oring
prnorrammes annd nimljule mil.liZLinon monniarpf wrre aiggettI.ndt
which ADPR may incluide in their ext.ennion wrork nnd xation
planR. Thab mnnitoring prngrnmmea may incliude t.he finding of
prevalence of malaria, diarrhoea and aehistoaominaia
eiipported by laborat.ory diagnomin, monitoring f orve.orbrepding and renting placeR. The mitigat.ion meanuren will
incluode control or prevention of breeding of MORqa2it.one,
Rnail. and othpr vect.orR, prepvntion of diarrhoea t.hroUlth
better perRonIIA1 hygienp annt env i t-oamapnt.l man i tat. i on
practicex at home and work places.
x i v
RNV111t)NMlENTAI. TMPACT ASSE.SMRNT OF TH_ I4ATTONAI
N T ;F.l T1
1 * TNTRODIJCTTn.
1 . 1 RAC:KOROTNn
The World Rnnk aeieRted National FadwAft neval opment.
Project which ham rocently taken off in onme of t.he Nort.hmrn
Rtat.eR aft.r the completion of their Rnvironnent.al Tmpact.
AcaaRRMunt (ETA) has now bern ext.ended to the Middle Belt.
and Soutthern Stat.es. Tn line with the provision In the
World Bnnk apprainal report.,.procpect.ive St.ates arp t.o
undertAke Fnvironmental Tmpart. ARPensment. of an expanded
Fadama agriculture in their St.ates.
The e rrent. Rti.dy in intendpd to cover thre-e ntateR
within lhe Middle Belt rpgion namely: Plateau,. Tnrahf And
Kogi StateR with the aim of eNttending thr- remultm to npply
t.o ot.her Middle Relt Stat.es of Niger, Beniie, Kwara, and the
- Fedfrnl CApit.al Territory, Ahiiuj.
ThP objective of the FAdAmA D)evelopmPnt. PTOjeCt. iR 1.0
promot.e nCrrinialt.urnl growt.l through coniljnc tive exploit.ntion
of iaurface and nhallow aquiifer water reReourcen for Rmall
holder farm-ownrid and mnnaged small-sca1e irrigation
development. Tt in a prngramme of full e1oat. recove-ry for
irrignt.ion pinmp% saipplicd to .farmer-A and wanhbores nnd
tzhbewells instailed. The pin-pose is to ennisre t.hat fnrmRrR
become r.onscioios of the economics of operntion and
profit:ahility of the vent.ure.
1
TIvs stntlsfl' Ft(R r leid cal . to rFoad 1I fit -VnI 1.1 fy
potential fenvironmpnttal impacs.1. thnt cold ariRe as a resualt.
of the implnimnrnl.nt.ion of time project. among which Are:
i. the potential ror inerewasetd confl ict, h between farmers
nnri pantorail ist.s na land i R conver1'er! from pnRtuire to
Arahle land;
ii. conflict between farmers and fishermen over water
mnInagempnt in lme fl ooded FadamA are^as;
iii. the effpet of the propoRpd project on fish hblait.at and
the potentiail of t.heh project to desttroy or to enhancfe
fisYh hal tAt;
iv. potential for contaminnation of s:urface and grouindwater
wi.th fertili2prs annd/or other agro-rhemicalm isRer for
intPnsive irrigated crop prodiuction on the FadamaR;
v. the potentiAl for the projiect to ptovimie inc:entive for
t.he destruetion of habitats of waterfowl nnd other
.*; + migranlory andi non-migratory lhirdid dependinig onl the
eNtensive Fadama wetlands;
vi. ihe destriuction or h,nluitat. of other terrestrial sppeies
that inhnhit the Fndamas, and
vii. changes in the patterns of waterhorne diseases.
The nverall objectives of the environmental impact
nssrSP fblfsr'aI. y:t.muriy nrt a
a. to identify the Pecological and sociar impacts that thhe
devoelopment of the Fadamna areas would have, and
U ih. to nssess the riskR associated *:ith this development.
andl to formulate, nepessRary mi tigation mensiures for
2
- i,l i sia ltvII I I | I , I,umql Pa'n I. e' I ( N' I)II
A t.Ptim of ronRul t.ant.K wean appol nt.od by FACMJ to condunt.
iTA R l.aiy o.f the h NuitIart1 raixnim D)otvel opmp1n. Project In t.he
Middle Relt Rt.ete of lo;gi , Plnt.eri, nnd Tnrahn.
Th'I Ieiom co"1eliqI: of: Irrigation Agrononmint. Prenh
Watpr F11Rhprieq Ri1nloiRt,, Wildlife RiologiRt., TropicsAl
Range Management. Specialist., Social AnthropologiRt nnd
Puhlic RPAlth Spenialiat. The specific terme of refereneo
for the enstilt.nntR are riprived from t.hU nhjct.iven 1i ted
ahove. fetAi I R Of fnch conEu.llt.nt'R t.prmp nf rpfprence are
presRented in Appendix 1.
4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
?.
2. 0\ THP; STUDY ARRA
2.1 loenation. Tooigrsuhv and DraneingI:e
Tnt-enslt've study was carri ed atit in nogis Plateau and. '
TArahn States. The decision to visit sapenifir. states WasR
predetermined by FACI) authorities based on the assiumption
that the rlimate, vegettation and hin-diversity AR welIl as
igriciiltural praoticoes in the selected arftas are Rimilar to
1.hose nf other StateR in the middle helt. The Middle Belt
aroa lies between latitidesfi 6 50- 10 30' N and longitudes0 0o
3 - 14 40' R. (Pig.1). The zone is endowed with many
rivers, sttrfeams and abundant groundwatter. The major rivet
notworl;s are the Niger, Renie and their tributaries. The
prominent trihitaries of Rivver Niger are Rivers Raduna,
*Chanvaga. Gun rara. Tesbih, Olyin and Kampe. Those of River
flenip >are MadAs, Dep, Shemanke, Wase, Katsina Ala, Osee and
OChuln Rnd Anambra rivers. Abstraction of water for
irrigation from these rivers can he done by direct pumping.
Of the e':tensive trihbutnries of the Niger river, only A
few St3stiR;n permanent wAter flow and floodplain swamps
thrnuaghotat the dry- seasnn. This characteristic is of major
linlortAnre to.n grirtilture since it errliades the possibility
of nsinc dirent strenm flow for large scale irrigation
rilrinu the dry season irn many places. The development of
sePversl lakeP and danms on the Niger river and it.'s
trilbultariPs as wPll as the proposed FadamA development are
pnrt 1 re PepnrtPd to t.D the reservoi rs and groundwater
sources to improve irrigation agriculture duJring the dry
season.
4
. __ __ ___. ___ ___ _ _____________d__*Li
II;.
I:
*1
i'
t.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
i'
*!B-
Fig. 1: I,or.ntion IlAp of t.he Middle flelt *. l.5....
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _________________________.___.____ ____ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3
Sin6e tlh length of the dry seaRan rarely exceede f
mnnthn within the Rennie river haRin aref, many of lt'R i'
tri hut.Rri er ArP perenial. Here, Rhallow aquifer waehborea
and tiihp wells will further enhance Fadaina 13RAge throghout. 1.
the dry aeaRon.
2.2 SoilR And Geolottv
Figure 2 Rhows t.he Roil formattionR within the middle i
hblt. nrea of Nigeria. The st.idy area iS iinde*rlain mainly by
t.he preonmbrian hbsement. romplex which cov"rx more than half
of thp Pntire area of northern Nigeria. The cret.aceou |- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t.
sar3iments also underlie tha remaining arear of t.he Niger - |
M-nhie trrolgh.
The Kontagora-Mokwa-Rida uip to the Niger river valley
is covered by gently uindulalting landscape uinderlain by t.he
NutpR RRndat.ones. This area in characteriRed by large .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I:terniit.aris often over 2m high. Here, good aqiuife-ra wit.h an
averagr- water taihle depth of 150 - 300 ft. (SD - lOOm) are !
rni:imnn.
T* n t.he Pteniie triver hanin ares there are pocketft of
r.ar'pii: sPdIi mncnar a rocks, sandstones, shales and limest.one.
* Thr--rr rtr nl-zo romparnt.ively smalil nreas of voleanic lava
around the .Toes; andl 1hr qmhilla hills. j
.. :. I.i ] 1 P
F,v3,rr r hJFii-i cthowe thi,e rainfnll diNtrihut.ion withinu
4 nhe sare.i. Tn Cenieral the rainfall regime decreraaea j
nns.riderahl y fronm ti-.he south to t.he north. Rujt apart from
this lAtitlidinal v-ariAtion, considerahle differences occur
as . ref?lt. nof alt.iti. iinal differences. II.
fi
* '- .,.s-r. --r _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1i;
* :1
:1l
:IB.
l .
t.I
I. Ii
I;I.
!;
The rainy FteiRon in t.he north ic marked by a Ringle !peAk ArOIIlnd Auqiist. bit the spread i iF hbetwteen May and
Octnher. Tn .TJlingo farn in t.he north the rainfall 1i about T
1015mm wit.h rAiiny dayR spread of IRO day.R. Tn the couath, It
the rainy RRAmon iR marked by two peakR and the spread of 1
rAins iR fronm Mnrch to November. Tn T.OkOJA area, to the
Ro1jth. rainfall is anbut. 1270mm with rainy maenson lengt.h of
24n dnys.
Arouind the Hambilln the rainfall riReR to about, 1524mm j
while aronind Jon the! rainfall in ahbot. 1270mm amR a reRUlt of .
or.ographin effect. of t.he higher elevation srouand the tI.
pl at.II * |I t
2.4 Vpe&rt-tion Type.a And ZonPR
The veeet.ation within the stuidy areA (Fig. 3) can be I
-nnstl- t3deasCri hRd as typicAl gllinpA savAnnn vegetation zone
(KeyAY, l 9.. Autain as a reRIl3t of topographic changes,
rainfall differences and edaphic fact.or, -nnme pocketR of
r.thf-l diisti-ne- vegetation types FarP sispported within t.hf j
snt.udv ar.'a. The s!niithern mnRt sector of the souithern guinea
.nvnnnn veapeIation zone mergeR into occa-4ional patches, of
derivetd sanrina foreRt mosRAic vegetat.ion 7one (aronund Ebba-
I;nm.e. irn WwnrP anAnd Kogi Statees) cont.aining species mtuch aR:
Oil pRIn, I:feiFI gijinenSins, RaphiR palm (Ranhia naudiAni-Ca).
Ce i bn pnlxntnntirn. Rnamhb. cost.tiin and KhPvj senefalensim- i
LRnana Pieidn. nanielliA oliviierii. Of grasses Andrnoooon
t_jctnr-iani is: avi dpnt where t.he soil ina deep and Monneymbilm r
i 'Fi f fornme frequeuit in poorer Soils; Mrp'rrheniA
i nx-ol tic . AtF . Rot thnel I iita eciul t.at.R and Penni Retum
R
,1|
1'j ..
.'i!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
14..
.I;
a.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 1*
I.
I.
I..
r itaf. 3: Vtegfetati on "hip of M;i ddl e bonlt. StAteS
. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~I
uithnincxt|itim. SnnrohlIi I ii aPi w la-med iI are of ten precent. &P
wrpeas I n morp dintairliherl areaR. At. Fhhn/lK#mpe Game Remerve '.
in K ngi nnd KwArn Stntem t.he dominant. tree xpperia of the T T
.snttl,mrn Aron nre: nnniellia olivprii, Vit.e11^rI varadnwiA.
'Pn 'klk eln I rt1prt.oniAnA. Annue^ieae 1en aTi IJc . Ar,.ell ". m
Dfriranen. Vite'r dnnienn. Rtirk.n afritana. lUasng^ t.nnon1 1sind Ptrnrnri1. Pri nnria
The main ehrnIhR are Pilioptti amp) t.honnineii. Annons
Rpnpyn1r'nI ii. Gnrderiia tenifolis and variouc aMma.l leaved I .
IRgtinmie of CaaxiA and AneAin Rpeni.tnin
Thi northern giinea nav'anna veget.at.1on zone in the .
'KA inji T.Ake Nat.ional Pnrk in Niger State in cimilar in
nppenranre to t.he saoit.hprn guiinea savanna m.oni exr.ept that.
.he M7AR R groweth i R Rhorter and consi Rt.R mainly of
ivifprrin-1ni r/.\ndrrc,ngorlnn species mi'ct.Xir-. The main traeR sare
ThoheiP1iniM dokn and T. t.ormentsnn whirh nharact.ert.i Rt lly y I
f1 1iihe', ritni ng the mi rldl e of t.he dry neaPACn . The major
vr-tiptntion rommiteiti"s rknogni eed wit.hin the nv:rthern guineaL
SVIn-1n,r vegnut-.ntion 7onre Aiir:':
i. Tr*rrninn1 ip nrnRt_.rn wondland rommu nit;
i; . flht)<.yrcvx mt piifo1smiJ - relic diy% fnre,rt.;
iii. T -h4btarl i n i dnk.n woodland; and
i Tr. Tlrl;n nfrianni - fnatariini mic-neorpll wo:odland.
1 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
'~MP.THOfDOTIflfy ~~~~~~~~* A
An a prel ude to the commenenment. of t.hit mt.uidy a pre- I
stuidy meeting of All ronstilt.nnt.s with t.he FACtU offici1as was
hoirI at PACUI Headquinrt.ers. The meet.ing reviewed the Terms
of Reference (TflR) of consiilt.ant.s and spelt out. individuial
t.nskR nnd work srhaedule. L.ogist.ics that. wi7l fa.cilit.at the!
stiady (hoth Middle lpelt. and Sout.hern Rt.at.es groips) weae
tabhled and discussed. The need t.o undertake a pre-survfey
reor.anna.issaneRn visit to thhe sample Stm.t.eR WAR recogninnd.
3.'2 ReconnAiRSAnCP ViSit PFollowing the drawing up of intervieFw sxchedules in line
with thp terms of referenee, t.he t.hree St.aten were visRited
in (Tht.oher 1993. The purpose of the visit. wfa to collect
nny informHtion (literat.uzre, oral t.radition, observationR,
Cte. 3 thnt. m.RY he relevant t.o and uisefuil fnr t.he detailed
-stud1y. Tharing th;s period, discusRsions were held wit.h the
v rinuz nADT nmAnhgenuent. staff comprising hut not limited to
thel P-ogrnn,n,e M*inager. nlirpt-tors in charge of lEngineering,
Thchnirsl. ForeRstry, Wisheries, T.ivest.ock and Rxtnsxion i
Sperv ires. Sperifir offirers suich as those in charge of the
.T)P venes, Women in Agriciultujre, livestook, fisheripes as
well an the Fnda.mn Cnordiinators (at AT)P hendquarters and the I
z.enrAl office!s were interviewed at. lengt:l.
Olther p ace-s visited ap.art from the Al)Ps incl nded the
State offices of t.he National T.iv-estock Projects Division 1
(N,.PD). Stante Minist r,. of Agriuilt.ijre, Stalte Ministry of
1-1
Heal th. Nat ionl I AgriculMtiral Land Development Authority
(NAL.DA), Women Commission and the L.ive.itonlck Development I. 7
ProjPct (in Plat.eaul State). Report.s and avail ablet data were
nollected from these souarces. Tt shoujld be observed here"'
that not much information was available at the titme of thin I*;vi si t.. Promises werp made to mske fuirther information
navAlable duiring thp detailed sttudry.
3.3 Detailead StIdy |.
Observatinns made duiring the reconnainssance visit were h
discu snsed at an inception menting with FACTU officials late r.
Octoher, 1993. The extent of available itnformation in the |
sAmple States was discussed. LngiRtics for detailed Rtudy
wPre f i ne-tiined based on ohbsrvations made duri ng the
reconnaissance visit. The detailed study wAR uindertaken in
Sovember,! 1 993 . .I
ThIP stui dy aaopted the Rapid RuraLl Apprai sal1 (RRA)
mnethn t.h d (McCrnrken et al, 11RR).R RRA iR a systematic, but
nen,i-strsisliired, netivity narried out in the field by. a
mi ii i -di sr p1 i nary tensn and r3esignerd to acquiire guisckly new
i nfnrwnt i nn on, Andi new hypothssPR ahout ruiral life. Thi s
nmetliorl arnr ,arrd hberanse oulr immediate conrcern was to asRPses
thhe impart of the fardamn project on the environment from
different disriplinnry point of view. RRA lisps an inter-
Anisrirltlinnry nppronah nndA dependxs or tenmwork in order to
ariT-I n,t rcommon i-onclissions. AR very Iim!ted time was
nl low-eri for the stiudy. it was only appropriate to utitlize
methods which were far qu;ickter and more cost effective than
12
- ---- -- w- - 5 mrn - t-
tradi tion-l eimrvey rnethodi'. Thernfore, low inpat. dat.a |.
colle.t.nti hs hRmhbeen emphaRieed since our focuem waR onn
ident.ifyilng key parametere that. enuld f&eilit.at.e and/nr
impedn the planning and execuition of the FVadama project..
Sample Relection was pirponsive (in many eaRop the advice of
ATP ntmRff waS iiRned in deriding). S3hRt.ant.ial use warn made
of i ndig enous knowledge. |
Wit.h the nsniRt.ance of the AMP nt.aff, espeoially t.he
FAdamQ Coordinat.ors and Wompn in Agri eul t.ure (WTA) Icootrdinat.ors, we were ahle t.o maaRemble t.he variousR fadama
'I
inter-e.t grou:pR ( Pe plat.e 1). The Rampled Communit.ieR were
contacted and appoint.ment.R were made t.o discuas RTA with
them. S;u.ch cnmmunit.ier arp mAde up of inrdependent. fadama
farmers. fddAmA %iserR' arssociation, fishermen, hunter, IhPrrkRmen, women fai-mere. TRsueRn relating to conflict i
pe.tween farmers anrJ Ierdere were. discurnered exclusirvely with
Pitht.r fai-mprs- or herdsmen in nreas (plat..e 2) in whie.h
qnrisjl teApi;on nlrealsas!xs.g
The. ATP stgff provided useful information about
inciento.w. of conflicj t.s which wter'e mainly between hordemen !(of : d;fferent ethniic origin) and farmers. Whieh ever
rommnanit.y thit. was ident.ified as experiencing conflit.v
hetween irterest graiipR, siich a comminit.v waS vicited.
Attemrvt% were made to interview farmere and herdsmen t.hat.
hFse be+en aggrieved in the recent pant. Tn this inst.ance, I
the pRrt.ies were int.erviewedt separately aft.er allowing a
groitp di stission on tie hebst. ways to mitigat.e t.he problem
nreAF..
1 3
. eau \~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
J ti -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
. i
I '*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
II
It
JIt~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1
14~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1
…~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Fvery interest group wan enncouraged AiWI t:rged to I'SpP.R1c outt.. Tt. was; emphaRized that if proposed project is
to hbnefit everyonP in the community, prnhlwnm areas muast hb i1 *ijointly identified and soliution workeid out asR a groujp. i.
All cons-ultants went to the field as a team. Group '
interviews were condiucted among different interest groUps -
herders, farmers, fishermen, women groiups, fadams users I.associatinn, Miyetti Allah Cattle Breeders' Association of
Nigerin {MACRANT), And traditional rulers. Tndividual teAm
mpmher interviewed which ever interest grouap he wi shed to. 4
Phntocraphs were talken to drive home some points. At the
Pnd of every visit made to farmers, the group convened to .
discuisR nhservations and compare notes. The next day's [activities; and movements were then planntt'. The Social
Anthropci,ogist and the Range Specialist worked more |
intimntely ns there were many areas of overlap in their TOR. j
An interview scheduile was; used to giuide thse collection of
i nformati on.
3.4 Soil nnd Water Snmpling
Soil
.Fouirteen-l composite soil snmples werpe collected from
typical fARI&amU sites across the three study states. The
snmplps were sieved through a 2mm mesh screen and analysed j
for the. tnderlisted parameters:
a. Partirle size diRtribuitinn accarding to the hydrometer,
mnethod.
h. DlU in water and calcium chloride at a ratio of 1:2.5 1
soi I /sol lit i on. *
1 :1
- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
4 FNVTRONM.INTATI TMIPACT ARS1MMSR T I
4.1 RANGE MANAGEMENT
4.1.1 National Livestock Proiect Division (NT7,PDPrnorammes and Pastornlists
Thp NI.PD was set-uip to cater for the interests of o
pa.storAl i Rts. Specifically the ohjectivesR of the projet Itwas to "rise their stnndard of living; integrate them into | .
thp national society; ma-ke them economicaIly self-sufficient
with the view of contributing significantly to the nationsl I
economy; and make pastoral nomadism a viable form of
livelihood," (OxAhy, 1975). IH
NT.PT has operated two programmes in order to achieve
its goalsR. Firslt, was the First Livestock Development
Programme FIT.TiP) whose objectives was to enhance t he
produortion of beef and the provision of animal-source
I'proteiin to the Nigerian puiblic. FT.JP was to engage in:
i. Small-holder Fattening Scheme (SUEPS)
ii. Ranching and Livestock Enterprises (Corporate |
and Privnte)
iii. Mli'ted farming and [iv. Grazing Rpeerves Development and Scttlement Schemes. [
The Second Livestock Develnpment Programme (ST.DP) I
was a replicate of the FT.hP. The ST7.P was designed I
tn epxecite the following programmes:
i. Disbiursement of the ST.0P Small-holder Credit
Schemes through the Nigerian Agricultural Co- I
opprative and Commercial Ranks.
1.18~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
ii. Feed distribution, molNSs^R for fat.t,ening in all
teI st.at.es nf the federation.
iii. Provision for dry season grasing through I
the est.ahlishment. of fodder banks.
To ha P abl t.no exacuto t.hema programmes, NT.PWl
established hranches in All the stntes of the federat ion.
Faeh Rtat.e iR headed hy a St.ate Officer (SO). A St.ate.
Officer is responsible for the activitieR of t.he NT.PD in him
stat.P while working closely with t.he .iveRstock Division of jrthe St.ate Minit.r-y of Agricult.aire and Nat.ural .RRTOturcR.
'I
Tt is being planned t.hat each Rt.ate. will in fut.uire have
its nwn livestock project. depart.ment with NT.PT) an Tenhnical
Partner. Meanwhile, five Ra.t.tes, not.ahly Anambra T ih, .'i.i.
Iw'iA, Plat.eai, And 'Voh have heen chosen as pilot. Rit.as.
The state [PD will essentially operat.e li'kt the NT.PD.
Tn both TarabA and Rogi Stat.es, the impact of the NI.PD is at.
present minimal. This is becauise the st.at.es are relatively
ynOinzt as t.iey wepre created in 1991. owevevr, Plat.eaus St.ate
has estahllished its own Plateala StAte L,ivestock Project. ;
Depprtment (PLIPD).
4.1.2 Small-Holder Fattening Schemes (SHFS)
Tn hoth lKogi andl TarahA Stntes, SlFS is at present.
Rlnnst non-existent. Thin is probably becaiuse the stat.es
were newly creat.ed. Hnwever, in Plateau State, the !umIulalltiv' total credit dishiirsements to-date stands at.
N,.5n26.949.AO involving abouit 1,654 loans spread across t.he
Rtat.e. The credit models incliude those of cati.1a, sheep and
191- - - - -I- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*:
t !~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9
pig fattening, poultry layers and hroilers. The SHFS can he
ennsidared * sIIrrce in terms of the levnl of enthiusiasm
shnwn hy project beneficiaries, the vollume of loan dishursed ii
as well as loan recovery record, request-s from nommercial
hbnks to participate in the scheme, the niumber of animals l '
fAttenepd and the weight gain of animals fattedned (Gefu, r1992)...
Th SRHFS has however heen criticised thus:
i. Tts inahility to make any meaningful impact in .
correcting the ment definits in the country.
ii. High costts incurred hy the implementing agencies I on the pronurpment of suipplementary feeds,
minerals, veterinary drugs, and making soum !available to the heneficiaries.
iii. Fith rnte of loan defaiult. I.
iv. The economics of t'he scheme in terms of weight
gains h1as not hbeen properly connidered as the
nvern!e weight of cow.
V. Profit margin over visihle costs of inputs (eve.n
at highly subhsidized rat.es) cannot he considered
Att.r.rtive enough to ne.w particinsating farmers and
scustain the e'irsting ones.
Vi. ThP schPemp i s uirban hasPd rather than focussing on
the rt,rnl farmers.
vii. TIhP. high import content ration of the scheme has
weakened thp economic hbse (Awnghade, 19R5; Craig,.. ,!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
19R2; Gpfit, 19942).
20
- - -, X-w u e -- s@ @- E-.-
4 .12. I . Fodiiei' Rankm
Thp eat.ahliRhment. of fodder hbnlcn is one of t.h NT.DP'R t
Attempt to folve t.he prohlem of ponr quality of dry Pennon d
fnrage faned by livestonck rearers and ot.her livestoc.k owners I
in thp NorthArn part. of Nigeria. Thin Rwai pla nned 'to
repl cne t.he ex(penRivn supplemnentary feeda such as Cott.on
se-ed cAke, grouindntinst cale , tc. wlhieh weire increasingly
hecoming li lav R i I Ahle t.o rearers.
OUr Rt.jdy indicates t.hat. Fodder Rank Production in
completely new in Kogi State, aR majorit.y of our respondents
hAve neit.hpr heard of it. nor seRn it. operat.ed. With resfpect.t.1
to TarahA StAte, none of the flft.en fodder banks
estAblished sinrre 19R9 was viable. The sit.uaqtion in5 ,
hoi-ev-er. different. in Plateau State where fodder bankst have.
heen creat.ed all over the stAt.e with t.he support. of t.he NT1PD 1*
and the Tnternational L.ivest.ock Centre for Africa (TTZCA).
Parnrprs adopted Fodder RankR arouind t.he TT.CtA Project, while
elsewhere some farrmers actuailly set.-up Fodder TRanks. On the.
whole, onp hundred and twenty seven fodder banks have been
estnhlished since the inception of T.DP in Plateau State.
Thp sizes of theRse fodder hanks range from 1.8 to 4.2 !hectnres. Thp niumber of fodder hanks entablished yearly is ij
on the i.erpase. Tt. is ex-pected t.hat more farmers will iin
the fitture show interest in this programme. Pastutre i
commonly mentioned hy herders and farmers throughout. Plat.eaiz
State are S1:vln, Gamba, and Achn.
21
- -------------------------------------------
Tbl:l f 3: Dl tri'bihitinn of Fodder Rnnk: in P1 atean Stat:.
TLoca1 G.overnment. Area, (L.tfA) No of rempandpntR
1. Rokkoa4 50 I!
2. R/T.Ar3 i I
4. WAs R -
r. 1.nngtanq North 12
6. T.angt.ang Soi:t.fi 1 i
7. Ta f i a 11
R. Pannschi n 5
9. Obi ' I10. Kj" n am 2
11. QURnP;1n R
12. Shendarn 6
13. .Jos South 2
TorA. i 127 !
4.1 . I Gfrazing Re.eprve nevelnDment. and Sett.le.nent2Sr.hemas
T.7,? h'hs as one of it-, c-omponent.n the dexvalopment of
grazing reserveq. Glrazing reserves havr- the following
i. Creation of enclaveR for the past.Oralists in order
to e nco irage t.hem to Set.tl e;
i i . CChantes in th-ir traditional prodact.ion technology
with t.he view- to improving their Rtandard of
1iving; and
22
iii. Redtic the confl ict. between them and the farmers.
The three states havp some grazing reserves, which are
in vArions stagesR of development. Tn Kogi State, six
GrrAzing Reserves are proposed, notaLbly Ayangan in Kabha/RunUn
1lA. Ahejukolo in Ankpa LGA, Ebhb in East Yagha LGA., Tpala
in Noton-Narfe LGA, lpata in Rassa rfGlA, afnd Osara in Adavi
1GA. Siginificant progress has been made on Abejuikolo
GrAzing Reservp which has been gazetted, surveyed and
demAreAted and iR wAi ting for t.he provi Rsion of
infrnstriaettares. The Rhha Grazing Reserve has had some land
area cleared and an earth dam constructed. The Rhba Grazing
Reserve has in the recent. years heen encroached upon by the
farmers as there Are Fiulani/farmer clashes arouind this area.
SimilArly-, the Osara Grazing Reserve waS strongly opposed by
r tP inhabitants. The level of AwareneRs of pastoralists
anhoit the Grazing Reserves in Kogi was extremaely low. HoRt
of those -pastorAlists who were aware refused tio -patronize it
herrn'se of Poor state of infrantrucrtuirnl fancilities in them.
Tn Plateau State, we fouind fouar Grazitig Reserves,
notabiy Wase. ARwe, RenNa and Git.ata Grazing Reserves. Wase II
Gra7ina Reserve was the most developed with the following
fnrililties: Dnams. 2 Nomadic Schools,; 2 Milk collection
centrps; 1 Livestoc-k service centre; ov&:r 10 settled
families: horeholes/wPlls and access road. While Awe and
Kenna hnve eet-n surv-yed and gazetted, Gitata Grazing
reservP is y et to he suirveyed and gazetted. The level of,
awnreness among thp pastoralists aboutt the existence of
--
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
'rnsrzin1 Reserves is relatively high amongst the pastorAlists
in Plte.al State.
Tn TarAha State t.here are 5 Grazing Reserves aLt
vAriOuIR tstages of development. Theme are M%mbhillaa, Gashaka,
Wlukari, Rali aLnd Takum Grazing Reserves. While Mt4mbilla |
Gashakta, and Wuakari are Already siurveyed, gazetted and
devel aped; Bal a Lnd Tnlcum Are yet to he gatetted and have
heen encroached upon hy farmers4. Tn Gashaka LJA, there are
six highland areas with permanently resident popilation of
fiulni rattle graziers. All the six areas Are demarcated as I!sppcial enclaves to accommodate these people and their Ilivestock. I'
For the pastoralists to he encouraged to effectively
uitilize t.he existing grazing reserves, there is an uirgent
need to to provide pasture, water, supplement.ary feeds, *'
modern ediscation,. veterinary and publir. health facilities. !
4.14.5. livestock Management Practices
The total potential fndama areas for irrigattion
developmpnt in the three Rtates iR 521,670 hectares. Thel!
total niumber of cattle in the three states is 3,092,411.
The largest conrentration of cattle comes from Taraba with
1.*41,411, followed by Plateau St-ate with 1,251,000 while
Togi had ahout 1,125,900. These could be regarded sL l
potential graziers of the available 521.670 hectares of
fadRma land in th- three states. Additional stress is asoI
pilt on the fEadama by the transient ptstoralists who migrate
to fndama areas duiring the dry neason. j
2 4
AvwAlahility of todder and watetr in a hbami prinoiple
in livemt.nk manngement praatloem. Tn general, two m ri or
msyt.om of liventock produnt.ion worn identified within t.he I
*tudy aremm, each with it.m own mAnAgement. prot.inem. Thee |
Are: mettlmd pamt.oralict.m/agrn-pmct.nralint.I; and trnnmient I
Sott.led pamtoralritms live nont.ninuoipily in permanent.
smt.tlementa nll year roiund, and pract.ine arabil farming in
addit.inn to livectonk himbandry. Mont. mettled pLatoralimts I.
live in tent.m for A defined meAmon and niove to another mite
for nnother Pennon. Some xet.t.led pa.t.orallxt.a build t.heir i
hit.s or t.entFs Arouind mn.jor t.ownm And ntherm in t.he periphery .
of the vi latges. The Rettlement pattern nf t.he paxt.oraliRtR |
is most prnhahly determined lhy proximity to village market.r
AVAi7nbhilit.y of fodder rea%ourreR, water, environment free |
from tRPtRp flies And livestock disneams*, pliic ponRibly
arMb,lP farms.
Tn the day time, herds are grazed by the young while
the inimals are tipd A-t night. The graszing zone i n 13ually !within 51cm of the namp1 during the rainy Reascon when the
hprds are kept away' from the cropped Areas.
TmmediAtely after harvect, the catt.le are put. t.o gra.e ;
on crop residueq. At thp height of dry seacon, herd are j
split into portions, and deploypd to other areas with j
Ureerner pastiire. Available rrop resi dues are RuppIemented
by cultting tree hranches, shrubs, and leaves. Relay
cropping syst.em prActinSd impedes the uitil1.ation of crop
* 25I
- -_ -________.___- -___ -_ -_________________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - -
res i dines, hbreAse it is the attempt to nt11tlie these crop
rsRid is that Attracts cattle tn destroy tlhn exi stting crops
thiat are still green.
Trannient pastaralists have hetween 50 to 200 or more
rattle. They and their families move with their entire
herds to the fadama l ands during the dry season in eearth of
better pAstirets for their Animals. They mnve hack to uiland
nreas dtiring the rainy season avoiding aLre'as with .tset;fee*. I
flies And L;heir dispaFse. Thpir mobility is largely
determined by the location of farming cammunities which
prnoide crop residuie for grazing, markets for sale of their
nnimnas and prodtace as; we1ll as puirchase of essential n"eds. I.
Their main onocipation, however iR livestork produaction and
mnnnnpment.
T.ivestocic mnnagempnt practice for both settled
pastoral ists/agro-past,ornlists and transient pastoral istR is
entirely fodder-hased, and the direction of cattle movement
is , uidtd hy the availahility of fodder antd water. Tt is
thesp factors that Are responsible for t.he migration of
herdsi and tLheir *oattle across the loanl, state and
inr.erna.tionAl houindaries. This migrator- natuire. of the
parstormlists is a source of potential conflirts aR there is
intense competition between the 2 produto.ion systems,
notably livestock rearing nnd farming. i
The competitive uises to which fadama land resource is
pu3t serve as a hnsis for potential conflit-i.. Thust, there
ex-ists intense competition between the variouzs rural land !26
J -…- - - - -- - - --
issore, nnt.ahly betweon farmrn antd pxt.nralixt.; hbt.ween
pst.nrAleita and fiithhermen; between uipl and and tadama
fArmnru; and hetwwetn theee groiupa and the hunterx. The
rMailman of conflict., t.ypeR and period of cotiflint., an wqll
FA the reRoli:tion mc:haniRnm are dianiumed in the MoCAl Lanthropolog-y Rection of this report..
4.1 .R Fadcmn Pamture llJe and Crop ReAiduem
The import.anc.e of fndamm an a mourtre of dry meason
grazing nannot. he over-"mphaRized. They merve an one of t.he.
main RotireaR of fodder, together with ornp reiduaes and
browsing of tr'eeS and shrubh. (Turner, 1977). .
The mnin graRS species uised for fodder in the fad am s
arP 1chinnoch1onA pvrnmidAlis. j, ry-. hart.h i and Vet.ivtri j
niirit.nna in t.he wettest parts; HvDarrhAnsL pp. in the
intermedinte Are.ns and Andropongn Uavanus on t.he leeven.
The 1eaveS of 'Flephant grass (Peni setuim inroioretim) are good 1
fodder hiut not t.he stalks, and RrachAripf Spp. which are
fonind in the clay areas are i3seful fodder.
The perennial fadama grasses are very valusble,
pro,viding nuitritinn t.o livestock t.hroughout. the year. Tn ji
t.hr wet season, the fadamas are flooded and cannot be grazed 1
hb:t the fadamn grAssps mAy he cat. and fed to the animalsi,
especially gnats. which are kept, fenced-in the compound to
prpvent them frnm demnging crops. Tn thR dry season, the
leatvs of f?.dama shribrs and trees are cut to feed the [animals. The pa.st.tre requiirement is a function of the
totnl li-vpstoc-k population and its densit.y. Whether or not.
Z~ ~ ~ ~ 7.i-
-
the r"cia1rinment ips met will d1epend on the Available hi omns. 1
The 1 ivPstnek densit.y fnr t.he suih-huimid snne ttudy area in2
est.imated nt. 13.9 canttle per km . Tn Pla.t.eau Stato, for *.
en'mple. the density in IR.l6fl while t.hAt of old flongola !2
StAte (AdamAwn and Taraha) in 1A.4f Km per (RTM, 1992).
Althoiigh figuJre for Kngi Stst.e is not. readily Available, t.he
density is expect.ed to hp helow t.he average. Thin shows
t.hat. snm pArts of TaraLha And Platp.eu nould he faced with
adeyqiAte pastuire, considering the st.ocking rate especi AlIy
diuring the dry nARsnn. Olayiwole ft &I (19R) have noted
that duiring t.he dry sReason, 1A.0% of t.he animAl feeI come i
from fadAma and 13.07 from erop residues. This underscores a
the importance of fadaima as a dry season graning resnource.e
One of the most. immediat.e environment.al impac.ta of the
?1flP is r. drRstic reduiction in the fadams pastuire, and the !intf.nsifient.ion of the existing conflints between the
I;fArm-r-, aind hebrders. T'hese probl emfi ca n however, be i
mi tignted iif the lNFTP is carefil ly pl anned and exP.cuted t.o,
-nhanne. proper ntiliznation of erop residujes thnt. will result
fromt the epaxpanded faFdam cultivatinon.
Tn PlateAn State, fndamia crop reRsidUes are int.ensively
uIsed. The fndAma crop residuaeS commonly mentioned iS- Achhn
A sV.Aplf rereal harvested in Oct.ober, and its reRiduiem are
known to he hivhly- valied as fodder. Farmcrs usua3lly sell
this ns hay or snmetimes exchange it with table s.alt.
Pastoral ists also vrnw this crop. F.1Rewhere in the
s:t1.te. Alro-pastoraliRts Se rsesidues from t.heir fadama
;arms and front those of other farmers. Pastoral ists pay
28
- - - -~~ - - ~~. --- -- - - -- - -- -~~~~ - -_-_ ._ _ _ _ _ _1
_ _ _ , ._3- :L . ..... .... -- w _ ___ _
fAerAmn fvrmors ror grazing their crop reoxiduae. The anitt of
Riirh vet,idijaeR, however, depands on the crop t.ypf, and the
rol.mtionnhipe het.wonn thr graxiers Lnd t.hr Farmers. Por
exemple,, in Shfendam,n rice crop residuex ani fAdaLia in free
while grArZiers pay for maine nnd guiinea norn.
Thp same patt.ern obtsins in Tarah. st.ate. The fndama
crop reRvidiaeR commonly mentioned hAre are those of r ie.
Awro-pnRt.orAlist.R IuR remiduies from their farms and thome of
othpr farmers. They al o buiy aLnd the cost. l rin depends on a
the crop type. it.s valIe And the relationship between ip
grazier and the farmers noneerned. This pattern iR A hit.
different. with reRpect. to Kogi State. The use of fadama
CrOp I-ASidiies iS const.rained hy the rnlay-cropping syst.em, *a
sitiiation wherehby cassava ta.kes over from maine or vice I'
Tn general the use of fadamn crop residue in the
stiidied States is limited by t.he followi"g fact.ors:
- onl- A small 1 proport.i on of fadamna is presently under
farming.
- fAderna farming" are presently limited to the rainy
seAsnn inic-e, y-m and c SSnavn prodnAct.ion while fadainmas
.irP left fallow dluring the dry season.
- the relay-cropping system.
- sluitAhility of sRme or the exist.ing fadama crop
reRiduies for nnimal grazing.
29
.4 4
4.1.7 Potpntial fnr Fodder Ranks *
ReActions As well ^as the level of awarnnss of the
oreatinn and management of fodder hanks vary from one state
to another. Among the respondents, the idea of fodder banks
WAR compleitely new to a1ll oulr reRpondentR in logi Sta.te.
None of thftm haR ever heaLrd of it or seen nne before. The
Ardos lWlilani leaderst) throughouit the Sta.tes ware unanimous
in accepting the idea only if the fodder was palatable and
good for the health of their animals. They also wanted the
govPrnment, to Ret i ti p for them and run it for A number of,
years. The only fear they had, however, wam the sendentsry
natuire of the fodder bainksi on the one hand as opposed to
thip mobility of the fiilani on the other hand. Tn Platealu
State, the level of awareness of settled past.aralists/Agro-
pAst.ornalista. atbouit fodder hank-s wFat very high. Some
farmers ha-ve heard of fodder hbailns while others have
a.tctully set-uip their own. Agro-pastoralists were actually
preparer] to grow pastiure. Grasses often mentioned are:
AchA. Gninba and Gazame, anid shriubs sich as KadorA. Wawo. Jni
nndi Doke. While most of these fodder hanka are in upland
F-ireass. fAdamn land would seem to be too valuable for fodder
produnt i nion. Tn Tarnba State. the level of Rwareness is a IIaRlow nmnong ouir respondents. Agro-pastoralists in Gerin o5go
and Gnssol werP howpver willing to partieipnAtoe in foddpr
banks.
FoAdtir hank production in the Ftdama is constrained by
the following:
30
a) The transient natuire nf the pastnralists;
h) the uinsettled problems of land IIRR rightR of the r .
Past.orlist. of fadAma la-nd;
c) the trlade-off between crop prndiuction and fodder
produiction on fadamsa
dr lnck of irrigAtinn facilities; and
e) thew relatively lafrge heard sie.
4.1.R Tmnrnvpernt in l.ivestorck Management on thet Padamas
Livestnok production is the souire. of aLbout 40% of the
nAt:ional incoMe derived from agricultural production aLnd
provides about 53.5% of national meat consimption
contribut.ing S7.4 million to the nouintry's GNP in 1983 alone
(see Gefia, 1987). Gefta (198R) pointed out. that livebstock
production in NTigeria is dominated by the nomadlic FulaLni who
constituite 90% of the total livestock raisine population and
have Abouit RS% of the couintry'rs livestock populnt.ion.
All the Attempts made by the siuccessive governments to
transform thiis sector has met with 1 imited snocoens. Thus,
there is acujtp deficiencies in local meat and meat prodiuct
s3pplies (Ol ayi dP, 1976). These local defiei RncieR in
proteirn has lerd to huige import bills for livesttoclk products
And a conrresponding drain on foreign e'cchange (lG,fu, 1987).
The fAiliirp of the livestock S.lah-Rector of t'he economy
iAr. meet the rising demand has beeni attribuited to
rcontrnrting pastornlism" cAIused by lack of land use right
for the Pastoralists; inAde-quary of Graz.ing Reserves and the
chaotic P':tension and inpit del ivery systems.
31--
--- - - - - - -- -w 'A a - - -- ann n a eaWm - m
im rrid Teniut re t
Nomadic pasttoralists do not have land use rights; they
depend3 largely on the hospitality/generosity of their honts.^
Rut more often than not, their hosts may decide to hb
ilnhospitahi(. The provisions of the land use act have not
sulfficiently AddreRsed this issuie as it ralates to the
paRtoralists. We are inclined to belier that pastoral |
nomads move hbcause they hoave to, Rince they do not have any
right to land, their hest option iR to utilizre open pasture
to raise Rtork sR well as avoid contact with agricultural
commnunit iRS.
All the Ardos (Fulani leaders) interviewed expressed ;
the hbelief that improvement in liveRtock management cannot E
he made on fAdAmas without pastoral ists right of acceRs to
and control of lAnd in general and that of fadamaL in
partiiculAr. Even the agro-pastoralists who are non-
indiaenes of their rppctive ArPas Rsuffer this deprivation.
This is probably why our reRpondentR, mnostl Ardos suggested
that fa.damn land should he sulrveyed and portioned between
thp variotis riural land users, notahly farmers, fishe-rmetn and
herders. With access to land,
- the pastoral ist could be- allowedR to take full i
reRponsibility for managing such land for- past.ure
devel opnient;
- Tivestock/crop integration could he encouraged by
promoting the produetion of suleh crops whose resiiduies
couild be uised as feeds. Ancording to one Ardo,
"FulaAni's choice of crop deDends on. ;t.s utility asr ,
32
-r.- - -I--W- -, - --- -
relrJi ueIsR" . ,i
Since fardamas ere limit.ed and are oft.pn compllmentary
to the uipland resources, there iR need to revisit, thhe in1ue !of GrAzing Reervesr . More reRerves should ha crented while
the e'isting onRs are provided wit.h facilit.ies. This will
eRaSe t.he pressiire on the 1 imit.ed fadama resources.
An effective extension service can he regarded as the j1 ink between ngri cul tural research inst.i t.utes and the
pranti ;ing fa rmer. The Fiilani R55 QR Pt.enRi on agents AR
their 'eyes'. Fct.ensnion st.aff det.ermine-the right drug t.o
huy and whether nr not. t.he druigs are fake/gnruine. Fake or
-xpired drujgs are very dangernios for t.he animAls AR it can
wipe olt a eonmplet.e flock. With t.he non-4vailabilit.y of
drigg. the fiil.Ani have had to result to the sRe of herb. i
Problems commonly ment.ioned are liverfiluckes, worms (endo- i
perasit.es). trips, black wat.er, foot and mout.h diseases, and
skin dispaRes. =
The Fujlanis are maddened that ectension services, which
eniold have improved the liveRtock management practicesn are
presently lacking. They observe that nalt. lick, vet.erinary
serviceR and feed siupplement.s like eot.ton seed cake are no
lonQer provided.
'I
33
… - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .--
4 . 2 W1l.i.PtFK ETOT.OY P
4. 2.1 Present Status
4 . 2 . 1 Wm t.erfowI a nd other b ird i1 nhahi ti ng f adamas
TAhle 4 shows the reonrd of different familisn of birdR
sighted in nogi, Pl ateau and TarOrb States.
Tn the stuidy ares 35 avian familIeos are commonly
si ght.d oMt of whirh 19 are Fadama dependent waterfowl
fAmiIies while l8 families are occasional visitors to the
Fadama. There are 109 hird specieR in the 35 families out of
whith 64 speeies are dependent on the Fada.ma. Of aI l the '
*hird species identified 57 are resident breeders; 19
spenies are palearetic migrants; of which 4 species breed in
Nigeria. Of 13 species of afro-tropical migratory hirds, 3
migrat.e entirely within Nigeria. Ovprall, of the 109
speciaes, 7R are common, 5 are abun3dant, 12 are vagrant and
14 aret r .are.
The more common waterfowls consist. of the white pelican
(PP1 irenuts onorrotaluls), the great. white heron (Euret.t a
Aiha), the hlack heron (E. ardesiaca), the apur-winged goose
IPlertrnwterIus uambiensis), the white-faced tree duck
f'leindrocv-gnn vidizatn). The giant. king fisher (Meca-cervle
m.x imn a Find the northern hlalc cnrowned crane (Ralearir.a
pavfnni en t-nvoni ca1 althoulgh few in nimbhers aLre perhaps most
spectacuilar for tourism purposes.
3 4iE
Tnhle 4: F'AMTI.TRS OF RTRS,R AND SPRCTF.R OCOIIRTNY TN TR14 MTDEI.RR.T,T Orhl 1 G.R1 T A
FAmi 1 y Nujmher of species inKngqi PP lteaul Taraoba'
Ppul emAnnFIdAP * 2 2 2PhAl nrn-rsr.ide * 2 2 2Arduminp * 13 13 iSSctloi *fA 1 1 1r-irnnii;fAP Ik 2 2 2AAinni dA. 4 4 4Rnl l ie * fi 6 6l4elinrnithidre * 1 1 1 [.TJnranirlep * 1 1 1Ptirh i ni ia * 2 2 2
lhArsrslridAp * 15 15 1fiGllArenlidnP * 2 2 2T.Aridne * 3 3Piridap * 1 1 1MntarillirAep * 2 1 1Pynrnrotidsine * * 2 ? 3PrinillHdAp * 1 1 1Pl ocidni * d3 3 3fnl nmhiriAR * 4 4 4Psittacidee 2 2 2Arindiinp 2 2 2MHrnnirine * 4 4Conraniidap 1 1 1liuineroti daef 1 1 .1Hirliirdinidlae 3 3Di rniriae 1 1 .1St i r nid 1 1 1fnrv ie 1 1 n1
M,ise,connids:p 1 1 1Mr1v1 ;inRf! 3 fi . nMnl.xrir.sninse 1 1 1Wprt-nri ni;i dA 3 4 4PIlnne-ina 11Vi ci i 3i n" j:LV'idiainae1 rs;t ri I d ine n i
* TRirds which titilize the- Fadama areas.The others are only occasional visitnrs to the Fadama areas. p
35
Ot.her gamp hi rds in the stid-y area r.oRi it. o wa vMAr
t.hirknPe (RIlrhi tnie vwermirila.tjinm), the at.t.ln egret. (Ad.rgl .
ihii), grov. plnver (PlUtlviahie flatlrla), the hrnwn-hURt.Cd
wnttled plaver tVenptli i r snparciliontim)l t.hfe eridg wabler
(At-.or¶ncvheltm strhhnennhb_nuiri) which sre common in t.he fPdama
annd river fringes.
On the drier arasA gu ineafnwl (Nijmida mAeleaUrias
cAleata'iI. stone patridge (Pt.ilJ Da_hns uet.rosUs) bushhfowl
(Frane-ol intis hi r.AItcaratais) and t.hp whit.e headed vult.uire
(Trigonoren_q ncciDitalis) kre as abundant. while thhe white
cVhfepkcd olive weaver (Nlsocharis c&Dist.atAt), the red-hnaded
weaver (alimbhils cphriceps) and the yellow fronted canary
(Seriniiq moz mhicu11.R) are tlqibuit.ons.
4.2.1.2 Present Stat.uiS of Fadamn developmreton avian species
fli3ring interviews of FPadama is.ers, t.hey affirmed the
regiilnr sighting of many- species the numbers and varietties
or most. of whirh have declined remarkably in recent. t.imes.
The reAsonR advanced for the decline in wat.erfowl popiulation
incliude among ot.hers:
t1J that thei are indiscriminat.ely killed to supplyhiushm'nat.;
(2) that they are raught in nets, and. --nat t.hey oftendie As a restilt of eating fish poisoned wit.hGanali n-20;
a).3 some die frnm eating seeds poisoned wit.h Adrex-Twhen the-y ventnire into fnrmland or are caught infootsnares set of nylon twines tied t.o flexiblewire pegs.
flue tn increased Fadamna activities the great. whit.e Pelican.
was Raid to have migrated when the fish specien on which itj
36~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :. 4
i:
feimdM dinappenred nvnr river Wnme in Plat.enau State. Also I
Aroilind the KAinji T.akn the 'Rlck Crown Crane which 138ed t.n
neRt. on tall trpee have Rince diappeared an a reialt. of
loins of trere AaR an effent. of t.hn iPlaih and hi:rn system of
fArming.
4Anin, around Shendam (Plat.eau St.ate ) and Kainji Dam k(Nigpr Stat.e) ReverAl recordR were ohtaLined of faLrmerR and I
fishermen who killed or netted Osfprey (Pandion hliHAtue)ti I
ringepr from the Scandinavian count.rien' duiring t.heir
migrAtion into Wigerinn wetlands.
TlII h'i th t.he devel opment. of the proposed FAdama. I
project. morf waterfowli will diRappear LA F reasilt. |f
draining the wet.lands. As a resuilt of r:A.tinn of trree
onnnpy the species nf waterfowlS iitilizing them for nesting !will also disappear. Tncreased FadamA actvities on thhe other
hand will certainly resuilt in increase in nuimber of certain
species of grAin eating hirds some of whose popilation ma.y
exppand to const.itaite mena.ee t.o farm crops. For instance in
the wetlAnds of Taraha, Kogi And PlAt.eAl Stat.es while some
wet.erfowls w-ere fouind to hp declinirig in ntimbers, other
birds suich ns Q1ieleA (OrtvRospiZa arhcolliS and Quele..
g]PIe), :the dove-, (ShemAt.onolla senegalenRis), the rock
pAtridge (Ptilop1c-huLs pet.ros1R), t.he weavere rPlo:eus spp.) ,
,ind also thP riiff (Philomaehiiq Dvknnaxj are increasing
rapidly As a conReqllenc-e of inrrensing prodsioa.Tion of rice,
giiinearorn, millet and maize in the Fadama l.n.ds well int.o
the dry RAnson.
I i
~~~- - -- n-- @- - -- 9- - - .,. - - .t - n w-- --- e. -
The hiint.ing of hirda for meant. i cert.ainly houand to
innreame an A direct. none"qunene, of FAdx,ma development. The
inrerasen will resu lt. either as a measure to kill them from
rl4btroying crops or hbeiause under redmried ground and canopy
rover the hirds arm mnre Pnaily aeen and vulnerable to
preodAtion.
The palearctic migratory hirds which make the wrt.lnnd
to he spect.ncizlar t.o totirists art honind to stop coming here
to winter on the, Fatdamas &R soan as the hnbitat. is dixt.urbmtd
AR A result of development of FadamAR for e,rop p.roductlon.
4.2.1.3 Terrestrial and aqluatic wildlife inhabiting FadAma
Tahle 5 Rhows the reonrd of differpnt families of
w-ildlifp mammals and reptileR Of TOgi, PlAt.eau and Taraha.
States.
Thera are 13 families cronsist.irg or 74 Rpecips. Of
t:hesp species 26 Are riependent on the Vadaa6* arena in which
t.hPy livp permanently or into whirh thtey migra.te from
prnl-ect.ed areas dulring the dry Reason to graze farm crops.
Tn terms nf species diversity, of the 24 speoies 44X,
50% and R4% Are respectively rpeorded in Fngi, Plateau and
l'arahn Stnte.s. Out nf 31 speciesR present in Kogi 12 Pre
F.damn dwelling. ouxt of 44 species represpnted in Plat.eau 19
are Fnadama dependent and ouit of f4 spe: ies of Taraba 24 ar |
FE}r1Amn dt.el 1 i ng . . |
.. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~3
TŽhl" 5: Numl)Wr nf wildlife specuion of m1iddlle h"lt Pt.at.
Fzaml 1 y Numbor of RpociflR InnKngi Pl at1eai T&raha
Artindenrtyln 11 (5) 15 JR) 20 (11)'rnIvnor 4 (2) 12 (8) 21 (R)Chi ropt.era - 1 -MyraLroidee - 1 1Tnecrt.ovora 1 1 (1) -LsagmovrrphA 1 (1) 1 (1) 1 (1)Phnl ldota 1 1 1Pri matn f f RProhohe Ride1 1 1Rodpntiln 3 (1) 2 7 (1)Si renI 1 (1) 1 (1 I (1)Ttihiil idntarn 1 1 1RAptile 3 (2) 2 (2) ~ (2)
Note: Figtiree in p.rentheni; indicat.e niumber of Rpekiefreoord.'d in the fadama. arne
Ty St.At.llS within ihe Rtutdy a'reat nnly 4 speAieR (5.4%)
Win he dselrihed a. enmmon throu1ghou2t, whereas 35 sppeies
(472.Ph) Art vilnArable while 34 specieR (45.9%) are rare.
ifrir,an wildlife species can he descrihed in terms of
t.hpir dependpnce on regular water siippliies. The hippopotomus
(Q1i,,oi,otnmiis amDhihitus), manat.ee (Trichechiis seneftal ensi )
and t.he clawless otters (Ann-l capDensis) are aquatic mammalR
living entirply inside water. The manat.e gramen vegetation
in or close to wat.er while tht hippo gnes upland in thP
eveening to grAze. The otter irs narnivornus. The crocodile.
(Crrocncr-ii- nilotieiisl and the monitor lizA.ard are wAt.er
rdeDendent rept.i1es.
Whiile somp large mammals urch as the wat.errbhck (Kobuis
PII ins. ipryvmnils) I nd t.hp rpedhuc1k (Redtinca. rpdiInca) muRt.
drinkl wter s:everal times in thp day, ot.her wi'dl if e species
39
re- s -4..-.== in-Ifw..q.----
!3111li not the hbff^loa (Svnearjuu oaffor I, elejhhants (Lxl.nd4tZ
nfninnnla Iincl roan antelopfe (Nlrjnvotraxt jgj jjinu) make do |
w1ith watering once in tho day. The nther animals surh as t.h I.hmrtb"hpst (,%Ir.Pan.hD i hung1la-hm t.he *warthog j
(PhIrunhoeruxn j jt.hinojiii) and some rarnivoren which ingest.
ilnod wi th t.hlir food nan stand aridity for snimc
cciFiretrahle intervals. The degree t.n which a wildlife
nprein cnn wit.hst.^nd ariSlity det.ermines how far it. nan
eA:tpnrd it.s life rAnge away from rivers and la.damaxs.
Thru Arid-adapted spenies are thereforn much less likely
t.o he nogatively impact.ed b-y F^.dama development, rs the !sit.Pr-dependentR species mostly are.
' z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i
.1
.1.2.1.4 PrPRent FPtat.U of FAdAmA d"vel onpent.on wildlife mammalR and reptileR
MoRt. aqiiat.ic and terrestrial wildlifet species ar
eNploited hy th17e' Fadama dwellerst throuigh hi3nting. Th *,
inrreased FAdamn development and act.ivitieR envisaged will
fiurtilhr expose the natiiral hide-otlt. (reftgia) of thP species
t.his rnidangering t.hnose already- now nenr t.he point of
e':tinri-ion to bhecome ePtarminated. The meThods described for
hi,ni.ins? wildlife by the Fadmam dwellers incluide sbhoot.ing
t.hpni hy uising paisonnd arrown andl issing t.he mI l ae leading
dl np P. Iris. Trappine is donce utsing wire snares, and var i ousit
fIPnr.Rmp nnd Ranguiinary gin trnps. fOt.her wildllife are killed
bh- Resting huiRh fires to entrap animals which are t.hen
a.iIttrekcnd and rnpturer3 hy trained fierce dogs. Night. hunting
iS crnrriPd ont. uRiing oarhide headlnmps with which hunters
hlr til thpir prp,.R. The rorlents nre killfdi ,y smoking their
40
hbirrows and then digging linti1 they are caught. Anot.her
method uisepd b,y some farmers involves digging deep
canmonuflged tren¢chst into which anImalsPi unknowingly gt.
trapped in t.h night and are subshcjtiently elaihhed to death
hy hiunters in the following morning. Smallnr animals are
nlsn killed hy farmors setting nets to suirrouind the farm
sucrh t.hat the animals get entrapped. General ly, as the i.
populntion of wildlifet redujcest iri an area so arrn morel
ingenotis meanR of captuiring them evolved by the hunters.
Whilst. the niumhbrs of mn.ny- aquiatic wildlife sp1ciest will
decrease aS g resuilt of disturbance acti ovities In tlh KFaidAmas a few otherR will inerease due to more favourable ,, ;
conditinns. The enviRsaged Fadama development will result in
increaned anAilahility of food And extensive puddlesI
development. where wild aniAls cRan wallow.
Sulch wildlife speci es aS the graRRetttPern. and warthogs !apnrt. from vFriouis snakps suitch ns cobra, python tnd viper
Arp likely tn be positively affpeted AS a rRIslt. o FAdadamA
fnrming. Some Rpecies of rodents; Nile rat. (Aruicanthis j
niloticiig), 'Iittimamate rat . MaIstomvs ramya) and the
erh,rillire spp. will definitely incrrARe in population as a
renialt of proposed Figrictil tairnl ritvellopmenit in the Fadamaas.
Tn Plnatena and Taraba Stntes more snakes are sightead
ir3 iing th rlry season in the Fadama areas. The popuilation of
the. sn:nk;es azrr- houind to increaRe in norresponding
proportions to those of the rodents on which they feed in
the Faiijmns. ,
41
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _i-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4.2.1.5 Pe4t. .ct.ivit.ieRm of wildliffe in adAdms arean
Tnhlp f mhlown wildlitp tpecipm Inieriminnt.q'd as petPt.a of
agric-iltuiral nrops. Otit. of 25 wildlife species recorded an
pett., R, 16 and 3 Are hirde, mammal. and rept.lles
romRpert.ivelF. The non- rept.iIian wildlife nnAmiML at.t.Atack
variotsi crop3 miuch am veget.ahl em apices, grain And tubaerouam
crop. at. different RIAgem of plant. growth (from mowing to
harve'ting).
Wart.hogm and hippopotamus aro report.ed t.o have invaded
uand dhmt.roynd muiny fnrinit in fluinsn, Ajmnk;il.m .oeml Clovernment
Area of Kogi Stat.e and Rall..l.oCal Government Area in Trasha'.
St.At.e. AnnuAlly, manatemR Alao destroy A7ot, of Padamma crops
in Kpnreke, 1;ot.onkarfi T.ocal Government. Area of Kogi St.ate.
ni rds pert.iciolarly qaze.lem anti weavers an well si
rodentR conRt.it.ate the moRtm serious pett. problem in all the-.,,%
'States visRited. Tn miost cA9Ren the FadamA farmerm confirmed
t.hat. while the other wildlif* species can mt.ill hp tolerated
they wouild want. total dest.riet.ion of qujelns hirdR in
pnrt.i cl ar.
42
Tehl Eb R i wi iiii i rH Niltne' i to 1 iwnr li ut ies i of,I mi. nr tv r ism it 1t1hemiddle belt cwnn. Ni1lf`A.
Rpnn 4 #V lanvual ini es KE) 1'1. 'I'A I:ropmI hutina) 9a TRAII RARA atfented
---------------------- - --- ----- -------------------
Mlemmni1 mAnnyp. enpennin + - 4 Vnflnlfnllln r*t.m.rfsrn; I I'qI *m'..LLIJO.P.I,M IIk.s.ll lirl ++ + + .Sweeth pota^toc,
mLiso , gromindni.t.
tf:ifillm vriUm Illrl ++.+ ++ Swant pol.atonefrii t t.tro"pn.
vlryt.trhn.ckft^bi pI t Jan hir1 ++ ++ + swent. poatt.n"tmamlt, grntindn,at..
~rIf'ret.on.y~ geamthlnnuaa 4.4. ++ + COaa^avA, Yam,lnrl h pot.at.o".
HADljinpn.iniajq n apILghI!'W l)nrlnn + - + Ocnaclonal farmdeat.raiat. ton.
7.pmnil aonvm app. R era + + ++ 5weet. pepper,vroine, eggplant,t, owpea .
Lemptmin et!RppnRi R 7o.n ++ ++ + Cnwpna, rln .e
Ivnrl1ant.a afrt-Iant Giw+ - + O(canional farm. ~~~desmtnsaa. iosn..>
Phanonhnprs-A Alqtrin- ++ ++ + I)eFtnrarution orMet hnp i d- -,In. i falmR.Rip32nt.vAut P.qiIJ!IIIR Gwnnki + + 0krn, vegnt.hle
,snt.ter.^p 1 o in nleLh Goggo+ + . ++ Mate, groutndnszt.
Rv?.gtemiam e~affer Rauna +4Ra + farm deatruetion.-'irvr.h,ua onog . AyiJ + + - VMtet.able tter.)Criaa rvtnhtnaptu ++ ++ + Bnmhnrorniml.,
T1rih pot.atoe .Rebpti I a
CrnrdVliiR nuIintirel1 KAdR + - - VegetLhblP mt.tter.Kiniuvvs, b11inn . + - - - Veget.ahlea.VerAni,. eilatieuR. Danmo + + + VegetLhle matter.
RirdRf!ndnrv_nn pp_ . Agwngwa +++ ++ ++ Ri *ai .#.
Frn.nAn1 i niR- FakarA* ++ + + Sorghum,s mAi.e.binal r~arac. : , Namidn mn1n~riq 7.abo :4 ++ + Rioae, savrghuam
4ai .
43A
'rahle I i nnnt.d.
flrtavtnz2iaa a_rtrienllis Jira +++ +44 ++4 Wheat, sotghurnrine, maize.
P1jo1e.25.M epp. r,wingi + .++ + l.av"s ofgraminasn aLnd ftrl1it. t.rn"m.l
Pninehalua s"net. Tairys ++ + + Mfr.ui targhA.IPti 1 nnAchl net.rosum Kay1 n dutmne ++ +sorghui Stignatnnell1 1P g Kureiya + - Maie1, ri ce
Note: .+. very serions, ++ serious, 4 minimal effect., not noticeahle [
41
I1.
. § ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
* I;
43h
P1w. 4: l,ocatIon of major conservation areas in the middle']'belt. K
.,
-~ ~ I.
'1'
44~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ..
S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
K2.1.f Areas of spenific importance that. might.hb impact.ed hy Padama development.
Figuir 4 ehowe the location of majoir wildlife I
nonservation are^s recogniced by the Tnt.ernat.ional lln1in for
Ccneprvat.ion of Natuire a.nd Nat.iral Recournce. Thme I!ennat.it.ul.e the menRit.ive aream that. must bh prot.ected from
anme i:ndemlrable impact.s t.hat. coulid arimi from radama . I
development, in t.he middle belt, area of Nigeria. The Ii int.ernAt.ional conventione in force in conmervation aream A..
i nol ure: .(1) Africa.n convention on conservation of nat.ure and
notuiral renournest Algi crc 1968;
(2) Convention concerning t.he protent.ion of the WorldCultural Rerit.age, PariR 1972;
(3) Co,nvention on Tnternat.ional Trade in EndangeredSpeciee of Wild Fauna and Floral Wathingt.on 1973;and
(4) Convent.ion on Conservation of Migratory Species of. h
Wild Animals, Ronn 1979.
Althouigh NigeriA in S ignat.ory to the above limted.
intsernational convent.ions and t.reatiee giving adequate
protection t.o wildlife of aquatic, t.erreetrini7 or avifauna,
descript.ion in it.m connervation arean, it. is unfort.unate
that the conunt-ry i yet to become a Signst.ory t.o the Ramear
Convention for protect.ion of wetlandn and wat.erfowls which
Are likely to he impacted by the propoRed Fadamn development
project. feRpit.e this shortcoming, within t.he atudy area
there are several water impotmndment.e and ext.encion of
wetlands from npighbohuring States which are of Rpecific
import.ance to waterfowl and other avian apeciee. that might
be impact.ed by the implementat.ion of t.he FadAma project. I,Stich areas inluide: -
45
_ - _ _ _ i_ _ -i _ _ - - _____________-
(a) Kainji Lake and J.7hhb ,akhe in Kwarn and Niger rSt.at.es aroind where over 380 rsident. an well ap ipalearct.ic migrat.ory birds have benn recorded(Child, 1974). The Kainji h.ako Nat.ional Park inthe areta serve ans eonservat.ion area for t.hemehirds and other wildlife species;
(h) Sert.i arn, the headiiart.nr of Gashaka-Gumpt.iNational Park in Tarahba/Adamawa St.at.es where ovfer200 bird specioe have been recorded in thmwet.lands (all, 1977 in Ayni gLt. a, l9RO);
(o Yankari Natinnal Park In Rautchi Stat.e part ofwhich extends into Plateau StRate wetlandswhere over 244 gaLme birds and intereat.ingvariet.tsR of waterfowl. are recorded. Thewetlandn of Rente river, Kashimbila, Vans Rock,Pai river and the confluence of rivers Niger andRenmie have records of spect.acslar waterfowlsRigBht. ings . . j
Whilst. t.he prot.ection of the avian speciesp can be
guiArmnteed within the conservat.ion areal, particular
at.t.ention miust he paid to gSame survivaLl out.si de the
reservan. fSch areas of concern incl ude t.he Fadamas of iome
rivpr basins throughoutt t.he study area part.icularly theo
Gongola., Niger, Triabs and t.he Kadiuna river banins. Tn t.hese
areas permit must. be obtained from the Wildlife 1)epartment.
of the States Ministrimes of Agriculture for game-bird
hiunting t.o ensiire rontrol of game removal. Except. wit.h
license any fisherman whose nett accident.ally entangles a-
waterfowl mi3st releanse it..
4.2.1.7 Farmers incursion int.o sensitive wetland areai
The Forest Reserves (Fig. 5) are other sensitive
eonnprvation areas that coul d he impa.t.ed by Fadima
development, and into which Fadama farmers sometimes
encroach. Tn t.he study Area, there were many reported casmes
of farmer incuirRion into sensit.ive areas.
46
--- ---- - -- -- - - -- - -- --- - - - - - -- - -
____ =__ _=_ ___ ___ ___ ______ ___ ___ _________ ___ __;__ -1 4 --
. . ~~~~~~~~~~~~I.
B~~~~~~~F I
'C .I
> I
C I
C I
. K I
It I
i . I
' .. * I
Some namno of in.urniona inclinde:
(I) OCniipat.lon nf part. of Fnadamam in conmervation areafor farming pirpamp in view of nvnilnhilit.y nflong-term fallowed fert.ile landa (e.g. in Taraha);
(2) Onnupat.inn of conmervAt.ion cr"am hy rattle nwnermin aeAroh of patRtiere;
(3) I.opping nf lgiuminotum t.rinam, m3ch an Khava,Afzelit and Pteroramuin apecine (h order to ohtainfodder for livemt.ock during the dry meaAnn;
(4) Rat.ting firep t.o bhuh in order to prnmote earlyfIlumh of grace in t.he F.dama aream of thennrmf*rvnt.ion area; nnd
(5) Pnnching of wildlife during t.h dry meason whenfarming activitie are at. t.he lowpmt. level.
The nt.aff In charg of. the conamrvat.ion aream were
interviewed am t.o the reasons for the inci3rmionm. Some of
t.he reARone for t.he lapRe inclide among others:
(ii inadequatte funding of the Game Prote-t.ion IJnit. byt.he Ministry of Agricult.ure;
(ii) Rcarcit.y of profemmionally traneipd manpower inwildlife management. at all levele;
(iii) laclr of effect.ive or enforcement. of wildlifelegislatiotn
liv) gnme prot.ent.ion personnel are not. in pnssessionof fire-arms to cope witth armed poachers; ,nnd
(v) poor reward or inRiirance system for wildlifeRI.Aff working tinder Inhrshh, And mnmet.imemdangerouls conditions.
Tn mafny nf t.he gamp reserveR t.hre are no jeep tracks.
TTn ntlher places t.herp nr- -in enngenial ramps and guiards hnve
to live for lnnq periods in tents. Where there is any fousr-
wheel drive vehicle, thy are' often delapida.ted, hut more
often the.re are no vehicles. %
Tn vi rttial 1 y all the gAmue reserves, fi res Ret by
farmprA dujring the period of lAnd preparat.ion burn int.o thp
45
parka t.hiin dntraying the vg.t.at.ion cover required by t.he
wildlife mpe'ociem.
4.2.1.R Pot.ent.ialm of the projoet. t.o destroyhabit.at.ps in thn Fradama
Tahle 7 shown the dimtrihution of plant.a hy families
amnd apeci:e within and out.Aide Padama arec of the middle
belt. zone. Thn mt.udy area .n located in t.h giuinea 1 tavoanna
veget.at.ion z.nne. Under the nat.ural environment, in t.him
veget.ation z.one more than 314 vegetat.lon epeciem ocnaur of
which 215 (6R.5%) coexiet wlt.hin and oiitmide Fadama areas.
Whilet. 51 (l6.2%) ar pUre IAdama plantm, 4R (15.3%) nre
upland vegetat.ion.
Tahle 7: Dlist.rihat.ion of plants by family and %pec1es withinand o,it.nide fadainia areop in t.hi middle belt. areasof Kogi, TtrAhba and Plateau States
Spec!ies! prefenc:e in/out.ide FAdama -
stat.p Familiet Spripe. Ou tAi de i nit de inside andt.ot.al fadxamn fadamn nzt.Mido
osgi 38 91 12 16 63
ThrftiA 45 117 20 1 9 7R
Plat.eail 42 106 16 16 74
Total 125 314 4R f51 215
Roth the t.errestrial and Zthe aquatic vegetation specice
provide natuiral refuge, food and nesting mat.erials for
wat.erfowlR, other birdR and t.e?reRtrial animnali. Rut. t.he
development, of FadamA uslually involvves complete removal of
mnl;t. availahle natuaral veget.ation except. thoee that are of
49
dirent. henefit tO the F*dAmA farmerm. Othpr trees pfterim
Arm ryet.ained henaiase there ia logialat.ion againat. their
removal an thece const.it.ut.e eenonmic timhbr species.
The romovAl of natuaral Vgt.Ot.intan iaually riatilt.s in
loan of mom plant. apeolie, partioniarly t.he perenniAl
grammne. Tn Tat.Ahil floodplain lonat.ed in Niger St,at.e of t.he
middle belt. n.one, wondy vnget.ation denit.y warn etimat.ed At.
25.1 RIARmS/hA while pllant height.a ranged from 0.R to 16.0m
wit.h a mean of 4.5m in Iona dint.urhed Padama area.
The farmed Padama cont.ained 2.1 at.om/he nf woody vegetattion
with an average plant height. of 9.6m.
The herbaceoua conmummnitlten which naturally cont.ained
t.urfterd greneRn of Andirnnon Rpp., T^Dhf. a,attrnl i and
Phramite karka were replaced by Rorrpria erpeta, AmMranthiass
spp. and Rrmcharil app. wit.h serial cover of lRAn than a
third of the originally undint.rluhed herh layer.
WaterfowlR And other hird arn well aR monkpy iRne t.h
avnAilable ovrRtory aR nenting, reRt.ing or patehing aites.
ThusR thp nomplete loan of the overmt.orey, apart. from
deoreamed natuiral food availabilit.y limits desirable habitat.
of thPeP Animal. The FadamA herb layer-on tlse other hand
provides shelt.er, and graziing Piton for roddent.s and other
smaller animals.
The envisaged Fadama devPlopment will :renult: in loms of
ve¢eth7le mat.t.er which manate e and other wildlife apeciem
depend on as feed Rouroe. lenCe t.hePe AnimalR Will 71 feek
nlt.rnat.ive in farmed areas. The draining of polders and the
r.o
inie of pond-water tar uairyfaon irrlgat.ion would reatilt, in
lbme of dleirahle Aquatic plant,r and thereby dieriipt. the
nac.taral habitat. of the Fadamn wildlife l pecie inc:ltiding the
waterfowle. Soma nf the nquatlci plants whliht aruo like-ly to
dieappear aa A reault. of drainage in1lude t
dAmprauim, PiNtift Ntjrnt.* floating plant%, And macrophytee
Rchinnoch].= xt^nina Ric:horn1a crAXMjD"X and ldWP9J
drlae13rene which conat.it,oit.e nsat.rit.ioii dry Reanon herbage food
for livent.nr:k (Ohat. and Ayeni, 19A7).
Fadama dwellrm AlreAdy at.art.ed t.o Complain Abolt. l on
of cert.ain plant. apacipx eauoh an papyrne, nedgeP And raphia
from which they weave mAtA for varinus dcmest.in and fiRhing
ACt.ivit.iPR. The hbmbooc cut. in the Fadamac are not oft.en
repl aced dis t.o lac1k of knowlebdge of their vegetative
propaLgat ion.
4.2.2 Potent.ial impactR of fAdama development. on apecies
4.2.2.1 Wat.erfowl. and other hirde
Tahle R a, h, and c show the locat.ionR vi.it.ed within
the stidlty area and comparison of wildilifp occiuranee in thp
pant. and at. present in t.he samplP villageR. The lint of
wnterfowla, other birds, t.errent.rinl wildlift and habitat.
.hanges like-ly to he imparted hy t.he proposed Fadama
development have been raised in approptiAt.e ecrtionm earlier
in this text. Only a brief list. nf the pot.ential impacts and
mit.ieat.ion mpmnsurpR will he re-crred to in thiR sec.tion.
On waterfowls, the draining of poldera and exceRsive
piumping of pond water for Su3rface irrigation may lead t.o
-1
TAhlf R (A)
3tmogralannn a'1 Wildllft n nunaranna in ±1ba onat nil Al nXr.aj.t iD ILhf MfRvi,lI nDEe oX Most ritrte
IIi',iiI- I'sIJFI Pf4tfl9'iIM *r ISrEli04',il. ,'u,eiae'ln el' nPESII' : r11, ,.141.e HI I.no 1.tA ld'njlegii w 1 11 I re l?ndatinn W I 1 dI1 I Ve
j ~~~~~~~~t.eveeit.ial aaqiakt.io t.erremt.1al aqnazt.In
1. IKnIotn- Kpernkn Knoton lMn Hippo HIppoIK/rf K,fvti Rolffalci Manatee Manateen
P 0 lepharat CronodilnRodent. Wntpr'nwl Rodente0 Ragl S tork Ragle StorkRgret Hnroym Rgret.
Commornot.'I.llly l.lIly
I - t.rot.tar t.rot.tnrK log- We,mvnrll
r I mitesr Qia, I nalAeregli AJ^ _
kcitA ditto ditt.n dittto ditto
Tdah TdAh Tdah Rlnphant. Hippo HippoRusffalo Crooodilsm CrocodileAntilope ManAtee Macnst.e
* niThker M.l.i,nvrd M. .pardRare St.ovk HareCane rat Fich Cane ratt
: ~~~~~~~~~~eagleHsronCnmmonot
I *~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~.illy lillytrotter trnttpr
O "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.e'n,.f7dnh TdAko-
likn Tdah d1ttn ditt.o ditto ditto
Aym arnhn Ogiama RaPn;a Hluffalon OtterLion Hippo. HippoTiger Manatee ManateeHaLre Warthog NAre WarthngMonkey Fish Monkey
* eagleApepx Heron'Honded Cnmmonol.Vial Llrta! 'I' rr
Sib
0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Tnhl et A (es oni't.d .
Pleintn In't~~~~~~~~~~~~t ^tfqr no^^^ no^^
Rndnnts 1luikar Rodvt.aThis
Thaa k
4 IAI.t.n,oAi ao rst, 9 _ ~~~~ ~~Yagha .1 onv
a antI H iarl H arp
Pangol in! . uixhbhink
nh I kerrP Inni.n I n
nan. rat
I ll.. rtRastAmlaro Yagh dilt.t.o di tto - ditto dit.t;
A1ynt,nrn dum13 d I tto d i t. t.o di t.tn di t.t.n
a..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
61c
Tahle A (h)
Cn^omvrionn nf Wildlif onnnu,rAnnit in the paci, And at precent. in t,hf sA.p1nvi'liane of Tarahh Rtat.e
1 JaninEn nplovin .JallngoI flogo Ant.niopn Hippo Hippo
g * Ihike,r Cr?nodlia CrncodileWairt.hog Mnnt,nn MNunateneRedhog Ot.tesrMonkey e MnnkrytPnnrnaipineCan" rat. Cano rPt.
2 IflaRROl Rinihh,rnk Hippo Hippo!luiker fironndlip Thaiker CronodileRiarffalo Mennt,qeMonkey Wat.erdiank Mon'iepyWaLrthog nfeeen WarthogPornupine ftork'4l.ll King-
_ *ltt~1hor "FannxI4a.t.t- I1Ai I
Roan-Antelope
3 ,'RalRali Pail Roil Waterhiink HippoRuIffAlo S tiorkHyaena Rlnon HynenA RonanRedhar!jk LiI,1y 1. IlIj
trno.t.nr trro1.t.erRiu.hhtack DThck
* Monkey MonkeyCivet.
Can rate Can rat.e
61d
Tabl ^A (h I nnit4d
Ctompariaon nf Wildlife nVP nurnantie It I.hn vaAt. fnd nat, piemienil in t.hft mfAmplepV1 1 1Z^co01 PlAtmaln St.ittn
M"nw.l Manqia Macg"S Monkey Water- MnnUeyfowl
Ant.elope Tnrnnnia I ker uhank DainkMaanaa rat. 1 y I I 1 y
t ~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~trot.t,r t.rott#r
tl.ad i IAd1i Monkey Water- Monkey Wateir-fowl fowl
Hare 44oflet (leeeCane rat nisnkHyaena Ternr1. on Heron
|~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~lt 11|@ . i ,-
IManesa Maka-t.ako RBmkknot Squ irral ditt.o Squ I rrel dite.cr
2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~lth I nen-fowlPorosoupine Porouapi ne
Monkey
2 iKCffi Panda Kar Warthog Iroood lIe Warthog Ctroaqd I IaMnkfby Hippo Monkey "Thai ker Manatee n I kI erWater- Water- Watpr-fowl fowl fowlMonitnor- nhuck Monitor- Dick
n~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~ I r %" rdl I i P.Rrtl
Phytore St.ork* RuaRhhback fleRe ' flee
Part.rldq1 Part.ridteA,,. AN rtsMli latni Monkpy Gfeece Monkey
Warthog nhac. DnUk
Duli kyr - Heronfln'-nku l;ffi Dulkpr Hippo
Harp Waterfowl WatnrfowlWarthog King-
ficthprMCae rate Stork C.ane rat.e StorkMonkpy CommorAnt Monkey Geene
I _-
Sle
Onompriimnri nf Wildlife onniaranne in t,he pnat. and at. proeent. in the aamplo
2 ' ~~~~~NemnMa4# r*1w. Ne. clmn i.aw,slime I'llu..1aPl Me. [email protected] t.mAnt.el ope W ippnWa^rthoae Wat.er-
f*wlinia ker tCommArfnt.Mnni t.nr-I 1 hard Geec
jei'f i ice? Phyt.onKeffl Keff1 MnnkPy ~~~Hippo Moinkety
Rittal a WAlo'r- WAter-fowl fowl
Warthog Crrocodil e CroondileCane rat SRt.ark CaLne rat St.ork
* Gee',aum Snakkem t4eeeCniunmoran t;
- ' _ Wh I ta-§ ~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~p 1 axn__
| -.
3 !I.afia 1afia T.afit Monkey Hippo Monkey HippoCane rAt ManAt.e Coane rat MAnat.eGorilla Oltt.er OtterDThiker Crocodile OrnnodilePoropinn WIt.erfnwl WAterfowlRulffalo tGheme GeaffiWArt.hog flommorant Warthog CoMo4antRuehheack Stork St.orkWat.nrhunk Heron HeronHarp A RaSnakemMoni tor-l t.ard
*~~ 'GOIJ nec- t:ui nt fwfowl
T1inEan- I.af ifAMuipaja RueRhhinck Hi ppo Hippo
WArthog Manatee WArthngThtn i kpr - Crrnodilp 1 t ke r 1:rirodile11 1rrl. I w."e-r.X w WaterfowlMonkety Geest Monkey GTe,Elephant WatorducA HeronOntrich Stork Stork
Sif
Tbhle R (n) rnnt.d.
ncompariecn nf Wildlife onnnranne In t.h past. and at. pronet. in t.he mample ofPltenia Rtate
3 I TungAn- T.afiA
MuspajA lY-4yana H4eronAnt.ilnp. PPrlinnn
HareqMnnkpy N
Rarkin l.'flaKngi Warthng Hippo
Mnnkey nirnnodi1e Monkey CrocodileRiaftfao MAna.eeC^ane rAt. Waterfowl Cane rnt WaterfowlAnt..lopn KIng- King-
* ~~~~~~~~~~fiahem tiahewGina.- Pelican Gulnea-fowl fowlPq rl.ritlgn litron Pols,*.ridgm Heron
_ I.ily- Rodent. l.ailI-trt.tter rotrt.erTernMovpr
_- I -
4 Doqi I KAnamWmae Wamn ditt.o ditto dit.to ditt.o
tHare HIppo HareuaI ker Cr.or.odIle CprocQd1le
Warthog Waterfowl Warthog Wat.er?wlR'alfnlo King- King-
firher f. aherMonkIy P litan MonkeyrGorilla MnvnrAntel ope TornGui Ilna- Heron Guinen- HRronfowl fowl
LIilly- .illY-
t.rotter t.rott.erGiwn WRse ditto di to dit.tto dit;to; lengi KIanam dittn d ditto dittol.nnOtnnu Shendam di1tnt di di.t.o diLto ditto
51 g
disriuption in t.he pnpulatiOn of rahbj aqLaQtir. instet.s,
hivalves etc. and consequently affect. thhe wAterfowla whiih
dlepnd on the"^ for fond.
Also wit.h pot.ent.iAlly ine:reased Padanma development.
activities, expPcially teins of fnom machinerin mont.
wAterfaowls and other hirds which can&t, tolerate musch
d1 stirhannc arn hotind t.o migrat.e from much arean.
Dsppit.e these, some ot.her birds such as qmlea. aL nd
we1Avers wouald rine in population an a result of increased
food avWinahility and they can const.it.ut.e pst. problema.
4.2.2.2 TerrestriAl and aquA,tic wildlifte
The AquIAt in mammal A such as manatee, -ot.ters and hippo
which are impseted t.hrouagh puimping of surface wat.er couild
move int.o neighhouring ponds if Fadama development. in
carried oujt in patches. Some of t.hefs Ralmu animals couild
also he trapped and t.ranslocat.ed to Rtoack consnervtion araan
in which they are low in population. FArmors and cnmmuinit.ie
can he ennouragpd to Allow some endpmic species of antelope
to remain 3nrdisxtujrhed on their fallowed fArmR or in
Comnitan i ty R>eY rvem.
_ 2
….&a.a A..__ . _vd&r...'ar . __~._aranW . ..n _ _ _
4.3 FRRSHWEATRR FTSHERTF.S
4.3.1 Hydrology of the Middle 'Belt, Nigeria.
The River Niger has two distinct flonds anntually 3 then
hlack and the white flood. Before then Kainji dAm, thhe black
flnnd rneehed Rainji and Jehbn areas arotind November And the
white flood from local rains arrived in Auigiust. After thhe
construictin of the drn. the pattern continu1ned nnly ipsttrnam
nf Knainji dAm butt hma greatLly altered downstream dime to .
flood cnntrol hy hoth Kainji and Jebba dams authority. The
ne-w flood itegimp in the middle Niger (Jebba - T.okoja) after. [the construction of the two dams showsl all year round
reguli Iatpd flow with redueed whlit.e flood and higher flow
ratesi dtiring off flood periods. However, from JebbA to
l.olkoj.n the confnluencP town, A distance of 7shouit SnOkm, the
river freqtienly overflows itR hank firming extensive
floodplains o07 e.ither side extending in width ton aboutt likm
upstreamn. nnd redur ing to lkm Along .Ihe l oiccr ROkm.
Altogethsr there is an estimated total floodplain area of
About 3P.5.SOOha in Rome flood years.
Between Tdah and Onitsha on the lower N-iger, thfere is.
annther extensive flooidplnin estimated at abouit 165,OOOha.
tb.ot 200-m to the L.okoja confluience from kirak-rdi there
Art' F-XtV.nqivr rlondplajins with widths of about. I1km mostl;y
n1ond the Rout.h hank. AltogethRr there is an estimated
3:il.OOr:ha of floodpIain along the Rix-er Berniie.
- -.-'- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - --- -7 - - -
_ . _ __ ___ _ __ ____ _____ __ ________ ______ _ *-_____<~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
4.3.2 F.ffet. nt t.h Flood regiment ofth Rivern Nigerann P."nien nn The l4inlgy Of The Finh Pospulatio0n
The hydrology of the two ma,jor river ayat.ema in Nigeria
(Wiger and Renuo) anid their t.rihiit.aries ha aL great impact-
on the hiology of their relrdent. fiah popil7ntiona. Diaring
the dry ananna, moat. Rperien are confined 1n rhe main river
nhannelm while otlhera are left. hehinc' in the perennnil |
AwAmp.. With the onant nf t.he rains .and .uhaequent. flow of
water intn the rivers from t.he rat.rhment. tr"naa a lot. oil
nuatrientas and food orgalniamR are narried away from farmland.
intn t.he mamin chsnnel of t.he river. FWiihop in t.he main
rivpr.x initiate upxtrpam migration and fe-0 int.enaively on
the auhundant food organisms flushed down h1 their hank t.hus
inlundating the flIlondplainm. The majorit., :i the Rpeie.s
iigrate lat.erally int.o t.he flondplRinra ann siwAmpa t.o spawn.
T11P npnwning period iR from Juily t.o Spepthebr in the RFRene :
fliver ane from algiust to October in t.he River Niger.
Thre inundration of the floodplain iver. riae to
nI:hmergenceP of hiish and brushe., and nbhInnlnnePd farmland|
which sradienlly depay t.hiu relepaing organir. nutrient. into
the watpr. This *rePulqt.s in t.he blonm nf phyto and
,4e0-plankton uwhich serr%,qa-.a food for the n sw;y apawned fiash.
frr nnrd fingerli ng.
Iith thp onspet of the dry SeARon aft.er the lsaxt rains
in (lc-tnb ier, 1.he ri- ver level be i in-, to fall -dnd thp. flow rate
recdiir,. The Vlooded plains and swamps grrum.lly lose their
wni ' haek- tI-rongi. the flond nhannnels int.n t.hn main rivers.
Mo!r of the fish st'ecies initiat.e moveme;I tack into t.he
54
.~~~. - ~ - - - - - - - - -~
main river nhannels flowing along with the receeding floond.
Snme get .stranded in stagnant pools of water in the plains
anid sw^mps wlhile the main rivers alsn gradually break up
into pools. Among the spenien often trapped In stagnant 1pools of water in thle plain and swamps arn those adapted for
survi val in low dissolved oxygen conditions e.g. fljarfIa(mid li.shes), Hnteroti t. Prntnntmrsis t 1ingf 1 sh),
Onhi1oechalits. Malant"eruirUs. (electric. fiRh) and otbhr
hardy spciesR nish aR the tila. * . and rnnodnntail.
bIajority of the Rwamps retain a considerable qualtity of.
water throuaghoust the dry season wi th sufficient depth to
retaLin A. good niumhpr of the largpr species without accefssory.
breathing organs. Such swamps which are usually highly
Vegetat.eAd often serrve a reservoirs for breeding populationns
against the next flnod season.
4.3.3 RFffert nf Kainji a.nd Jehhb Dams on the FloodRegime and Fish Production Of The River NigerRetween Jebba and Lokoja
Tahle 9 compares the inflow and outflow into and from
liainji and Jebba Reservoirs. The ta.hle shpw-s that the mean
diRschArge at Jebhb'below Jebha dam tinder nermal opetrating
reondition does not fall helow 1,447m /sec. eiven withouit the
spillway flow. This shows that the creation of Jebba 4.am
dir] not a.dversely affect the level of the Niger below the
da.m, hence the greatest damagef to the floodplain was done by
the Kainji D)a9m .
_ Si
- - - - -- - -..-- - - - :- - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tnhlh 9 Disehnrge Rates for Kainji and Jflhb Damn.
PRrAm4tArg Kaiinji JTebba Frequenncy in
M /See for Jtbhha
Tnflnw (m x 1 n /Annual 46569 512R1 16253 f
Ket. Evaporation (M v 10 /An.) 1356 34.3 -
Turhine fInw (N xlO Ian.) 429R3 45541 1447
S'pill (M -v 10 /An'.) 2251 5347-
AvPrAge heAd wAt.er (m) t3R.7 103.0 -
AverAge tail wat.er (m) 103.3 74.3 -
Source,: N.E.P.A. (1977)
Althou5gh the extent. of the Ions of floodplaLin het.ween
.Jahba and T.okoja ar. a result nof KAinji dam has not been
entimated, F.A.0 (1970) estimAted t.he relat.ivo area of the
floodplain in relation t.o the main river chennel from thl
confli1ence at T,nicnja. to Jebba on t.he Niger and to Maklurdi on
the River Renize {TTAhle 10. Ret.ween Jebhb and Tokoja, the
floondplain o.nnst.ite.s abouit 83% of the t.otasl surface area
of water at high water. FAO (1972) eRtimated a decline
of shout 62% in fish prodict.ion at' Jehba between 19R7 and
1969 after the completion of Kninji dam. Similarly at
Pat.gei downstreanm of J.ebha, a decline of 39% in fih!
landringsn was estimatedH.
_fi- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -~~~~~~~I
tw.e , fl -S ------ -- -----
T'ahlp 10 Relative airea of the floodplaini in relation to the main P
river nhinnal for the Rivers Niger and Renue.
--..-------------------------------------------------------------
River . LTocation Area of river Area of floodplAinplils plis n and Swamps at
hi ghwvater2
KM2
(1(1 )
Nis tr Jnhha-l,olIoja. 29R4 2492 RR
RAniAn Malcul rdi -lo.koaj 10 08 607 S3s
tli ger l.okoja-Tdah 194 72 37
ODA (1972) alsno obsrved that thp result of the
reduct1ion in the flIctuAtion of water levelrs below Jebba hasot
been very significant. They estimated that up, to 30% of the
pre-viously flooded area would bP permanently exposed and a
turther proportion will be inundated only for short periods
diuring high river flaws a.ssnociated with local rains.
4.3.4 Surface Water QualitF of the Middle Pelt Rivers[Paddocks And Stagnant Pool s
Puiblished i nformati on on the water chemi stry of the I
Niger nnd Renufe Riversi and their tributaries reveal that
these rivers are low in dissolved nutrients and poor in
Rsulphate, nitrnte and phosRphate. On the other hand iron, I
calciuim and potanssiuui, silicate and magnesiium are usually
fairly high (Tbhle 11).
57
____________ ___________ ___________ ______.-_-.
*!
.1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-.
;. ail;,
.,l~~~~0,
It~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L
.,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~01
lll~~ ~~10 113ol , s
oI *td4!t swd ZUIVAIUDJIII!I U! fI6L1 j'I1 utes'fti3 4lJiJ lD.. ' i
1F451J T1V didMhlS a:rvn JDJY 5 i3L5i! sv12> t~i~ tI ̂ ; CS 4!i::
I) - - sill -I - - -
I) : _ 100 i - - -, w ,I ) ' - tOOO "-! -~~~~~~~~~~~~-a
*' I) ~ a........................... -E......-.a.....
003uil Il U0v
0 I I 1, 11e * IV - - . .-I..
*u ireo tn> - ---
OO9d 31 AdE'O se'-l pi -1 vi -1 4 m -1 q I -1 A IV 41.1
- i
-) ' O O ' O 5 0 0 - - - - 1I J :I I . P ai
1! , -tOO-5 50'0 - 5e-0~~~~~~sr SE'iJ* IQaaI 5 -11 1 U0 I Ob
0t 8 &0'0 Dl'll I-Y ' . ¢t-t St-' , '{w8.LI- Ias &
- - - 01 ' Jltg§s'g54!
- a - Zt'O 110'0 YO'. SO'U )- J!.'4!- , - - ZE'O SY'O f i Cg590 - L *ai *5* ;i' t1@ . . .!
.,~~~~~~~~~~~~~E' so's i
a t . ';g~~ n
00? 1 10'0 Cl'l 915 L' 'ia9 ;- I o gI gtl'WXlz
ll O 1@ L'l Y'911 ' t'; '1/13 t
* -' 9?*U - - . I'iZ LJIWIflVaY
t 09 1I I? -t - - n ;s tat:.:! ,nuou
fzJ t e'Y L'Y o'9 £'Y ~~~1'9 t"'J '1
wtXll It w@lX XuulaX luju Ix lJdA II L ' * S IPIJIN J 1e"' *st4n :11| WI40 4tL8
................... 0......................
l~~ ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
I 0l16 9I SO1 090rt-
l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- I .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .
t)
I )ID 05'1 15E-1 it'D E0 ;-l i'1 .r:
GUI .~~~~~~~~~NO 11 .cl l'- (;R
-o 1Gez In 0*41 vi 'i. SI; -l I
:1 - i, 0611 0 It U 'fl -1 U'g .pi Op:u *' Q
III P 9C901. 1.99 51 'CI VO 'I. VA
I I 85e t5'0 WO' UDt' 6I.Vt .i' - *. ":
I -~~~~~'I -'O -li -1 -111 Vs -1Md g ItsD.
OliS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ l . , !.
01 I 090 1.1 IVO ISCO r.e ,.~~~~~~~~~-IJ 9 j'b H f 3-10II
001 Iw II aa0 E'O rii r; 't i S!i,
* I 'i .'c: mC . launt O-D D-Ot O-l u u'vt 0'0 'in: ,JS 11''ILu
6 - O'Y 9'1 IlU - O' -!' 0': l.g
-1 1 9e Ie 6 i It 5' v ' I I*'
;l 01 UZv qvp IV vi'Li Pe-U -eul 49'P§ S';CU 'w;
. -- 1 5'Z ti IS I 1 L liC0 :'S P' II!-
Ideal A"'I1 JAj'i unoqug nc-jai *vp'jwqg vqVJfl 41 Uf4SI3 AN 4WINf mJ4dEbJVd....................................... .' t ' ' I O S-.. . .
-"--. - - -- ' "f- .. -9-- .--. --.-. ~ 0 - - - -- 9.- ~w
Caonduiit.ivit.y In ohnrved to he slightly higher in thet
Nigeo t.hnn in t.he Renlae River. Goldman (197R> gives average .
nnnndu.t.ivit.y in the Niger hetween .July and Denember 1977 an.2 2
57 l7mhox/cm with a range of 4R - R5 llmhon/cim while thLt. of2
the Renune for t.he same period was 52 llmhos/oum wit.h a rangn2
of 44 - 66 mhmbos/em . Higher valuies of nondi3t.ivit.y were
fouind in swamps anf floodplain adjanent to rivers with2
levels of 100 - 150 Umhos/rm . Tnt.al disolved solids (TDS)
* in t.h Nigar and Renue are about. 100mg/litre with no
significant difference between upstream fnd downstream
portions of the rivers. Total solids ranged from 72 In
RivPr TarahR t.o 400 in a stream pond (Table 11) 4
The connent.ration of NA, K, Ca and Mg ulong the Niger
And itR trihiit.aries is low and typical of tropical liverR in
genpfrl. Higher levels of these elements are observed lin
Ialkes, ponds, and reservoirs thnn in riveres possibly as a
resiilt. of hiological regenerat.ion nnd concent.ration effect.
of high tevaporation (Table 11).
Nit.rogen and phosphoriRs are low in both Niger and Renue
Riaiers And t.heir tribitaries with average nii.rogen of about.
0.32mg/i. Tot.nl phosphorius averaged n.1ing/l. Manganese and
Copper are low in 1n1 the rivers (Table 11). These trane
elementR have also betn observed to he low in Kainji T.ake.
The Paddorlcs in Jas Plateaii are nhAracterixed by low
chonr1iictivity as. a restilt of low dissolved solids. Observed2
nonductivity ranced bet.ween 11.7 - 91.Omsn/cma %-t.h a mean of
31.9. Mptnl cont.ent.s are low evpen for tin whiceh is being
mined in Jcs bpcaisp of low solubility of cassiterita.
.L...~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t
Soiils in JoR PlateAu are acidic hence ahoiit' fl'.5% of water
samples analysoed by Water Suirvys l.rtd (1988) had pH of lesR
than 6.5 with one sAmplf recording 5.3 Ii
With respect to fiRsh production the paddecks are
unRuitabhle on account of low niutrinnt content and greatI
depth which in most. cases ee.oed the ideal depth of 1.5
metrem needed for fish prodiuction. lDepths of 1OOm have' hbnn
recorded in some paddocks.
On the positive side however, the paddockR have low
contentR of toxic elements. Tt is believed that alIthough vfish would suirvive in the paddocks, their growth rate will
he slow and uneonnomic. A few options hanv bhreen highlighted
for the ise of paddocks for fiRh produiction, among which
a ret*. i) intensive cage culture in flo'ating cages wtth
feedi ng.
;i I piumping of water from paddocks into prepared ponds
close to them for intPnsive culture. ,
ii7) fertilization of ex-isting paddock-s with organic I
manuIre prior to sLocking with fish in order to .. I
accelerate fish production.
Tt is believed that paddock-s mensuring one hectare and lji
helow couild eaRily he fertilized fnr intensive fish cuiltture.
irdeAl speries for storcking such paddocksR include Tilapia,
CArp and Clarias. Fish harvest. rould he effeci.ed by using
till-nets in open wal-er and drag net along suitable landing
beaches. C;larias couild also be capt.ured with baited long
line with hooks.
- - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --- -- -- -- - --- - - --.-
4.3.5 Tmpact of Fertilizers On FiAh And Fisheries. .
The inmpact of fertilizers on fish and fisheries has
hben rewiem%ed in FACTY (1991). Tt was noted that the sails
nf seasonally flooded fadamas are naturally riqh in
nutrients depo.ited in the plainsR at the renession of the
flond. Fertilizers are needed only when the ftdams soils
hbeome desiccAted as A reIlt. of drouight or watter control by
damwing. When suich inorganic fertilizers are washed down by
rain into stagnant ponds and poolR of water in the plains or
into rseRrvoirs t.hey give rise to increased nuitrients thus
generating thp growth of phyto and zooplankton which are I.:uttilized hy fish as food. Rxcessive bloom of Rsuch algae Can
exert great demand on oxygen in the water during decay. The
suRddpn depletion of oxygen in the pools can lead to then .
elimintinon of IeRS hardy fish species thuiR reuluting in low
species diversity in suich pol luted pools,. reservoirs and
s,wamlps.
4.3.6 Tmpact of Pesticidesn:On Fish And Fisheries
Tnt.ensire late season farming attracts numerous crc.-p ;
pests thus necessitpting the appliestion of pesticides for
inrreased yield.
Contami nation of water by pesticides can lead to. fisxh
killS. reduced fish producativity a.nd elevated Concentration [of uindes-;irable taoic chemicals in edible fish tissuest which
rnia nffect the he1alth of hujmans eating such fish.
PeRticides in common use in Nigeria are listed in FACMt
11991 together with th?e World HeAlth Orcgni-zation (WHO)
62
* .4 h. l r- - '~.- .- . aru' - . '... . ---- - --- --
-. 0 B'classification f or toxicity and Fnvironmental Protect,Ion
Agency ( EPA) criteria for protection of aquAatirc life in
fresh watprs. The li,st containR some toxic chemicals whinh'
are banned in developed countries hut are still heing ng
eiported to devel opi ng cointries.
PeRticides poiRoning Is associated with poor hahdling
withouit protectivet clnthing; inhalation of fumes while [spraying; eating fish and othpr foodRtuff contaminated with
pesticide residues; usxing old pesticide containers to store
food or iater etc.
4.3.7 Situation Report On Fishing And Padama FarmingActivity Tn The Middle Belt St.udy Area.
Fishing activity in the middle belt iR concentrated
along the Niger ni1d Renue Rivers and their floodplains and
the region is blessed with ahundant fisheries resources.
Lokoja, located at the conflience of the Niger and Renue ir [A hbusy fish market. All the major fiRh spenies present in
theF Nyiger and Renuie syste-ms are landed in the region. The
major commercinl sppcies incliude the 1ilapia. Svnodonti-set
spp., qCithnrin n:;s spp., neralrs spp., binrmyrus Sp..,
Gymna rchi-its. 4otprnti S HvdrocvOnns spp., AlE Rtes Spp.- t i
chrvsirhthvs spp., and members oF the family Schilheidae. I
Some of the fijl1-time fishermen nlRO enngage in part-
time wet season farming. Pry season farmint has not been a
lone standing tradition in the State hbit with the incentive *.
nssorinted with it many fishermen are anxioues to take active
part in dry senson i;rrigation farming.
The polliution observed a'rouind Lokoja could be
-3 - -i .
______ - -. - - - - - -- ~~~~- -- - -- -----.-- --- I-
attrilbited partly to effluence washad dowi, inton the river
from the city and also from industrial discharge from
upstream nf the Niter. Reca1use of reducer] flow of wat.er
causud by excessRive growth of aqliatic. vegetation upstream of
the nonfluennc at Lokoja 1 heavy metal pollution from
indiustries is likely to constitute tht major sourac of ,,J
contamination &round this region.
The location of a motor mechanic villatge on a hill
overlooking a canal that drains into the Niger floodplain is
As1Ro causing some. concern Among environmentalistts in the
St.ate. t isR hblieved that the fadama plain would soon hb
rendered taseleRs by oil polliution if the village is not re-
lonAted at a levelled topography. .
rishing with chemicals has been reported around Tdah,
Ankpn and ICabba and members of the public have complained
abhout acute stomach disorders after eaMring fisth either
killed by poisoning or preserved by spraying insecticides.
Sunh Drartices reqtuire implementation of *the inland fisshery
laws and regiulations in the State which stipulates penalties
against such uinorthodox fishing and preservation methods.
ThP StatP has inherited somP fishery laws and regulations
fronm both IwAra and Renue Statps. The immodi.ied lasWR and
reglzAt inns for the State has not ytet been promuilgated into
A dperre for implementation by t.he relevant department.
The fishermen popuilation in Plateaiu State is estimated j,
at aboiut 105.000 of which 20% are engaged on full-time
hasis. All the major commercial species listed for the .
igter Anid 3renuie Riversr are captuirted along the- major
64
trihutaries and the River Bernie. The major species cujltuared
in thp ponds are Tilania, Cllarias and Carp. rn all the 7oqnes a
visited fadamA activities wPre well developed and with great
potential.
Tmpact of fadama activities on fisheries is not I
pronnunced along flowing rivers butt Rome of the reservoirs
visited were eutrophic as a resullt of the inflow of i
niutrients from wet season and irrigated farmlands. Fishing
with chemicals has not been reported and thhere iR no
observed or anticipated immediste impact of pesticides on
fish since farmers find it diffic.ult. to acquire pesticider 1i*
on accouint of high cost. Fertilizers are also difficult to !come by at government controlled prices and farmers are i
agitating seriously for ADP intervention on their behalf. U
* Dry season irrigation farming is an old tradition in
Tarahs State inherited from the former Gongola State where i
Shndouif irrigation had been practiced long before the
introdiurtion of modern irrigation practice*s by llpper Rmenue
River Rasin Development Authority. The introduction of [
t.11hewell. washbore and surface water irrigottion using
portab-le pumps is regarded aS more acceptable option hy the
farmers and fishermen since they will he in a position to t;
malnage their farm independently. |
Dry season fnrming was well dPveloped in all the zonexs !
vi-sited. Some farmprs already own tubeweils estimated to '|
cost abI)oult o5,0oOn.o0 each . A washhore costs about M2,000.00 ;
to dirill in the State. With the formation of fadama Farmers |
65)
I-
.. !!
Associntion which permit.s a few farmers to oonperate and
shAre t.he cost of a pump and a t.ubewel 1, t.he 7.onal fl.:
headquarterR have been flooded with rpqulest.F. for inpluts.
Thpre was no observed impact of fadam& act.ivlty on
fisheries. Taraba River is perennial and a few others IL-continiie t.o flow uintil late in t.he dry season hence excess .
nutrients from farmlaondR are flushed back t.o River Reniue..
Nhumerous fingerlings of Clariar were ObRrve-'d at fishing
villages in Gra%Sol. They were captaired from drained pools
of water along the Tarabh floodplain. The pools were i.drained far t.oo early in the dry season with fingerlings'
meAsuiring between 10-20gm each. Tt is hoped that with the
int.ecration of fisheries in the AD]', t.he Village Extension
Agent (V.A ) wouild he in a position to advise fiRhermen to
manage the pnnds t.ill late in the dry season prior to
hA rvesting in order to step tip the production ver unit. area
of the pools. The ponds alt.hough commiunit.y owned are often
conntracted to individuals for harvesting on payment of' a
f ixed amolint. per pool
There were reports of conflicts hetween fishermen .and
herdsmen. Fishermen operating, along the Taraha River
c.omptnined of regulatr disruption of t.heir hooks and trsLps by
r-attle drinking along the shore or the river. This was the
only State where siich conflict. wan reported. The conflict.
is not ase serious ans those between dry season farmers and
herdAnmen rnd riold be Peasily resolved if fishermen agree to
show conspicuuijns signs of subh areas for avoidance by
herdsmen. Disriiption of lbooks and traps could create
66 a
prohlems for herdRmen since their ca.t,tle could he hooked or
wnunded hy t.he traps hence it. iR to their advant.age t.o avold , I
sucoh loont.;ons..
4.3.R Tmportance of Fish And FiRsherie Plondplains To TheAdjacent Population Tn The Middle Relt., Nigeria.
The majority of fishermen fishing along t.he major River
Niger *nd Reniue operate on full-time and are able t.o provide
this source of protein to the inhabitants of the middle hblt
States, of Kwarn, Niger, Kogi, Renue, PlateauI and Taraha.
To the inhahitant.s of these States particiularly those living
cloRe t.o the perennial rivers, fish iR thhe major protein [source. They occicpy t.he second most. prndiict.ive aquaotaic
region in the couintry, second only to the coas.tal StateR.
Alt.houigh the fill-time fishermen cont.inue to fiRh and
migrate t.hrotighouit the year, t.here is sem.nonality in fish
ahbundance in all the middle belt staten. The best. fishing !sa.Rson is often duiring the early flood (May, .Tune, July,
AII,Is t.) in bot.h the Rentie and Wiger Rivers and their'
t.ributaries. Thiring t.he peak flood season fishermen find it
difficilt. t.o catch fish scattered all over t.he floodplain. .
Active fishing is initiated again during the receeding flood
pihase (October/November). The catch per unit effort per
fisherman is hicher duiring the peak fishing seasons and
c-ould range frnm 20-100kg per boat.. During the high flood i,
phase and at the peAk of t.he dry season t.he catch drops
drastically to between 2-20kg per boat. Fishermen living
along t.he seasonal rivers exploit hot.h the temporary and
seasonal pools and virtually empty the fish in these pools.
67--------- ----- ------------ --------------- ---- -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-- - - --- - -n -. n ans ----- -
0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
. '
.7uvenile fi shes cAptuired from the pools Are ameoked And sald
in heaps at affordahle prices. A survey of t.hh fish markets
in some of the xones viited revealed that smoked
fi ngerling$s a.nd juvenile fishers are sold in small heaps of
*betwenm K1.OO and K20.0O. Majority of the local people who
rannot afford meat. protein on Account of high nost pat1roine I
thet smnked fish sielers. Fish is av^ahlabl in the market at
All spasons biut. dtiring the off-Reason thhe priefs of the
heaps are slightly increased biut. still affordable. 0
U1nfortunnately, however, the prices of bigger and chnie. j
fishes are extromely high and even more so t.han meat and
t.herefore iR far beyond the reich of lhti common man.
Fortuinately, however, the smaller fiRhes nre as rich in
protein As the large specimens in terms of val:e for money.
Tn view of the high cost of fishing inpuits suich aS
engines, nets, hooks, ropes etc. . it is' important f or t.he
AflPs of the Middle Belt States to stipply sRuch inputs to i
fi she rmen on cost reco-ery basi s. Rul k pujrchase of fishing
inptts hby the AnPs from soujrce nnd distribtition along with
farm inputs to fishermen could go a long way in solving
their prohlems. KCano State is already providing such
services to the fishermen. Tt is recommended that Middle-
Relt States should follow that. example. I
4.3.9 Water Queality Guiidelines For The Management OfSujrface And Grouind WAter Sources
The iNational Policy on t.he Environment by the Federal
Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) has outlined major
Strateagies for the rAtional water resources management. j
fiRIi
Among Rmuch stralegies Are:
i) thp rconsideratinn of the environmental impacts of water
resouirces development at the planning stages;
ii) sRprcification nf water quality criteria for rdifferent
Water limPs;
iti) Ionsiderntion of t.he pujblic healtnh implicaLtions of. .
wAter resource development projectRs such a,s dams and
irrigantion Rshe.mes.
iv) establ i Rhment of adequate controls aend enforcement
proceduires to prevent contamination and depletion of
water resouirces;
v) consservation and improvement of water quility
conditions and ecologica-l systems of the water bodies I:f or fishes and other faiuna and flora. '
Action on some of the out.lined strategies by FFPA has r
hppn initiated in her recent ptublic-ation on "tGuidelines and
StnndnardR for Environmental Polltition Contrnl in Nigeria.
(r?PA, 1991). The efflujcent limitation guidelines (Table 12)
covers All categnries of polltitions both from indutstries and
Ag rorhPwmical s.
Strategies for implementation have been elaborated for
i ndAistri al poll titi ons bujt not for agro-chemi cal s.
FEPA nevertheiless has definite policies on agric:ultujral j
rhpmicals and has ouitlined strategies to minimise the
nrIv0rse imparts of chemicals on human health and the
enn-i ronrmen-it. Among sucrh strategies are:ai
--.--
. -~~~~~~~~70-
Tr li: FITFIrN EFFPLIIRUT L.NIKTTATIH 0illnRLi.NRS ri NWIr;A FOR ALL11 CATEULI!S oF TIUNRITITRS.
_ _ ,, ,,,, ,,,,............................ i.Ptr,erpr, hunits In sillitru per litrfafi/I) mmlsi. othmrvium stated. |
Limit for disehaile Into Limit fer laid ApplIcationmarface water
... .... ................................................................................................. I
¶nparaLure ken.1 thin 40 0 with Tmu. than 40 CIs metre of outfall l.
Colcur i(.ovidDod lloiitl 7
;-r. 6r -§ P.[Do
A all t a ;' ., 50 *00
TotAl itwpnid im.tolidx 30Tnr&l rskniyed solids 2,000 2,0ADrleri.ie ifsf .'li SOD COD
2-N IChatr ian ADJ 1 500 1,000
!rfid' i;' CU ;; 0.1
n2 cerh7lene^ iblue active muhxitaneel 15 15C d;rease lb 30o
,i.t,. 'as E!3; 1iN03 2IS
0.1
ise~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iPel g i4 .- Lirs url 51
t'^,:ra; 4A ' C.
'lirir~ .r leys than I-i
ze a ^ 1 - 2~4.
-------- - ---- --- --- --- ---- --- --- --- ---- --- --- --- ---- --- --- --- --- . ..............
2'>' ~ ~ ~ ~ - - -1 --
I ..5,- .2d - .I
' 1w*;:'2 ' X _ l~~~*
_;, ft:'s'$i
-5 r.a *r . .ut
* ~ ~ M,.rcrB:. 5Z 5 iVi-!
±!rr2 ,;ereur. ece,^undp list detectable list detechtale |
vnctiCidcp2> ilata;l LeFS thun 0.01 Lea: thai 0.01*:
Ra:t;. rsoir.cerg ncimilCa
fl.i;5,:; r dti!y averaiel *DDPHPUIIOD.l 3OOKPIhlOOml
1. .. §i __ , ___ ,__ ,__ __ ___ ___ ___ ___ _ _ ___ ___ __
to reigulnat prochuction, utse, stornge, trnnapnr1.nti on
marketing, sale and dispnosl of agriciulturalr chemicals;
ii) to encotmrgee programm.. to produi"e crnp varieties which
will rpquiire minimuim agro-chemical.R in manifestting
their genetic capahility;
iiI) to mAintain A register nf sip-to-dateR approvedt agro-
chemicsOn with guidPlines for their uste;
iv) to provi" Mn "Safp Isef% nr Peasl.icIdn Gusides"' whinh will
sperify minimuim permissible levels for named
ticides; -Clem
v) to monitnr pesticidre and ngro-chemica.l residiue levels
int nl I, Fli i w.4ter Ref iitt.s , ri nra, rainer na,r htumnn,
and the environmental fate of all agro-chemicals In
use; -_
vi ) to -nenourgnf- integrate-d pest marnagement Ipractices.
Personal commiunicatini with FF.PA management. revealed
that the implementtion of tb abovoep policy - guidelines it
still iAt the planning stnges;. The decree o?establ i sh i nj FF.PA
only came into force in 198R and thp f i rst. mAjor
itmplenuent.al.ini guaidef-l ines on polIlition came into force in
1991, three Fears nfter the promulga.tion of the decree.
l.nhorntari Ps asrt' 1a.ii ng n4tanhl i0sihod by PFPA for wirt.Ehr quality
mon i toi r i ng.
Tt irs recommended that. the ePxpertise from othtr
institutions in the country wit.h relevant laboratory
facilitiies tie exploited to Assist ill tile quiick
71
implement.nti.in of the policy it lidn1 li nca.
woo I.e'op tp,o i 1 .y gisrir*1 i11i riJi, 1tii' proi.ecl.ionr of grlosa,id
wnt.rr aa given by FFPA in shnwn in Tfhle 13.
Al .1,slgh 1.hes itne f r *,g romlt'm ie 1 1 n l1.1im proponCed
Nat1ionml FadAmA. levelopment. Projec.t. would he limited in view
.,r~ I, Iii' Hli IR 11 I Z%t of p l I.4 tLo i"e lIrrI ga tAr hy tihe firmera
nnd the ReA.ttered diRt.rihitican of t.he fndamn landa, it. is
neve rt.1ipl PR1 import.nnt. t. hi ghlighl. thn need for a
monitoring proqrammp for auirface annd ground wnter within the
Table 13: Maximiim concentration of conatit.iitntR for ground
rCmnqt.ittietuiit Maximinm Conn.ent.ration 1mg/i)------------------------------------------------------- __---
AreRpnfi 0.05
Rari um 1.01
Cndm i lm 0.01
Chromi im 0.05
Lead 0.05
Mc rcii rv n 0.002
Sp I f-n i 1111 0.01
Si l v r 0.05i
F.ndri n 0.0002
Ri ndnne 0.004
Met.lnzychl o . Oil
Tnxnlrhencj O. h0005
2, 4 - nl 0.01
:,4., - TP Silvf-r (Tr-fee Hiller) 0.01
72
i,anJ,l I.F inrr#i4 p1I theIr I)y .1sIr AI)PH .r t;." ir rcnmmi IN I onet
agents to enslure early det#etion of high cnoncentrat.ton of
dangerouns or toxic nheminals.
4.3.10 Prooedure For The Monitoring Of Wat.er Qualit.y AndTYnstitut.inx Capahle of Providing The Requinit.elhorat.ory Servi c:en m
The proceduares for t.he monitoring of ground water whinh
INM I I Yt.. Iy 'l *PLIY I.o l.iubweI /wanIhhoira irrigation are
aS follows:
i) The ground. wat.nr monitoring Ryst.em must. consist of a
siiffir,ient. niamber of weOlls (t.thb wells) at. -Appropriat.e
lor.stions and depths t.o yield grouind'water samples fram
the uippermost aquifer
ii) All monitoring wells shall he cansd in a manner that.
maintairns t.he integril.y of the nionIt.oring wel I-
boreholes. Wells 1 hall be prevent.ed from contaminati.on
of samples, the sampled st.rat.a the layers bet.ween
aqisi fter and water beari ng strnt.a.
ii ) The gronund wAtfer monitoring progrmme shall inelude at.
.- minimujm proceduires rnd techniquews for-
nw | .Snmpl e onl feetiorl
h) Snmple preservatnion and shipment.
e Aiml yl.i n' prnrr-.diri-c avid clsinl I 1.y , *XII-?tic- *snd
dI rontrol, ct2stodly And distribiution of samples
iv) The gronnd water monitoring programme sh,il1 include
ennsiRt.ent. sampling and analytical methods that ensulare
rfel i lilal ground water sanmpl ing, accurately measured
73
dangerniin nonat,itluent.R and indinator prum"et.erm in
g4,iuciii wost tr implenR nndii provilde n rel nlehi I il I n 1.i an
cor grounnd water qasIl ity.
v) The' Anry in lihArgp of nri. nionnl.norirg programme ahail
implement a corrective antion programme t.hat. will
prevent. dangeroiae conntit.uenta fr6m exceeding their
reepent.lve connent.rat.ion limit.a. The dangerotin
Ponat.itunnt.R mm it appliem t.o t.hn National Fndama
Development. Project. innlisde pH ) veliR, nitratng,
pextinide reldsidem, etc.
The following inat.it.tlons could be coni3lt.eAd for the
1;I H4 .1 *X1uii,fil Itlia1 i fl:
A) National TnRt.lt.ut.e for PrAahwat.er fiaherhrin Re*merch,
New RinRRA; for general water qtlllity' and Rnil ianalyi it
incliuding pH, nit.rat.e and heavy. met.LR. Plans are
underway to aqai rff a gaA chroniat.ography for peinticide
rpRidlie Ani%llyRiR.
h1 RiochemiAtry and ChemiRtry nfpart.ments of Abmadi;i Rplio
UulivfPrRi t., 7Zarin; for water Luaalit.y and peat.iride
rewidlP anlalnis.
c) NAtiOnal CerfemAI ReRenrch Tnftit.stt.e, Radeggi, Niger
St.atet; for water Anid ROil n'RiR nId aRIn pfustinida
rteaidlsp AnalysiR.
ci) Chpmui..t:ry Dllpart.inent. IJniverssity of Thadan; for water
qllAl i ty and peRticide reti diep Anfhl RiR.
e-l IJtpArtmeni. nf Preventive and Social Medicine, College
nf Medicine, llniverctity of Thadan; for water quialit.y
and pest.ic?ide rentidne analysis.
74
f' Dptnrtment. o1 CbheimimIryq, Olhnft.lil Aw'olwo IJv,ive'r1tty,
Tf#4; for wntr qlinlitt.y nndi pnt,intide r.1midia analy1uim.
t'he departm.nt. ham limite,d cApability for analymnl of
mstini at-goinochlolsr1 nes.
g) Tnt.irnat.innal 7nmt.it.l tt for TropicaLl Agririalt.ure,
Thadan; ham faciliti.s for wmter And mail analymim aLnd
hem rmePnt.ly aciquirtd A gai chromatography which in not.
IRind for post,icidn remidise anal-ymix.
h) Depart.ment. of Chemiintry, IJnivermit.y of Jon; for water
qaltt., nnalymim.
ii Tnmt.itut.e of Agrictlt.uirAi.. Rennearch, ARIJ 7aris; for stol
nnd wnter quality analyRiR.
75)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: ,
.1.4 TRRTGATTON AGRfNOMY
4.4.1 MANAGEMENT OP TRRTtOATEl) CROPSI
Fnrm.mrR in .ll t.hP St.ates visited d3n not, differ in
thpir Approeerh t.o maningotmeni. of irrignt.ndl vropm. The fnrm
iv.gpR iised iunder rain-ftd conditions range from I - 3hA per
fArm fAmily while A lowtr range of O.l t.o O.Aha each in
it.ilir.ed during dry season farming. Commernially orient.ed
l*rge-Resalp fadaim farming iR not, very evident.. Tho major
rAin-fed crops grown in t.he Fadama incllude rine, in poorly
drained areas, maIZe* CassAVaa yams,X sogarnan, orghum,
millet., Rweet. pot.at.oes, and Trish potatos (Plat.eAII StAt.e) in
perfprtly t.o mnderAtetly drained areAR. However, crnps grown
diaring the dry senson Are Tomatoes;, Sweet. potntoe, Hot.
Pepper (Atargil), Mild Pepppr (rnt.ns.e), Sweet. Pepper, Okrot
Onions, Amaranthiis, Egg plant, I.et.t.s3re, hWheat., Water melnn,
Carrol.s isnid Garlic. Stpecifically irs Plateai Sh.at.e, l.eak,
Sesame (black), Rarley, Radish and St.rawberry are grown.
T.nnd preppjrntlon fnr dry Rftesnn cropping sI.#irt.s In
Orft.ober/Novemb)er each year andi this is done manuially except.
in n higlly limit.ed tiumbher ol c:ngem where tranct.ors are a sed.
Most: farmirnR plant in smRll to mediuim siz.ed haRinr, measuring
2 - 2m t.o 5 x :in respectively ntnT irrigation iR .lOne wit.h
t.hp uise nf either fengine driven ptmps;, bhiaket.s or varinous
fnrmH of ront.iiinprs.
A large number of farmers cannot. af'ford engine pumps
dive to high cost of the marhine%es. ThiR has compelled suct:h
farmers to liimit the size of thpir farms which have to be
lorat.ed very cloa0 .0 a wAter nourcre. The only nlternative
7fi
t.hene grniop nf farmerR have iR to tina lAbaior - int.enaive
i rri n l: In t.Pehni quia niut'h an hInickpt.g, c al nhanhf4 enmil
haldnof.
* S.'ilsa oir4nd h, rarmfer-r4 arp c t.her prosaireri rrom t.h open
market. or from their own atock. Farmern are aware of t.he
eeint.encrq of improved macdc hist. the major prohlem In t.hat. of
sc(arcity. Mont farmerR do not dresa their Reeds, with
chemicals hefore plant.ing hbnarane of t.he high cost., while
tho*P that. enn afford then pvice lan 4 Antellic at. the
renommhended ranR. FarmerR revealed that. 4ith early plant.ing
their crops Pesape peat prohl emR at the germinat.ion Rtage
while the inridiT del of peat I s h;igh duirring lat.e p1lnnt.ing and
so germination inR boind to he poor mmnleRR the Reedn are
dressed.
ProheRm's associated with seeds broiught, from the open
nmarlel nre: poor viability, lack of purity, low yielda and
poor reRsistAnhne to pestR nnd diReasPS.
Ferti I izer hIse
Frt- rt i 1 i I ?.( i i4 1JaC m)a!l. wi d,ely nolopLet.rd t.aLa.Cb,ol ogy by
farmers in thp Middle Relt zone. However, it.R sRarcity and
very prohibitive cost. in the open market oftpn consttitutten A
major produ3ction constraint.. FarmerR that. cannot afford the
prtesent ronst. of inorgainic. f ert.ilizerst, either grow low
niut.rient: . deimnnding cropR and depend on the inherent
fert.ility of the soil or iise organic fertilizer which in
it.self ij soti renr. ilyv aviailable. Thona that coulrld afford to
puirchase n few hags apply -snhopt.imal rnt.es of nutrients.
77
The cn!4nrqinvncf'N of the niucivn mrseier in I s.thil crop yI Alrlm
are low, thoujgh on a more positivet Angle the incidence no
Htm rl'nC- awl uinderground water pn lltlIon iR thereby
minimisped.
Soils in Padams areaR that are enriched annually with
alluiviAl deposits from flooded rivprR Are very producntive
and so farmers cropping in such areas hardly use any form of
feri1l i rer.R This situAtinn is also rnvironimnt.Ally moiond.
Tn situatitons where fertilizers are tmedg, farmers
procusre arn(d apply wlhate ver grade that. is Avai l abl e
irrespective of crops specific_needs.. Moreover, farmers do
not. pit ntt.nl. ion t.o efrir Itct. rir.il Izer usRe in that. the
fertilizer materials are dropped on the soil saurrace and not
ineorporsted. The implicAtion iR that the fortilizers are
expoRed to volatilization and errosin iThich coild lPad to
pollutiion of Rsurface water.
r-roi ne sePonenere
Mlost major crops grown under irrigatinn are planted
soleP. Fnrme^rs do not pracl.ice crop rnt.Ation; rather, they
shift. f1romn asn te Pxauasted soil to a fallowed area.
A considerable nuimber of farmers control weeds manually
mainly hecafuse of the high cost of herbicides. The few that
rain afford tn bhiy chemicalsl do so either from the state ADP
or the- open market. and there are complaints of
ineffectiveness of chemicals probably duie to misulse,
adiulteration or expired shelf-life. On the incidence of
pentR narid diesisexs, most fnrmert ref;i gn to rat.e hrbcnaus thee
78
caot. of peaRticideR is htyond t.heir reanh. Some resort. to
t.he ImuP of ,'rosene, ash or other indegenoujs knowledge in
thlte cont.rol of ce.rt.Ain pest.n Arid diseases. The approach
often doem not. anhieve miueh Rsjec.Rsm and hesides, ReroRene
produices phyt.ntoNic effect on crops.
1Tnrvpat.1ng and Post. Harventin.tODeratio.ns
HArvepiting is carried oait manually except. in a few
large Reale farms where the operat.i on i R mechaniz .ed.
Storage and preservation of farm prodiuie iR carried out.
most.ly throuigh the tmae of indegenout; knowledge (smoking,
sijn-drying, use of ash and hot. pepper). Most farmers are
Awsare of t.he use of chemicalsF; in produce preRrysatnion but
complAin ahouit limited suppliesR from the AnPs. There are
farmers who still iasse Gnmalin 20 and DDT as alternativRes for
preserving their farm produce. These chemicals have long
heen phased omit hbeause they are carcrinogenir. The ADPs
shouald ediuante t.he fArmers on t.he dangers on human hetalth of
continujous; uSe of t.hese snd eother rellated chemicals.
Ma rkeft i nc nf Prodairip
ntis tn the 1 imit.ed nimhter of proPessing plants, farmers
arfe forred Lo sell their' prodimae eilther at a losR or wit.h
marginal profit. during t.he peak periood of harvesting. Most
fNrmerS ,rP of t.tIu opinicIuI thai; Government should rP-
est.ahlish commodity boards t.o buiy up t.heir produee at
giuaranteed prices.
79
4.4.2 Marktietv informat.n with reRpe.t. t.o aoktl.al and pot.fnt.ialcropping AyRtnemR:
Mmarict. spurveyx were c¢ond,i,t.eiri t.o asert.nin the priefs
of both rain-fed and dry Reamon crnps. Among the rain-fed
crops, rice is highly prined followed by yams, maize and
sorghuim whereaR, hot. pepper is of higher value among t.he
veget.ahle nrops. This is closely followed hy mild pepper,
onion, tomatoes, Okra snd amarant.huRs. Among cereals grown
dlri ng t.he dry Reason man z is more val ued than ot.hers . Fnr
specIal crops Rsuch aS barley, wheat., t ttrawherry their
prodn,ttion iR limit.ed to areas wit.h very cold harmnt.tnn
climat.e diuring t.he dry season.- Prices of t.hese cropR could
not. he dele.rimti nel chiring the suirvey.
4.4.3 Soil Characterization and Fertilizer Renommendation
A revi ew of p13bl i shed and unpp3hl i shed sol 1 dst.a
revealed t.hat. very littlp information i5 Available on the
physico-chemical characteristics of soils of the Fadama in
the Middle Belt. zone. aRsed an this finding, provision waR
maie for limited soil sampling and analysis i-n t.he present
stldy .
4.4.4 Present fertility of soils
Tlher resizl t.s nf the s;ni 1 ,iualysic cirnieri on,it during the
present stijdy- are shown i n TableS 14 and 1 5.
--
…_ _ _ _ .…__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _…
Tahbl 14 Rel.cted Phf'ioCl Pronort.ieg of Some FRdNmU SoIL inthe Mideile Relt. gone
L,ocia ttian MlAy Silt. Clay Trwt.uralClangR
KOGT Tdah Pilot Parm 26 64 20 Silty Loam
Tdah River Side 24 60 26 Silty loam
L.akaja Pilnt Farm 26 18 f6 Sandy Cloy ln.oa
Tdnh Tohekene 1R 44 SR LOAm
Sheria Farm - 8 18 74 Sandy l.oam
Rfo - Ammaror 10 20 70 Sandy Loam
PL.ATAIJ Tam (nieltivated) 12 24 64 Sandy Loam
Tam (uncuilt.ivated) 1n 20 70 Sandy T.oam
Rnfin Sabon Pegi 8 6 86 Loamy Rand!rn
Sahon gida (I.afia.) 18 .44 3R loam
Shandkm Gujiwan logi 14 40 46 Loam
TARARA rlarin Dogo B 48 44 Siilt.y Loam
GA.eRRo1 1 8 42 40 Lsm
Ral i 18 44 38 L.oam
It~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
81
........................... ......................................... _._._____.__.................................. ____... .. _...........,,,,___,
C'L Uo SIre III I's tV;" i CIIll? ii q I qtll'UL. t'O Q10 AV E f 'l V I t 1 i ire: t,E I's I.-I JUNIUsO'Y r CU 9E'0 gi l 9E 'U 6ni Cs t.i fl I;Jitto0j l WIma N11
rlot to ;i ye i , rn r, ;s. ,' wphqvg5rt §10 Ll'J VIC 11Z I'Q VLY Ii 9 ;Ul 1,'d "'N 'IJ'1VP ii lii V g t I E lC UI Ii Ci IP t I i, aPlUlliJn at' 1'0 Jl'U l'P L'Z C/'O L'll lU ;'l 1'1 tPflUInI~~ *'L IIEAWI4l
6' t@a SlU PU Li Ll'U 35 0'01 Ci 'l OdhIa -tJs t t ~~110 91. 1 41t 991 a' I'l | twttrf r4
r'0 YZ'U rL Du II Clo Ci C I :1j4!r'3 I-I Y It ' ll 9O 11 ;9 C1 I Cilt * IN Wipg ci~~1. oro 0l1 II I` a CI CC I'I' ' 0,44III'II -1pi
Y'OI ~ ~ VI PC, I1h 6'1 11g it'" LUCUC VIC ;|11 jl i @lfl '11'1IC; ic'Q I't I1 o' .'i r U LUEQCII 0'p *g'i sflAIjIP 1.r1.
............................................................................. ..........................................................................................................
Ms ii li qavi W i i ore INtNuv C IV iJ em w''; ;
I. I.
21J3 Lt~~~~~ppav~; 'taa 'i#i Do wji ,gic U043 141 a;i;*J; 1 ciY* dlV, a1;Tg:,
T'all ^ 1 fi n ortA.d
.ti'l".I...1 W. t )I.gu,It,i i..j-±r!Lbl.i ilrltt.S I >r MfIft' I*,IHa l .lll It} 1 9i ii tH M dlzSlt P.Ra t. 7one
0. 1 N '1H-e.I-xtract.ahl e mi ronustri unt..Snt.tq !.norat.ion i .. 7.Zv Mr Fn CuIO
'' -1m.tmhoR ------------- lnlg Ng -----------
KnOrT Tdah Pi lo1 Farm 0.15 20.4 56 310 3.6Tdah River Shide 0.1R 20.0 134 760 6.2T.okojn Pilot. Farm 0.10 40.0 74 530 3.2inial, rief.,kt-pnm 0.16 151.o 3l 76 1.5Sherii Farm 0.11 I7.o 20 30 0.5Efo - Amaro 0.14 15.0 4f 106 2.2
Pl.ATRAl! Tam (tultivat.ed) 0.24 10.6 39 140 2.4Tani hinctilltAvated) O.1 R 16.2 24 48 1.5iRafin SAhon Pegi 0.22 62.0 60 140 2.4Sahnngidai 1I1.fial 0.13 17.0 29 50 1.7Slinoinnam Giiwwnn-Kcogi 0.20 20.0 71) 84 1.9
TARAflA Garin Dogo 0.20 15.0 4n 66 0.7Gar,Rol 0.14 24.0 60 120 2.24A1 il G0.14 23 . r. 63 280 a
f;3
I . Soil1 Te% t.lre
The clay, silt. and sand fract.ions ranged from RO --l -1 -1
26Og Kg , 60 - 540g Kg and 200 - 70Og kg in t.he three
studied States, while t.he t.ext.ctre varied from sandy loam t.o-
sandy clay lonm t.o silty loAm (Table 15). These sarface
snoils are not. layey and an will not. pORP any problems t.o
mechanised land preparat.ion. Rowever, snil wit.V. high silt
rnn1.en: are likely to e?xliluii. criURI.AI ng t.rinc in w Which
might retard seed germinat.ion if deep plknt.ing is done.
i*i. 'oil _RPn nl:;-
The soil reaction in wat.er varied from ext.remely
acid t.o moderat.ely acid, the pH beir.g between 4.2 t.o
6.0 (Table 15).
The cont.inuouis ctilt.ivnt.iin of the.s;e Rolls and--.
* uincontrolled application nf irrigat.ion wat.er may have
depleted or leached outt hnric ,nit.ions t.111R reuilt.ing in
severe soil acidity.. Most. of t.he soiiR mny not support
the growth of a wide range of crops except. t.hey arn
i:rentr.td with lime anti organicir materials (rrop residue
or fnrm yard manr3re). These matherials will improve
both the physical and cheminal p.-opertisR Of t.he Roil.
iii. Orenia. carrbon
The ennt.ent or Orgnnic rnrhon in fin inrilx or
organic matter level nnd K availabilit.y in soils. The
rnal Ia rnnged frinn O.fO t.to 2.Og kg and arnr
considered low to mediuim in fertility. Mialtinut.rient
dprfieienry empecially orf nit.roen is expect.ed in moRt.
R-
soi I arnidt thi Pt pointR t.o thefF need tfor ndiqaiat.e N
fert.ilization of the 9oil. Moreover, for iiRt.minable
rrop produc1tion in thene s1oil, farmnrie' should hp
*li.su In ,n4m'il .1. rn,aghi f'%t.e'trim i on l.a I irio r'po re .e ncrop
residiues int.o the noil as well as integrate legums"
into their cropping RystpmR. A wide range of legsime.
napnible of fixing atmospheric N and well adapt.ed to t.he
environment havp been identiried.
iv. ye,hnngeahlp lRassna
PxchangeablP Cea, Mg, K and Na ranged from 1.09 to-1 -1
10.lmol Kg , 0.29 - 3.02cmol Kg , 0.05 - 0.70 cmol=-I -1
Kg , 0.08 - 0.3Scmol ;g , ren.pect.ively (Table 15).
These Roil t.est. valiir suggest low t.o high Ca, Mg and K
fertility st.Atil.u The Na level nrfre low to medium and
points to the pos.sibilit.y of a build up over timme
partirularl!6 in KOgi Stntp. Maintenannce of Optimuim
leve * of e;ehangena1le hases in t.he Roil can nnly be
arliievt-d through juidiciouas ise of rompouind fertilizi er
containing t.heRe eflement.s.
V. Effective Cat.ion Fvehange COnaDait.v
The oeffeetive rnt;ion evehnng eapacit.y (R.CRc) is
an indicator of the s bils capacity; t.o absorh and
releAsce eRsentiAl nutirientrs for crop growt.h. Valujes of
FCFr are loh- (1.9 - 14.1emol Kg ). The real
impl iolL.ion of l.hex w 1 .' vnI ue"! is that. the ni3t.rifent
reserve i; low, therefore soils can easily he depleted
85
of riiiIrienl.R t.hroutgh crop renoval. Moreover, t.here in
a hi gh probahility of leaching of applied fertilizers
ni,d pollution of grouind wnater. This condition calls
for proper mAnagement nf fertilixers through split
appl i cat ions at critical stagns 'of crop growth.
Moreover, the quaslity of grouand water should hb
monitored at the beginning and end of each dry season
croppi ng period.
iA. Electrical conductivitY
Electri cail condiuct.lvity (RC) isR measure of
polent ial sIalinity lPvels in the snoil. The valueis
obitrained (0.11 t.o 0.24 mn.mhns) are- very low, Rsuggesting
low electrolyte concentrations and the non-existence of
salinity for now. However, as farming becomesx more
intensive in these Fadamn areas, adequat.e monitoring of
exchangeable sodiuam percentage (ESP) -hould be done.
This ins hecause alkaline soils can be formed throuigh
time irrigation of soilR low inl leclericnl :otndiir tLIvit.y
withl: low salinity wat.er.
vii. Av1ilalale ileroniatrients
The O. 1N 14C - e-xtrractnbhle Zn, MIn, Fe, nnd Cus were
e?teermine3d in the limited nuimber o' soil samples.
ValunS varied from 7 - 1 2mg Kg , 20 . 134 mug Kg , 30-1 -1
- 760mg 7;g nnd 0.4R-5.2 mig Kg for Zn, Mn, We and Cl1u
respectiv-ely (Table 15). All the Roils are aidequjately
suppi hiad cil.h nnirroaiat.rients andfl deficiencies may not -
1 i kl y niani Vest i n the navt. threpe years even under
86f
.~~~~~~~~~~I
nonditionenof int.enive cropping. The incorporat.ion of
nrop recidtei and other forma of organic mat.erials will
enxure t,he mnint.in'nce of thn precent level of
mniron-wt.rient.m tinder cnnti nioux cultivet ion.
viii . Phoci3horiwi-
xt.ractahle P ranged fronm 9.R t.o S7.0 mg Kg .
The soilF nre therefore rated aS low, medium to high
wlt.h respent. t.o phoRphoruR fert.ilit.y. Soils t.hat. are
rated low in P will requIire to he supplied with full
recommended rate of P fertilizer for any Rpecifio. crop
whereas those rated mediuim should he supplied wit.h
shotit half of crops recommended rate.. An regLrdR soils
rated high, fertilizer recommendation shouild exclude P
t.o avoid e-cess application and possile chemical
imhalance.
Fertility T-at.ing of w1h soils at.siudid are shown
I,
P. 7
il
Tmhl IR FWrtilit.v ratingg of noil) at.Miod in thg Milddlet 1.t. ;
Part, i,Ity Rat,InJStat 1:T l.oneat i on I CP 7.n 1 '---------------------------------------------------------------------
NOGT Tdah Pilot. Farm 11 MM RTr3ah Rivaer Sida MH 11 HTolokJa Pilot. Farm M M M HTdah T7hekene 1To H 11Sheria Farm l 1, l. HRfo-Amitro Farn. 1, M
PL,ATE.AU Tam (c.ul t.ivat.eril H M H HTam (incti:lt.ivit.ed) l. M M HRAftin Sahon Pegi 1. R M HSahongir3a (Mafi) 1 4 M HJShandam G3iwan Knogi 1, M H H
TARARA Garin flogn l. iM H RHG.8140 l M H UFlal i 1. M M H
,= 1.nxM = MediumH = High Criteria for rAit.ings
PI empeit 1. M H U1nitsi
0/ <10 10-20 >20 mg Kg-1 i
P (10 10-20 )20 tug Kegt
K <0.15 .15-.30 . 0.30 emol Kg b-1
7<0.5 *5- i.') >1*.0 mg Kg- - - - - - - -- - - - - - -- -- - -
st ll'r-4 4 1 ' 0r we- e-11r-r1@- AA -e 4swze| nn .r at,
¶rn thi'is i-eport., the ioilm of t.he atiody aren hnve hmRn
eln,mifie i nm lnw, mpdiiin Fnd I,iai frrtilitp pt.st.1t % listing
korw?" Crlt- r1enl F!oil 1s'E el of rnt:h tal.ri et. np ohbt.in4pir fron
field trials. The fert.ilizer recommtenattions resRulting from
this Apprnor.h (Tnble 17) arp apprnximate in view of the
liniited number of soil samples uised.
RR
_
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --I-
Mnnugument of fertilierc !rThe natuire of reepone of crnpo to fmirt.limzern iR
dependent on rate., methnod and tinmp of applicatinn nf thhe
f rt.liiv.rc. Gnod management ofn f1rtilietrn *nt.iIl .
applying the rncnmmended rate hased on the nist.rent. mt.at.uR', ,
of the mail and t.he crnp. Moreover, the init.ial dne. of
fert.ilicer chotild he in the form of NPK with half af the N
and all the P and K incorporated into t.he moil either at.-
land preparation or two weeks aft.er planting. The remaining
hal f of N Rhoiild he appl.ied tising rare. or eAN 4-6 weeks
aft.er planting WAP depending on t.he crop.
4.4.8 Svmit.ovhe of Salinitr nnd Sodieit.y on ,ro ]fi
There were no evidence of eit.her salinity or codicity
symptomn on the limited number of rropsx foutnd in the field
nor on the limited numher of soil RampleR analysed. The.
eleetrical randiactivity of the saFturation extract. of Peah i
soil is far less than 4 millimhos/cm.
Ftirther work shotild he done in t.his area to examine t.he
sih-giirfacp Roi 1R t.hat. ure morr pronie to Ralt
a ctimmilat.ion.
Alt.hougli salini7zat.ion and nodicity are not, common place
in the Middle flelt at. present, the pos;sibility of a fiutulre
neoctrrence nnnnot. ht ruiled ouit. as farming hecomes more
intenRe in the fadama nranR. Thorp is theirefc,re the nead t.o
int.egrnt.e into the overall fadams development project., the.
periodic monitoring of Ralt. concentration and compoRition of
Ruib-soil, irrigationt and grouindwnter qcuslit.y, depth of
groundwater and water transmi t.ti iL properti.*
RR
-i- W - - - a a -- aa.-..~-- ---
Tahln 17: Fertilirer Requilrements tUnder TrrigstionRased on Soil Fertility Clanses
Crops Nitroven Kg per haLow Mediam High----------- Org. carbon -------
U Lowland rlne (Tal >in70 3as 1i
Lowlsand rite (Short) 120l sO so
Tomato 125 0 30
MPLire (Hybrid) 200 100 0O
Maime (Open Poll) 1iO 70 35
Wheat 120 0O 30
C-FAsRsRav* 1 00 5f0 30 i
RA rl ey 60 30 20
Guiii ne.A Cnrn 90 40 20
'A-- ElmAra3nt:huls 100 onn5 30
Pepper and chilies SO 40 20
LTettiep/C.ahbage 100 SO 30.
Oh ra *0 40 30
Onion 50 40 30 .1
Sugar cane .20n 100 s0
u~~~~~~~ 1
i .
i.
- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -
- - - - - - - - - - - - -. _ _- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _
- - -- ------------- - -- -- - - --- - - -- - -
Tahl 1 7 contd . PhoRRhnrlqs rea i1r-Annt.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Crops PhoslDhorlnx UK P n 9 Am.
2-5 l.nw 1u'i ilum Hi gh
L.owlAnd ric.e (sihort') 4 0 20 nil
L.owland ric.e (Tall) 30 15 nil
TomLt.o 50 25 nil
Mai'Z? (Hy'brild) 0 3n nil 1
M4ai.e (Open poll ) 60 30 nil
CassaVa 20 10 nil
WheFt 45) 20 nil
Gmiine onorn 30 14 nil
RArley 40 20 nil 1
AmaranthiiR 40 20 nil
Peppers; and Chiliees 45 20 nil
Let.tiace /Carbhagp 45 20 nil
,-E Okra 45 20 nil
Onion 4.5 20 nil
k:firTot.R 40 20 nil
:!lti~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I.* .
91
_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - - - -
- w- -S-
Table 17 onrntl . Pot.assiim reallirement.
rr-op-; Potaeexilim K 0/h#L2
T.ow Mad i um High
Lowland ri-c te (Short.) 40 20 nil
l.owlanid rire (Tall) 40 15 nil
Tomato 50 25 nil
Maize (Hyhrid) 90 45 nil
NMiA;Ze open poll.) fin 30 nil
CSSAR \' 120 so nil
lWthent 45 20 ni l
Guiinea corn 30 15 nil
Rarl ey 40 20 nil
Ama'r.nthuuR 30 1:5 nil
Peppe-rR ainrs Chil Iei 30 15 nil
Lett iuze/Cabbhage 30 %5 nil
*:0kmrn 30 1 5 nil
On ion 30 15 nil
Carrot-, 60 30 ni l
Rrel ow src el mt ri ral conducti vi ty st.-indardn developed
by the U'nited Statces Sal init.y Lahorntory for evarlusating
spnline soils. Thene st.nndards can equ:.Ily be limed in
evaljuating saline soils in Nigerin.
R _
-------------------------------~~
tnnceJie1 li -itv nf Saft.lirat juR,.tr-,t.s (m.mhos/rm) Plnnt. Grnwth ennditiona
1. l.esv thnmn 2 SA linitty of riract nrc n%gl i-
g Ih) t. .
2. 2 t.o 4 Yields of every senRit.ive cropmay be rnRtri'-t.ted
3 . 4 t.o R Yi el ds of many crops arerestri et..d
4. 8 t.n iR Only tol erant. crops yieldRRt.i RfA .aorl 1 y.
S5. Highner than 1G Only vtery tolerant. crops..yield Rat.isfact.orily.
Tn addition t.o monitoring salt. concentrat.ionR,
ext,enRion agents should watch ou3t for nnd immediately rpport.
on sal ine streRs symptoms on crops such as harren spot.s,
irregular crop growt.h, stu.nted growft:h, deep blup-green
foliage, leaf t.ip bujrn, leaf rolling and leaf chlorosis.
4.4.7 PfrIngtlI.ion, of Saline ,Fngi Sotldir -Soils
Reclamation of saline RoilR iS effect.ed bhy the procetsR
of leaching provided that. there is -satisfactory drainage.
Selinp soil are conRidered nonrec,lnimahle if good drainage
cantnot. bpe achieved.
Recolamation of sodir Ooil is often moe)r prohle-matir.
than tih.t of saline soils 1 becase there are two major
insSIeR t.o he addressed. The first issue iS' the problem of
leac,hing ouat of salt. while the next is the problem of
replacempnt of ecchangebhle sodiuim by calcium and the
rpsi.orntion of a grranilar physical st.ate. However, the usRe
of gvpSllm in oommon. Reducetion of t.he sodium to ahout. 1 O%
93.
nf time c4 Chino)rge capaci .y JI iC Rslisinqii1 leanch I ug W II 1 p Irail.
norms rrop growth.
4.4.R tuanlity of Trriention Waters
The quaolity of irrigation waters is Aighly dependent on
the amount of salt presnt and, tlh ratio of Rodinim to other
cations. Wat,er quanlity analyses were carried outt on a total
of 16 siurface and sujhbisrface watPr RAmples. Analytical datta
is presented in Tahle 18. ElectricAl conduictivity of all
samples is low-range 0.18 - 2.2 m.mhos/cm sulggesting very low
risks for salinit.y in the st.udy RareA. These values may
increase later with the expanRion of the fadama for
i r itin1ntec nirriml t.urq'. A wialf'i* meariiu.otl*rig pragrnamme as
earlier sulggested shoul3d he given serinus connsideration.
The pH of the water sample (5.9 - 8:7) is slightly at ;
variance with the normal values of 6.5 - R.4. There is
licjwevfr nothing to worry abo3t. since the deviations are not.
too wide (except for sampleR 4 & 15). More over, a wide
ratnge of crnp; arA adnpt.d within thiss pH range.
The values of the total dissolved solids (CO + HCO., 3 3
2+ 2+ +Ca + Mg + Na ) are low and this accou3nts for the low
electricnl conducttivity of the waters;. The dcata fujrther
buttresses earlier indicato.rs that there:is no immediate
threat to crop producotion by I init y.
Trace elements were detected in the irrigation waters
and these valueRs varied from St.Ate to State.. Generally, the
contefnts of Zn, Mn, Fe, Ni And B are low and may not pose
nny prolleans tno ropr and huimans. Tho vnil uie for C13 appear
-4
higih in over BOX of thP wator stamples while Cr A Ni 1i
generally hhigh. Theme high valuIes may not pose any problems
to crop growth though it may 11Ave Romae health implications.
Generally, the water samples examined setm to he adequate-
for irrigation of crops4.
Th 1;: rkpl!iclflet! U Pr -xl^ nf lrrlattltltn L«s! n tbo 111di eBll UaL
Utter RIcdlr pH 1r.l, clrand. Co urf CL. a Ho la I H'
mibhos/eIn
w ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
1. Kparenk river 7.0 0.17 1111 ll D.50 1.26 1.12 4.9 2.3 0.12
1. Hiler River Ifiahl 7.! t.11. * A r,t 4.10 1.88 1.5 2.2 0.10
3. fitjvr RScene iDini 5.9 0.21 1 l.i 4.130 2.0 U.R 4.0 U.Sj
l, lnr,dergrcqand iEtfua-Auurolf.I u.19 f 9 0.60lt l4.l50 .38 1.5 2.3 0.43
PLA sTRAIl STATE, I
5. Ta Liver 4.5 0.21 13 0.30 5.5 z1.03 4.1 2.1 D.61 i
6. Eivrr T*p Ii.efial VA v.1R ' R.411 3.i5 1.53 5.6 2.6 D.5R 1
7. Shqr.,iensr.am ri.2 f.32 * 1^ 0. 4 A.40 5.5s 1.)25 6.7 3.0
T&rkirt LOdi FidC1C ,, £. 0i4 1\0.20 2.24 0.73 2.4 2.6 0.61 1:
3. Sm.lar Pni ateamlPondl 7.1 0.26 ;.0 4, A. 50.0 17.4 41.0 32.0 1.61
1p, 0uintn Ecui !furfarel 7.1 6.35 26 0.56 18.8 5.0 16.0 5.9 0.65
'. u .iWa rrci ifl4d?tr4.CiA.2 0.36 20 CAf. 14.1 i.7 7.f 3.7 0.11
UDW:R FiATF
12. fA: tI P-S.FPQ11I L . 4 9 5.51 5.3 2.30 5.3 2.1 O*-
;;. EMwrir bc.t h nreae t7 c.55 0.,40 p 1.40 5.6 1.40 11.6 3.0 1.22
it. ia. hrr 1 P.lT.t.;r:rA. 2 '.26 ,I,5r, 120.0 25.0 106.0 Ss.0 3.60 -
i . 21: Llkerrou... ii SL 0. n,ii l il1 . 22 !f.A. 32.4 28.0 0.61
i;. fl'.rir Iuic iTtl;B wreli 'i L.. ' 21 P.I u.S A.R 19.0 i.7 0.42
PPA I.THTTS rTYIL THL,AL'-- Th--: i-- - - -O; - - 2R-- - - zo
t i
* I:
9.
____________________________________.________..___ _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
TARr,F I i'nntd. .E.R!PIL rPIUILUTIn Il LIAflD! VI? TV MR IL OlI.RLT 7AE.L
........................ ................................................... * .................... _.
V&IAt Blody to No FP niul or VI A
1. RpPerihc Rtievr d.RI 0.21 2.0 10.5 1.21 0.61 0.01
2. NIlger liver ITdMh) 0.21 0.31 7.3 0.0 "I.35 0.46 0.54
2. Iiver Sea., IDgu]) 0.61 0.40 7.5 6.3 1.50 0.30 0.54
4. Uaderitound itr-Amural 0.25 0.10 0.3 0.2 1,30 0.L5 0.25
PlelTERALl ROTE
1. TaR Ii,., 0.21 0.14 5.3 1.9 1.10 1.1s 0.25
0. Iliver Dsp II.AriAl 0.1 M.l l 7.1 7.1 1.t0 0.75 0.23
7. Shaudim 3Am 0.33 0.17 6.6 13.7 1.65 0.10 0.49
R. Rarktir I.dAi Paddoek J.11 0.15 r.3 0.3 1.61 0.10 0.32
9. beahlu PAfi itreamPondj D.Ai 0.32 0.8 3.2 1.01 0.l0 0.11
1. Cuivia osgi 1surrAesI 0.51 0.12 1.3 3.0 1.25 0.55 0.27
11. GuivAn YVoi tflalerfrd.) 1.0 2.35 4.6 13.3 1.20 1.05 0.25
TARRA RTA
12. Tranbk livetr lGaLsall D.Us 0.19 5.5 I.R 1.50 0.76 0.i6
i3. Cariib riaio Strilas 0.3i 6.111 6.b ;.1 1.35 0.SD 0.3.4
14. etrio finfe Iua.ierUd.I G.53 0.19 4.6 16-. 1.25 0.30 0.15
Poor,6 . 15. kali liUr.Jrrourdl 6.'6 D.' 4.4 0.4 1.39 0.70 0.39
1;. CiLrin Woin iTuhp viwll G. 4? 0.11 . 1.3 1.20 0.fiS 0.35
FFJPA lisits ror Tl,an.i Wlatpr; I 5 20 (I ' (1
:;, I!
4.4. 9 Wbed !Ind Pest. Prfol ems
Weod ndl pmt.m nrr mnijnr rrnel garnlfvet.1 nn 4.10.,ql.rS iiL." III
irrigat.ed agricult.ure. All t.he farmers interviewed in t.he
thr'e Rtntat.e' rnnkned wnrd nnd pnot pro1loUms as sneond 1.o l nt:k
of chPmica.l fortili,.nrs. The resxon iR not. far fnte.hnd
sinee irrigat.inn of fields dtiring the, dry seaRon provides
Fe,cological conditions well mlJite-d for SOnIM Rpecifs Of
inspct.s that. woaild other wiRp not. be active diuring the dry
oanRon (HMiari aLnd Owonushi, 1990). Moreover t.he moil
g moisntiure condition will suapport t.hfe growt.h of weedR nnd-.
economic crnps which in t.urn promot.es intervention by
rodents, granshoppers, aphids, t.ermit.eR, st.em borers ate.
All the three stateR visit.Pd have Rimilar weed, *peRt.s
species and diseasze vir0encee. The manjor we-eds i dent.ified a
are Sedges, AndroDoeon swR. Tmperata cylindrieg. Panicun
siDE. Pennisptl,im n R P Qrv'ZA RpD. Rott.hopliA- e-altuat.t
Frfcharin Rpp, SDoroholusPip. Cverus esculentua and
{'"P vp."; ri na I ".mewi mi
Abouit 99 per cent. of the farmers interviewed cont.rol
these weed3s manually siRing smail weeding hoeR and rakeR.
Faismers gave various reasons for adapt.ing f.he mLanutal
approaah nanmely: diffinullty irn acquiring chemicals from the
extension agents, high cost of chemical's and prolificat.ion
of ndmlt.ernt.ed agro-chemicals in t.he open market.. llowever,
the A)PsR haVP a number of chemicals for sale to farmers wha
can nfforc t.he prieRs. A listt nr herhircides recoumenfnded by
State ADPs are shown in Table 19.
: |~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~9
Tntsle 1l9: I-Ilit. no Hp"rhieid"lep Rrc!nniesuner,nd hv Sate.A AD)PMR.
Crop Chemic.al
NH i Zlt Pr iae.ra, Maet.olfhl)or + At.rar.InaGromoxone, Round-uip, Primagram
GiiinRe torn arighoprim, flemeprim and Atraztne
Rico Ronatar 400FO., Gromoxone Rapagram,Tamarine, Risane.
Sweet. Pot.at.o Primewt.rDl, F'luome,t.iron
Tomat.o Metribiz t n (sencor)
Onion Chlorthal - nimethyl
Peppers and -
Chillies Slmazine, Ganlex.
Th; major peRts identified across iLhe st.udy ares
incliuipi: Rush rnt.s, t.*rmit.es, grasshoppers, aphids, criketS,
RA1e insect.s, st.em and fruit horers, 'scking insect.s, white
flies and grass-.ut.t.ers. About. 90O% of t.he farmers
interviewed ennnot afford tO IIRe C.hemialsR AR a control
meaisure because of high Most.s. Most farmerR u.se indigenous
knowledge siinh as SOap solit.ion and lkeroRene in aphid
control on Iet.t.ue anti cabhagesR. However, A few of the
farmers t.hat. can afford t.he cost. of chemicals use KArat.e,
Cymhbush TOnC, SharperpluS, Deciis and Rngor t:o control
i nsPcts .
Di seases that affect dry season crops in all the study
states are:- lat.e and early blight., baeterial wilt,
nematodes, damping-off, rust. and ront. rot. As in the came
of weeds and pest.s, majority of the farmers prefer
indigenouis knowledge rather t.han chemicals hecause Of ery
99
high coptR. Rowever, the, AnPR recommend fuingicideR Ruic:h an
7tdormil nnd fninnt.p for l.mp rnril.rnl utr iti 1 UJ,. fiil vnpitm ri r
nemat.odetf. FarmerR are almt encouraged t.o Pither dIo spot
hisrning, i1Rt r,'PiRt.nnt. crop vnript.ion or prac?t.ice crop
rot.at.i on. Suippilement.ary Agro-che^mi col " rocommenda t.ionn Are
provided in Table 20.
Table 20: Rec!ommended Atrn-chemic-.l
1. MKaisM e - 1-33 IKg a.1. Met.olart.llor + 0.07 kgA.i. At.ramlie (4 11tren Primmextra perhf.
- 4 I itres Primngram per ha.- Where Rot.theli e1A altata et. it 1t. , 2IIRe. 1
kg a.i. Pendimethalin + 2.0 Kg 4.i.Atrazi ne.
* - I. C--e.rin eotmilpnt.on in dominants Utie 4lit.rem Primextra or 4 litreR 1amtso + 2lit.rem Gexaprim f00 FW/ha (Pre-e?mergence) .*. '
- Tn the cane of CrrertsR rotindimu orCvDerums tsheromim . Apply either 3.0 kga. i . Rst.yl at.e + 1 .0 kg a. i. At.rai ne/hapre-pl ant..
-SormEhum - 3 1 itrevs Sorghoprim/ha. (prae-emergence)
- 1 .6 'I it.req Ga:eprim 500 F.W. +
1.6 lit.res Gardprirn/ha (Pre-emergence)
RieP - l 1itreR Ronater 400 RC/ha Applied atplant.ing.
- 13 lit.rem Grnmnoxone or Round sip, applied2 wekm Aafter plant.ing.
-- 5 l.it.ras lIaiFlgram 500 PC/hn.- 5 .Lit.ras Rianne or S;:.itrPe.
Tamarice 336 RC/ha
Wheat - 2.5 litreR Ranagram/ha. Applied polst-fmprgt-nee t.o rnnt.rol brnnd-l tnved weednAnld sfedge.c;
- 1 kg . .i. Dict?uran 500 FW/fba tined pont-evmuer gence t.o rontrol broad-leaved weedsnnd gransen.
- I ---
Tablh 20 Coittd.____________________________________________________________
* ze Sweet. Potato - Primextra, 2 Ng a.i./ha (Pre-emergence )- Floiimatriron, 2 Kg a.1./hoL(Pre-emargence)
Tomato - 1.f - 2.0 kg ^.i. met.ribur.in (men'.or)applied At tranaplant.1.ng.
Onion , - !s 2.0 kg a.I. oxdi Axon -or7.5 kg o.1 ./ho
4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~': of chlorthai ;- nMftthyl t.o he applied
Okr - 2.0 kg a.1./ha prometryne or mlt.ol a.hl or(Dual) applied ft. planting.
Peppers r nd . *tChilies - 2-3 kg a.i./ha simaxine applied first. at
transp,laLnt.ing and sncond it. 12-16 wenknAfter t.ransplant.ing.'
SoU'rC : Rnwvzor et a) 1959
4.4.10 TNTFEORATFJ) PEST MANAGFMPNT
The integrated past. management. approach involves the
1asP of a comhinat.ion of availahle prActices to ensure
effect.ive management. of pesal prohlems. The Rt.rategy
inoludesR the following:
1. IUse of resistant crop varieties.
2. Appropriat.e and Rat.isfa:t.ory land prepAration.
3. larly planting, timely Applicationnf Art.ilizer and
weetding.
4. Ilse of recommended herbicides and pest.icides.
n. Adopt.ion of crop rotation practices. -
i. RRemoval and deRtrairtinn of di;asAnd plantq.
7. Applirnt.ion or efrective idigenous knowledge where
avai i hl -e.
lii 10t)
4.4.11 llarventini and Pont.-harventinw Manaiswnt. nf Iris
.' I .... mt.gAho farm.rn Intervlowpd dn their .hrvont.lng,
manually and thin wan confirmed by the ADPm an heing what.
oht.alns among the entire fadama farmerm. Somt Isolated
* al"l tc.^Ftaamem much an th" 1 arge anala farmn mechani s harveati ng of
wheat., harlny and maise. Farmer. coot. t.heir rice fieldid at.
maturity, threch hy heating thr ttraw with t.ickm, then
winnow t.o meparat.. t.he graina from the chaff and bag In 100
Kg c.apaeity mackm, for st.orage, milling or to hb sold In the
mArket.. Tn the rAe of' t.omeot.n, pepper and chilliem, farmern
harvRt hby picking ripe or near ripe fru1tit for immediate
male in the lncal market... Some farmerm try to procsiea and
preserve theRe vegetahleR when there i1n glut, by mun-drying
and reselling the dried form at higho7r price.. Oniona are--
also harvested by hand-puilling the hbullh and can be
preserved on burnt as,h for about. four mont.hst aft.r
harvonting. Other highly periahAhle veget.ablm miuch am
L,et.t.:e, anamrant.his, rahhage etc cannot. hb at.ored ander t.he
farmerm' pre^snt. level of technology. These cropm are mold
fresh or allowed to rot away at. considerable lss to the
farmers . Farmers do not have efficient storage syst.em and
the inst.ahility of prices imply consi dmrable risk for them.
There is the need to asRint' farmers in tho modification of
their cropping pattarn so aRs to avoid market-related risks.
Moreover, government can guarantee atttractives producer
prices to farmers am an incentive against salinity, sodicity
and erosion hazards.
102
…-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --_ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
' Sls --- ~-- -m;. s-
4.4.12 Review of the Propomed Projec'.t Dnnigne andRhallow Acquifer St.udin.
Only two sht.at.em, namely, Kogi and Plat.eau haveq
rnnmpletetd t.heir ehallow anqiiifer lst.idie; Tar^asa has not..
The nvailahle reports whlch ware prepAred hy c.onsult.ants'
gnve Adequate Attention to fadama pr tentialm and water
roir(en of the StAtem. Wat.er qtiAl ity aspect.m wer l no'
properly aLddressed. However, the fadama project dem1igne !Ythe Sta1tem did not. give at.t.ention t.o soil imRmse which form|'
the basis for land Iune planning. net.ai led moil RUrvey
mttidy of all the target fadama aroam xhouil.i hp undertaken
to allow for proper land development and nonaervat.1on [
Land preparation |honili aim at the achievement of
0 ~~~~~finp mail t.ilth to promote germination of nacdin. To
arbieve this, the land haa to he plouighed aLnd. haLrrwoed
twice or more deppnding on the Roil structure. The
plougqhed Aron shouild he demarcat.ed int.o basins of
spenifir! nieR of either 2. x 2m or Sm .S. TLevelling
of t.he basins are effect,ed wit.h hoes or rakes if
vavilahle.. Proper levelling in important to enOirUV
eve.n spread of irrigat.ion wat.er wit.hi" the bamin.
a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1 03
- - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@*~~- 4 - - - -- - --- b - d-v h'.UI.E..Pn.i.
Ih. land Manment. jr
Tt. iS important that. adequate drainage he provided
e*spacially in waterlogged areas to enisre maximum UFtrn
of the land and reduce t.he accirranco of salt. build up.
n. 1l:tUrFl PrAnticas
I. Plantlntn j.
Certified seeds of imprnved high-yielding, disease
aind droutght-resistant varieties shouild he u3sed.
Moreover, the seeds shotild he dresaed wit.h
chemic.als sunh as Act.ellic, Aldred-T, Proplus or
Aldrine du3st to cont.rol snil-horne psRts.
The correct plant. popiulation per area must. be
followed siuggesting that. the recommended seed rate tAnd spacing shou3ld he adhered t.o. Rarly planting
in st.rongly recommended hecatis it. hast sOMe
implir-ation on incidsnr.s of pests And diseases. il
ii. Trrisigtion SciheduiLne
Trrigation scheduiling should he hasedon e.rop
water iuse, irrigation dept.h, soil water hol.ding
caparit.y and water availability and release
schediule. Trrigation scheduile will therefore
differ from crop to crop, from soil to soil and
from location to location. The ADPs shotuld worM
oalt irrigatian scheduiles for spercific crops and
locations with t.he ainm of ensuring the highest
water-tse efficiency.
104
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ri ,
1iii. C,roitDtn~ eauPllfen.
Tntroduction of changen in cropping pat.t.erns
can help to minimize t.he amount. of wat.er required
to meet crop evapo-t.ranspiration (F..T.). Crpn.
with higher avapot.rannpiration rates caTn he placed
in rotation with those that. have lower RFT raten. IiFor example, rice can he grown in rotatAion with
dry seaRon wheat or vegetables; early mat.uring jvArietyy of suigarcane can also bp grown in rotation
with drF aeARon wheat or veget.ablen.. 0ther j
Alternativte crop RequienceR are ceireal-legume |
rotation, ce,eal-ceareal rotation (provided it is
not. practiced continuonsl,; for more than 5 years
on the same aite). TomiLto sbhould not be rotated
wit.h pepper or garden egg.
i:.
I.
ii
105
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __-I!
S d 4. 5 SOCTAT, ANTHROPOflOGY
4.5.1 Souirces of conflict And tension between different IPadaLms grou ps of ussers i
Tt iR generally acceptable that where there Are
cnmpeting uise for a reoaurce, s ome mou3nt of conflict may
he imminent. This iR even more so when the resource in
quePRtion iR land which can he put. into different producntive j -
IAsPs. Fadama land has traditinnnlly been used for crop
producotion (wet and dry season cropping) LR well, as dry iiseason grazing for herders. The importance and ustility of ifAdama land to crop and animal farmers necessaitates sme
amouint nf competition. Competition for miacn reasorce is
aggravated by growing hiuman and animal populations.
Conflict in fadama resource use can be cLuined by
Agricultuiral instansification where the existing resource is
put into more intensive use by any group ot farmer (crop or
livpstock). Suinh intensification may be population-driven 1
(more persons to a tinit of fadama resource). Tn this !cAse, competition/conflict becomes very stiff between a
different resotirce iusrs (crop farmers and animal farmers,
for example). Such situations usually favouir crop farmers
who tend to control t.he resource. For livestock to benefit-
fronm the uise of the resouarce, therefore, there must be snme
form of integration of cropping and livestock0 by the same
resouirce owner.
On the other hand, intensification may he market-
driven. This form of intensification may not be as stiff s
the former. A major featiure of market-driven .
106 IlOfi - - - - - - - --
_____________,__________________________. _ _____~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
.*Al4 :-.
5~4 int.ensifinat ion is the commerainl-orient.at.inn of t.he
rpsource tiser. The drive for profit could encourage a
crop/li vsttock lnt.erant.ion to the ent.ent. t.hat. crop reRidues
could he converted t.o cash when Rold t.o herd owners. i
Another dimension of conflict. relates t.o instancs I;
where agrictlt.ral expanRion includes fadama land hit.hert.o I
left tinctiltivated. Si3ch lnnd may have been iiRed sR dry
stason grAzing resource by herdRmen where aLlternat.ive dry
season grazing resources are difficiult to find, tension I
hbsilds iip and serioius conflict. coild ariRe.
The hFpot.hexis that there existR a direc.t. ralationship ii
hptween popuilation (hiiman and/or catt.le) aLnd level of. bconflict hetween a. farmer and a herdsman can, t.herefore, be [advanced.
Tn the iiRe of fadama resources, tension and conflict.
can he within grouips or bptween grouips: i
Within grouaps Retween trouls
farmer/farmer farmer/pastoral i Rtpastoral ist/pastoralist. farmer/fi shermanfisherman/fisherman pastoral i st/flisherman
The most important fnrm of tension and conflict is the
"between grotip" cnt.egory. This often involves people of
divergent ethnic hackgrouind. Tn the event of a conflict, I'peonlp tend to go along et.hnic divides. This is very
evident in the types of conflicts reported het.ween farmers I
and herders in the different sample States and locations.
The most frequent cases of conflicts are those t.hat
arose as a result of crop damage caused by animals belonging
107
- -..- - --- - - - - -
to herdsmen. Suich conflicts have arisen from ifarm
eneroachment on cattleb rotites And Rnmetimes watering points.
flther conflict sources include grazing of harvested crops, [nnd desttruac:tion of fisshing traps by cattle herder. There
werp certain instanoes where deliherate encracfLhment of
cattle rouites were done by farmers to hbi . herdRmen intoI,.
t1roubIeh. This is a very common phenomenon. Pastoralistis
are isiually on the receiving end in sucrh instanceR as they
are often incriminated for crop destruction.
Conflict restilting from disputed land is hardly found
in the "hetween grouip". Such onnflicts are almostt exclusive
to the "within gernip" category suich as t.he farmer/farmer
eat.egory. The pastornlist/pastoralist conflict caLtegory is
v-ery rear. Where it. exists, in a few places visited, it WAR
hetween sedentariiRed pastoralists and the long-distance
transhiamant pastnralists. Tn this case, t.he settled
pastoralists claimed they confronted the nomads whenever
the lAtter encronched into farmlands of their agriculturist
npighhol-rs. This was so hecause the settled herdsmen did
not want to be held responsible For any crop damsge that was
cauisnd by the nomadic herdsmen. The fishermen/farmer
category- of conflict iR not common because in most cases the
.It 4fishermen al so farm rontigizouis land where they erarrry oit
-their fishing activities.
Conflints occulr in the three States in the rainy season
hult it is higher duiri ng the dry season (Nuvember - March).
This is the critical period for livestock aS there is I
1OA
@~~~~~~ -B - .-. - . -e -- . - *.-.
$-.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . 1-
scarcit.y of fodder. ThiR iR the period nomadic pantRtralint .
Rt.^rt t.o migrat.e in search of pastulre and waLt.^r. Thi f adam
iLroes therefore, are ready dest.inat.ions. Most. of the
confliCt.R arotind t.hiR period aroma from blockoLge of cat.tle
rnutxes/corridorR and wat.er point.s by farmers; deRt.ruct.ion of
standing cropR on t.he upland farms enrout.t fadama land, and i
grazing of harvested crops. Where available, crop residu*es
are lutili zed by herdsmen.
Tn Plat.eaI and TarAba St.At.ef, for excample, there iR a |
working understanding over the usi of crop residues b.tboeen I:t.he farmers and herders. Tn Kogi State, however, r.elay-
cropping syst.em would seem to be an impediment. t.o t.he ae OfT o
crop residiue, and a potential souirce of conflict.s.
Anot.her notable period of nonflict is at t.he on-net of
t.he rainy season wherp the nomadin pastoralists begin their
ret.urn migration to the north. Fulani leaders (Ardon) and
officials of the iadama LUsers ARsociatinn believe that
conflicts duiring the rainy season are minimal. This is
hecaulse fodder and water are readily available at this
period. Minor incidences merely occtir when cattle stray into
farmland A.
As the degree of Fadama uttilisation for dry season i
agriculture is now relAtively low throughouit the Middle
pelt, it. is not the use of fadama pfr se thAt CAusesR the
conflicts. However, with the commencement of NWDP,
conflicts over access to and control of fadama could he
heightened. Pastoralists will he disadvantaged if fadama
resoutrnes are exclusively developed for crop irrigation |,
109 . i
l * lu w 9 1 - w --------w - - … - - I
fArming.
1~4.5.2 MeChxnisms used t.o resolve onnflint.s
The method niRed in resolving conflict. depands on the.
natire and magnituide of the conflict. Tn all asnes, where
conflict has been occasRioned hy crop destrunt.ion and where
t.he offending herdRman admits gutilt, interpersonal agreement |
may he reanhed. Depending on the extent. of the damage,
nompensat.ion (varying in amounts) in often demanded and
paid. Where minimal eropR hsve beon dest.royed and ot.he
herdsman Rhowed Rome concern, only a warning not to allow a
repeoat performance wan given. ThiR in a sit.uastion where
pastoralints and farmers have no-hahit.ed for A long time. ,
Tn sur.h saesR t.he herdsman speak the local language very
fluent.ly, t.herehy enhancing sorcial integrat.ion and good
ne i ghhourl i ness.
There are other instances where farmer/pastoralint' j
interpersonal relationship is not very cordial. Conflict.n
that arise in such sit.uation are not. usually rasolved by
personal intervention. The village head and tha head of the
herdsmen (Ardos) are usiually involved in settling dinputtes. IThis is the most. frequpnt. form of sett.ling disputes, because
the farmer whose crops have been destroyed isRually sasks for
out.rageous and unrealist.ic compensation. Thn herdsmen, on
the other hand is not prepared to givp in tn the demands of
the aggrieved farmer. A combined effort of thhe
village/district, head and the Ardos is oftan used t.o arrive
at a reasonsale .compromise. Most farmer/pastoral i st.
h~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 110
it;
;~~~~~~~~- - .
conflict.. are resolved in t.his way.
The mrt.hod of dimpput. resolution adopted by His Royal
HighnesR, the AghanA of TAnliit (Kogi Statet) is to firut
assess the ext.ent. of damage t.o crop in the company of the
Ardo before the amounJ. of compensation in determinnd. We
were at the t.all-end of our field work In Kogi Rtat.e when, a
M ' Rororo. who gra7ed on okro ftrm was hrought before the
tradit.ional ruler. Similarly, a conflict. het.woen a herder r
and A fisherman had j3st. been resnlved by t.he traditionaLl
ruler at Gossol (Taraba Stat.e) hefore our group int.erview. 1
On the whole, the moat hated made of conflict ,
resonliution in the police/court, and it. is rarely used.
Ardons tend to believe that the police often finds a wAy to
exploit. the Fulani herdsman in t.he event, of a reported
conflint, and oft.en brutAlise fulani in order to extort t.hem.
Tf and when police iR involved, t.he Ardos would prefer t.heir
nases to he handled by high-ranking officers who geem to be
hetter placed to handle conflicts than the ot.her ranks who
harassed the Fulani. Pastoralistt do not sIways like to he
dragged to cousrt. or polire stat.ions, because they allegedd
t.hey end up paying more in both legitimate and unofficial
fees and fines. Said a paxtoralint:
"They (the piublic) see us as very rich people andso expect. uis to pay whatever fine is imposed oniUS, guiilty nr not, guiilty."
* ! *'
111 .1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
en.nflints are rmsnlend in t.his way.
The method nf dispuite resolution ndopted by His Royal
Higthness, the AghAnA of TA.nlu (Tsogi State) in to first.
ARRseSI the est.nt of damage t.o crop in the company of the
Airdn hefore the amniont, of compenRsation in determined. We
werp at t.he tall-end of oulr field work in Kogi StaLte when, A
hl' nrnro, who grazAd on okro farm was brnought hefore t.he
traditinnal r1lpr. Similarly, A conflict, between a herder
And a fisherman had jllst. been resolved by. t.he t radi t.i onal
ruiler nt rossnol (Tarabh State) before our grouip interview,
On t.he whole, the most. hated mode of conflict
rpsnliition in the police/couirt, and it is rarely use,d:
Ardos 1:entd t.o believe that. the police oft.en findsr a way to
'-xploit the Vuilani herdsman in the Rvettt of a reported
conflirt and oft.en hriutalise fiulani in order t.o efxtor. them.
Tf nnd when pnlice is involved, the Ardos wouild prefer their
cases to he handled by high-ranking officers who seem to be
hetter placed t.o handle conflicts thban the other ranks who
hAraRSsed the Fiilani: PAst.oral i st.s do not. al way I i ke to h be
dragged t.o couirt or poliCeP stations, because they alleged a
they end uip pAying more in hoth legitimat.e and unofficial
fesR and fines. Said a pastoralist:
"They (the pibl i o I see us as. very rich people andso expect us; to pay whatveer fine isR imposed onus, guilty or not. giilty."
. .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
I't
111j
9.- -. -- -
Where the conflic.t in heyond t.he compet.ence of
commu nity leaders and traditional leaders local government !is oftetn hro1ght. in. This is when the cor.flict. cont.it.uti e
Rignificant threat to law and order. I
Tn Kogi State, for e^ample, two StaLnding Commit.t.ees
spoeifically not.-tp in earch of the local government areon to
, .handle crisiR of this nature have been put. in plAce. The !
first is t.hp Area St.ockman Grazing Committee headed by the
Area Veterinary Officer in the local government. areas.
Ot.her memherR of the committ."e are Veterinary Officer,
Ardos, Commiunity T.eaders, the paramouint ruler in the area,
And thp District Police Officer. Thin committee mediates
het.ween the herders and farmers. The other committee,
tagged Area Seecurity Committee, oet.-up for peace and
seRurity, also has an identinal composition. This type of
arrangement woild seem to he pecuiliar to Kogi St.Lte.
The stateRS may find it expedient to intervene in cases
.-.here a conflict nonstitujtes threats to peace and stability
of the sntate. The recent farmers/ herdsman conflicts in
TsRnlii (Kogi State) attract.ed the presence of the Stat.e |,
Seciirit.y apparatius. Tn Plateau State, the sporadic a
conflicts hetween t.hp pastoralists and the Tiv in the three i
local government areas hordering Renuie State have led to the
stationing of Mounted Troops at iKaderko. The presence of
Mou0nted Troops notwithstanding, the herders and farmers have
not hbeen titili.ing the resources t.here freely. i
I..,112
- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
...1 ' ',
4.5.3 EstimRt.es of herdsgmen and stt.ok onDlilat.lon andtimsR of use in orenct rre.ps
*6 . Tn all c1ases, the project areas are used by !pA-storalstIiR ts dry Rseson grAFing rAKnOireUO. Mifferent.
psnt.oral groxps ut i i i ie t.he resoirce, during the dry seraon
(the mottled past.oraliRt.R AP weil as nomadir herdsmenn). The
nomadic herdRmen are first to arrive as snon as t.he dry
seaFnn spt.s in. Tn Plat.eAI and Tarahb States large camps of
therse nomads are seen in different. places on the fadamam
flood plains in early Oct.ober (Plate 3). They stay, for
hetween 4 and 6 weeks before moving to areas that are not
l eing cropppd in the dry Reason. Tn t.he l.okoj^/Kotnn WiCrfe
nrea, for inst.nnre, herdsmen come for dry season grazing as
sonn as the flood plains recede in lat.e Oect.ober and remain
there for uip to 6 months. While there, t.hey engage in dry 11,
spason cropping, raising crops such aS vpget.abloS, swept.
pntatoes, sisgarcAne and onions.
Fishermen likpwise migrate tn the river Niger hbsin at.
this time. They come from Sokoto and Wano areas. While
there, they, like the migrant. pAstoralists crop veget.ahles,
on patches of land allocated to them by t.he village heads.
There was no incidpnt of conflict reported between fishermen
and pAstoralists.
1 1 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:
* ------ *__. -_ _-__
4. i.3 nF:tlmntoe of herdemen and ptoc.k pon0lntionn ndof ms nf I in proiiect. sir ' '
!E Tn n1l 1 mee, tht project arnAc are limed by
PAstOrAli.t.s am dry meamon grnming renmitreo. Different .
pamnitroLl gromap. t,t1 1 i the resotirr diari ng the dry eanson
Ithe set.t.led pastormlinsts an well aS nomadic herdsmen). The
nomadic herdsmen Are first. to arrive am scon na the dry
sasson Rets in. Tn Plat.eau And Taraha Stt,xts large camps Of
t.hese nomads are seen in different. places on the fa'dama
flood plains in early Olct.ober 1Plat.e 3). They stay, for
hetween 4 and 6 we^eks before moving t.n areas that are .not.
leiing rropped in the dry ReaSon. Tn the IoimojA/Koton Karft
area, for instance, herdsmen come for dry season grarzing aLs
soon as the flood plains recede in late Octoher and remain
there for up to 6 months. While there, t.hey engage in dry
sPe.son cropping, raising crops sruch am veget.ables, swet. ts
pntat.oes, suigarrfine and onions.
Fishernen likPwi-se migrat.e to the rivver Nige:r hbsiin at.
this time. They come from Sokoto and Kano areas. While
there, they, ike the migrant past.oral ist.s crop veget.ahles'
on pntches of land allocated to them by t.hp village heads.
There was no incidpnt of conflict report.ed between finhermen
and pastoralists.
;. 113
P1nt: .t: Noum"di clamp 1n fndlRmn zreq (Oc:t.obsr)
..
> 11 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1
I...
I;At.imat.ee of nomadie herdemen And their ca.ttle
pop11Rtlon Are e-ftremely diffirillt. to get.. However, the
herdA of nomAdic pastoraliat. are conaiderfhbly more (between
200-3RO cattle) than thone of t.he aet.t.led herdemen. Nomadlon
hollReholde are, however, considerably nmialer. The ,
egti.mAted cattle popil1at.ion of mettled pnatoralimt.u in th !
7.nnOI viAited in given in Tahle 21. !
JL . TAble 21.Ratimated crAttle ioDtlaltion in RAmile RStntgjaiaones( aett.l d iai'ttoral i Ate)
St.at.e Zone. /holds Cat.t.le Pop. Ratimated Iper H/hold. cO.MM a pop.
K;ogi A-Tarn1i1 1SO 150 22 fi00r-Ogha-Rete 3R 50 1 900C-Knoton Karfe 21 125 2 625'D-Al oko-Tn7 16 40 720
I .Tot.al 227 ?0fif 27 7415
PI ltfA.1t North-Mangia 400 120 48 000West-Keffi 100 so 5 000South-TLafiP 415 160 66 400Fia t-Gwiwsan Kogi iso ion Ifi ono
Total 1650 430 134 400
TAraha 1-Garin Dogo 46 1 1 0 5 2602-Gaesol 55 95 5 2253-Gaz.abi: 105 1 55 16 275 I
4-Gemhbi* na na na
Total 206 360 26 760
* The team coutld not vi;it. remhnl (due t.., time conat.aint.Rowevpr, from information collpeted from vatriouc officialS013rcfs, thR incident. of conflict is highest. in t.h Gembuarea of the Mambila Plateau. Thin area in said to haveone of the highest. cattle popuilations in he State. The inrident of conflict on the plateau has necennitat"d the, *
A,; 'I fencing of farm plots in the area. Tt ahouild be noted,however, that, the fadamA potentials in Mambila plateau i; Spoor. Only pocket.s of fadama land exiSt in the valleyA.
-i
-.
Tt wans oberved that arena with high cattle poult.lont|
roinrded t'he highest incidents of arni'l l:t het.woten
past.oraliat.s and farmerm . Thin is an indication of t.he
compet.itive use of t.he fLdamm. resoiire..
*4. 5.4 Ct I tii r^l and resotarre constraints t.o livestock .mmnnJ"mpnt
Thr main resource constraint. to livestock management. in
All the Statem is accessibility t.n dry RCeson gras"ing and
wat.ering points . This constraint will he more pronoutiieed
when the fadams project. tLakes of. Some of the fadama lands i
not. being present.l%- utilised for rorpping, hist for dry
season grazing hy pAan.oralists, will he denied t.he herdumen.
The herdsmen will be forced to relocAte to previousaly iIt
unknown places. This will place a lot of stress and ilnncertainty on herdampn. They may not. he familiar wit.h t.he
tradit.ions and customs of the new area. A procass of
accu7ilturation will have to be undergonp by the relorating
pastoral i st..
Tf pastoralists are not completely displaLed, they may I
have to puit. up with a lot of produirtion hot.tlenackn. Their I|
grazing nrbit will be drastically redsced if they do not: ! split or reduiee their herds. Past.oralistR will not readily |
redutce t.heir animal holding. This may he due to reasons j
assoc.ated with security of stock, especially in years of
disasters when rebiilding of herds ntay bh very difficult.
Rediuced grazing will forre past.cransts to adopt
management st.rategies which will maximise feed uitilisation i
of animal They will have t.o isep more non-convent.ional
lis~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l
--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -
-*,7-. - .c a.I&, . *. ' ;. - - _ _ . _- _. *
feeds- as wall is sulpplrment animal feeding. Tneremasd luse
of nrrnp roxlilutq will ha made and pent.nra 1 t.s may 1in sname
ins.t.nnes grow more rain-fed crops In order t.o produice and
iitilis. crop residiues. Tn t.his sit.uat.ion, improved feeding
t.nehnlquies including the estahl Ishmnit. of f1odder hank.
Iwhich iR priesnt.ly nn alien concept.) wil'l have a good
clanne nf heing adopt.ed or t.rled. The cultivation of dual
puarpose t'eguminms for hoth huma.n and 1 ivestock consumpt.ion
conuld he enooulraged wit.h packoLges: Other properly organined
e-t.enRion resources sRich an watering point. and cattle |
routtes may be denied herderR if the fadamA project is not.
prnperly planned. This will incresSe t.he pot.ential for
-nnfli,.t. in the project. area. I
4 .5 . Wompn in Agricultiire
Wompn in agricuilture is A very important component of
t.he extension programme of t.he ADPR. The need WAR realised
t.hat. productivity of the women folk in agriculture muRtt be
enhanced. Tn Taraba and PlateauX States, over 6OX of women
work force are engaged in variouts agricultural activities
ranging from crop and livest.ock production, fish farming,
pouit.ry prodiuction to food processing, st.orAge and
ma rket.i ng.
The activit.ies of the An)P staff in women in agriculture
IWTA) is geared towards improving t.he livelihood of rural
farming women (plate 4) by providing ext.ension outreach for
women.
1 1 7. .. _ ... .l11
…--------- - - II~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,
P1n1.* 4: WomAn grou1p wit.h a diaplay of t.heli' produo:W
I:
I,
,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - - - inininin@ inc
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
They also odtinatm, and train women fArmews on avAilable
t.-chnnIngins relating tn food crop prodiuction, procnes ing
9torAge And mArketing. WTA programmes Also attempt t.o
hrriRrln the knowledge base of women in livest.ock rearing
PrACt.ieePR As wIll As veget.ale.s and friuit tree cultivat.ion.
All theRe Aim At improving t.he livelihood of t.he riurml women
and her houisehold.
All the zonal offices of the AflP are headed by Zonal
WT.A i n agrictilture (RihjeRt. mat.ter RpfeciAli ti. At t.he A
hlornc- level, t.he WTA Agent.s perform similar extens;iqn'
Artivities ss t.heir male extension agents.
WTA is active in' all t.he Stat.es aLlthoujgh both Taraba
ald P1 atesII St.at.es have moved several stepR ahead of. Kogi
Xtnte. Tn all allocations visited, women faimers have been Forganised int.o farming groups wit.h Pach grou3p comprising of
.ipmhers ranging between R and 30. Tn Terahb State, for
eAmpl e, 230 women grouips in Gemhu alone have bfen
registered since 1992, while some 2a and 12 groups have heen
rpgistered in Plateaii and Kogi St.at.es respect.ively. Some of
thp groups have been regist.ered specifiaslIly as PLdAma
Users' Assoriation, Although their act.ivit.ioS are not.
restrieted to irrigation farming. Tn Tarahn anc Plateau .
Stlates, womPn grouips have purrhased input.s surh as puzmps nand
imprnved seeds (platet 4) The women in all aenus complained
of lActk of fert.ilisers which t.hey pay prohibit.ive prices
for. Other constraints inclide timely lsnd preparation.
They depend on the male folk or the tractor hirin-g service 1
which is never timely. Labour is another constrsaint I
119
- -- --- -- - - -
mentioned. When therm im gluit nf agritciltuiral produces,
women Are faced with the problem of atttracting good price
fnr their produces. Agricultural creditt to met faLrmd. tdm m a
was frpquientlF mentioned as a major hinderance. lTand tenuare
sRstems in mnst places do not recognise the right of women.
to own land. Tn some instance thp men folk are said to have' !
PepreRsed the fear that if women are allonwed to own 1land '
their auithority base aS household heads would be threatennd. id
This has serious implicati.ons for women with the a4vent I'
of the fadama projects, especially where men farmer .. may
want to withdraw their land from the women folk.
The fadama project however, will greatly enhance dry j,
season income of women farmersx. Farmers int"rviewed stated
that additional income generAted from irrigation farming
will he inv-ested in grain purchase st. harvest time so that p
they can store and sell when the price is good.
Some mentioned the fact that suich additional incomes
will enahle them better- attend to thp nee^ds of their
children and wards in educesational institutions. Some of tkhe
groipsp mentioned that they would statrt credit and loans
schemp for their members, aspecially those that need
finanial anssistnane. Tn all, the women group farmern 1Rid !they woulid he able to supplement the family dietwith their !.ncreaise%d involvement in Fadama farming.
120 1!- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -!- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
.. …__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ________
4.6.0 PURIITC HE.AL.TH
4.R.1 ..1 Disatst pattern tsi nobtainetd from Realth Fanilitiets
Frnm thp Ministry of Health at Lakoja IKogi,State) the
datn revealed that mAlaria, diarrhona and Dysentery are the
prePriomi nnnt. di RsPaR f ol l nweld by Typho i d Pi I arit si iA
SchlistoRonmlnsis, D)rAnu ncull Asis and Fond poisoning. Tn Zone
Ht t-he r eported rases of malaria, diArrhoea, dysent.ery,
fil: ariasis and typhoid were moreP. Tn Zone A SchistosomlasiiR
WAsR more together with Tirctunctillisis (Tahle 22). The
di.spses treatpd at private clinicR alsRO showed the 'Rsme
trefnid (TAhle 23). Helminthisasis was more in Zone. R and C
ith AsesariAssis and Hookwo rm infecrt.ions qulit.e predominantb
Restil trs reponrt.ed may- not re-present the 1.rue stoate of art as
rlatn rollection is, inadequAte!.
Tn PlatpAui State, mxalaria, diarrhoea, Schistxsomiasis,
FilariAsis nre on the high side in west;ern zone. Typhoid i*
reporte-d to he on thws increpseP all over the statet (Tabl e
24). The privAte- hospitals and clinics also confirmed thisj
fact (Table 2n ).
Malaria, Diarrhoea and gastroemteritis are the common!
diseases in Tarahe State like in other States. However,
Onchocerciasis is Predominant in l'ali and Gashaka;
ar.a-sITahles 26 a"d 27). Considerab1 number of snake bitPs
Wp;P" also recorded at Rali. Tn the General Hosiptal at.
';:manm;, A t.own cl.os to .Tal i ngo, S e i stogomi assi R WsR al so
re-ported tc he hbigh.
1 21
.~~~~~~~~~.wi |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i
Tahle, 22: nDim psna repnrted t.o the Kogi St.atn Mtinist.ry 't .Health from varioua TL,A in ,e.nh 7.Zone dusring 1995
PoplX I A t. i onn
T" 1 !x(RP.t7.one A n C nD(200276) 143R9SR) (R61524) (32R996)
%IAl Iri. 1Afi564 49R22 11 (1 2RO72n1 irrhopra 2802 21707 1479 R7ORDy%p%yt.ry l391 17106 104 1R25frnstroent.eri ti - - -
Tyxphnid 20 232 206 -r)1'A.RC.nt3l i Ari s 2R 4 -3Sg-h 1 gt.nMo4mi AAi s 201 R 11 16Onechooer,iaRe- - - -
filmi nthiosis F t -
TI i AAmo .omi .i R - -
1Fi arVi qi 325 2070 1R 406Foond pOisoning 191 RR 16 80 I'
Z.np 4: Aiyrtoro-Gbhede
7.one 'A: Ayanngha.nne r: Koton-iarfi
7.one D: Alloma
1,
: !
!'
-I: 122- - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4
. .1
Tsbhlp 23 Dllseanse treated at ReprecentLative private aliniac In eanh nf the zones duIring 1991 and 1992
1,lP >n ------- 7.-nn A - -Zne R 7.nne ; - Zone 1) -
1991 1992 1991 1992 1991 1992 1991 1992 19s96-- --- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- -
.189 397 8I01 5128 2754 2998 3336 3340 750i'rrhnpa 30 77 913 816 589 58Rn so 39 500
.: . tnr.y A n .54 544 420 203 252 2f 1R -;.n 1 rnf lIN.rl t i A 45 s0 107n 180 248 223 213 291 -i' --.I',n i el - - 1 33 322 37 4R 401 640 50
i,nr-iiiieigl i AS if - 79 62 - - - _ -
. hi itornminr l'rI -O .i.- 1 03In 96 - - 2 3 15ilntheNrorr i asis - - 41 53 42 6fi 5 7', mi nthi ises - - 214 143 - - - -
Tg' pnnosnmlssis9R - - 122 96 122 122 15 13 fi6Fi I in,i.nj 50 fi6 492 513 1474 1510 311 374 2151!^7 r.:;l2i asl-1isA - - 29 17 20 14 3 4 2;:nnod pniRoning - - 253 163 10 8 70 90 75
.; IN lf Pe- i ons; ,sn -- -.-- - -- i- - --9 - - - - - -- ---------
,r3ne A:lRA4lth Cl inic, Tjiamwi Zone R:CaseRR treated at Primary Health .C:T t.fl iiRpensA.ry lnoton ICarfe) care clinin, ARasra 01GA, Oguma
Kogi StpAtp specialist Gpneral HORpitatl, Agodo Clinic,HoFRpitAl (Kngi), Ankii Ra.RHorpi hal I.nklojA. ZonP n General iospital (Tdah)
Ojochorwo Medical andM4ete.rnity clinic, (Tdah)Saniaritan clinic &.
Nursing Homer Aj,oka
1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~>*I'
1 23
¶ - J - - - - - ----
Tamhlp 24: nt sops treat.e^d in Keffi T.OA L reportfed to t.heMiniPit.ry oF HeLlth TiAleovin Oft .ice Xeffi, Plt.eaasState
ni rAe Nuimher Tret.edYetar/Non th
199;13 1992 1 991
M4lA rin !,145 17, GR4 I ,R5Ti rLrhoea 2,R12 6,7131 5,512
iAs.ToPlnt.eritiR 94 151 21Typhnid f61 1,125 -;il n i n .hih itS.R - - -
Tirnc.iunc.ilI iaqiRi 4 9 - I.Srhistosomi,aRis 253 2490I1chowprni Asi R 25 A7Trv-pAnosRmiAsis . 1
j I nl i AS1 iFR 371 57f 665Fondc PniRoning/othher 144 200Skcin infpctions 16 103 2'0
124
Table 25: nifACaLm t.reat.ed At. Ct^nt.t.agm WoPipt.Al s , I' i'PI lt.rlsl Sta^te.
n i RPAe hNamber Treat.pd/VYar1993 1992 1991
---------------------------------------------------------
iAlRAriP 622 717 213ni ArrhOPA 72 21n 131flyPnt.Ary 12 3 7GA.trnenteritin 39 81 53Typhn i d 20 34 40SrhiAtosnmi RiR 15i 32 17Onn.l.nnre i .ia 20 22 10Fi l Ari aqi t 73 1 0l 1laFnod PoiRoning/ot.her 2 4 1Ski n infecti onR fi1 99 R6
12.. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~- -S -t25----
4 I lv'--
TaLblel 26: Diseases treated ah Cottage Honiiptal Rail, Taraba'Staite.
_________________________________________________________________I
rni ARp NWimber of eASns199:3 1992 1991
_________________________________________________________________I
MAIlAriP 34 140 4R2Ons^t.rnpntearltis i57 49Tvphniri 5 53Ski;in infertions 14 9.7lnld i re* 1n 115Helminthiasis - -
fnrehonrpri AS is - - 615
St.nnnrhi pnin - -7
Rs,h;ie - - ' PnraPinionin - - 79Fonri Poisioning - 4Snne biites - 29 25
* lore among Ftilani people.
I,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
i';
I;
126I
…- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - :- - - - - - - - - - - - -
TYhLl. 27: Dim)amf roported or troateld at. Oeneral Noupit.al 4; Numan, whiceh Ic nlose to Jalingo in Tharah St.at.e
(.Tanusary - Suptemher 1992)
--- ~ ---- --------- --- -- ----------------------
"A nmeam Nuimber- ---- ------- -- -- ------- ----- --------- ---------------
MMaar Ia 4576 '
Diarrhoea 2997Dymontory IR44Pi Iriainit NilSchimt.ouomlnsl 957n rAC13ne.ll I^" i ani
Fnod Poimoning ReSkin intect.ions 87
… -- -…----------------------- - …------ - -…-----------
Source: Mrs. F.M. 7.Zidon, Diran"r Cont.rol Officer, Nutman.
127
I,. * s
4.fl.1.2.P.rreivod di.fime n rattPrn
Al' t.he farmer and finhermen int.erviewed in Kogi State
indi ot.edt.hat. thhey matfer from mAlAria, diarrhoet, rnt.omach
pain, helminthiani and yellow faver. Thp perceived pat.t.ern
of varloi3a health problems in varioiam soneA are given In
individuls report.. Tn 7.one. B, Ct, And D the niumber of
eploade. of malarial at.t.ack wan more (3 t.o 5) an nompared to
control group. and in Zone A. !;chint.o.omiani am evident.
from haematuria warn not felt. feriouimly. SimilArly,
Onnhoceriansirn and Trypanornomirnis were not. reriousmly felt..
ackarche wan very common among adult.l.
Tn PlAteau Rt.at.e, the percevied dineare pat.t.ern in all
t.he 4 zoneRn revealed that malaria im more treqiuent among
ohildrAn end the nuamher of att.ACkm were more in .ouithern And
Werte rn Zonem. Schi1stonomia irn, niarrhoea and Halminthi1arirn
were more in Soutthern zone. Onchocercni A;i not. common.
The swampy areas of Jangwa, Tuinga, tUgah, Jenta, Riatis and
Rukibhi are not.ed for malaria. Koh1 10A in noiuthern zone 1n
noted for Rilharzisa;irn. Tn the Northern zone payam, Tunge-
nupawe and Ilgah are noted for Rilharzia1nirn and ma laria. Tn
thirn area mining ponds are tirned widelf whinh are relat.ively
RAfe. Tn wert.ern zone, clome t.o Renue River, Swampy arear
sismt at. I.okn, ¶Imanha and Ranna regionn. They are known for
malaria, mehistonsomiamix and even Guineaworm. Sahon-Pegi
area inR a very fert.ile area endowed with wat.er reotircee .
Some formorm were Reen imsing want* water for crop
irrigation. There in t.resmendoiaa healt.h ri k mIAinly from
helminthiaRin (PlItem 6 and 7)
12R
P1at.e f6: A farmer tapping wamt.e wAter for ftdsm, fArming in __PaI At;e iti St.at.e (Sahon-Pegi area)
Plwte 7- Wzarmer irrigmt.ing farm with c.ont.amuinated water
129v-p
_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - - -
Tn Too rnh St.nto the rmaoilt. Id I innto Mint. malarial
mchint.oiqomia.lmi and diarrhoea are common Among t.he farmern
in 7oiil 1. hluwover, In 14,I I area Orni:locer.inxia RACE"r to bh
ver,y pril3omi nant. A reamn suach aR l.rarhngi, TJambari, Raig,
Jnmptari and tInyam are noted for heAvy intention, leading to
hlindnemm. A rpoent. mtarvpy (1 RR/R9) revealed that. the
provnlonce rantted het.ween A to RS pernent.; Bali reecording
the minimm. Tt.ehing mak*R the pAt.ientse come t.o the
hoepll.Al for iiaLgnoRix. Middle Aged grouip i2 to 45 yearr are
more aeoAn wit.h mymptaoma. Amoebinaie and Hookworm -Infectionn
nre A-Io common nmong the farmerx. TrypanodomiR.RiR in not
very common. At R#Lli genral hoRpit.Al only 3 t.o 4 camen were
n_^n miire 19Rfi.
4.6.1.3 Onctrrence of varioum vent.orR of dimenam
oaqulit.oea belonging to Anophelem, CuleT and even Andem
w-ere repnrtpd to he nore in t.hp st.idy .area. PPople growing
Rie nniid Suagareane havp reported more of thheir prohlem' in
the fnrms. RialinuR and Riomphalaria epeciem of anaill were
present. in all t.he arean ranging from 62.fi t.o 1OO%.
However, in 7.onp 4A, C, and D, they seem to he more widely
diRtribut.ed. Though black flite and t.metae flim wer1e Peen
n round, they eirfr swneinar,nl. 1 nlaine f*iIbs wnre rotand mat.tly in
the rainy season and diue to inRanit.ary conditior.n in the
muarroindings otf their housaes; they may carry typhoid And
diArrhneal iuifietions.
Snakes were mnre abundant in farmn-and come up duaring
the firs1: few rRins. Scorpionn were alno seen but. not
1 --
@~~~~~~~~ r -~ -- -
-1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ..
ix'V
c!onidered "rlppri . l.eachon were not. nn,mmon hbt tnound In
Glnerally, the farmer. cared monre for monqtait.o bit. .t
than other insect hiten. Various protent.ivt devine.s imed
ranged from bed nut.s, inmect.inldal mprayn and monquitoa coil.
On farm, they work with harm hndy and leonat procit.eot.ion.,
Leaches are nontrolled by applying tined engine oil .t.o t.he
bodieR hbfore going for fishing. Tn Plat.eaa and Taraba
States t.he trend is the mame as in other partm. Majorit.y do
not. take any procatit.ionn againair moqultt.o hit.e. Tn ' Plat.eaa.
stAt.e only a few peoplw ute insecticidaLl spriys.
4.R.1.4 Agrochemlcal lime
AlmoRt atll the farmers in ;ogi .and TArabA St.at.en
nomplained ahnot. the nonAvRilAhilil.y or inaideiqasny of Nngrnchemi cal R.
PI at.ea.I St.at.e seems t.o he uniqutge in t.hat.
practi call y all t.h f armers interviewed had * umed
ilgrochemicals to nome e,t.nt (Table 30). Fertilisers were
used more t.han t.he pest.icideR and herbiciden.
131
.~~~~~~~ *. _
Table 29. Agi'nnhemlcal andl m^niare lame p"I..e,r, I,, vMI'IuW onean in Plateau Stat. . e
Agrnrhpm1 nAn/Ms%rurn eim* 4
7.olni PartInuira/Tninrit.IlIlrldes lIlIehirtfleIeH pprt.11I1er AnimallX RAnge mend X RA.rnIjP Usned X Range 11eed X RAngot Ulld
1NnrI.hern 99.9 * 99.1 1 99.\9 R-300+ AA.A * 1t
S; IIIe 1,- ho I, #1 I ra . - *(I . A-,II# f"9.3 *
Weetprn BAIR A R.R * 69.9 4-32+ 43.R S
Ianztprn R4.7 O4.7 8 R4.7 4-150+ 53.9 S
Cnontrnol A0.n R-201 10.0 A-201 1on 4-40+ 10.0 *
1 --2
-- --. - ; ,
tUg J 4.6.1,05 Water aumltt.y 1n the lhftmP Aroam IThM quAlity of water from 31 wells, horeholoe ori
.9p,
.iirtai, waters wpre ewaminei Tables 1,2, and 3 Appendim TV). 7
The result.s of 9 samplos frnm Kogi St.at.e ndlcat.e that from
chemical qualit.y point. of view thhe parameters t.est.ed wer*
wlthin the limit. spen.ified hy the WHO. AHowever, since all
the sources Arn from shallow reglann, fancal pollution is
Inevi t.ihle. SOme Of t.he surface WAter especially from River
Niger rt. .nknijA and a pond wpre heavily polluted and
promot.el Aquatic weed growths.
Res.lt.. nf analysis or 13 Rample art ground water and
surface waLter from Plateau St.^t.e were given. 'he rmnuilts
indricat.e t.hat t.he mine waters mround Rariln TL^di are- good
lnd some surtfac wsters are enriched with nitrogen and
phomphnrtia. However, most. of the chemicals fall within WHO
drinking water st.andardR.
Resiults Of anal7AiR of 9 wat.er samples in 3 aonea from
Taraba St.ate revealed thatL the.y sre f:i rly of good qual ity.
One well water at Gam.ahu villAge sahowed exe:eRssive value.n of
salts and hardness. The communities COmplained of it.
qlalit.y. Similarly, the river Ga.rin Dago iR grossly polluted
d1JR t.o cattl e waste and al gal hloamR ane neen arouind. Tt i n
als ladien wit.h RnailR. Soma of the smnplPR showed alightlly
higher valiues for Cu, Cs slnd Ni t.he resulltR of which were
incl idted under i rr i gati on agronomy report;.
*1
133
- -------- - - - - -- - -- ---- - --- - - - -
I .O MITTGATTOWONRASURIRti
4Thie seetion onut.linet come mitigation meacsiare n againat ,
the potential impart. nrf t-hp prpftynf Nat.iroal Faoldm
llervlopment Prnject (NFnP) in t.hp Middle Relt, Nigeria. The
mil.ilntinn nefoamrewe are grousped tqoqet.her int.o rolIt.ed
atrtivitiec for which a time frame covertinv a period of five
yFenrs in propomed at. t.he end nf this Sect.ion. The
inetihittionnc) requiired t.o imploment. thn Ac<t.ion Plnn nre
alRo ident.ified. The order nf preapnt.At.ion in an follow.:
a. Range Management.
h. Wildlifie Riology
n. FreRhwnI.Pr Fisheries!
di. Trrignaion Agronomyr
e. Social Anthorology
r . I1',l-I I; ea IPn1 h
..1 .0 RANGF. MANAGRMENT
5. 1.1 Tmpact on Patit.ure
The NFDP is ecpeC't.er t.n lend t.o Ft drastic recluction in
the FAdAma paRt.ujre, the source of thp dry cesaon grazing.
The following mitigation meaniires are recommelnded:
i To ameldiorate the conflict.s bptween the fArmer. and
t.he pastoraliRt.s, aont. 20 percent of the Fadamn
land %hojld be set aRide specifically for graving.
ii The pastoraliRtRs Rhould he given land ucate right, to
f'nnble them tLo marnage Riw.h lAnd for pant.urp
devplopment. or practice liveRtock integration an
t;he C!ARP may he.
t 384
Iii. The project. de.lgn ehoild encotirate liveet.oak/crop
liit.fgrat.ion In nrdwrr 1l:n pfrrl4windtlo rtadnmo raemferst tog
adopt. prodat.Itnn or crope whone realdi,eiq noild he
l ed J1 foddetr .
iv. Farmere, ebepecilt fradema !armers and paat.orallIt.u
ahouild he enncotrAged to emhark on rodder bank
pinrhiiction. Towarda this rnd, the AI)PK should
tndeAlvour t.n nott p demnnaLrnt.ion plOtft and ruin
them for n niumher of yPAirs hefore thety nrr ttlrned-
ovnr t.n the bhenefilniari. ThiR iR very ImportAnt
i r t.he henefiin mries are t.o he persuadedJ to adopt.
fodder hank prodiitfon
5.1.2 Tmpart. of NFDP on can rliit.
WFn1P in likely t.o int.ensify the ebliat.ing compettition for
thP Availahle farlamwn r.anu3rceP E'etwefn l.he varioie rusral
lAnd u sers. Ttk.:. competit.ion will generat.e nonflict.s.
iTb' rO 1i1 owi mi t. i gt t. i n,. nt n s:ir.u nrP rTnOmfnrfIndd:
i. More fGrazing Reserves should he created while the
existing nnes gAze7tterl and properly manag*d. For
the pastoralistS to hp enrnmirnged t.o patronize t.he
grn7.ing reRervsa, pant.orae, veterinAry and other
sippo rt. i ve servi i re q ioul Afb provided.
i i . Cattle rontate shoaulci he- q,trveyed, gazet.ted and
prot.ect.ed.
i ii. rn rasea of njetujal confllicts, rommij ity lnaders
Sulch sic the Ardos nnd traiditional rilt ers shouild
cont.ini4e to miediate in conflint resolution between
1 i'!S
.- - .;~~~ -- --- - - - -- - --
. ;, t.he varioUm lAnd %imarm.
Iv. Apprnporata Tnz1.tlt.oti.-Anal lroLmework for- nnnflint.
1er.uhltalc I at hot:h t.h loral Find mt.,sIA level shouild
he Pvolved. The idea of the area ,givent.ock GrAXing
Commit.te am it. in in Kogi St.nt.e cnild he repliCAt.d
In the ot),er part.m of the mMady aNioad
5.1.3 NFnP and Rio-divormit.y
oamo of the P^dsama plants, friitas and Flowers Lre uted
for food, *medicau.I, and houamehild purposes. Thame nat.urally
oc!aviring fadama produicts t.ogAher wvitf fadama pasture
const.it.iat.et.he bio-divfew'ityS.vof t.he fdLdama environment wh.ich
will be affected significant.ly by the NFI)P.
-~~~~~~~~~~
N
1 3f6
I~~~~~~~~ * W .j.II' wI~Ii.
~, -4 1S.2.1 Mitigation mennarom to enmlare t.hat. inournonan intomrnimit.ive arnme are stemmod
J Tt. in ext.remmly import.knt. And urgent to ensore t.hatt
Incurplons hy farmers, hiint.ers and I Iventonk granxiern into
sensi t. ivr nrrAn Are aslmmeIl to ,.I.nt t.he oennservnt.ion ar*es
rnaitlniue t.o serve An places of refuge int.o which animalsoA
likely t.o hp displaced from thP FAdama dvel opment. project.
iireps can migrat. ^as preastures on them from farmers and
hmnt.rs i nereas.
Sinne poaching is nonnsidred an a wort.hwhile enterprins
arouind the Game Reserves, pnachprR and t.rapperR can only he
d iFiconiiragpd from t.his t.rkde throuigh pubhliI. eni lghtenment.
. umnmpnignn or by eridac.nt.ing titem on kIeepirig domest.icat.ed
wi l ti ip Rivo,h ,R giiinenrowl an nnd ente rai.. The youing of
theRe animal.s coialdjhe mnld to the farmprs hy thp Wildlife
Management Dfepartment. The farmer* will t.hen feed thhe
aninmalaq to adult sizeR and sell themi to hoost. prot.ein
supplies in t.he rural areas thereby generating additional
i nocome.
The farmers interviewpd showed no cltit.ural' * version
towards keeping domesticated wildlifp Rpecies as A form of
buRsiness. Tn fact sOme CommUnities expressed the desire t.o
establish their own game ranches or reserves provided the
Local Government. auithoritipe wouild support. t.his.
Tt. i.c incmbhent. ono I11Aw SL,:tt.f Croveriimertl mut.hrolties to
e-tahli sh and adequately fuand wildlife management. services.
Tn many States t.he handRry of the Game Reserves reqtuire to
137
.-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
he dlemarrentnt to nuike thenm ranotgn i s'nealln nt, o n@nt. I
hunters. The StAte edict. Alsa requires tob he ipdated with-,
ivempont. to IsrfenilCP ofr hint.inq 1 I rt'vi8em. IPreaently there is
no mpAns of ninking rqeitrm ont ncrd.lul istnInsla killed. Snme
animals protected utndier the Rnndngered Species Iecree are
st.i 11heing on lnense t.o he hianted ty linscrupuul Olin
e;cpat.rlateis and rich men in the commuinitis.m.
The incjrsxinn into the sensitive areas hby livent.ck
ohners can only be stemmed t.hroaigh sedent.arilizatlion of
livestonk hprds. Tn order to enRisre t.hin foddpr hbnk. must
he grown in the Fadamn nress sand in farmers' plot.. for their
resident livestock t.o grAzf. in t.he dry Reason. The St.at.e
Mepartment. of T.ivet.ock riqalires to develop G.razing RPiserve-
wI.e-re p#i:ti lrrY r4houldl lie growrn iaid wNte.r- provlildt aFs well as
veftPrinary assiRt..nne t.o meet. the requirement.s of migrant.
liv v'stoek owners.
The incnrsion of fires set to t.iut parks intent.innally
hy 1 ivest.oklc owners t.o ermecaorAge early fllushes of past,Mre or
i,nint.ent1onally set. by farmers diuring land prepAration can
only be minimised throuigh public enlight.enment. minne
legislation oat the stihje rt appears t.o hav e totally failed.
SimilAr nampaign nppronch moist. be followf-d in respect
of stemming the prospect.s of incuirsions into the
*onsRervition are.as GO rhemni ca-l an-A pdll IIlt.Lntx either
washed-off from industries or ruin-off from Fadama rarms.
1io-iezgrnlhible agro-nchemical * only shoOld he permitted for
USe in the Fariamas. The Federal Environmentatl Prot.ection
138
--------------------------
Aqe lnoy (l;F:) ahnaild.enforre tIhnt. nfrlfient. div4ahargn" are
mnd. antp h.fnre thpy leave the fet.orin..
onmp rommin1it.i s advoc.at.ed A 1o.ed meamon for all
Iiiist.Anif kPet.1%,11.1em list'Ilitle rlmisngrlTholn I.#Tlararo l, ae,r,,
gand prn.pet. for the StAte Forext.ry nepart.ment and the
l,ncl Covernemt atthori ti.ln to d1v; lolp s commiuni t.y apprnach
t.n wildlife prot.ec'tion in partic.iilar AremA fn t.heir land and
to derive frnm these all muleh value.R an they require r when
farmern nnd hint.ern have otherwime t.e ent.er int.o
conRervat.ion Arean where t.hey are oft.n apprehendnd nnd
prnRecnit.pd.
5.2.2 Wat.erfowln and ot.her hird
The following mitigation meanssren croutld reduee t.he
impnrt nf Fadama dPvelopmpnt. on waterfowlR and other
hirds:
Ca) Sonme aelec!ted polders ahoulnd h- left. untouched
whilat Rnme wnt.er he maint.nined at all
times in exinting ponds.
(h) Limited mpehanioal rlearanee of patche. of Fadama
Areas iR recommended; the u3ncleared patchem shonuld
hp large enotugh to nprve asq refufge for specrieR hbeing
displaced fraom the cleared areag.
(O) Farmers shouild be eficouraged to IlRte only easily
hin-degradsble chemicals t.hat kill not callse deat.h
of' non-t.arget. wildliiff RpEoien.
1 3 9
,. * oI,f. b ** ,4 ft I isst* ,g's I %a I ,v4 pe I rnrn.ito rnwnes v 0 s 1.lsi 1'eiiai is
* tint.roductiorn. of st.erile Sal. int.o the populat1on'
nonald redamne populat.ion of pelt. hirde.
5.2.:. TorreitriAl and aquatin wildlift
Farmers who ennourage cert.ain wildlife apenien t.o
remain and utiliui their tAllowed land undist.urbed should ha
given compensat.lon, tax rehat.e, or diaconnt. on land rent.
Compenmatlon couald hb in term. of recognition in societ.y, or
cash payment. when such animlall arm removed for meat or
trapped for tranRlocat.ion purpomn.
The encotragement. of wildlife dome.t.icat.ion an a commercial
activit.y an well an encouragement. of community hbaed
part.ic.ipat.ion in wildlifo.cnAmervat.ion and management. wfIl
diRcourage wildlife poaching And ext.ermi-nation hy FidAam
farmerA and hunt.erx. Tn commtunitie. where t.he momhrm are
employed in Game Reerve management antivit.ies and where
other t.angihle income and henefit.. are derived hy the.m an aL
resitlt. of the locaLtion of conmervat.lon Area cloe to their
villages it i; oasieir to nliat. their support for wildlife
pro t.ecti on.
Si nc poAching of wildlife in a direcet conmequence of
niitrit.ional requirement.s of people for huahcaxt mtuppliemt it.
in important. to develop the liveat.ock induactry rapidly. A
lot. of Gra7.ing Reanrven in the st.udy area are only on paper
and in name. Thera arn no facilities in them. Pmat.ure, water
and vet.erinary medicament are required urgently if theme
RenerveR are to ever auKtain the live.t.oCk population in the
140
S. stuldy ares. ,. .
PFinally, in the hbuffr sones outside the sensiti ve
conserva1tion areas within t.he Fadamas, Commiuni ty Game
Reserves where farmers can hiunt wildlift on license should
he created. Certain communities have shrines, croves and
water points where certain animals - aquatic, terrestrial
,nd fishes - are not allowed to he dist.urhbd. The ADPs and
Wildlife Departments must encourage the fill development of
slinh sensitive conservation areas for the communities.
5.2.4. Vegetation and hahitats
Total removal of tree species cover by heavy machinns should
hp discouraged. Particu3larly aroiund the streams a where
monkeys and Rome medicinal plantR and tree crop species can
he protected the ADPs muist. nsure that only minimal
disturhance is allowed. The trees constitute resting and
nensting sites for wildlife and often provide food and cover
for them. Tn areas where extensive trees mu3st be removed new
species serving as wind-hrake mulst be grown by agro-forestrtry
nnits parti eilarly along the contour bonds. Complete removal
of certain tandprstorey species of vegetation during Padams
activities lSead to invasion by uindesirahble weed species.
Some specieFS of aquatic plantR uiseful in daLily houlsehol,i
activities can only be abtained from the Fadama herb and
shriuh layers. The silvir.ultural practices to vegetatively
.r propagate sucrh species mustt be studied and extended to the.
radasma fasrme rsR.
141
.1. - l-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , _ _ _ _ _~~~~~~I
Aljm m nert.ain aquiatin apacle of grAaeOe, and herh
dirahipn and niutritinota t.o farmrst' 1lventohk ehowild he
protect.erd from tot.al removal in t.he Fadamagq. 1;5.2.fi. FormulaLtion of appropriat.. wildlife'
management avid onniervAt.ion measuares!
A polin7 on wildlife management. and conservation mest.
rip-mphas7iie nver-rallancu'. nn law enforncmmnt alone but. j
rather encoitr^gA greater involvement of t.he local people
i Ajayi 199 nd yeni, 1992) .:;
Ag rat.ir awaroneft ehoild he creat.eid among rural
dwellers who live nloseRt, to t.he wildlife in order to enlit.
thpir cooperntion and involvement. The risral ktnopl* will
suipport management programmes on wildlife which will benefit
them in terms of infrastriint.ural development such as
provision of roads, employment. opportunities in the
canservntioTi arRas, commercialising wildlife trophies and
meAt., iaint.ing in the gamp cont.rol areas, gainm ranching,
ctlt.tiiral artivities and hotel est.ablishment, park
interpretation and anti-poRching. Three dist.inct. elements of
involvement. of local commiinit.iv participation are essential.
These elements incliide:
- the active participation of the rural communities inthe project, part.icularly in the actual managpmentaspect., such as game protection etc.;
- nommuinities mu3st have the "appropriAtn aiithorittybestowedi on them to take vital dninsion on the
manAgement and titilizantion of their own resourcres;
- benefits of management. efforts and resoRures .
Ilt.i 1 i ZS ti on mustt accrrie t.o the rural communitiPeSdi rectly, e ither in ternis of nash bonnises or
proi-inion of social amenities.
1 4.2
- - - - - - - - ---- - - -- - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
The fol 1 owl ng measuret are thtretfore recommended for
uthe developmnnt of wildlifn mansgement and nonservation in
the stuldy area:.
connervation of flora and fauina representative of 20% pI of the lmnd ar"s of each State and in eanh ecological
zone of the middle hblt area for optimisation of hib-diversity;
- totnl preservaLtion of all endangered spncies, for aLcomniderahle period, whethher inside or nutsideprotected areas (Nat ional Parks, Rnesrves,Sanctunries tc..) , or outsi de in Fadamas toensure their recovery from extinction;
promotion of wildlife for tourism development in the,conservation areas;
promotion of wildlife uitilization for consumptiveus1es sulch as rati.onal exploitation for hbushmeLtlsupplies, ftxportatinn nf trophies and liveanimals, and game ranching nutside conservationareas particuilarly in designated community wildlifecontrol areas;
-mnpower dcve?opment of All eadroe for wildlifemanagement and re-orientation of thp ^ainting onestowards local community participation in wildlifeconservtation:
promotion of scientific base for management plans inall wildlife areas within and ouitside parks andresprves areas and continuoujs4 training and publicenlightenment: on wildlife issies;
- encoirage entablishment of zoological and botanicslgRrdens, animal captiure and animal orphanageocentres, for genetic conservation, promotion ofronservetion edu3cation, scientific research andtaiari sm;
- promilgation of a harmonized, uniform Wildlife Lawand regiulations harmonized with those at the Nationallevel to cater for wildlife conservation,dvfevlopment and iutilization in the entire study area;
143
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -_-_ __-_-_ _ _ _ _ __-- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -
---- a- 'eVWWO ~ M~
It is alsn renommended that it. is rrtinent tocnnservation dvelopment. t .hata nwork of Non-novernmental Organimat ions' (NOO'sl tsmistann .atlonAl and nattional levels An will as AIl foreignassistance in funds, eqiiipmet. and personnel mist.t bechanneled throu3gh the apprnpriate governmentagenciels private sector and even nomp internationalnrglaninstions stch an TIJNCt, RFC, RISATD tce. insiupport nf the onnnervation activities;
it is alsn important to arrange seminars that willInvnlve high-levpl managerial staff in t.he variousdepartments of finance, budget and natural resourcemanagpment no that they can also benefit fro'pinciples and philosophies of nommunity basedintegrated wildlife rnsoutrces censervatlon.
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
144
- -. -
j.3 TSRHRRTRR RTOI.OGY
JR \ fi.3.1 Fertililzers and Pentiidens
iI yt.enion Fdiirtion: The mlt.igntion mom.iaure prenecrihed
in for t.he AMP Rxtension Agents to he equjipped with
Pvtonnirnn manuxalz fron their roneserch init.s or from
rommissoined resexrnh indiLat.ing t.he quasntity And t.ypes
of orgnli. fertili.ers ALnd pentiniden to hs used by
fArlomn farmers. n)eppndenne on inorganic fertiliserR
shotild be disnollrageLd hbecause the fadAma l Ands are
nat.tirnlly rirh in niutripnt.. Similrly, dependence on
ta importd peRt.iicides Rhoiild he discouraged among small
sRce1e farmers hecause of high cast and the Adverse
imaprt of peRticide resid3est in fish And humans eat.ing
t.he fiqh. Direct. pescticide poisoning duaring
Applination or washing of pesticides' containers into
ntagnant ponols of wat.er should be Avoided by iase of
illustrations on safe application meth-ods And warning
concprning washing of empty pestinide nouitainers in pools
of water and iatilizing suich uater for drinking or
Cooking. Tn order to. reduie the incidence of ppsticide
poisoning, the ADP EN-tension manual on pesticide
poisoning methods is required to he pujhlicried in order
tn nreate awarenesR among the farmers.
Farmers shouild be Advised not to wash t.heir empty
pesticide nontainprs into stagnant wat.ers in order to
rediue the sccuimul ation of pest.icide residues in fish
tissiles. Toxic concentration in to be expected At t.he
peak of the dry season in fadama pools .
145
-- ~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - -: -
II) M2nai±.grin: Tn order t.o identi.fy stiich iapact.. there
ehoiald- het a monitoring prograLmmei on pest.icide rfeeidue.t
in fInh. Tn the event. of any ILarSe omLlc aerial
spraying of pestieiiden eit.her by the AD)Pm or ot.her
Agenrie. it. ahouild hei accompanied hy a monitoring team
to idcntify the recsidiial effent. in finh particularly
in xt.agnant. pool. of water and remerviorm.
Problems of aL f13nCtional lahorat.ory for peunticideun
rfasidi,e ana-lymle could he molved If the project
f?ininwoild alilow for equlping one of tho identififed
Ilnhorat.orile. with gas. chromat.ography needed for the
nnnlRI ylsi.
ii) ais Iati on: The import.at.ion of very tcaxic peut.icidea
into the Coiuntry- shouild he Rtopped by legislation. The
Federa1 E.nvironmental Protect.ion Agency (PFPA) has t.he
repxpnsihility for regujlating aLnd screening t.he
importation of ewtremely harmardous peRticide. into t.he
rni3ntrr. The process of implementatioun in taLken carp
of in the Agency'-s National1 Policy on FRnvironment.
which in yet. to be enforced.
5.3.2. RecommendaLtions of Fisheries nevelopment with~in t.heUlnified E.xt.ension ServiceR Programme nf the AnP.EictenRion Services Programme:
FiRheries has been incorporated int.o virtuially all the
A TiPs in t.he coimnt.ry hbut because of manpower limitation' the
uinit in eitlher poorlF fuinded or completely negl.ected. There.
i - need for tra.ining of fistheries perRonnel.t -it all Ilevelsi
hvr the AflPR. The parent. Ministry of Agricultt.uee and' Natuiral
1 46
-1
--- ____~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ____
Reouoirces in in most. cases eit.her short. *of lhrl"
personnels or nomplet.ely wit.hout. fisheries ataft an ohmsrvpd m
in Taraha State. The A)PsP shouild recruit. and trnitn t.helr
fisheries permonnelF particnularly the Subject. Mat.t.er
Spenialixtst (SMSx) who in turn wniuld instriet. t.he Village
F:stennsion Agents (VF.A) in fisheries management. methodn for I
onwalrd transmission to t.he fishermen.
Ri uDnlY nf Flshint and Warmini TnDiut. tn Fishermen: Tn all I
khe zonps visited, fu'll-time fisherman are part-t.iTne
fArmprs xlong perenlal rivers and some full-time farmors Lre
pArt-tIme fishermen along seasonal rivers. Resourcesn from |l
fishing are invested in farming hut. finhermen are altered*
for hy the AnPs in the siipply of fishing imput.s at..
nnntrolled prices. This policy has been init.iated hy Nano
Stat.e AIWP and shouild he emulated by the middle belt stAtes
AT)Ps whe re fiRhermpn population are great.er wit.h MAjorit.y
ap operat.ing on full-time basirs. Fishing inppat prines are
highly inflat.ed in the npen market hecauLse of high anst. of
transportation.
Mann pmpnt. of Model Flood onds and Mining Pa ddock
Tn view of the practice of total harvest, of fish
fingprlingst in flond pondsr very eArly in the dry sasoon, it
is recommended that the ATPx sholaid invest, in the mnLnagenment .
of at. lesLt one perenial flood pond or mining paddock per
zone, wherever applicable, to demonstrate the possibility of I!increased fish production and income to fishermen through |j
fert.ili,.nt.ion with organic manure and increaRed stocking I;
with fingerlings from seasonal pools.
147
-- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -~-- - - --r ^ : -- - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~* . 1.-- -. ;.
* *. * .- -- .. - - - - - - -- -
4* 7 1, Ii.4 TRRTGATTON AGRONOMY
. ^g.*, \ nM.4.1 Mangement of irrlgaLt.d c rope
The follnwing mitig tlon meXRtireS are i-vommenfl.d.
A) There nhoilud hp a ennoprt.ed effort. to inrrease the
elippl,v nf Input.x qetih me eeede, engine-ptimpe, irrigation
hnee. Aoonhenicnle nnrt Inorganic'. fert.ilI2A.rR t.n fmrmeri. :
I.ePe s vpen1ivp hbit Pffi imnt puvmpe xhoua ld he i mporte1d fnd
dnld th fA.rmera et. eort renovpry. Grouips nf fmdama. tiers
nxR elAinion can e enenoiiraged t.o puirc:hale thhe pujmpe for
yr their trn lective unR. Seed n.ompanins in Nieria. shouild be
lIvin t nniogh inoentive to produce improved mRedR for
distrilhittinn ton fPrmers . T.Lorl manufnuf.ti.rern of fert.iliterR
ihnu ld hp paid promptly for it.eme Riipplied, to enabln them
mRintniin or innre,ses prodUct.itv level. Rngine-ptimps,
irrigAt.ion hose And agrochemicals are very expensive beic.ouse
they nr4- importerd. Tocal prnduiction of agrrn:emicals should
be enohnarrgpd hy gnvernment. t.hroaigh pri vate Sect.or
pA.rtiripntions. The A1)Ps van even organize watter pump hiring
* erv,re.s att ward level- for fadama farmers.
h) Shortage of organic manuire can he minimiaed by,
p-nppr illtegrRtion of liveRt.ock into the fadama. farming
sv-t.ms: crop farmers nan be encouraged to keep cattlf
: hrniiah provision of loans t.o pisrchase the nnimale. The
intrndalc:iion of fodder into the farming syRtemA will provide
foond for the livestock And in -t-tiurn, animal duing which
imrrovae Roil phyRical and rhemical properties.
1 45
c) The oonditions for granting losni to, small scale
fanrmers shoild he relned no that, they nan pink uip their
approved lonsn wi thoiit making nouintiles niimlmir of visits to
the RanksP, some of whirh are lrited very fAr from farmers'
hnouse. The ?ACnR pnlicy can he reviewed tn effoetively take
rare of this AsRpect.
d) With regards t.o ponr aesrR roads and
'inavAilahllity of transport, it. is recommended that parts of
i-h funds for t.hwe fAdama prnject. houtild be use"d in
rthhAliin1At.ing xsw Ft.ing anerRs roAdR And provision of
utility vehicles to Assist farmers in transporting thheir
priorlre from their fArms ho thhe market.
The crops ciurrently heen grnwn diuring the rainy and dry
sArsons in the FAdaLma are most. appropriate and therefore
:;honil.l not hpe altpred. What needs to hp done is to provide,
fArmers with F.NOU0I{ high quality anvd high yeiocding variaties
and nt thp right time. This shoild also he backed tip by
rfPfrtiv*-* estension on appropriate prodtuction terhnology.
On Approcrinte sequlencing and timing of craps, farmers need
tn he discouraged from continuousi cuiltivation of oneb crop
Appe i Ps on thp sRane piece of land for a long pperiod since
this tends to precipitate incidencp of pesl.s and diseases
and sub^sequipnt crop failure. For Pxample, whpn tomatoes or
papppr is grown continuiouisly on the same piece of land, a
hiigh hiilrld tip of nematodes shouild he expected. To check
the biild utp of nemntodes, conscionas effort should be made
to I-ont.t Trnmato, Rot., Swexet and Mild peppers with
Aimnranthins or Okra or sweet potatoes diuring the dry season.
149
-. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
.lnnd preparation and planting shohild he dnna immrdilat.fly t,e
ra~nx tPrminetr to tnka advantage Of Onma reomdilrl Roil
mo i ct.i rr .
5.4.2 Market foremn nqnd irrigat.ed r.ops
Tr in rer.nmmendcd t.hnt:
Privante inveetment in ths ectahlithnent. nf nold st.orage
nnei prmrAnrxing plnntRs hr ennoitraged. Thi R nan he done
t.hrnigh provicion of Roft. lnanA t.o interert.ed anterpreblnairR
F nlt fndtmc Ionmrs DaRroritinnim. ThiRne fanCilitiecR ahotild he
ritd ns elons as pocRible to areasc of mAjor fadama
artAitietsP.
5.4.3 Projent. proposals with reRpeet. t.o Roil and water iRmijaS
TheP project prnpOnsnl of the states did not add3rebR t.he
i9snis nf Roils aitd wat.r quality cont.rol adeqiuately.
Ti is reomme.ndid thAt:
n. 4 Ayst.emAt.ic dptailed Roil sRarveF be carried
nat. in areas of high fadAma potent.ialr hefore fiull
srala expansion of Ri3ch area. Thic will gulide in
proper land nARe planning And management sam well am
enRicrc that the projents are made qliRt.ainable. Tt.
nhtl d hp remembered t.hat one of the cnLausae of
failtires of some prpvioliR irrigation Pchemen WaR
t.h# nhcen-e of adequjate cit.e mpeiifin Roil
information for proper planning. The iuccuem
rplrtpd tn water qujalitty cont.rol hac neen trreat.ed
Plspwhwere. Tnst.it.ut.ions capahle of handling soils
1 50
-.
z -w ~~~~~~~~~- -- - a
and water issaes hAve also hoen idsnt.ified, earlir , r
In the report.
. 4 . 4 Reducing the Hazards of Salinity and Sndinity
The fnIlowing miti gAt.ion mneasures are recommended:
n. A wnt.er quiality monitoring prngramme unit shonuld he
qet lip wi th each AflP iinder TechnIical Services
r;iii snn. The uinit shouild he charged with the d
responnihility nof collerting wat#er and sbih-surface a'c
snoil stAmples nnntiuall for lahoratory analysis t.o
dptFarmine RRlt conr.entratlInns. Flistting DP j
Analyticnl lahorAtories shoald be strengthened
through provi s ion of fuanct.ional eiquipment an.d
trnining of st,aff to handle ther chemi-.cl analysis.
Other AflPs withoutt lahoratory facilities should
seeic assistnnne from relevant Research Tnstitutes
or Universi t.ies within their mandatte areas. To
prevent the depletion of the aquiifers,t monitoring
of water levels at fadma m sites should he
undertaken At two Rt,ages namely: before' the
rnommpnrpment of the dry season cropping and
immediately Fifter the dry spasnon.
h. xrarmprs shotild he trained on wnter scheduling to
minimisp waRtage And possible erosion and leaching
nrising from e-epSsive waitering. They choild alto2
hP encoiragedrl to incorporate crop residumes into the
snoil to improve the wAter holding coapocity and the
!trsri l it' y stAttus.
1 5 1
-- _---_-------------------------------------------
rn, 5 Tncidence Of pest. and disease. -
* Tt ig recommended that conncrted efforts hb made tn
offPrt. i*ly prevent And control pests and di1seasn t.hat will
nr' isa frnm expand ling ferimA devplopment.. To thins nd,
dl:AE-jmP nqrorhemicals shoul d he procuirca in ad"q1late
qinJ 11 t i t i P o rn r d i str i hbtio n tn f armprs. Avai l abl e
mi isfrnn'is ilnowl edge sucih as the vaste of dat ergent.s andn
wodin;4Mh rnr thp coniltrol of certain insects shstiad be fuirther
eVnIlInted for possihle mAss adoption by farmers if fouind
c.fIrf i v. and environmentaIlly safe. Tntagrated pesmt
t;rniingeimnt anpproArh should be emphasined to farmer as a
.nst ff?ertive and reliable mPthond of controill1ing pest.s and
..
- 7nt
I . i SOCTAT. ANTRRnP nY . ,V
5i.5\l Recommendat.lonn on mitigative measures
The mitigative meAeuree hnve hben RepArated int.o 'aoar
rimtiictt ca,t.egort'i: Farmere' level, ADP lvel, National
1Pvet1 and Tnt.ernat.innsl level.
Fnrmeriq' I.evRl
11 Crnr/.ivestock Tnteraetion: Farmers ahonild he
ennniirnged t.n keep livestock in order t.o fuirther
nnhAnne the uinderstanding between crop and livemt.ook
fArming. FnrmerR will he able to got introduaced to
thp tuile of drauight. animal power t.o improve and
incrpARP nrop yields. Transport.at.ion of farm inpjt.
to the farm from the homesteAd will he racili t.at.ed
hy the i3Re of animal t.raction. Animal t.raction
RhnIild he emphaaized ovar and ahove trac1tors. |
i;i) Hfx- Miakingt Past,oral i ta s;hould he ens:ollraged t.n
mAkp hay duiring the rainy sReaon. ThiR activity
rnn leAd to income generastion for housRehold members
especially y minnors who can easily engage in hay
mnking even nft.er school honirs. For t.his to be
attainnble the practice of pasitoraliRt.s grasing
nnimAls will h&ve to he worked tipon so that they
:A111 hp persiaided t.o take on the pract.ice of stall
feerding.
i i ) F.nri ni Farmlands Farmprs in conflict prone areas
shoild be encoiratged to fence their farmlands. The
tl,qe of I ive fpncing shouild he Pncoiragped and
preferred to expensive wirp fpncing whic-h farmers
153
- -- -- - - -- -- -- - --- -- -- -- -- - - - - .......
S *w . @.t- . ---- --- -- .i --- w---
annnot anfnrd.
*r-i k itwl ,!;i.trP1t.i/d1xute: Conmmit.t.nao siholild he set. up at.
vi ll gie, ounoincil, I a .tate and nat. nnal l evel a t.o
xet.tle dimplite that may &rie from renoanre uoe..
Suiih rnmmi titpeet thailId draw memherahip from
rerogninRmd aiit.horities. Mlmhenr of thr commit.t.mn
qhoitld hp pAid momo honoraLriujm tn make thrm
rlsmri ct.e.td. :
AT)P T.nvel .
i) The xtt-nRion niitfit. of AnPn should he nttrengt.hened
to providle needed nenrvice's tno frmern. This
incliides fnrm inpiitR, ePtenRion mesaaqpx, t.raining
nf farmers in improved t.echnologient at.c.
ii) River fRlain Autthorit.ien: The activities of the
PTRI)AP should he harmonised wit.h thosp of t.he ADPa.
Tn t.his r-gnrd, water prnduct.ion for tone in fadama
irrigat.ed fnrmlsnds caLn he jointly execntted hy ATPIW
ind t.he RRnfAs. Tn some instances, irrigati on
infrantrurt.utirp of t.he RRnAs can he put into good
nuse by the ADPR.
iii) Pnrtial Opening nD of Fadam TLand When the projecte
comeR on stream, nnly a part. of thp xsinting fadama
land shouild he openet-d up for cropping act.ivit.ies.
No morp than RO% of the total fadama pot.entialn
shouild he put. into rciltivation. ThiR will allow
for grncdiual phnsing of past.oral act.ivit.ies in dry
s;n Rot qirn.ing arpaS. FIrthermorn- time will hp.
154
-. .~-.-- - - - ---- ---- … ----- --- -- - - --
t.aken t.o appraice land ume patt.ern that will emenrge
ae well eq have vsome eaft.y valve withlin which t.o
opvratte.
Nn t. 1onal 1 evq 1,
(Ott.tle rnultex miirt. he well demarcat.ed, gncetted and
prot.ec.teod from eanroaohment. of any Port. Provicion
for t.ranshuman corridodr within project. sPita. hoild
be nonnindered.
ii) L.iv"xt.oek cervine andi animal health centran ahould,
hp providled for the convnnienae of herders.
Relinble vet.erinary clinins. where herder. nan buay
ganiaine animal druge ehotild bh aet.thliRthed and run
on aoit. roeovery hbaml. Huiman health clinie. re a .r
ARln a necesaity for both farmerm and herders.
iii) OtFhei Recinl infracstruntitre er1uch Sn roadn,
mnrketing etc., will enhance prodiictivity of
farmerc and henefits to be rippad from irrigat.ion -
Agr i ciiI tii re i.
Tnternational level
Neighhosiring nntianR Rhouild form committfetR to monitor
livestock disease movements and provide early warning.
I.
1 5fi
-__ -.- - ----------- ____I_-@
S.A PIJPR.TC. RP.ATRT'
.R.l 1Proposed Monitoring Prngramme
An the FadAmA is hping detveloped, cnrtain changes may
nrociur nnd A rlnse monitoring may help in planning or
ampliorating Any prnhelmr.
a. Som nares e.g. nicrrent. "pIl ot schemes" may he
moni Porerd for the prevalence of tnOmUt- e the common
d i^asens i d enti fied e.g. malaria, di arrhoea and
srhlstnos nmiA-tsls. The rouiii-ne chprirp mnay invoIve
hlonod film en'minati on aind uiri ne 'ty!sis. Some of
I ht e'Ist I F;ting loanl heal th raOci lee may eh
npprnncried rar t.his purpone.
1h. Clnsp monitoring on the vector hrerding And rest.;ng
shotild hbe carried nm3t in Romp crialcIal areas where
open tclls R and suirface irrigatinon is prar.tised.
This maF he done nt. periodic intervrAls. Wash hares
enld tuthp well s mna not: pose serious problems.
c. AfnPs may connsidr innorpnrnting snomp nf the healtth
mPssAges specifically related t.o 1A.am. Agri ril ture |
into Agrici1ltiral extension sarvir9e- These may.
r-elate to simple preventive devinpn for malaria,
diarrhnea. nnd-schistosnminsis, heialthicer lifestylesi
sand hyriene prnettiree.
.6.r.2. Mitigation measures
1. Malaria. Ffrertive *mosqiaito control nn farm sites iR
more hbeneficiAl tMhn the iseXp of per7o-.nl protective
*levi r* *rlnas; irrigatioin r-Anal manngeen-nt, or sttream
156
- - -- . Ww e
'ngad management may he purrsuedh ri by prnpa ite,sign with Ir
A defaqlIAte RloPP Anti clearing oip nf arfgAtN.tntion. Tn
mnqt nr thr studly AreAs thI;e weed growths have heen
i'nIrnp.lcaous. Tn ri-.. or siugar catrne fArMis, *An aquaRtic
piant Ann'lla" may hb introdiuced which ca^n prevent
mnsquin t breeding and is also good r 1 r the crop As
i~ Vis atmos i nf mt pheric A nit lrogen . ;'|
I4eavi mnsqitit.o-lnfted Ireaq such as .. P A
xswnmpy areAs, may be sprayed wit.h b. IodegradLable .. |
inserc.tildeqs nt periodic interrvals.
T n thP hoiRouse, uiRse of hed nets mAy he cheaper
A n d Rsnarer l:hnn other meth.oinds currentlyy practisPd. |
Fnrmprs may, hn discouiragedl from sit.Li ig nutt withotit.
proper protective clothing in the e.-:etngs.
i.,inrrhnpn. Tlinrrhos nPi essentially baommunity bsed
in if, sttudy nrens . The onmmimni ty maly he encouraged
to keep t;fa J.he surrouindings clemner espci a.ll y from
tarhnui, aninal elings and nny othpr mnterials that
-rcmrmote fly hreeding. Pit latrinen may he covered
.and tcashi ng of hands shouild hp encoutraged at. all1
Li ms. esperinllyF after defaecatinn and before
t-nting. Foodcs sold in the villages may ne protected
ft-nm flies.
Sehis;tosnminsim. The potential Vector, s-nail inP
fno;nd in almost evpery suirface water sourrce on t.he
farm. F?f rfer i ye ront r ol me;Isilres mAy i nol tde good
nn n ry (i A:pnsrl oF humiain rAccesn and c irine,
nre'venti ni o r chi I dren (.annd ni l ts, ) from uirinating
1 _ 7
- - b- - n - - --- nf' . -
nr defameatlng in or near the strenr anid avoidannc
of ' contact. with water at suc:h pl aces wh ich are
rismky.
Tnereasing the velocit%,y nf irrigation canals aand
rlnAring of weieds in them ;ctill discouirage the vector
frhom tsy.Aling there lnonger.
Tn irrigatedr rice fields selecti1ve seIR of
blodeErAdAhle mol lsciri des mAy be beneficial
-ogether Wwi t.h hea`lt.h edcirnating the wnrknrs to us"e
long shnes And gloves.
4. jgroehemiAlls. Tht uRse of agrochemicals is bnnind to
increase in the lnng ruin. The farmers shonul b he
edutitepd repeAtedly on the uise of stiuch chemicals and
their effpcts nn health. They shob3l!e; enciourageod
Ito usie protective devices while handling sucjh
rhemicals. Covering the facle^ with an empty grsin
sack- is more beneficial t.hAn looki ,g for a costly
&qtuipmPnt which they cnnnot afford to huy.
The fertilizers may- hbe uised mara jujdiciouisly
nt. the Appropriate time in a scientifie. manner. Tn
this nnnts;t, evtensi on workers may ediuente the
farmPrs.
4s fAr as possible, the ancient practicn of
u3se of snimal maniure and rrop residiues ss well ass
matuired compost may he beneficial Frnr the farming
1lnds nnd also the health of the f ,.; -rsn.
1 5 R
_A - - - - - - _
-4'" '''"K S
fi. ftb.Ohers. Some nof the farmer' may ha nncnuiragped t.o
take ip vill l; hbalt.h nar' prngrammax. Soma nf the ,
1n1ivarmity TemAr!hlng HOaspit.al( ".g. T'-rini, Thadan,
7.Aria TLagos, .Jn, t.tc..) have sucah prograLmmeer where,
thpy train t.he villagers (moet.ly farmera) and leav|
tlhpm t.n "duaoat.e ot.her comminnit.y memhebr. |.
WARtp wate r tSPIe for irrigat.cion i hould he
d i ROnuraged. Provletion of a tube wel 1 in t.he
vicinity, may prevent come of the healt.h rikas.
.,nI.:
Ii
I.'!
*-1
* I
1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1.;'I?
I.
.- . . ¶ ., a -i-..w. |
t IACTION PLAN li tNW1t NMIYTATION EIAIDU
1,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I| ~~~~~~Frau the foregoing ohuewtionml an motion plan han hues
drawin up to addr:es the Issues rained is the report. TYb.. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
Action plan specifies the different activities that eedsi to
be emharfred upon by speirel agencien onr a rifu-year
. ifillO peried.
A-TrON PLAN 10111T N1'TT TOATTN RAINKS
TiPLURNTTIG TriR PWUXI (MU)ACYTYTTY AGRFiCf .....0...... .' .--- ..7- - -- - - -- -1
I 1 3 £ 5 7............................................................................... _ . _..... . ............ .
A. Provision of eosential NALDA,infrastructure suceh an 1l.PD, ACO/ r I I I J rthe. stablilshent of lIp EGOs '- p
* d fadder hanst and gratingreserves, demarcationof cattle routes &
* vatterin! points forlivestock. drvelopment.dYO Of fAdasa in patches,
.4 itaccess rural roads
R. i. itreugthening of ADP. MAUiluSI-4 extenslion ontfit Aill, in colla-
through quality & horation with : I u a xadequate staff far other relevant
rffertive ainination Federal insti--of paclages to rural tbtions.fra households
ii. Training & re-training LDP, NARZIS1of Ttetasion personnel ARD v I a I T
iii. Rduciation on types and SUP. PACDquantities of organic Kin, of Health
* 1 fertilizern a pesticides. T 7 IPosioning and safe
.IGau application methods
iv. Health education of FPa. gin. ofpublic and hygien Uealth & Uniter- a I a I ainuroennent pities and Dept.
of Public Ueklth
t . I
*il
1~~~~~~~- - . - - .-. I
ICTTNPA P ML lO TIlR MTTTOAYTnl NEAhtK (Cont'dl....................... ................................................................. _
TNPLRZMARUTic flit FRANK (T-41S)ICYTYTTY AGENCY -........... it
1 1 2 4 5... .. ........... ....................... ,,........,,,,............,,,....... ,_ .. ,,,,,,,_
C. oonItoring and research WlP. LAactivities in project uit X rXI T I I I
* ~~~i. iciticide reside Fed. Dept. ofin f,sh and vatow. sirirultural w And an sny be required (after
VWter quality control. Land esources, lar5e pesticide application
* wail Purvey of high hbuja, rrTA, in any one year)
potential FadaaS Wtter tInomuce:areas. Laboratories.
*ze ;U. m eoring and PRPA.eilvalation or laud tnst. of fireano- I - u x
lisp patterns. graphy and
ii; moaitoring of prsveleace mariae research
of disease, vector Ministry of Iealthbrerdinc sites LIT ? . x s
. canal nanlement aland FAaBIADP T r : T .veed control Ministry or Atric. .
P. kiisiative aetion on:-
i. Jiportrtion of hartard FPA and ,A highly tavic Fed. Justice I '
pesticides Ministry
ii. eane#rzation of genetic Ninistry ofJUl. raso'irces et perennial Agric. Ived.
main and State) v
;ii. Wildlife conservation Stats Forestryand Itnepelt. Dept: National Iprograms path services,
i: hqreanieatioa of statewildlifa rdicts with - do - td
fe,Ienl lay' Wildlife Sre .Omit.
v. rrvantion of inciirsion
vPjir 'rt h! poathes - sic - Y T v v v
ad:dm e4ntie livestock
*i. Piblic. *rli:htpnut *;
,1 ~~~~eemnr.7 and ItisFlatia n - .1. - T vr t I j10! on wild hush fire andhush trining.
.. ..* '.
.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I .
A'CTTON PT-AN FOR THI N TTT(ATION 7:iASIIRRS (C'onl.'d)
I m PEJrM KN1 I Nitl ItN Kl-l. FRAM I Vl-:AHS ACTTVTTY - GF.NCY --------------------------------
1 2 3 4 f-------------- _---------------_-----------------------------------------__---_
vii. Wildlife domeRFtintia,n - do - andland retnchin; and ler- ADP, women in X s skeeping Agricultujre
(WTA). A
Notp:- ESTF- Rn;vironmental Sanit.ntion Tnsk Force.
1 F621
- - - - - - - - - - - -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
RTRJ.TOG.RAPHV
AjLyi, S. S. (1990a).Trnining somironr on int.grotted wildlife reiRornpRX tlR^e Arrangeimenta. for SADCO TrainingSeminar 'n Tnt.egrnterl Wildlife, Rrmouirneen flo. PAO:TCP/RAF/R965. Working Docujment. 90/1. FAt, Rome,Tt.al y.
Aja ni, S. S. ( 990h).Trnining Seminar on Tnt.egratedWildlife ReaRiorep Ilan: Record of SADCC mobilet.raining people' part.ieipst.ion. PAO:TCP/RAF/R982.FleI r*o!iomewr,i. 1 . 14ni i Ho.., II.mi y.
Arinadii, P. A. (198h7). ProgreRn in connervat.ion of Nlgerim'ewildlire. Rinl.XonrPjv_.41:237 - fi.
Anadti, P. A. (C9R7h).Wildlife connervat.ion in Nigeria:Problems anid AtrategieR. The lnv. Vol. 7: 211-20.
*L Awoghnde-, M. 0. (19RS). WiterlAn TLivestt.ock Prolent.!Sociolotciel S1urvey: EvaluJation Report Preparedfor the World .Rank A.nd thp N-tional L.ivestockProject. fepartment., Kaduina, Nigeria.
Arntzen, 7.. W. (1991 ). Natujral resoaurcen and ruralagrinuslt.ure: Tn balance: or imbalance? The exampleof P.otswann' rangelandm. ALPAN Network Paper No.2R. Tnt.ernational T.ive.t.onk Centre for Africa,Addin Ababa, EthiopiA.
Aypni, J. S. O. (S1R5a). St.rat.gieR'for quc;k And effnet.ive.t.canRervation and recovpry of the dimninhingwildlife renotircrp of Nigeria. The liguerian Field50: 13 - 20.
Ayeni, J. S. 0. Adeneji, H. A. Oka.eme, A. N., Obot., R.O.nand S. 0. Ot.nbujqin (l9Rfi). IUtilization anddUvelopment of Nigerian wetlandR. Tn: NigerianWetlAnda. FdA.: Akparn, T. V. T. and D. 11. 11.Okal) . Prinl..d hy ofrret. l.it.hography, TMadan, TSRN978-31 078-2-8.
Ayeni, J. S. 0. (1992). Nntionral Renoiircen ConRervat.ionPolicy: Policy paper on ;Wildlife and rangemanagement. Connal t.ancy report preRent.ed at. theNational Seminar on Nattural ReolircepR ConRervationP.P1 ic-y (FPA P.c,ject. TrCP/NfR/22Fi1), orgo..riled byNARl SCON, Abija 10/11-11/11/1992.
Child, G. S. (1974). An ecological smurvey of the Porgua GameReserve. Technical Report 4. FT:SF/NTR/24. FAO),Rnme, Italy: 123 pp.13-45.
2?-
_~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~6
/li
- - - - - - - - - - -- -- --- - - a -n
Craig, P.R. (19121 "The management. of a nmall holder ca.t.tlefattening credit. in Niteria". Tn: Oninown ft. n.life? Prorhator I-, In .It Nli go. le: rn}e'eel g or l:heNatinal C1nn i'ro,irie on Rnnef rirn,nlmt,1ron in Nigeri a,pp. ftAO-39R.
Rnwezor, WI 0., U .o1. .Jdo, n.J. ifRoroh, KA. Ayontade .J. A.Adppnt.lm, V. 0 . Ciadt.l| aneJ .. r . tlJlne* ( 1 S9RO ).Foart. 1iz.nr tise uenrl nennuLgIementl. proicl;Icom fIor cropsi ri Nigeria (Serlca 2). FPDn) Ferlprnl Minintry ofAgrlcult.eire, Water ReRniarcen and Rural.Development, lagons, 24 - 84. "
F. A. tC. II. (1991). Report. on the Rnvl ronmental Impart.Aenenmenmt of N1ational Fadama Development. Project.(NFDP) for t.he Northern tatlen. Fnderal nDpuirtmennof Agric.ialt.erel, Peelpral Miniot.ry of Agrinriltisreand Nat.iral Rasotircp%, pp. 1 - 1fi9.
F. A. C. II. (1992). ApppralRil repnort .. r he Flnherin ofKwarA St.at.e. Feasibilit.y St.udi for t.he Tnt.egrat.ionof Finherien i,nt.o Kwara St.ate ADP. Rwara St.at.eAgri etil .trAl Development. Project And FederalAgrli;eltie'rml Coordinating llnit, Ahieja.
F. A. n. (1970). FlRhery investigationa on the Niger andR*nue Ri iverF in t.he northern rg Ion anddevelopment, of a progrAmme of riverine finherymAnagement. and t.raining. Report. t.o t.he Governmentof Nigpria hased on the work of H.P. MotwanilIINrP, Report No. TA 2771, Wome. -
F. A. 0. (1972). Fifh poptlat.ionn of' Kainji T.ake, trendR intheir development and utilination. Report by A.L.elek FI!SF/NTG.24. Tech. Rep. 2.
P. F.. P. A. (1991). Gii delinee and Standards forEnvironment.al Pollution Control inNigeris. Federal Environimpntal Prot.met.ion Agency,(FF.PA), Nigeria. Gefie, J. 0. (19R7). "I.Lnd line inNomadic PaRtoraliRm and the tRIse ofSedenteriz,Ation". rn Mortimore, M et. Al * (Ede)Pp r^net.ivP . on Land *Adminiat.rat.ian and
.r neveloDment. in Northprn Nitepria .
Gefis, J. 0. (1992).T.ivettnck Credit in Nigeria: A caRp ofthe nmall holder Fatt.ening Scheme. TLCA, AddisAbaba.
GJefii, J. 0. , R. Uw. Ahmed, R.O. Ot.cherp and S. A. S.01 oritainj (19ql ). 0lbmes.vntol.lnolm or, nillinal powerit.ilizat.ion in thhe farming nyat"em of NorthernNigeria. Tn: P. H. Starkey and A. Faye (FdR).Animal traction for agricultural development.Technical Centre for Agricult.ural and Rural
1 64
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CooperAtion(cOTA). The, Netherlands. pp. 3R2-3R6., 1noldman, (:. R, (1975). l.oknjn Hydrnalenl.r'it Prnjeor.,
Flnvlronmmnt.^l Tmpa'.t. Acmeement.. NAtional Rlcnt.ricPower Aiithorit.y (NE;PA), L.gn"o, Nlgnrln.
HalI , P. (1977). PRivl. Nig. O)rn. Soo., 13 13 (43), 15-42,Rfi-7St.
Hjort. af Ornmai A. (1990). Prndact.ion veraims environment.?PlAnning reaniarce management and enlongicaladapt.at.ion in Kenya drylanda. Tnt M4. Rovin And L..Manger (idm). Adaptive st.rat.eglen In AfricAn AridLands. IJppmala: Scandinavian Tnt.it.sto of Afri canSt.iidiee. Tt.A, 13. n. (Tn Pre.s) Tnlnnd FlahnriemResaiomrnas of Nigeria. Commisaioned Report. to PA(,Rome, pp 121.
Tt^. R.. 0. Pt. l (1979). Fiaherine Tnvpmt.IgAt.lOnaI n t.hlanfi Agrici.lt.iiral Development. Project. Area ofPlateau St.at.e, Nlgeria. (omm.iRmoned Report to,af ia ADP. pp. R0.
Tt.A, R. 0. nnd A. Mohammed (1979). A Preliminary report ofexp"ejl it.ione x .a t.oLe lieii . a.,d oul.loet. clmn,,e la oflake Ndakolowiu and a propnaal for refilling thelake. lJnpjbl ishe1d report. t.o Kainji Lake- ResearchTnRt.it.t,e. pp. 13. '
K. A. n. P. (19921. UJnderground wat.er studies in FadamaAreAs of former KwnrA Stlat.., Vol. 1. Final Report. -.,Ward1rop .ngine.ring Tnn. wlt.h MAi Aaeocinten U.td.
Keay, R. W. T. (1959). An nit.line of Nigerian Veget.at.ion.3rd edition., Federnl MiniRtry of Tnformat.ionPrinting Divinion, Lagos: pp. 46.
Kolawole, A. (1991). Reonomist-and management. of Fadama innort.hern Nigeria. Part. 3,. Tn: Sconnee, T (cd)Wetlands in Drvlhnda: agrnecologv of Savannasyst.eme in Africa. Drylanda Programme,Tnt.ernational Tnat.itit.e fnr Environment sndlevelopment. (TTEn), London.
KolAwole, A, M. 0. AwngbnAde and .J. P. Voh (eds)(1 993 I . SsR1I:A ;h1i,m nee of rnadnma I n nort.hernNiqgria. Procendling of thhe National PnlicyWorkshop (Ahfttracte) held in Maidiagusri. Cent.r forSocial and Economic Research And TnternationalTnrt.itirp for Fnv'irnnmpnt. and DevAlopment (TTF.D)IT.olrunrlo.
1 65F
mc.lren:kn, .J. A., .7. N. Prelttty and r.. R. Conway (19RR). AnInt.rndmltrt. Ian 1. n PApi ri 11.flr Apprn I "Rl tarACri cil tiara 1 D#vr I ct&.minPiit. * Ativita nabl e Agri rnal tIirpProgramme. TnternottlnnAl Tnnt.it.ite for Environment.rianfl nevei npiont. t (T l 1if, I Toraiig.
%fiKAri, N. 4t. and Owtonmahi, .7. .7. (19901. The impliration of1n ra i* mrasl s' i rr i qa o i nn nr h the I taI I sinvier catf pe 1.unndl diareaseaP.. Proceedlings or n National Workahopnn Fnrmaer part.icipt.ion in IrritAntlon dlpvplopinent.mndi innnagement., 7.itIa, MAy 7-A, s1990, pp. 17-165.
N. F. P. A . (1977). .Jnhln lIyIIroIeIrc.r I c lirv,m I npmnersL.Fea.aMI lil,vI t y epot Vol . TT. Hydrology andlflneration Pot.ential . Montreal EnginneringCamp. Ltd. Mont,roal, Qiiehec.. Obot., 'F. A. and .J.S. 0. Ayreni (19R7). A hanildook of' common aqiiat.icplAiilt. of Kuuinji Lake Rnatin, Nigeria. Printed hySnolog Print.ing and Prodiuetiona, Tlnrin TSlRN 97R-1 . .- f)23:-R.
0. D. A. (1971 TlNiger Vall.ey Survey Appr;PjRoAl MisRinn.Tnteprim Repnrt.. Forpign and Commonwpplt.h flffiepf'.wI~ (.11:4 , 1*v,r' I c,-De v elomen it l m l. rn 1. I cira MI #4c. Ret port. .No. 1 24 .
0. n. .A. (1 7rli . Rf.pnrt nf tirl' FPnialr VA lfy Suirvey, :.In i aI. I M i -.. i II .1 Vol . 1 . GfenerI 1 Report. and
Rprnmmendlatinn.n. 1.nLand ReRnurrPR Dlivision, Stirrey,Fngl and.
a. r. A. ( 1972h1 . 'i v. c 'iValley Suai I rvePyN App-aiRal l sIMisnion.F i na I ltepart: Appendiro-s and Ai b I i go raphay. L.A ndPpsouarres Divis;ion, Surrey, England.
J. 1). ̂ . (1973). Repnrt of the L.nwer Niger Survey AppraijalMtiR.i4i I (Vnl. 2). SoiIR Foreign and Commonwealth
,ffiirte Overseas Devplopment Administret.ion, landR4*sxiurceR oi.vi sion, Sturriey, F.nglnnl,
01 yride, S. C). (1F976). Froianomic SarrPv of Vieerin. Thacdan,.A l-f,I,,., 1a m*nl Pal I I ; I.; ,}W Unanj1.,1 ..,V
n o.xitol., M. n. c't. :nl. c iO7,.1 .';rflt.FllUikf fXLt.r:ermirmg atinuligencoaus C.;Lt1.1i in N-igeria" World Review ofAnimnl Prodtintion, WVTT pp. 70-77.
O':1i: , C i rare' (1924). 'Srtt.lIf-ment Scharmec for HerdcerR in thme
Stahh-:anmir Tropics of W'est. Africa; Tssives of LandRight.s and F.thraici t.y". Develnpment. Pol icy Reviews2 f*1!): 217-233.
P.a dI9D. smvpstigetion of Shallow Aqujiferqfor ILow-7sand , rr`qq o,rn in Plat.eau State.Vol.1. 'Linl Ri e II ,pt. 1\|;.ter Surveys (U.;. ) T.td.
I nfl
-~ ~ ~ - - -. - . .
PAttPr%nn, (1. I19RF6). The ninp pn,iids of the .Jne PlaIeAiI:The i r nothisre inid renalrtei vatl ue. JToR Pl atesusFnvi ronnient.il Resacorces Devplnpmpnt. Proigrmme.rn1lpe*iig Report Nn. 8 IiIgivrmrMil y or mIirlinim (ii.K.)reillf liinivvtrmity of .1n9, N1I1r1An.
Riml /l19492). lyq i erIen X,1dv^stnckReejk S rep. Vol. TT: NationalXyntj, ,t .iS R emrviirtt.fj Tnventory emrd MATrA Ien en1t. l.t.fI.
Serovifas, Tan 1992). WetlAtndR in Drylands: Ke.. resneurceFor a;ricultiiral and pAiqt.ornr' proditu-tion inA'CT i n . ,y 1 nl tidl N'l.weirl1t4 Imi' -ileiligii I M I 'U pig rNn. 3R. Tnt.ernationnal Tnetit.iat.f for Env ironmentnnd Development (TTF:)), London.
Spnre, 1 )fl931. Ry-prod iic t link crop endl livmntoc:kproduction. Pege n5.
Tiirnrr. Fl. (1977). Thre FdanmJ .nndR nor Cent.ral Northernti-griA: their clanRificat:ion, Rphtial vari atiaon,
presenr. and use, irnpillh ifRhed Ph.l). TheciR,lIniverrity of l.ondon.
'W n ; IT-Iar^r*, tA. anil nI lay'tr, W. ( sI 9t) . re role o'rIivestock in raral economy. NnoAdic PpOnlee. 31:3-1R.
WhFD) I WrlId Ca mmision one Frivi i-orimuent. And Development)I197). Oir rommr,n fit aiirp. Ovfnlfd lJniverolt.yPracs, I.,ndon. =
Wi nrock rnternatiotial rt.it i tii tn ror Agricul tuaral-Development (1992). AseARRment. of AnimalAgri ciil ture ir r ..;t-Siha ran Afri rA. Morrilton,A rkArsnmq.
(linel, T.. T. (19R9). The neteriorating Nigprian Environment.- The Forest.ry Action Plan. Tnvit.ed paper At. theworkshop on: Strategiea for Environmental PorpRtManngenient in Nigeria, held in Kano.
1 67
- -- ------- - - - -- - -- - - - - - - - - - - --- -- - -- - - - - -- -- ----- -
APrPWNnDT 1: (ARIIf.TANTr' TliRMS nP 4 P RFPRRP.NCR
1. &_QRA?F IANArOF4rFNT SP1ErTALTl.T:
1. (Colle'?te cnri review lV'A, Ienhe in(ncrmAt.ion on the nec
,ind mAflAi(rpnint. nf lho fed.imns wil;h xpqesinl *mplinai on
the ntwedm of thp Fial uni pASt.OAl1iRtq (th.h delineN.tion
nf l;the Pni.ting land ismes on t.hn fAdmns And of thn
nirPRR shead,iled for tmnl 1 calm irrigation development.
i d ataxent. i al)
ii. Rview cmirrent. act.ivit.ieR or Rtatp and federal
gnvernment. (I.hromigh NT.PT)) with reepect. tn t.he
programm aimed at al1 evi at.i ng the prohl emi faced by
I lIE' pn .^ t.onr:'i1 i
iii. Nfpet. with pait.ciralist. leaderR and with represRent.ative
tr'ifil l *uiaips4 on a frmn iti�lAnd informnl lW#is o.a review
; ivetstock management. practicen. and problemR, fodder
r.eqii i r.nae nl., ndiqi Xoarce's or c-oa riI c. wi l.h arabl A
fa.rmeirs And t.n etplore ponsible solitionht.
iv. MtP-t twit.h represpntative rfrmer grolape to rev iew,
amoigst. other t.hingR, their 1ivAat.o(ck management
prartirps, fodder rtJquirements, casiures of c!nnFriot.
with paRt.ornl ist. And pot.Pnt.inl soltt.ionq.
v'. t1eview'w t.ht' rtirrer.. i,eS Acrid condiLion of. paR ttLre in
the ratininas. And t.hp ext.e nt. of dependience of
pantoralists qon c:rop residiie.s from exiRt.ing farme.
vi. Trlent-iff rnattrally ocenirring prodaact.4 of t.hp fadamA
cerP:-4 flint ,ire uqFi.d hy thp inhnhitant.m of thesie arean
for mptiiral p3arpo%es nr AR diet-ary qiipplement.a.
16R
vii. rvaluate the pot.ential for the creation fnd managrment
of todder hank. in the fndamAm and the invnlvement of
the pactnralint.. in irrigated fndder prodUCtotn.
vi11. Review wiI.h t.he pontorhlint.s any ot.her optlon. whinh
might enable them to improve liv"etonck managnment., and
qallity on the fa.iamax while avoiding confrontat.ion
with the Redentary farmer.. This will be carried out.
In clnRe coordination with the Sacial Antropologimt.
ix. PrepAre A report. cont.aining: (a) an valusat.ion of thhe
impnat of full project. development on the availability
of past.ire to the pat.orAlint. (h) recommendations on
the meaaurem that ehould he taLken to avoid conflict
t.hrough pa.t.ur" ana liv*etatock management; (c)
potential for the incorporation of herdsmen into the
irrigat.ion Ryetem throiugh the development of fodder
hanks or ot.her means of achieving more sedent.ary
management practi.cts, incluiding dairying.
2. WTr.fr.TFF. 1TOT.LOCTT
i. Review the informut.inri nvniln3hlv ci n wal.prrawl antl
other bird apecies that inhabit, the Fadams 1watlanda
for part. or all oF the year.
ii. Prepare a report. detailing t.h potent.ial impacet of the
prnject on nVian and t.errent.rial pecie sand recommend
measmirea that. must. he t.aken to m.itigat.e t,heee.
iii. Tdcnt.ifr nreas of mpa6ific inipartvLnce to waterfowl and
other avian speciep that might he impacted by t.he
implementation of the project. Particuilar import.ance
1 69
'i41linsi I ri t. 1 I iv1n t.n n thoRn itr1A tieA 1 nne . by
Iv,* TqIq.s,l i 1¾. lit' I,.I*r.*Hlt I' I,i %~. 1.1 E'M tlai. SI lrsiuit It lc
rsr^Inirnn, t.hfb niimhprqt no thepf *nd the pot.tntisil Impart.
cnf' Xi'Jiimn irr i gattlon nia theesn popuila,t Ins.
v. sonnelirl f field rewviewv of tfhe potpntiaIA ly sennitive
A r%As aenrl wotlnndim to dIetorminie the n otebnt. nr r , rlmr
inci:irRion into theRe nsreas .
vi CIM e1.,1jnrti. rn wil.h A1TiP un.l othler St.alte 4tjnf, dIemve1esp
aiAldelinp's for ensuiring that. :ncr1irRinn Into men it.ive
11's r.': i4 :&1a%t'amaas'u) is sl n ,id l.leee4r, oxrenm 4s re jJrclt.:lwLed
ricari sg fetuare desielopment..
vi i W ho rk I brough t.he Jialnl It- ron r . I c! I pat i aon prnc:emx
.OrgRnizPed by the s4riAl anthropologist. to identify
ronne-nrnx And f ormislate npp npriates wildilfe managpment.
nsld ronRprvAt.iofnn mpuxsti4re-R.
3. _ IRJST;WATFR FTSHTRTFS RIOI.OrTr%T
1. lrevipw pertinent. informiation with resppec:t. to the si7.e"
AniI i fe ryorls nf rpsident. fish poptilations - in the
i rferted1 river syste ms . thiR sRhould inI n.Ii3d the
. iti i r i C I t. i onr or i ii.e I r hi, I t.A I mq i letLennII-H lsR ror
hrr-ea-iinx andr feeding plarpcResn.
ii. Idpntifv thp role plnayd by. floodpd fndsmA in
prnv i d i n¢ ,egrmanent onr teimpora rF hab i tRt to i nclvPividual
speeies and ASfseS t.he impacot of past. losseS of
flrnded f:rdsmn on tlips%e sp-cipes.
1 70
. § ~. Cq~~~~ - *. -. .- * - - -- -z -- - - -. -s .. am
I I eitin l l1. I rr ritIpnct 0? ni t.rei ri ver rAg Itno on piarml y
rirerine' speciesp.
Iv . Tle nt. r,y the oint *nt I nl I eIIIIet o f rert Ii I I mrR,
Ipe,tair'ti cGiA and Inser I-Ii Ilogn nt he f ish popilAt.ions
nrt) nnu lI.he pot.ent.inI f.r srcnflAnInry efferts o: n hiuman
prapialmt Ions sitslI a he..n ft h.
v. Tricnt. I f. the rln I t' I IrL.O1nIwt-u n'r 1.slt. rI In sp'c I nM
in tIhe rivers and the tnAdinm to) t.he adjacent
tliiiiIOar lorls ane) ismRPm thef vil se of Lhins fishery in
ternis of thp nuitrient. suipply to theRe people.
vi. Tit Asoripstcion with the soceial nnthrnpnlogist Idtentify
the dlereep to whh1c- fiRhintg is A Spt¢ i pe 1 i Fl1s-d
naectaplinl inro or All it -ein.( Pl R pnR t. ?f 1.heb farming
q-I iv i tv t
vi i . fmirin-e wnter quoAlity giIde-l inps that. shnsld hp,
uinn .ni.i ried in the mnnagement. of thhe grouindwater and -
suirfiace wAter snoirces. This may req..ire co nsul rtat ion
with specific asatihnrities in the aRse of residuses from
ta ron-he itn i e I xI
v i i. Tdienti fy procedul7res T.hAt qhotild he tused in monitoring
wn te r .ipal I ty snail i Isli it. ifli:4 C) li,i I. st*1 C- e!IhJllII Ii toI
p providling t he rqeqli sit.e la hu;ryt.oryr services.
i. Prrep.] r- It repo rut, diet:ni I iri g the pote.ntial impacts f rom
project development and prov'ids rpeommendAtions on
ni t. i gAt i %-e meiAsurei rPs thnt musqt. be adopterl by the
iipl eim.nt i ng Agetnicy or nthiPr StatP or fePidral
*ir.st. i talillinss1.
171l
- - - - - - - - --- - - - - -- - - - - -- ----
4s . TTRRTn:ATTON J%rjV(OLtIJ_RT.
I . Rv Irbw t.hV r.ochnIi qe. np arrPntly mireid for the
mmfiNig-e'ntint or i rrIgnt.od f-rcipm i,v I un lir.n .
i i . Rev i 'lw Ava I i Ahl miail et. i r rormat. i on wi th reRppet. t.o
ActuiAl and potent.ial rLnopR rnr farmers t.n hie rowing,
As Weull nR the. mo.t appropriat.o Paqtipneing Alld timing
of *-rnp*.
i i i . Review the Rail AnAlyt ieal data, with part.ilallar
Pimphtm iR on the ntotripnt. andf milroniit.rienL Rtot.ispi of
r.4 Rohni I, i n oruier t.o Pst.ahl i Rh fert.lii.pr
ef'qli I *~%jfl-m> Il h.iuied oi t.ege I *IA I lert tthnsw pe'r.EP I V#I, ui IR
nf crnps .
iv. Hre RiFall idelntify t.he Symptoms nf aRoil RA)irci Ly and/or
Rndiritly from anAlyt.ical dLata nnd field nbRervat.ion
and siiggest. appropriAte act.innR to he taken.
V. Rtview thes mnajor pesti; t.ha:. riirrent.l y Atffl ict the
hr'rhin.ir.es ciurrently ini PaIR Andf ?rC1. L.hpIr
XlIi tab i 1 i tv. UP Rhal 1 rpconimpnd for IRi' Ancd pl Pct
,app rnpii en t'il Its;t.e I i 4 *.. i I t- I11CItMI M Ril I i t.bfgr"nl.pf puRt.
minvAgement.
vi ~ . rulv i ew I he ha rve!4t. i,iq naicl 1nctI41 -l,nrven) .ig I itinutitia' iie.mi
nf irriast.sii -rropR.
vi . )efine wAtar qualit-:y guidelinea thAt. Rhnjld hp
maint.ainpd in thp mafg.empnt. of the uroemidwnt.er and
suxrfare water sources. ThIs may reqvaire constilt.at.ions
W it.h spe i . ic authoritiees i n t.hP canp of resIidiies from
;'1 t'oc-}P:Iein I cn I s .
. -
viii. TrIent.i y prnnoeAre's that KhntilI tan tssed In monittoring
water qiial i ty nnd Inst I tutiOts thtnI nar-fe nrnw e or
providing thhe requisite lahoratory services.
f5. SOCTA, _ANTIIROPO,OG.T.SI
i. Fngnigp In discissiins t.:t.h 4nP staff and otther
rpl evant officiAls tn identify specific inciidents of
rnnflicts hbetween farmprR ansi herders, and those areas
in which social tension Already eiRtRs.
is. fr respons;ibole for organisirng the piublic participatIon
proreP.-s for the FA. In this process potential
m-nv i roraimpurll inilants t nilt triAl riiPs r vr RvoIelI ig cr
mitigating the effects cf thesp will he dilscssep with
t.he cmmuln i t.ies .
iii. Fngagp in disciussions with Filanni leadersr and leaders
of the ngricialtuiral commisniltAies as wPll As with of.her
representative groups. to identify existing astorces of
confi iirts anti t.engion And the mechanisms t.hat have
hbrpn utse,d tc, defiuse these.
i v. Tljent. i fr ndt ulainnti fy the- nmnabhers or hrrdstmen aried
stocI popul3At ion that IsRe the areas cheduled for
uj"v' lam amw*' I ||X anl . I I nwi...r t ln* yin,. r in wis I eli t.hrn
arPas nre- is3ed.
v. Thrigh ll sdiscussions wit.h .the lteadership of the Fiulani
in thp fAdsAma areas explore the cujltujral and resoujrce
coinstraints to chnnging or mai iit.ni ni ng present
I ivestnc-k management practices.
173
vi. Rnqngp In d iitcntts lonI n w'il, ion'n gri tpnp l.o eVA Iiate
the potential impact nf the project. on wnmen with
rpspect tn women's involvement. in farmwork, inrcnme
gc'neratlion opportunitLieR Andi hoseisol i ac. vi Vit.1tie .
vii. Prepare a rppor t, uiet.niling the- potential impartvs
rroin project development avnd prayvi jiig recommendaLations
on m ti gati ve measiures that muist' be adopted by the
i mpl ement i ng ngency or other sta te or federal
insti ti3ti onst.
fi. P'IUS.I (' 1AL.'lII
The terms of reference For thp Public Hpalth
Consul tant cine iude:
i. Review information aireAdy availablP in Nige-ria and
el sewhere with respect to the incidence of dieRaLse in
irrigation sstrems wIth characteristics similar to
that being proposed. 11sed For irrigation..io, ;a
ii. Dlesi gn appropriate firld sampling and SurveRy
methodology for thhe evnaultinon of the incidence of
wnter horne and other diseases in the areas in which
Shlallow and grouind water is Aklready being ansed for
irrigation.
Ii ii. Ksecnt.e fieeh slurveys t.o evaluate. t.he existing health
conditions in the areaR irrigated wit.h shallow grouind
water nnd the changes that might have occuirred as a
resul t of the enurse of the project.
174
iv. Dp"siqn a monntnring programmn to he followed at.
intervAlR throngh th. coutrse, Or the projec:t.
v. Prepare a report making recommendations for pubhlic
hePlA114 n:ssurrs lAin:. iuloilJ li2 ivmplementPed nS part. of
the project.
1 7Ts
