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27th January 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
EWRS_NJF seminar on Integrated Weed Management 27-29 January 2014
The suppression of Cirsium arvense and Elytrigia repensexerted by competitive crops plays a key role for their y p v p p y y
management in organic cropping systems
Bo Melander
Department of AgroecologyDepartment of AgroecologyAarhus UniversityResearch Centre FlakkebjergDK-4200 Slagelse
TATIONpRÆSEN
DK 4200 Slagelse
TAT ONpRÆSEN
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
Weed Scientist
Results from long-termed organic crop rotation experiments at three locations
Treatments:
experiments at three locations
– Crop rotation– Entry point / sequence– Manuring– Catch cropp– Various control tactics
CropSysCropSys
2
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
Weed Scientist
Organic cropping systems at three locations in DK, 1997-2009
5 % clay, 950 mm
F l
y,10 % clay, 700 mm15 % clay 600 mmFoulum 15 % clay, 600 mm
FlakkebjergJyndevad
3
y
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
Weed Scientist
Major perennial weeds in Danish organic farming j p g g
Common couch grass (Elytrigia repens)
Creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense)Creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara)Coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara)
Sow-thistle (Sonchus arvensis)
Docks (Rumex spp.)
4
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
Weed Scientist
Couch grass Creeping thistle
5
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
Weed Scientist
The cropping systems at Jyndevad, a coarse sand
Cycles Crop rotation O1 Crop rotation O21997-2000 S. barley:ley S. barley:ley
Grass-clover Grass-cloverS. wheat W. wheatLupin Pea:barley
2001-2004 S. barley:ley S. barley:leyGrass-clover Grass-cloverS. oats W. ryeyPea:barley Lupin:bean:barley
2005-2009 S. barley S. barley:leyy y yPulse crop Grass-cloverPotato PotatoW. wheat W. wheat
6± catch crops, ±manure (slurry)
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
Weed Scientist
Couch grass development in rotation O2 on coarsesand
Entry 1 Entry 1
30
35
m-2
)
y
-CC
30
35
Entry 1
+CC
20
25
f spi
kes
(m
20
25
5
10
15
Num
ber o
f
5
10
15
0
5
98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
GC WW PB SB GC WR LBB SB GC PO WW SB
N
0
5
98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
GC WW PB SB GC WR LBB SB GC PO WW SB
7
GC WW PB SB GC WR LBB SB GC PO WW SB GC WW PB SB GC WR LBB SB GC PO WW SB
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
Weed Scientist
Couch grass development in three cycles in rotation O2 on coarse sand
C1: 1997-00
C2 2001 04C2: 2001-04
C3: 2005-09
60
70
80
m-2
)
Non-manured plots
-CC
+CC60
70
80
m
-2)
Manured plots
-CC
+CC
30
40
50
60
er o
f spi
kes
(
30
40
50
60
er o
f spi
kes
(
0
10
20
PB SB WW LU LBB SB WR OA PO SB WW
Num
be
0
10
20
PB SB WW LU LBB SB WR OA PO SB WW
Num
be
8
C1 C1 C1 C2 C2 C2 C2 C3 C3 C3 C3 C1 C1 C1 C2 C2 C2 C2 C3 C3 C3 C3
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
Weed Scientist
Multiplicative model for calculating the effects of the experimental
factors on E. repens proliferation
t
n jkY3
(1)
k jkjkitY
1 1)()(
tt 3
(1)
k
tkjj
jkk
kit EnY1
)(1
)( )ln()ln()ln()5.0ln( (2)
Yt is the number of spikes in the plot at time t
α is the initial number of spikes in the plot
βik is the effect of crop type i for year k
γjk is the effect of cultivation category j for year k
i h b f l i i f j i k9
njk is the number of cultivations of category j in year k
Et is a random effect of year t.
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
Weed Scientist
Statistical output Effect Estimate SE DDF t-value Probt FactorEffect Estimate SE DDF t-value Probt. FactorIntercept: -1.724a 0.803 3.83 -2.15 0.1013Feff -0.224 0.034 155 -6.59 <.0001 0.799Meff -0.969 0.443 208 -2.19 0.0297 0.379Seff(-CC) -0.157 0.018 200 -8.91 <.0001 0.854Seff(+CC) -0.306 0.049 276 -6.27 <.0001 0.736Fab 0.342 0.261 386 1.31 0.1906 1.408LupG 1 604 0 410 239 3 91 0 0001 4 975LupG 1.604 0.410 239 3.91 0.0001 4.975LupC 1.080 0.234 303 4.61 <.0001 2.945LBB 2.124 0.251 281 8.45 <.0001 8.363OatG 0.950 0.367 178 2.59 0.0104 2.587OatC 1.109 0.386 475 2.87 0.0042 3.032Pea/Sba 1.275 0.162 290 7.89 <.0001 3.578SbaB 0.932 0.149 82.6 6.26 <.0001 2.541SbaC 0 806 0 151 291 5 33 < 0001 2 240SbaC 0.806 0.151 291 5.33 <.0001 2.240Swh 1.794 0.325 131 5.52 <.0001 6.012Wry(-CC) 0.536 0.515 239 1.04 0.2992 1.709Wry(+CC) -0.355 0.500 237 -0.71 0.4783 0.701
10
WwhG 1.694 0.343 150 4.93 <.0001 5.440WwhB 0.710 0.286 254 2.48 0.0136 2.034FertAll -0.323 0.126 74.3 -2.56 0.0126 0.724
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
Weed Scientist
Factors that promoted Couch-grass growth
No Factors Effects1 Pulse:barley mixture +736%2 S i h t 501%2 Spring wheat +501%3 Winter wheat / grass-clover as the preceding crop +444%4 Lupin / grass-clover as the preceding crop +397%5 Oat / cereals as the preceding crop +203%7 Lupin / cereals as the preceding crop +195%8 Oat / grass-clover as the preceding crop +158%g p g p
9 Spring barley / no cereals as the preceding crop +154%10 Spring barley / cereals as the preceding crops +124%11 Wi t h t / i b l th di 103%11 Winter wheat / spring barley as the preceding crop +103%12 Winter rye 0%13 Potatoes 0%
11
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
Weed Scientist
Factors that reduced the Couch-grass population g p p
No Factors Effects
1 Mini summer fallow -62%
2 Stubble cultivation followed by a catch crop -26%
3 Tine cultivation in spring -20%3 Tine cultivation in spring 20%
4 Fertilisation -18%
5 Stubble cultivation without a subsequent catch -14%5 Stubble cultivation without a subsequent catchcrop
-14%
12
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
Weed Scientist
Factor f. population change versus crop biomasses
LBB9
SW
LBB
6
7
8
n change
LUGWWG
SW
PB4
5
6
pop
ulation
FBWW WR‐CC
SB
PBOA LU
1
2
3
Factor fo
r
WR+CC0
1
200 300 400 500 600 700Cropbiomass (g m‐2)
13
Crop biomass (g m‐2)
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
Weed Scientist
The cropping systems at Flakkebjerg, a sandy loam
Cycles Crop rotation O2 Crop rotation O41997-2000 S. barley:ley Oat
Grass-clover W. wheatW. wheat W. wheat1
Pea:barley Pea:barley
2001-2004 S. barley:ley W. wheatGrass-clover OatW. wheat S. barleyyLupin:barley Lupin3
2005-2008 S. barley:ley S. barleyy y yGrass-clover Faba beanPotato PotatoW. wheat W. wheat
14± catch crops, ±manure (slurry)
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
Weed Scientist
Proliferation of perennial weeds at Flakkebjerg p j g
Perennial weeds, main Creeping thistle, at Flakkebjerg
45
50
Rotation O2 Rotation O4
30
35
40
2 )
15
20
25
omass (g m
‐2
5
10
15
Bio
15
01997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
Weed Scientist
Main factors affecting the growth of creeping thistle
C t ti
thistle
Crop rotation Entry point, i.e. the specific crop sequence– Catch crop– ManureManure– Stubble cultivation
16
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
Weed Scientist
The importance of entry point / crop sequence p y p p q
Creeping thistle in crop rotation O2
LB SB12
14
)
Entry 2
8
10
kg p
lot-1
Entry 3
SB
4
6
wei
ght(
k
GC WWLBWW
GC0
2
2001 2002 2003 2004
Fres
hw
17
2001 2002 2003 2004Year
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
Weed Scientist
C op effects on c eeping thistle Crop effects on creeping thistle
Crop EffectsLupin 8.9p
Lupin:barley 2.6
Winter wheat 2.0
Spring barley 1.0p g y
18
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
Weed Scientist
Perennial weeds biomass versus crop biomass in O2 with grass-clover
‐ Fertilizer + Fertilizer ‐ Fertilizer + Fertilizer
WWC33.5
4
4.5
WWC3
2.5
3
omas
sg
m-2
)
1
1.5
2
LOG
(PW
bio
0
0.5
4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5
19
‐0.55 5 5 5 6 6 5 5
LOG(Crop biomass g m-2)
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
Weed Scientist
C. arvense fresh biomass versus crop biomass in O2 with grass-clover
3 5
‐ Fertilizer + Fertilizer ‐ Fertilizer + Fertilizer
2
3
3.52 )
2
2.5
biom
ass
g m
-2
1
1.5
LOG
(PW
b
0
0.5
5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5‐0.5
20LOG(Crop biomass g m-2)
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
Weed Scientist
Perennial weeds biomass versus crop biomass in O4
‐ Fertilizer + Fertilizer ‐ Fertilizer + Fertilizer
4
4.5
5om
ass
g m
-2)
2 5
3
3.5
LOG
(PW
bio
1.5
2
2.5
0
0.5
1
21LOG(Crop biomass g m-2) 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
Weed Scientist
C. arvense fresh biomass versus crop biomass in O4
4 5
‐ Fertilizer + Fertilizer ‐ Fertilizer + Fertilizer2 )
3.5
4
4.5bi
omas
sg
m-2
2.5
3
3.5
LOG
(PW
b
1.5
2
0.5
1
22LOG(Crop biomass g m-2) 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY 24 november 2011Rodukrudtsbekæmpelse
Bo Melander m.fl.Weed Scientist
Competitive crops and biomassØkologi-kongres 2011
23
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
Weed Scientist
Competitive crops and catch crops to suppress C. arvense
Cirsium arvense number, weight and length at different times during the experiment
C arvense C arvense C arvenseCrop C. arvense, # m-2
C. arvense, g m-2
C. arvense, mean length in cm
Crop 2009
June 2009
July 2010
Nov. 2009
July 2010
July 2010
Oilseed rape
14.5a 49.0a 21.8a 453.8a 33.2a
Fibre h
1.3b 5.3b 0a 61.8a 17.7a hemp1st year grass-clover
0.3b 6.5b 2.3a 110.2a 32.8a
2nd year grass-clover
0.1b 7.3b 1.1a 72.1a 34.8a
Results within the same column with the same letter are not significantly different at24
Results within the same column with the same letter are not significantly different atP<0.05.
Perennial weedsBo Melander
Weed Scientist
27th January, 2014AARHUSUNIVERSITY
Weed Scientist
Concl sions Conclusions
Species specific dynamics Crop suppression important but different responses Crop suppression important but different responses
to crop attributes C i i l t id i i i ‘ k Crop sequencing crucial to avoid or minimize ‘weak
gaps’ and make room for mechanical control Fertilization and catch crop
25