NOHAWINTERSCHOOLHumanitarian – Development

NexusUniversityofPavia- Italy

27November- 1December2017

IntroductionontheH-Dnexusconceptanddebate

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Humanitarian – DevelopmentNexus…...........................................................................

• RevivalofadebatefocusedonLinkingReliefRehabilitationandDevelopment– Coreideaistheneedtolinkandcreatesynergiesbetweenshort-term reliefmeasuresandlongertermdevelopment programmes

• Increasingawarenessthatextremepovertyandcrisesareconnectedandthat separationbetweenhumanitarian anddevelopmentaidcreates conceptual,institutional,financial andprogrammatic gaps

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• Approx.87%ofpeople livinginextremepoverty areinfragileandvulnerable countries

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Linking Relief,Rehabilitation andDevelopment….........................................................................

• Conceptcreatedduringthefoodcrisesofmiddle80’sinSahelian Africa

• Thelinksbetweensystemicfactors–vulnerability–disastershadtoberecognisedandactedupon

• Humanitariancrisis:anacutephaseofachroniccrisis/long-termendemicfoodcrises.

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Background of the revival….................................................................

• WorldHumanitarianSummit(Instanbul 2016)– CollectiveoutcomesovercomingHDdivide– NewwayofWorking– Localisation– Overstretchedresourcesrequireacoordinatedapproach

• Complex/Longtermcriseslinkedtoconflictsandpoliticalprocesses– Earlyaction,crisisprevention/management

• MajorRefugee/migratoryCrisis– Humanitariancrisis,butfocusonrootcauses

• Risksanddisasterslinkedtotheimpactofclimatechange• Resilienceagenda

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The “New Way of Working”…...................................................................

• “2030SustainableDevelopmentGoalsreferenceframeforhumanitariananddevelopmentactorstocontributetoavisionofafuturewherenooneisleftbehind”

• WorldHumanitarianSummit:“Agendaforhumanity”notjustmeetneeds,butworkingtowardsreducingpeople’slevelofvulnerabilityandhumanitarianneeds

• NWOW:acommitmentbytheSecretaryGeneral, 9UNAgencies,theWBandotherstoworktogetherwitha“collectiveoutcomes”perspectivetranscendingHDdivide

• “Humanitarianprinciplesareimmutable(inparticularinconflictcrises),butrespectfortheprinciplesandbettercoordinationarenotmutuallyexclusive”

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Collective outcomes…...................................................................

7OCHA(2017)NewWayofWorking

HD Nexus and Refugees Crisis…...................................................................

• Displacement andtheneeds ofdisplacedpeople,onceconceived mostly interms ofHA,onthedevelopment agenda

• Thinking torefugees justinthese terms canimpede ordelaytheachievement ofsustainable solutions, protracteddisplacements anddependence onhumanitarian assistance.

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Humanitarian /Developmentaid:aculturalandoperational divide?

…...........…............................................................• Humanitarian actionShortterm measure:save lives,alleviatesuffering,based ontheprinciples ofhumanity,impartiality,neutrality,independence,service-deliveryresponse,direct hand-outofgoods,focusonmaximising impactvs.cooperativeprocessesthat could weaken theprinciples,saving lives vs.savingsocieties

• DevelopmentassistanceLongterm oriented,reducepoverty,promoting humanrights,good governance,civil society…tends tocooperatewiththegovernement,long-term system building,transformativeapproach

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Systemsbuilding

Stateavoidance

Statepartnership

Servicedelivery

“DEVELOPMENT”

“HUMANITARIAN”

Thetraditional spectrum ofaid..............................................................................

Source:OlgaBornemisza,Ann Canavan,PetraVergeer, Post- Conflict Health Sectors:TheMyth andRealityofTransitionalFunding Gaps,Health andFragileStates Network,Royal Tropical Institute,Amsterdam,2008.

Continuumvs.Contiguum…...........................................................• Rarely astrictsuccession(continuum).Mostfrequentlythephasesco-existatthesametime(contiguum)– Different needs at thesame time– Different kinds ofassistanceandaid instrumentsco-exist andoverlap

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Fromtheperspectiveofthedevelopmentprocesses

…..........................................................• Eveninareaswherelongtermdevelopmentplansarebeingimplemented,emergenciesmayoccurand,unlesstheyaregivenaproperattention,theywillhampertheeffectivenessofdevelopmentalstrategies,disruptingeconomicandsocialdevelopment

• Disasterriskreduction(mitigationandpreparednessmeasures)shouldbeintegratedinthedevelopmentprocess

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EX.WorldDevReport2014…..........................................................

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Fromtheperspectiveofreliefandrecoveryaction

…..........................................................• Negativeconsequencesofprotractedreliefassistance• Reliefandreconstructionarenotseenassimplyrestoringthestatusquoante,butalsoseekingimprovementoflivingconditions

• Theparticipationofbeneficiaries,targetgroupsandhostcommunitiesiscrucialindecisionmakingandimplementationatallstagesinresponseandrecovery

• Wecannotignorelongtermneedsofaffectedgroupse.g.livelihoodopportunities,land,accesstobasicservices,supportforvulnerablegroups

• Crucial tounderstand“how people fall into crisis”

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Highlydifferentiated indimension,intensity andextension:• Chronic /protracted crises• Complex /humanmade/post-conflict crisesOnthesebackgroundreliefandreconstructiontendtodevelopinalongtermorevenpermanentcondition.

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“Greyzones”…...........................................................

Chronic /protracted crises…...........................................................• Disaster as theacutephase ofstructural crisisrequiring structural interventions.

• Cyclical disasters caused bynatural hazardsaffect thesame regions,countries andcommunities

• Bydefinition challenge thetraditionalboundaries that separateemergency reliefanddevelopmental programming

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HDNexus:challenges….…..................................................• Theidentificationofminimumthresholdsofwell-being andresilience capacities is central tojustifyanexternal intervention supporting vulnerablecommunities

• Concepts like risk,thresholds,vulnerability,standards areconceived andanalysed indifferent terms bypurehumanitarian anddevelopment actors

• Different interpretationsoftheprinciples ofhumanitarian action

• Perceived risk ofpoliticisationofaid

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HDNexus:challenges…......................................................• Politicalcontextscharacterisedbyarmedconflictandwidespreadviolencerequirelong-termengagement

• Internationalactors(UN,Bilat.Actors)arepushingtowardscoherentandcoordinatedapproaches(Crisis management,missionsintegrating political,stateandpeace building,HA,development):challenge fortheprinciplesofHA

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HDNexus:challenges…...........................................................• International,regional,local organisations withdifferent culturalbackgroundsandperceivedmandatesworking sidebyside

• Themajority oftheactors aremulti-mandateorganisations:humanitarian anddevelopmentoriented approaches combined

• Departmentstend tothink andoperateaccordingtoperceived identities andmandates (exlineartransition,phase thinking,exitstrategies)

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HDNexus:challenges............................................................

Lacking comprehensive solutions H-DNexus has been usuallycurrently carried outthrough:• extended interpretation ofthe“humanitarian mandate”by

humanitarian aid departments• Thematic program tools that canbeconsidered as

opportunities topromote theapproach (ex.temathicfacilities cross-cutting sectors)

• Facilitiesforlongandshort-termaidprogramminginspecificfragilecontexts.ExECInstrument contributing toStability andPeace (IcSP)

• Simplewithdrawal ofhumanitarian aid actors anda“let’ssee what happens”attitude (http://www2.urd.org/IMG/pdf/LRRD_0912.pdf)

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HDNexus:Opportunities…..................................................................

• Greaterflexibility inaid managementandprogramming– Indevelopmentgrowing consensusonadaptivemethodologies todesign,monitor,andevaluateprograms focusedonlearning andlocal context

– Inhumanitarian contextmulti-year funding (ex.Pooled Funds)

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HDNexus:Opportunities…...........................................................• Newtools

– Ex.theCrisis Modifiers:smallgrants totopupdevelopmentprograms andquickly addressincreasingneeds incaseofashockorlocalizeddisaster as awaytoprotect developmentinvestments

• Answer tothelack ofperspectives forshortterm fundsandlack offlexibility oflongtermprogrammes

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• tools developed inthehumanitarian sectorareconsistent withanexus perspective.– Humanitarian cashtransfers arestandardpracticeinrelief (socialsafety nets crucial tool ofpovertyreduction)

– Strongly connectedwithprocessesthat aretypicalofthedevelopment culture(ex.Marketanalysis)

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HDNexus:Opportunities…...........................................................

UsingMarketincrises….............................................................

27SphereHandbook- 2018revisededition(draft)

• Amatter ofculture(reciprocal recognition)andtoolsthat that coud ease adaptation andcollaboration

• Arehumanitarian aid anddevelopment cooperationmutually excluding sectors competingonresources?

• Is it possible toshareananalysis ofthesituationsandget acommonunderstandingofthepossibilitiesandcomparativeadvantageofinterveningwitha“trasformative”logic orwithaprincipled,lifesavingapproach?

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Conclusions…...........................................................

Readinglist…..................................................................

• Hinds,R.(2015).Relationship betweenhumanitariananddevelopment aid (GSDRCHelpdesk ResearchReport1185).University ofBirmingham.

• ICVA(2017),The“NewWayOfWorking”Examined:AnICVAbrieng paper https://www.icvanetwork.org/node/7749• LevineS.andMosel, I.(2014)Supporting resilience indiffiicult places.Acritical lookat applying the‘resilience’concept in

countries where crises arethenorm,HPG,BMZ,ODIhttps://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8881.pdf

• Mosel,I.andLevine,S.(2014).Remaking thecaseforlinking relief,rehabilitationanddevelopment:HowLRRDcanbecomeapracticallyuseful concept forassistance indifficult places.HPGCommissioned Report.ODI.http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8882.pdf

• OCHA(2011).Peacebuilding andlinkages withhumanitarian action:Key emerging trendsandchallenges.OCHAOccasionalPolicyBriefingSeries,No.7.OCHA.https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Documents/Occasional%20paper%20Peacebuilding.pdf

• OCHA(2017),NewWayofWorking.http://www.unocha.org/sites/unocha/files/NWOW%20Booklet%20low%20res.002_0.pdf

• One humanity:shared responsibility.ReportoftheSecretary-GeneralfortheWorldHumanitarianSummithttps://www.agendaforhumanity.org/sites/default/files/Secretary-General%27s%20Report%20for%20WHS.pdf

• Peters,KandPichon, F.(2017)Crisis modifiers.ASolutionforaMoreFlexible DevelopmentHumanitarianSystem?,ODI,https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/11861.pdf

• Roisin Hinds,R.(2015)Relationship betweenhumanitarian anddevelopment aid.Helpdesk Report,GSDRChttp://www.gsdrc.org/publications/relationship-between-humanitarian-and-development-aid/

• UNHCR(2012).Concept note.Transitional solutions initiative UNDPandUNHRCincollaboration withtheWorldBank.UNHCR/UNDP.http://www.unhcr.org/4e27e2f06.html

• WorldBank (2017) Forcibly Displaced :TowardaDevelopmentApproach Supporting Refugees,theInternallyDisplaced,andtheir Hosts https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/25016

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