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7/17/2019 Non Ferrous Materials - Avatar Singh
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NON FERROUS MATERIALS
1
Non-Ferrous
Non-ferrous metals and their alloys do not contain iron as aprinciple ingredient, although they may contain small
percentages.Al, Cu, Zn, Mg, Ti, Ni, Co, W, V
and their alloys all except of Fe and ferrous alloys (steels
and cast irons)
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INTRODUCTION
2
Non-Ferrous M
aterials
Steel and other ferrous alloys are consumed in exceedingly
large quantities. o!e"er, they ha"e some distinctlimitations#
$ %o! corrosion resistance
$ igh density
$ igh temperature strength could &e &etter$ 'oor electrical conducti"ity.
Non-ferrousmetals are used &ecause of desira&le properties
such as lo! !eight (e.g. aluminium), higher conducti"ity
(e.g. copper), non-magnetic property or resistance tocorrosion (e.g. inc). Some non-ferrous materials are also
used in the iron and steel industries. For example, &auxite is
used as flux for &last furnaces.
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INTRODUCTION
3
Non-Ferrous
luminum, &eryllium, and titanium are used in
structural applications.%ight metals such as lithium, magnesium, potassium,
and sodium also ha"e important engineering applications.
Nic*el and lead ha"e !idespread applications as doescopper !hich is often chosen for its high thermal and
electrical conducti"ity.+admium, tin, and inc are often used as coatings,
electrical applications, and for &earing surfaces.+o&alt and manganese are common alloying elements
in steels.
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CLASSIFICATION OF NON-
FERROUS MATERIALS
a) Density based:light metals and alloys < 5000 kg/m3(Mg, Al, Ti)medium metals and alloys = 5000...10000 kg/m3(Sn, Zn, Sb, Cr, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu)
heavy metals and alloys >10000 kg/m3(Pb, Ag,
Au, Ta, W, Mo)
b) Melting temperature based:low melting point Tm< TmPb= 327 C (Sn, Pb, Bi)
medium melting point = 3271539 C (Al, Mg,Mn, Cu, Ni, Co, Ag, Au)
refractory Tm> TmFe= 1539 C
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CLASSIFICATION OF NON-FERROUSMATERIALS
c) Pure metals and alloys:Pure Metals : Al, Cu, Cr, NiAlloys : Brass, Bronze
d)Heat treatment based:HT: annealing, hardening, aging
Non - heat treatable
Heat treatable (HT)
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HEAT TREATMENT OF NON
FERROUS MATERIALS
1.Annealing:
It consists of three stages:
(1) heating to the desired temperature,
(2) holding or soaking at that temperature,and
(3) cooling, usually to room temperature.Time is an important parameter in theseprocedures.
Non-Ferrou
s
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ANNEALING
Process annealing:
Process annealing is a heat treatment that isused to negate the effects of cold work , that is, tosoften and increase the ductility of a previously
strain-hardened metal.
Recovery and recrystallization processes areallowed to occur.
Ordinarily a fine-grained microstructure isdesired, and therefore, the heat treatment isterminated before appreciable grain growth hasoccurred. !
Non-Ferrou
s
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ANNEALING
Stress Relief:
Internal residual stresses may develop in metal pieces inresponse to the following:
(1) plastic deformation processes such as machining
(2) Non-uniform cooling of a piece that was processed orfabricated at an elevated temperature.
They may be eliminated by astress relief annealingheat treatment in which the piece is heated to the
recommendedtemperature, held there long enough toattain a uniform temperature, and finally cooled toroom temperature. "
Non-Ferrou
s
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HEAT TREATMENT OF NON
FERROUS MATERIALS
2.PRECIPITATION HARDENING:
The strength and hardness of some metal alloys
may be enhanced by the formationof extremelysmall uniformly dispersed particles of a secondphase within the original phase matrix; Theprocess is calledprecipitation hardening.
Age hardening is also used to designate thisprocedure because the strength develops
with time, or as the alloy ages.
#
Non-Ferrou
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PRECIPITATION HARDENING
Consider a hypothetical phase diagram for a
precipitation-hardenable alloy of composition Co.
1$
Non-Ferrou
s
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PRECIPITATION HARDENING
Solution heat treatment :
The treatment consists of heating the alloy to atemperature within the phase fieldsayT0,andwaiting until all the phase that may have beenpresent is completely dissolved.
At this point, the alloy consists only of an phase ofcompositionC0.
Thisprocedure is followed by rapid cooling or quenchingto temperature which for many alloys is room temp., tothe extent that any diffusion and the accompanyingformation of any of the phase are prevented. 11
Non-Ferrou
s
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PRECIPITATION HARDENING
Precipitation Heat Treating :
The supersaturated solid solutionis heated to anintermediate temperature T2(Figure1)at which temperaturediffusion rates become appreciable.
The precipitate phase begins to form as finely dispersedparticles of composition C, which process is termed aging.
After the appropriate aging time at T2 ,the alloy is cooled toroom temperature.
Thestrength and hardness of the alloy, depend on both theprecipitation temperature and the aging time at thistemperature.
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PRECIPITATION HARDENING
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ALUMINIUM%ro&erties '"ery light!eight (a&out the mass of an equi"alent "olume of
steel or copper) &ut !ith alloying can &ecome "ery strong.
excellent thermal conductor.excellent electrical conductor (on a !eight-for-mass &asis,
aluminium !ill conduct more than t!ice as much electricity as
copper).highly corrosion resistant in air and !ater (including sea !ater)
highly !or*a&le and can &e formed into almost any structural
shape.
non-magnetic
highly reflecti"e to radiant energy in the electromagnetic
spectrum
non toxic.
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1(
ALUMINIUMA&&li)ations#/uilding 0 +onstruction 1ndustry#
door and !indo! frames!all cladding, roofing.
Manufacture of 2lectrical 'roducts#
high tension po!er lines, !ires, ca&les,
components for tele"ision ,refrigerators and air-conditioners
'ac*aging 0 +ontainers#
&e"erage cans, &ottle tops
foil !rap, foil semi-rigid containers
eronautical, "iation 0 utomoti"e 1ndustries#
propellers
airplane and "ehicle &ody sheet
COPPER
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COPPER
1
Non-Ferrou
s
%ro&erties #
3ood electrical conductor3ood thermal conducti"ity
+orrosion resistant
4uctile
5ough
Non magnetic
6ecycla&le
2asy to alloy
COPPER
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COPPER
1!
Non-Ferrou
s
A&&li)ations#
rchitectureutomoti"e
2lectrical 2nergy 2fficiency
'o!er 7uality
5u&e, 'ipe 0 Fittings
Fuel 3as
+opper tu&e is an excellent choice for natural gas piping
systems.
1ndustrial
+opper ser"es as an essential material in a "ast num&er of
industries.
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BRONZE
1"
Non-Ferrou
s
/rone is an alloy of copper and any other metal. luminum
&rones, tin &rones, phosphor &rones, nic*el &rones, andsilicon &rones are all examples of "arying alloys.
5he principle alloying element determines the nomenclature.
A&&li)ations '/earings
structural applications,
decorati"e usestransport and handling of items such as explosi"es, fuels, and
flamma&le materials.
/rones are often used in statues
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MAGNESIUM
1#
Non-Ferrou
s
%ro&erties#
light material, lighter than aluminium.
Magnesium is a "ery acti"e metal.
3ood high temperature mechanical properties.
2xcellent corrosion resistant.
A&&li)ations#1t is used as an alloying element in steels and in
applications !hich require high strength-to-!eight ratios, such as
extension ladders, aircraft, space "ehicles, po!er tools, and
similar applications.
CHROMIUM
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CHROMIUM
2$
Non-Ferrou
s
%ro&erties#
5ough8ear resistant
+orrosion resistant
A&&li)ations#
+hromium is often used in decorati"e and corrosion-resistant
coatings. 1t is a ma9or alloying element in many steels, especially
stainless steels.
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TITANIUM
22
Non-Ferrou
s
%ro&erties#
igh strength
8ithstand moderately high temperatures !ithout creeping
igh crac* resistant
3ood corrosion resistant
A&&li)ations#
1t is an important metal for the aerospace industry.
1t is also used in the medical field for instruments and
artificial 9oint replacements.
5itanium is in aircraft, armor plating, na"al ships,
spacecraft, and missiles.
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ZINC
23
Non-Ferrou
s
%ro&erties#
Medium hardness
/rittle at lo! temperature
2xtremely ductile
3ood corrosion resistant
A&&li)ations #
:inc is commonly used as a plating material for steels. 5his
product is termed gal"anied steel.
1t is the familiar grayish coating seen on products such as nails
and sheets. :inc oxide is used in paints, glass, cements, andmedicines.
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