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LECTUREONNON‐LIVINGRESOURCES
NaturalSciences5(Parungao)
NON‐LIVINGRESOURCESRESOURCES
• Morethan6billionpeoplenowinhabittheEarth.
• MaterialsremovedfromtheEarthandusedbypeoplearecallednaturalresources.
• Scien;stsdividetheEarth’snaturalresourcesintotwogroups,nonrenewableandrenewable.
NONRENEWABLEandRENEWABLERESOURCES
• NonrenewableResourcescannotbereplacedbynature– Example:Fossilfuels,Minerals(copper,iron,etc)
• Renewableresourcescanbereplacedbynature– Example:Wood,Water,Soil(forma;onisanextremelyslowprocess)
– Scenarioonhowslow:Naturecantakeanywherefrom500yearsto1000yearstoreplaceevery2.5cmoftopsoillost
WATERRESOURCES• Eventhoughwaterisarenewableresource,thereisalimitedsupplyoffreshwater– Nolifecouldeverexistinitsabsence(e.g.65‐70%ofhumanbodyiscomposedofwater)
– Biologicalimportance:universalsolvent– Environmentalimportance:watercycle
• MostoftheEarth’swater,97%,isintheoceans
• PrimaryConcern:tomaximizeavailabilityandreduceloss
USESOFWATER• Residen;alorDomes;c:Eachpersonusesmorethan260litersofwaterdaily
• Agriculture:Irriga;on
• Industry:Productprocessing
• CLASS SA – PROPAGATION, SURVIVAL AND HARVEST OF SHELL FISH
(COMMERCIAL PURPOSES)
• CLASS SB – RECREATIONAL WATER (BATHING, SWIMMING,
SKINDIVING) – FISHERIES (BANGUS)
• CLASS SC – RECREATIONAL WATER (BOATING ETC.) – SUSTENANCE FISHING – MANGROVE AS WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES
• CLASS SD – INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY (COOLING)
• CLASS AA – PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY – REQUIRES APPROVED DISINFECTION ONLY
• CLASS A – COMPLETE TREATMENT REQUIRED (COAGULATION,
SEDIMENTATION, FILTRATION, DISINFECTION)
• CLASS B – PRIMARY CONTACT RECREATION (BATHING, SWIMMING)
• CLASS C – PROPAGATION OF FISH – BOATING – MANUFACTURING WATER AFTER TREATMENT
• CLASS D – IRRIGATION
WATERCYCLE• TheEarth’supplyoffreshwaterisconstantlyrenewedbythewatercycle.
• ThewatercycleisthemovementofwaterfromtheEarth’ssurfacetotheatmosphereandbacktothesurface.
• DEVELOPMENT-RELATED CHANGES – URBANIZATION – OVERGRAZING – OVERCULTIVATION – DEFORESTATION
• POLLUTING THE WATER CYCLE – EMMISIONS AND SOLID WASTES
• OVERDRAWING WATER RESOURCES – DIMINISHING WATER SURFACE – SALT WATER INTRUSION
NEWSOURCESOFFRESHWATER• MostoftheEarth’swaterresourcesareinoceans,lakes,riversandstreams
• Desalina;on– processbywhichsaltisremovedfromoceanwater– maysupply20millionlitersoffreshwaterdaily.
• Icebergs/Glaciers– couldpossiblebemovedtolargecoastalci;esandminedforfreshwater
– notsureoftheenvironmentaleffectsthemovementofglaciersmighthave
GROUNDWATER• Morethan300billionlitersofgroundwateraretakenoutofthegrounddailyforuseonfarmsandinfactories.– EXAMPLE:Halfthedrinkingwatersupplycomesformgroundwater.
• Ittakeshundredsofyearsforgroundwatertoaccumulate.– Inmanyareasofthecountryitisbeingusedfasterthanitisbeingreplaced.
• Thelevelsofgroundwateraredroppingandlakesandriversmaydryup.
WATERMONITORING• Parameters:COD,BOD,ColiformsandHeavyMetalsforhouseholdandenvironmentalwaters
• EMB‐DENR
• Water‐relatedTragedies:– Semirara(2005)– Guimaras(2006)– Others????
LANDUSE• One‐thirdoftheEarth’s
surfaceiscoveredbyland.– Onlyasmallamountofthis
landcanbeusedforfarmingorforlivingspace.
– Alllandisnotsuitableforalluses.
• Landisusedforci;es,highways,forests,farmsandpastures.
• Eventhoughthepopula;oncon;nuestogrow,landisalimitedresource.
• Landisneededforbuildingci;estohousetheincreasinghumanpopula;on.
• Landisalsoneededforfarmingandindustry.– Theseneedshavetobe
carefullyweighedandbalanced.
– Iftoomuchisusedforcites,thennotenoughwillbele_forfarms.
– Bothusesareimportant.
• LAND: AN ECOSYSTEM – FOOD BASE – CRUCIAL LIFE-SUPPORT
SYSTEM
• LAND CULTIVATION: DEVELOPED TO MEET FOOD NEEDS
• PROVIDE RAW MATERIALS
• 14.2 M HECTARES SUITABLE FOR CROP CULTIVATION
• 4% OF TOTAL RP LAND AREA
• 5.2M HECTARES SEVERELY ERODED
• GRASSLANDS – HIGHEST RATE OF SOIL LOSS (268
TONS/HEC/YEAR)
• RP GROSS EROSION RATE – 2, 046 M METRIC TONS/YEAR – GRASSLANDS (76.34%) – AGRICULTURE (22.34%) – WOODLANDS (1.32%)
• TOP SOIL LOSS – LOSS OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
AND MOISTURE- HOLDING CAPACITY • CAUSES INCREASED RUN-OFF • REDUCED INFILTRATION • POORER SEEDBED QUALITIES
EROSIONANDLANDCONVERSION• ECOLOGICAL/ECONOMIC
– SOIL EROSION ON SITE – SEDIMENTATION: OFF SITE
• DEFORESTATION – MAJOR CAUSE OF SOIL
EROSION AND LAND DEGRADATION IN UPLAND AREAS
• IMPROPER LAND USE – DESTRUCTIVE PRACTICES – LAND CONVERSION – LAND MANAGEMENT
FOODPRODUCTION• Anincreasingpopula;onrequiresanincreaseinfoodproduc;on.– Newandimprovedcropvarie;esmustbedeveloped.– Farmsmustbemademoreproduc;vewithbeaergrowingmethods.
• Landthatisunusableforfarmingmustbemadefer;le.– Irriga;onisonewaytodothis.
• Landisalsoneededforraisinganimalsandtoproducefoodfortheanimals.
FARMMANAGEMENT• Cropsuseupnutrientsinthesoil.
– Whenonetypeofcropisgrownonthesamelandfortoolong,deple;onmayresult.
• Farmersneedtoalternatecropsthatextractdifferentnutrients.– Thisisknownascroprota;on.
• Contourplowinginvolvesplan;ngcropsacrossthefaceofaslopeofland.
• Instripcropping,farmersplantstripsoflowcovercropsbetweenstripsofothercrops.– Thisholdsdownthesoil.
CHALLENGE:DESERTIFICATION• Regionstoodrytosupportcropgrowthcansupportgrasslands.– Thesegrasslandshavetradi;onallybeenusedforgrazing.
– Toomanyanimalsonthelandresultsinovergrazing.
• Overgrazingleavesthetopsoilexposedtowinderosion.
• Drygrasslandsthenbecomedeserts.
• Deser;fica;onistakingplaceallovertheworld.
LANDANDSOILRECLAMATION• Some;meslandisdisturbedtoreachvaluableminerals.– Itmaybepossibleforthelandtobereclaimed,orrestoredtoitsoriginalcondi;on.
• Landreclama;oninvolvesseveralsteps.– First,thevaluabletopsoiliscarefullyremovedandstored.
– Thenthelessvaluablelayersbelowarestrippedaway.• Theneededmineralsareremovedandshipped.• Thedisturbedsoilmustbeprotectedfromerosionandpollu;on.
• Thenthelayersareputback.– Thefinalstepisseedingandplan;ngtheland.
MINERALRESOURCES• Amineralisdefinedasanaturallyoccurringchemicalsubstancefoundinsoil.– Mineralsareusedtomakeavarietyofproducts,fromsilverjewelrytoaluminumcans.
– Mineralsarenonrenewableresources.– Mineralsareeithermetallicornonmetallic.
• Metallicmineralsincludecopper,ironandaluminum.
• Nonmetallicmineralsincludequartz,limestoneandsulfur.
ORES• Toobtainausefulmineral,themineralsmustbeminedorremovedfromtheEarth.
• Depositsofmineralsthatcanbeminedataprofitarecalledores.– Ifthepercentageofamineralinanoreishigh,theoreiscalledahigh‐gradeore.
– OrearefoundallovertheEarth.
• TheEarth’scrustisastorehouseofminerals.
IRON• Ironisthemostwidelyusedmetalextractedfrommetallicores.
• Othersubstancescanbeaddedtoirontomakesteel.– Steelisanalloy,orasubstancemadeoftwoormoremetals.
• Chromiumisaddedinthesteelmakingprocesstoprovideresistancetorus;ng.
OTHERMINERALS
• Othermetalsremovedfrommetallicoresincludecopper,whichisusedinelectricwiresandaluminum,whichisusedincans.
• Goldandsilver,usedinjewelry,arealsofoundinmetallicores.
MININGANDPROCESSINGOFORES
• Oncemineraldepositshavebeenlocated,theymustbemined.
• Open‐pitminingcanhavedisastrouseffectonlandandgroundwaterresources.
• Miningtheoreisthefirststep.– Toextractthemineralfromtheore,impuri;esintheoreareremoved.
– Apurifiedmineralremains.– Themineralisthenprocessedandsenttotheplanttomakethefinalproduct.
MININGTHEOCEANS• ThemineralsintheEarth’scrusthavebeenformedovermillionsor
billionsofyears.– TheEarthcontainsalimitedamountofmineral.– Thepresentrateofminingcannotcon;nueorthesupplywillbe
exhausted.
• Oneansweristoreuseorrecycleminerals.– Anotheristofindnewmaterialstotaketheirplace.– Anotherpossibilityistheoceanfloor.
• Manymineralssuchasmanganese,nickel,cobalt,andcopperhavebeenfoundontheoceanfloor.
• Ifthesedepositscanbeminedeconomically,theymayprovideavaluablenewsourceofmineral.
RP REMAINS IN THE WORLD’S UPPER BRACKET IN TERMS OF MINERAL RESOURCES
MINERAL SECTOR : TOP EARNER DUE TO NUMEROUS PROPOSALS FROM FOREIGN COMPANIES
MINING INDUSTRY : ALSO ONE OF THE MOST PROBLEMATIC AS FAR AS THE ENVIRONMENT IS CONCERNED
• INVOLVES EXTENSIVE VEGETATION CLEARING
• EARTH MOVING
• REPUTATION : MAJOR POLLUTER OF THE ENVIRONMENT – Effluent generation
• MAJOR DILEMMA: – BALANCE BETWEEN
UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION
– SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
• 6.833B MT OF METALLIC RESERVES – COPPER 66.79% – NICKEL 15.87% – BAUXITE, CHROMITE, COPPER, GOLD, IRON, LEAD,
MANGANESE, MERCURY, MOLYBDENUM, NICKEL)
• 51.678B MT OF NON-METALLIC RESERVES – LIMESTONE 46% – MARBLE 40% – SILICA, CLAY, SHALE, ROCK AGGREGATES, DOLOMITE,
LIMESTONE, MARBLE)
• AREAS – BAGUIO, ZAMBALES, BENGUET, MARINDUQUE, MINDORO,
MASBATE, SAMAR-LEYTE, CEBU-NEGROS, SURIGAO, DAVAO, ZAMBOANGA, PALAWAN
Doublelinedlandfillforhazardouswastes,thefirstofitskindinthecountry
• CORROSIVE – E.G. ACIDS – CAN EAT THROUGH METAL – BURN SKIN ON CONTACT – GIVES OFF VAPORS THAT
BURN THE EYES
• IGNITABLE – E.G. GASOLINE,
FURNITURE POLISH, PAINT – CAN BURST INTO FLAMES
EASILY – CAN IRRITATE EYES, SKIN
AND LUNGS – GIVE OFF HARMFUL
VAPORS
• REACTIVE – E.G. CHLORINE BLEACH AND
AMMONIA – CAN EXPLODE OR CREATE
POISONOUS GAS WHEN COMBINED WITH OTHER CHEMICALS
• TOXIC – E.G. PESTICIDES, WEED
KILLERS, HOUSEHOLD CLEANERS
– CAN POISON PEOPLE, AND OTHER LIFE FORMS
– CAN CAUSE ILLNESS OR DEATH IF SWALLOWED OR ABSORBED THROUGH THE SKIN
• RE-USE AND RECYCLE
• SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS (STORING IN LINE PONDS)
• INCINERATION (CONTROLLED BURNING)
• DEEP WELL INJECTION (PUMPING INTO UNDERGROUND WELLS)
• INNOVATIVE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
• INHALATION – VAPORS
• INGESTION – THROUGH CONTAMINATED WATER OR FOOD
• DERMAL EXPOSURE – SKIN ABSORPTION
• ACUTE EXPOSURE – SINGLE EXPOSURE FOR A SHORT TIME – SYMPTOMS APPEAR IMMIDEATELY
• CHRONIC EXPOSURE – OCCURS OVER A MUCH LONGER PERIOD OF TIME – CANCER, LIVER FAILURE, SLOWED GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
PRESSINGCONCERNABOUTTHERESOURCE:
GLOBALCLIMATECHANGE
DIMINISHINGOZONELAYER
PARUNGAONS52008 43
• MOBILE
• STATIONARY
• AREA
44PARUNGAONS52008
GLOBALWARMING?
OZONEFORMSSOSLOWBUTCANBEDESTROYEDOHSOEASY
CARPOOLORRIDEABIKEORWALK USEOFFUEL‐EFFICIENT
TRIPS
AVOIDUSINGEXCESSIVEPOWER ENERGYEFFICIENT
METHODS
CFCFREEAPPLIANCES PREVENTSRELEASEOF
CHLORINE
• HOWTOMITIGATEIFNOTERADICATETHEPROBLEM…
• YOUCANHELP!
PARUNGAONS52008 50
GROUPASSIGNMENT
• OneworksheetpergroupforAc;vityonWater,LandandGlobalWarming
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