Non Renewable Energy #2: Oil Slide 2 OIL Oil is the #1 used
energy resource in the world Slide 3 Conventional oil is currently
abundant, has a high net energy yield, and is relatively
inexpensive, but using it causes air and water pollution and
releases greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Slide 4 OIL Crude oil:
Before refining Thick mixture of HC with S, O, N Slide 5 World Oil
Consumption, 1950-2009 Figure 1, Supplement 2 Slide 6 CRUDE OIL: is
a thick liquid containing hydrocarbons that we extract from
underground deposits and separate into products such as gasoline,
heating oil and asphalt. Only 35-50% can be economically recovered
from a deposit. As prices rise, about 10-25% more can be recovered
from expensive secondary extraction techniques. This lowers the net
energy yield. Slide 7 Components of crude oil separated based on
boiling point Refining of oil separates a barrel of crude oil based
on boiling point is dependent on hydrocarbon chain length. Refining
also creates petrochemicals which are used to create other products
such as plastic, paint, cosmetics etc. Heaviest Slide 8 Where is
the oil? Production 1.Saudi Arabia (13.2% of production) 2.Russia
(13%) 3.United States (8% via fracking) Use 1.United States (21%)
2.China (11%) 3.Japan (5%) Slide 9 Who controls most of the oil?
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Algeria, Angola,
Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela Have about 72% of the proven
oil reserves in the world and will most likely control oil supplies
for several years in future. Slide 10 Slide 11 Proven and Unproven
Reserves of Fossil Fuels in North America Figure 18, Supplement 8
Slide 12 Slide 13 Case Study: U.S. Oil Supplies The U.S. the worlds
largest oil user has only 2.9% of the worlds proven oil reserves.
U.S oil production peaked in 1974 (halfway production point). About
60% of U.S oil imports goes through refineries in hurricane-prone
regions of the Gulf Coast. What happens if prices of oil increase?
Slide 14 Slide 15 OIL Burning oil for transportation accounts for
43% of global CO 2 emissions. Slide 16 Fig. 16-7, p. 363 Trade-Offs
Conventional Oil AdvantagesDisadvantages Ample supply for 4293
years Need to find substitutes within 50 years Low cost (with huge
subsidies) Artificially low price encourages waste and discourages
search for alternatives High net energy yield Easily transported
within and between countries Air pollution when burned Low land use
Releases CO 2 when burned Technology is well developed Efficient
distribution system Moderate water pollution The U.S. the worlds
largest oil user has only 2.9% of the worlds proven oil reserves.
U.S oil production peaked in 1974 (halfway production point). About
60% of U.S oil imports goes through refineries in hurricane-prone
regions of the Gulf Coast. Slide 17 Oil on Environments Most oil
pollution comes from nonpoint source pollution when oil from cars,
buses, etc gets into surface runoff and makes its way to water
supplies. Most oil spills are crude oil which leave a film of oil
on surface causing the oil slick. The oil slicks depending on
several factors can stay in tact or can break up. If it has high
VOCs slowly begin to evaporate and become thicker and more dense
and may sink, while some dissolves in the ocean water or is broken
down due to photochemical means. Slide 18 Ways of clean cleaning
oil spills Let it remedy itself Booms to contain spills Detergents
to clean oil off wildlife. Oil consuming bacteria (bioremediation)
Slide 19 Environmental impact of oil Exxon Valdez oil spill March
1989: 11million gallons crude oil into Prince William Sound
Resulted in the OIL POLLUTION CONTROL ACT 1990: Oil companies were
given 25 years to phase out older single hulled ships to newer,
safer double hulled ships Slide 20 Slide 21 Deep Horizon Oil Spill
April 20, 2010 explosion led to death of 11 crew members, fire that
destroyed and sank the oil rig. 10,000 m 3 oil leaked per day
totaling 780,000 m 3 Slide 22 What are the alternatives to
traditional crude oil? Slide 23 Heavy Oils from Oil Sand and Oil
Shale: Will Black Gold Save Us? Heavy and tarlike oils from oil
sand and oil shale could supplement conventional oil, but there are
environmental problems. High sulfur content. Extracting and
processing produces: Toxic sludge Uses and contaminates larges
volumes of water Requires large inputs of natural gas which reduces
net energy yield. Slide 24 Oil Shales Oil shales contain a mixture
of sand, clay, H 2 O and bitumen and hydrocarbons called kerogen.
Upon heating kerogen can be altered to petroleum type compounds.
Slide 25 HEAVY OIL RESERVES IN THE US AND CANADA Slide 26 TAR SANDS
OIL SHALES ALBERTA CANADA Slide 27 Strip Mining for Tar Sands in
Alberta Fig. 15-8, p. 378 Slide 28 KEYSTONE PIPELINE Slide 29 Slide
30 Keystone Pipeline To move synthetic crude oil and bitumen from
Alberta, Canada to ultimately end up at the Gulf of Mexico. Pros:
Job creation to build Reduce dependency on foreign oil Safer than
driving trucks with fuel back and forth. Cons : Tar sands destroy
environment Require much more water Spills from pipeline stations
Not Aesthetically pleasing. Slide 31 Fig. 15-10, p. 379 Trade-Offs
Heavy Oils from Oil Shale and Tar Sand Advantages Disadvantages
Large potential supplies Low net energy yield Easily transported
within and between countries Releases CO 2 and other air pollutants
when produced and burned Efficient distribution system in place
Severe land disruption and high water use Slide 32 Alaskan Pipeline
Movement of crude oil from North Slope at Prudhoe Bay to Valdez
Harbor Built between 1975 and 1977. Travels about 800 miles Slide
33
