Nonrenewable Energy. 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy

Nonrenewable EnergyNonrenewable Energy

1. Energy Resources1. Energy Resources

2. Oil2. Oil

3. Natural Gas3. Natural Gas

4. Coal4. Coal

5. Nuclear Energy5. Nuclear Energy

•Primary Energy ResourcesPrimary Energy Resources:: The fossil fuels(oil, gas, and The fossil fuels(oil, gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling water, geothermal, and solar coal), nuclear energy, falling water, geothermal, and solar energy.energy.

•Secondary Energy ResourcesSecondary Energy Resources: Those sources which are : Those sources which are derived from primary resources such as electricity, fuels derived from primary resources such as electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural gas and synthetic gasoline), as from coal, (synthetic natural gas and synthetic gasoline), as well as alcohol fuels.well as alcohol fuels.

Energy SourcesEnergy Sources

• 11stst law of thermodynamics…energy can not law of thermodynamics…energy can not be created or destroyed, just converted from be created or destroyed, just converted from 1 form to another.1 form to another.

* 2* 2ndnd law of thermodynamics…Energy law of thermodynamics…Energy conversions are not 100% efficient!conversions are not 100% efficient!

ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

• Btu (British thermal unit) - amount of energy Btu (British thermal unit) - amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1 ºF.water by 1 ºF.

• cal (calorie) - the amount of energy required to cal (calorie) - the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 ºC. raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 ºC. Commonly, kilocalorie (kcal) is used.Commonly, kilocalorie (kcal) is used.

1 Btu = 252 cal = 0.252 kcal1 Btu = 252 cal = 0.252 kcal1 Btu = 1055 J (joule) = 1.055 kJ1 Btu = 1055 J (joule) = 1.055 kJ1 cal = 4.184 J1 cal = 4.184 J

Energy Units and UseEnergy Units and Use

• Two other units that are often seen are the horsepower Two other units that are often seen are the horsepower and the watt. These are not units of energy, but are units and the watt. These are not units of energy, but are units of of powerpower..

1 watt (W) = 3.412 Btu / hour1 watt (W) = 3.412 Btu / hour1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W

• Watt-hour - Another unit of energy used only to describe Watt-hour - Another unit of energy used only to describe electrical energy. Usually we use kilowatt-hour (kW-h) electrical energy. Usually we use kilowatt-hour (kW-h) since it is larger.since it is larger.

• quad (Q) - used for describing very large quantities of quad (Q) - used for describing very large quantities of energy. 1 Q = 10energy. 1 Q = 101515 Btu Btu

Energy Units and UseEnergy Units and Use

• U.S. has U.S. has 4.6%4.6% of world population; uses of world population; uses 24%24% of the world’s energy; of the world’s energy;

– 84%84% from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, coal, from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, coal, & natural gas);& natural gas);

– 7%7% from nuclear power; from nuclear power;

– 9%9% from renewable sources (hydropower, from renewable sources (hydropower, geothermal, solar, biomass).geothermal, solar, biomass).

Evaluating Energy ResourcesEvaluating Energy Resources

Changes in U.S. Energy Changes in U.S. Energy UseUse

Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium

• Fossil fuels originated from the decay of living Fossil fuels originated from the decay of living organisms millions of years ago, and account for organisms millions of years ago, and account for about 80% of the energy generated in the U.S.about 80% of the energy generated in the U.S.

• The fossil fuels used in energy generation are:The fossil fuels used in energy generation are:– Natural gas- Natural gas- which is 70 - 80% methane (CHwhich is 70 - 80% methane (CH44))– Liquid hydrocarbons obtained from the distillation of Liquid hydrocarbons obtained from the distillation of

petroleumpetroleum– Coal - a solid mixture of large molecules of mostly Coal - a solid mixture of large molecules of mostly

hydrocarbons.hydrocarbons.

Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels

• Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resourcesFossil fuels are nonrenewable resources– At projected consumption rates, natural gas At projected consumption rates, natural gas

and petroleum will be depleted before 2100.and petroleum will be depleted before 2100.

• Burning fossil fuels produce large amounts Burning fossil fuels produce large amounts of COof CO22, which contributes to global , which contributes to global warmingwarming

Problems with Fossil FuelsProblems with Fossil Fuels

1. Energy Resources 1. Energy Resources

2. Oil2. Oil3. Natural Gas3. Natural Gas

4. Coal4. Coal


• Deposits of crude oil often are trapped within Deposits of crude oil often are trapped within the earth's crust, extracted by drilling.the earth's crust, extracted by drilling.

• Crude oil: complex liquid mixture of Crude oil: complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impurities.impurities.

OilOil

Sources of OilSources of Oil•Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) -- 13 countries have 67% world reserves:

• Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, & Venezuela

•Other important producers: Alaska, Siberia, & Mexico.

http://relcom.website.ru/wfs-moscow/%20eng/gasoilru.htm

Oil in U.S.Oil in U.S.•2.3% of world reserves

•uses nearly 30% of world reserves;

•65% for transportation;

•increasing dependence on imports.

http://www.oilcrisis.com/nations/%20percapita.htm

Low oil prices have stimulated economic growth, they have discouraged / prevented improvements in energy efficiency and alternative technologies favoring renewable resources.

• Burning any fossil fuel releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and thus promotes global warming.

• Comparison of CO2 emitted by fossil fuels and nuclear power.

t

• Crude oil is transported to a refinery Crude oil is transported to a refinery where distillation produces where distillation produces petrochemicalspetrochemicals– How Oil Refining Works

by Craig C. by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D.Freudenrich, Ph.D.

OilOil

http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining2.htm

http://www.acsyellowpages.com/fairbanks/%20photos/points/pipeline.htm

http://www.howstuffworks.com/%20oil-drilling4.htm

http://www.howstuffworks.com/%20oil-drilling4.htm

http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/hillchem3/medialib/media_portfolio/text_images/CH06/FG06_21.JPG

http://www.petroleum.co.uk/education/%20coryton/page7.htm


2. Oil2. Oil

3. Natural Gas3. Natural Gas4. Coal4. Coal


Natural Gas - Fossil Natural Gas - Fossil FuelFuel

• Mixture •50–90% Methane (CH4)

•Ethane (C2H6)

•Propane (C3H8)

•Butane (C4H10)

•Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

http://www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

Sources of Natural GasSources of Natural Gas•Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply.

•Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%);

•90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (~411,000 km = 255,000 miles of pipeline).

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt


billion cubic metres

http://www.eni.it/english/notizie/analisi/numeri_energia/gas_riserve.html



Natural GasNatural Gas• Experts predict increased use of natural gas Experts predict increased use of natural gas

during this centuryduring this century

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/naturalgas/chapter_3.html

Natural GasNatural Gas• When a natural gas field is tapped, propane and When a natural gas field is tapped, propane and

butane are liquefied and removed as liquefied butane are liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) petroleum gas (LPG)

• The rest of the gas (mostly methane) is dried, The rest of the gas (mostly methane) is dried, cleaned, and pumped into pressurized pipelines cleaned, and pumped into pressurized pipelines for distributionfor distribution

• Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated tanker shipsrefrigerated tanker ships

garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt


2. Oil2. Oil


4. Coal4. Coal5. Nuclear Energy5. Nuclear Energy

Coal: Supply and DemandCoal: Supply and Demand• Coal exists in many forms (so no chemical Coal exists in many forms (so no chemical

formula written for it)formula written for it)• Coalification: After plants died they Coalification: After plants died they

underwent chemical decay to form peatunderwent chemical decay to form peat– Over many years, thick peat layers formed. Over many years, thick peat layers formed. – Peat is converted to coal by geological events such Peat is converted to coal by geological events such

as land subsidence which subject the peat to great as land subsidence which subject the peat to great pressures and temperatures.pressures and temperatures.

http://www.brookes.ac.uk/geology/%208307/energy.html

Ranks/Types of CoalRanks/Types of Coal• Lignite: A brownish-black coal of low quality Lignite: A brownish-black coal of low quality (i.e., low (i.e., low

heat content per unit) with high inherent moisture heat content per unit) with high inherent moisture and volatile matter. Energy content is lower 4000 and volatile matter. Energy content is lower 4000 BTU/lb.BTU/lb.

• Subbituminous: Subbituminous: Black lignite, is dull black and Black lignite, is dull black and generally contains 20 to 30 percent moisture Energy generally contains 20 to 30 percent moisture Energy content is 8,300 BTU/lb.content is 8,300 BTU/lb.

• Bituminous: most common coal is dense and black Bituminous: most common coal is dense and black (often with well-defined bands of bright and dull (often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material). Its moisture content usually is less than 20 material). Its moisture content usually is less than 20 percent. Energy content about 10,500 Btu / lb.percent. Energy content about 10,500 Btu / lb.

• Anthracite: A hard, black lustrous coal, often referred Anthracite: A hard, black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. Energy content of about 14,000 Btu/lb.Energy content of about 14,000 Btu/lb.

http://www.fi.edu/guide/dukerich/%20coal.html

http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/%20SedRx/Rocks/Coalbit.html

http://www.scsc.k12.ar.us/.../Members/%20Reynolds/Default.htm

PEATPEAT

LIGNITELIGNITE


BITUMINOUSBITUMINOUS

ANTHRACITEANTHRACITE


Main Coal DepositsMain Coal Deposits

BituminousBituminous

AnthraciteAnthracite

SubbituminousSubbituminous

LigniteLignite


Advantages and DisadvantagesAdvantages and Disadvantages

Pros:

• Most abundant fossil fuel

• Major U.S. reserves

• About 300 yrs. at current consumption rates

• High net energy yield

Cons:

• Dirtiest fuel, highest carbon dioxide

• Major environmental degradation

• Major threat to health

Sulfur in CoalSulfur in Coal• When coal is burned, sulfur is released When coal is burned, sulfur is released

primarily as sulfur dioxide (SOprimarily as sulfur dioxide (SO22 - serious - serious pollutant)pollutant)

– Coal Cleaning - Methods of removing sulfur from Coal Cleaning - Methods of removing sulfur from coal include cleaning, solvent refining, coal include cleaning, solvent refining, gasification, and liquefaction Scrubbers are used gasification, and liquefaction Scrubbers are used to trap SOto trap SO22 when coal is burned when coal is burned

– Two chief forms of sulfur is inorganic (FeSTwo chief forms of sulfur is inorganic (FeS22 or or CaSOCaSO44) and organic (Sulfur bound to Carbon)) and organic (Sulfur bound to Carbon)

CoalCoal

• Coal gasification Coal gasification Synthetic Synthetic natural gas (SNG)natural gas (SNG)

Coal liquefaction Coal liquefaction Liquid Liquid fuelsfuels

• DisadvantageDisadvantage–CostlyCostly–High environmental impactHigh environmental impact


2. Oil2. Oil


4. Coal4. Coal

5. Nuclear 5. Nuclear EnergyEnergy



Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy

• In a conventional nuclear In a conventional nuclear power plantpower plant–a controlled nuclear fission a controlled nuclear fission

chain reaction chain reaction –heats waterheats water–produce high-pressure steam produce high-pressure steam –that turns turbines that turns turbines –generates electricity. generates electricity.

Nuclear EnergyNuclear EnergyControlled

Chain Reaction

neutrons split the nuclei of atoms such as of Uranium or Plutonium

release energy (heat)



Controlled Nuclear Fission Controlled Nuclear Fission ReactionReaction

cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt

http://cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/%20Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt




• Radioactive decay continues until the the original isotope is changed into a stable isotope that is not radioactive

• Radioactivity: Nuclear changes in which unstable (radioactive) isotopes emit particles & energy

RadioactivityRadioactivity



• Types• Alpha particles consist of 2 protons and 2 neutrons,

and therefore are positively charged• Beta particles are negatively charged (electrons)• Gamma rays have no mass or charge, but are a form

of electromagnetic radiation (similar to X-rays)

• Sources of natural radiation• Soil• Rocks• Air• Water• Cosmic rays

RadioactivityRadioactivity



Relative Relative Doses Doses from from

Radiation Radiation SourcesSources




The time needed for one-half of the nuclei in a radioisotope to decay and emit their radiation to form a different isotope

Half-time emitted Uranium 235 710 million yrs alpha, gammaPlutonium 239 24.000 yrs alpha, gamma

During operation, nuclear power plants produce radioactive wastes, including some that remain dangerous for tens of thousands of years

Half-LifeHalf-Life



Diagram of Radioactive DecayDiagram of Radioactive Decay




• Genetic damages: from mutations that alter genes

• Genetic defects can become apparent in the next generation

• Somatic damages: to tissue, such as burns, miscarriages & cancers

Effects of RadiationEffects of Radiation



www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/ EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

http://www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/%20EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

1. Low-level radiation (Gives of low amount of radiation)• Sources: nuclear power plants, hospitals &

universities• 1940 – 1970 most was dumped into the ocean• Today deposit into landfills

2. High-level radiation (Gives of large amount of radiation)• Fuel rods from nuclear power plants• Half-time of Plutonium 239 is 24000 years• No agreement about a safe method of storage

Radioactive WasteRadioactive Waste



Radioactive WasteRadioactive Waste1. Bury it deep underground.

• Problems: i.e. earthquake, groundwater…2. Shoot it into space or into the sun.

• Problems: costs, accident would affect large area.3. Bury it under the Antarctic ice sheet.

• Problems: long-term stability of ice is not known, global warming

4. Most likely plan for the US• Bury it into Yucca Mountain in desert of Nevada • Cost of over $ 50 billion• 160 miles from Las Vegas• Transportation across the country via train & truck



Yucca MountainYucca Mountain


Plutonium BreedingPlutonium Breeding

• 238238U is the most plentiful isotope of U is the most plentiful isotope of UraniumUranium

• Non-fissionable - useless as fuelNon-fissionable - useless as fuel• Reactors can be designed to convert Reactors can be designed to convert

238238U into a fissionable isotope of U into a fissionable isotope of plutonium, plutonium, 239239Pu Pu


Conversion of Conversion of 238238U to U to 239239Pu Pu Under Under appropriate appropriate operating operating conditions, the conditions, the neutrons given neutrons given off by fission off by fission reactions can reactions can ""breedbreed" more " more fuel, from fuel, from otherwise non-otherwise non-fissionable fissionable isotopes, than isotopes, than they consumethey consume


Reprocess Nuclear FuelReprocess Nuclear Fuel• During the operation of a nuclear During the operation of a nuclear

reactor the uranium runs outreactor the uranium runs out• Accumulating fission products Accumulating fission products

hinder the proper function of a hinder the proper function of a nuclear reactornuclear reactor

• Fuel needs to be (partly) renewed Fuel needs to be (partly) renewed every yearevery year


Plutonium in Spent FuelPlutonium in Spent Fuel• Spent nuclear fuel contains many Spent nuclear fuel contains many

newly formed plutonium atoms newly formed plutonium atoms • Miss out on the opportunity to splitMiss out on the opportunity to split• Plutonium in nuclear waste can be Plutonium in nuclear waste can be

separated from fission products and separated from fission products and uraniumuranium

• Cleaned Plutonium can be used in a Cleaned Plutonium can be used in a different Nuclear Reactordifferent Nuclear Reactor



Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy• Concerns about the safety, Concerns about the safety,

cost, and liability have cost, and liability have slowed the growth of the slowed the growth of the nuclear power industrynuclear power industry

• Accidents at Chernobyl and Accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island showed Three Mile Island showed that a partial or complete that a partial or complete meltdown is possiblemeltdown is possible

Nuclear Power Plants in U.S.Nuclear Power Plants in U.S.


Three Mile IslandThree Mile Island•March 29, 1979, a reactor near Harrisburg, PA lost coolant water because of mechanical and human errors and suffered a partial meltdown

•50,000 people evacuated & another 50,000 fled area

•Unknown amounts of radioactive materials released

•Partial cleanup & damages cost $1.2 billion

•Released radiation increased cancer rates.


ChernobylChernobyl• April 26, 1986, reactor explosion (Ukraine) flung radioactive debris into atmosphere

• Health ministry reported 3,576 deaths

• Green Peace estimates32,000 deaths;

• About 400,000 people were forced to leave their homes

• ~160,000 sq km (62,00 sq mi) contaminated

• > Half million people exposed to dangerous levels of radioactivity

• Cost of incident > $358 billionwww.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy• Nuclear plants must be Nuclear plants must be

decommissioned after 15-40 yearsdecommissioned after 15-40 years• New reactor designs are still proposedNew reactor designs are still proposed• Experimental breeder nuclear fission Experimental breeder nuclear fission

reactors have proven too costly to reactors have proven too costly to build and operatebuild and operate

• Attempts to produce electricity by Attempts to produce electricity by nuclear fusion have been unsuccessfulnuclear fusion have been unsuccessful

Use of Nuclear EnergyUse of Nuclear Energy• U.S. phasing out• Some countries (France, Japan) investing

increasingly• U.S. currently ~7% of energy nuclear• No new U.S. power plants ordered since 1978• 40% of 105 commercial nuclear power expected

to be retired by 2015 and all by 2030• North Korea is getting new plants from the US• France 78% energy nuclear


Phasing Out Nuclear PowerPhasing Out Nuclear Power•Multi-billion-$$ construction costs

•High operation costs

•Frequent malfunctions

•False assurances and cover–ups

•Overproduction of energy in some areas

•Poor management

•Lack of public acceptancewww.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

2) Energy2) EnergyEnergy & Energy & Mineral resourcesMineral resources


Documents

Nonrenewable Energy. 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy