Upload
docong
View
219
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
ES 10
Nonrenewable Energy Resources
Oil and Natural Gas continued…
http://www.poodwaddle.com/worldclock.swf
Past to Present (1st 31 slides)
What are fossil fuels
Where doe the oil come from?
Oil Traps; Source, Reservoir & Cap Rocks
Why use Oil / Natural Gas
Drawbacks
Abiotic Oil?
How much is there and who has the oil? How long will it last?
Where does US get it’s oil?
Unconventional sources of oil and gas: Oil Shale, Tar Sands,
Methane Clathrates, aka Gas HydratesFig. 1.11, p. 11
Resources
Perpetual Nonrenewable
“Potentially”
Renewable
Fig. 1.11, p. 11
Resources
Perpetual Nonrenewable
Renewable
Fresh
air
Fresh
waterFertile
soil
Plants and
animals(biodiversity)
Direct
solarenergy
Winds,
tides,flowing
water
FossilFuels
Metallic
minerals
Non-
metallic
minerals
& rocks(iron, gold,copper,aluminum)
(clay, sand,marble, slate)
or “Nonrenewable
Mineral Resources”
These two are
sometimes
Called: “Solid
Nonfuel
Mineral
Resources”
16
15
14
13
12
11 Billio
ns o
f peo
ple
?
?
?
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2-5 million
years
8000 6000 4000 2000 2000 2100
Hunting and
Gathering
Black Death–the Plague
Time
Industrial
revolutionAgricultural Revolution
B.C. A.D.
•http://www.poodwaddle.com/worldclock.swf
Cultural Revolutions
Last 14 sec on 24hr Big Bang clock
~Last 1 sec on 24hr
Big Bang clock
Age of Discovery
~last 2 sec on 24hr
Big Bang clock
http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/
2
Agricultural Revolution
Trade-Offs? Good vs Bad news?
Good News
More food, store it year round.
Supports a larger population.
Longer life expectancies.
Formation of villages, towns, cities.
Cultural growth; art, religion, music, science, communication, trade goods and information.
Irrigation systems developed.
Higher standard of living.
Bad News
Destruction of wildlife habits from
clearing forests/grasslands.
Soil erosion from over tilling and plowing, buildup of salts
New Conflicts over water resources, ownership of land, possessions, spread of slavery.
Livestock overgrazing / soil compaction, buildup of salts.
Cities concentrate waste/pollution
Increase in global greenhouse gases from clearing forests/grasslands and livestock husbandry
Industrial Revolution
Steam Engine, 1885
Industrial Revolution
Trade-Offs?
Good News
Mass Production of useful,
affordable products
Distribution of goods, services
Increased Agricultural production, more food
Longer life expectancies,
better health, lower infant mortality.
Better Transportation,
communication
Higher standard of living.
Bad News
Increased waste production
Burning fossil fuels: increase in global greenhouse gases
Increase of air and water pollution
Habitat destruction
Biodiversity depletion
Groundwater depletion
Soil depletion, degradation
“Industrialization isolates people
from nature; reduces understanding
of important ecological and
economical services nature provides.”
Some Important Inventions: 1775 - 1903
1775 James Watt: first reliable Steam Engine
1793 Eli Whitney: Cotton Gin, Interchangeable parts for muskets
1798 Robert Fullerton: Regular Steamboat service on the Hudson River
1807 Samuel F. B. Morse: Telegraph
1836 Elias Howe: Sewing Machine
1851 Cyrus Field: Transatlantic Cable
1866 Alexander Graham Bell: Telephone
1876 Thomas Edison: Phonograph, Light Bulb
1877 Nikola Telsa: Induction Electric Motor
1888 Rudolph Diesel: Diesel Engine
1892 Orville and Wilbur Wright: First Airplane
1908 Henry Ford: Model T Ford & Assembly Line (by 1927, 15 million made)
3
Information and Globalization Revolution
• Radio
• Telephone
• TV
• Air travel, freight
• Computers
• Space travel
• Satellites
• Remote sensing
• Internet, wireless technology
• Cellular phones, Smart Phones & TVs, Tablets
• GPS, GIS
• ROV’s & AUVs
A change from potentially renewable wood,
to nonrenewable fossil fuels
Whale Oil, Kerosene and the “Oil Industry”
In early 1800’s, whale oil was popular for lamps and candles,
but expensive. ~15,000 right Whales killed/yr in early 1800’s
US whaling fleet: 392 in 1833 to 735 in 1846
250 whales killed at Point Lobos between 1862 – late 1870’s
In 1857, clean burning kerosene (originally called “coal oil”) put on
market. Rapid expansion by 1860 in US, eventually leads to the end of
whale oil lamps/candles.
What state led the “Oil Rush” in the US in the 1800’s?
“The Pennsylvania Oil Rush” in 1860’sStarts in Titusville in north western Pennsylvania in 1859
Producing 8,000 barrels/day in the 1860’s, 21 meters down, 8
refineries built
Cleveland Ohio had 30 refineries by 1865, J.D. Rockefeller
Titusville from
1 oil well to 75 oil
Wells in less than
a year
4
McKittrick Tar Pit in west San
Joaquin Valley, 1st mined in 1864The Lakeview #1 Gusher in
San Joaquin Valley in 1910,
18,000 barrels/day flowed
uncapped for 18 months
California led the world in oil production in 1910 Summerland Oil Field, Santa Barbara ~1910
The “Texas Oil Boom”
Spindletop Gusher, E Texas, Jan 10, 1901
A period of dramatic change and
economic growth in Texas & US
between 1901 - 1940’s
Expansion in the Panhandle,
North and Central Texas.
The largest is the East Texas Oil
Field aka “Black Giant”
5
“Big Inch Pipeline”, built in 1942, for WWII effort,1,200 miles from Houston to NJ
2 ft diameter, cost 7 million, takes oil 3.5 days, 300,000 bpd
By the end of the
WWII, over 350
million barrels
transported. Line
is still in use.
For more on Oil History, check out this
http://www.sjgs.com/index.html
Elk Hills California, (west of Bakersfield) Hay No.7 Well blew out natural
gas and caught fire on July 26th, 1919. It burned for 26 days. The well
was extinguished with torpedoes of dynamite.
By the 1950’s, the US can no longer supply its oil needs.
In early 1900’s car are getting very popular.
In 1900 ~8,000 autos registered in US
In 1910 ~ 900,000 autos resisted in USIn 2007 ~254 million passenger vehicles register in US (most in any country in world)
Somewhere
in China
~1/3 of all oil comes
from the sea.
Gulf of Mexico: 1st offshore wells in 1947.
In 1960’s 30 miles offshore,
by 1970’s 100 miles
offshore.
1950’s tankers ~ 500 ft,
25,000 tons
1970’s tankers 1,400ft
(5 football fields) 500,000
tons
6
Big Gulf of Mexico Petroleum Discovery September 2006
Chevron estimated the 300-square-mile region, could hold between
3 - 15 billion barrels of oil and natural gas There are 42 US gallons in a barrel, or 159 liters.
Platform in >7,000 ft of water (2,134m)
Drill hole depth ~20,000 ft (6.1km)
Total depth >28,120ft (>8 km or 5 miles)
Known recoverable US reserves is ~21 billion barrels and US
consumes ~22 million barrels/day.
“Reserves” = known amounts that can be profitably developed
at current prices and costs, using current technologies and
under current rules (institutional resources)
Reserves increase in response to:
• higher prices
• lower costs of development
• technological improvements
• new discoveries
without any change in the quantity in the ground
The size of reserves depends on economic factors,
not on the physical amount in the ground.
Total World Oil Reserves
Conventional vs Unconventional
7
What are fossil fuels?
• Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal
• Derived from remains of organisms which decompose and are
exposed to heat and pressure beneath the Earth’s surface over
millions of years.
• Consist primarily of hydrocarbons: organic compounds of H and C
atoms with smaller amounts of O, S and N. The approximate length
range for “oil” is C5H12 to C18H38. Any shorter hydrocarbons are
considered natural gas, the simplest form is methane CH4.
• Petroleum (Petra-rock / Oleum-oil) /Crude Oil: complex mixture of
liquid hydrocarbons of various lengths. Termed 1st used and published in 1546 by
German geologist/mineralogist Georg Bauer aka Georgis Agricola
Origin of Oil?Most commercial oil is probably “organic oil”
How can this happen?
• Forms in marine basins with rich diversity of microscopic algae,
protozoa and animals (plankton) living on the surface
• Organisms die, settle onto ocean floor --> some decomposition
occurs -->depletion of O2 in bottom waters
-->decay slows or ceases.
• Pressure and heat build up as organic material is buried under many
layers of sediment. This converts the organic molecules to kerogen (solid, waxy organic matter in sedimentary rock, too thick to flow out of rock).
Geothermal Gradient: 20 degrees C/km, 68 degrees F/km or 109 degrees F/mi
Figure 5.7
Kerogen / Oil Formation
• Kerogen, highly viscous, complex molecules (“Tar”) forms first,
at temperatures <30º- ~100ºC @ ~ <1-3km depth.
Kerogen can then convert to various liquid hydrocarbons at
temperatures ~80ºC - 120ºC (sometimes wider) @ ~ 3-8km depth. is
The process of breaking a long-chain of hydrocarbons into short ones =
“Cracking”.
• At temperatures > 100ºC (212ºF), liquid petroleum can be converted
into a variety of natural gases such as methane, ethane, propane and
butane each type more complex and heavier molecules.
• At temperatures of ~200ºC (400ºF) and/or depths of > 10km, methane can break
down completely and the rocks no longer contain hydrocarbons.
• Limited window of opportunity for the conversion of organic remains to
hydrocarbon fuels
8
~1,6KmGeothermal Gradient:
20 – 30 deg C/Km
Or 77 deg F/Mi
~3Km
~6Km
How do “Conventional” oil fields/petroleum pools/ aka
“Oil Traps” form?1) Need Source Rock (different
types)(sedimentary layers originally containing
organic C)
2) Need burial / Heat and Pressureapplied to source rocks to promote Kerogen conversions
3) Concentrate petroleum into a pool--> HC compounds can Migratefrom source rocks into rocks that can become saturated with petroleum.
4) Need Reservoir Rock: permeable rock whose pore space is saturated with oil/gas
and one last thing……..>>>>
How do oil fields/petroleum pools form?
5) To accumulate a pool, the
HC must be trapped in the Reservoir Rock:
Need Cap Rock:impermeable layer that
halts migration of fluids
(e.g. shale, salt deposit)
Common “Oil Traps”
include anticlines,
faults, salt domes &
stratigraphic
9
Geologic Setting of the East Texas Oil Field
• Age: Cretaceous, ~100my
• Source Rock: Eagle Ford Shale
• Reservoir Rock & Cap Rock: Woodbine Formation, (4 Members, 350 – 600ft thick, ss, sh, lms, coal, tuff) known since
early 1920s, sandstone deposited in a shallow sea, burial,
lithification, uplift, erosion, subsidence, another shallow sea,
deposition of impermeable calcareous ooze or chalk and finally
burial by other sedimentary formations.
• http://www.eia.gov/oil_gas/rpd/shaleusa9.pdf
ES 10
Nonrenewable Energy Resources
Oil and Natural Gas continued…
Past to Present (1st 31 slides)
What are fossil fuels
Where doe the oil come from?
Oil Traps; Source, Reservoir & Cap Rocks
Why use Oil / Natural Gas
Drawbacks
Abiotic Oil?
How much is there and who has the oil? How long will it last?
Where does US get it’s oil?
Unconventional sources of oil and gas: Oil Shale, Tar Sands,
Methane Clathrates, aka Gas Hydrates
Why use Oil?
• It burns
• Yields lots of energy
• It’s relatively cheap
• It flows
• Easy to extract or pump it out
• Easy to transport
• Not much land disruption
• It’s abundant
At end of 2011, world proven crude oil reserves stood at over >1.4 trillion Barrels (~1,482 billion barrels)
1,481,526
• can be converted to useful materials
Refining Crude Oil
Heating / distilling separates crude oil into
components with different boiling points
Lightest components rise: petroleum gases,
gasoline. Then kerosene (used as jet fuel),
heating oil, and diesel fuel for trucks, buses,
trains, and ships. Heaviest fractions stay at
the bottom of the column: lubricating oils,
waxes and asphalt.
Petrochemicals are products of oil
distillation, over 4,000. Common
“end-products” are pesticides,
plastics, fibers, paints, synthetic
rubbers and medicines
10
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6eCt0VDg-Kc
*Includes both home heating oil and diesel fuel
**Heavy oils used as fuels in industry, marine transportation, and for electric power
generation (Source: American Petroleum Institute)
A bi-product of oil & coal used as fuel, and
in smelting iron ore
Mostly methane, ethane, propane, butane
42 Gallons/Barrel
Why use Natural Gas?
• Burns hotter than oil
• It’s cleaner than oil
• Easy to extract
• Easy to transport
• Yields lots of energy
• Global reserves up 140% since 1973
• Not much land disruption
Disadvantages of using Oil & Natural Gas?
• Often degrades fresh air, soil and water
• Emits greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4) and other
damaging gases (CO, NOx, SOx, H2S)
• Gases contributes to global climate change
Causes acid deposition
• Can be explosive
• Not much time left at current rate of use
• Damaging leaks, spills and runoff are common in the world’s oceans….