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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
Definition
1. includes all nonverbal stimuli in a
communicative setting generated by an
individual and the individual's use of
environment.
2. includes intentional and unintentional
nonverbal messages.
Functions of Nonverbal Functions of Nonverbal CommunicationCommunication
Repeats Substitutes Accents Regulates Contradicts
CHARACTERISTICS OFNONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Often culturally derived--can vary in meaning by
culture. Often the opposite to the verbal message. Almost impossible not to use NVC. Up to 70 or 80% of communication, between native
speakers, is NVC. In a cross-cultural interchange, nonverbals are even
more important to understanding the total meaning...
In contrast to spoken language, nonverbal language: . May or may not be systematized, no rules
or regularity. Has no dictionary. Difficult to ask for clarification. . Generally impossible to control. . Nonverbal communication channels are
natural, and not learned.
The use of space in communication.There are 4 kinds of space: intimate,personal, social, and public. The followingthings factor into the use of space: ageand gender, culture and ethicalbackground, topic or subject matter,setting, physical characteristics ofparticipants, attitudes and emotions,characteristics of interpersonalrelationship, and personality.
II. Specific Nonverbal Components
ProxemicsProxemics
HapticsHaptics
The use of touch in communications.
Haptics or touch refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact .
Some cultures are very comfortable with bodily contact; others avoid it.
In gestures (1991), Roger Axtell has classified the following cultures as “touch” and “don’t touch.DON’TTOUCHJapanUnited StatesCanadaEnglandAvustralia
MIDDLEGROUNDFranceChinaIrelandİndia
TOUCHMiddle EastCountriesLatinCountriesItalyGreeceSome AssianCountries
Contact groups: Arabs: Iraq, Kuwait,Saudi Arabia, Syria, United ArabRepublic; Latin Americans: Bolivia,Cuba, Equador, El Salvador, Mexico,Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Venezuela;Southern Europeans: French, Italian,Turkish.
Non Contact Groups: Asian: China,Indonesia, Japan, Phillipines, Thailand;Northern Europeans: Austrailia,England, Germany, the Netherlands,Norway, Scotland; Americans are alsosimilar to this group; Indians andPakistans
A different approach fromWatson, O.Michael,he has classified the followingcultures as “contact groups” and “noncontact groups”
– 1. body gestures
– 2. facial expression
– 3. eye contact
– 4. posture
KinesicsKinesics
Kinesics, or body language, is one of themost powerful ways that humans cancommunicate nonverbally. It is used toportray moods and emotions and toemphasize or contradict what is being said.
The use of your body in communication, or body movements.The use of your body in communication, or body movements.
A. body gestures . Hand Gestures
Hands and arms are used bymost of us to communicate ourthoughts, people rubbing armstogether, keeping their armsclosed, clinching the fists allthese tell what the person has onhis mind.
Do’s:Do’s:
Hand Gestures • Don'ts:Don'ts:
•gesture to reinforce your content
•gesture naturally
describing size or shape
emphasizing an important point enumerating a list
pointing to a specific item in your visual aid
•gesture nervously
tugging your ear
scratching your arm
licking your lips
•keep your hands in any one position for too long
fig leaf"
parade rest" pocket change jingle" use stylized, constantly repeating gestures
People use two basic palm positions. The first hasthe palm facing upwards and os characteristics ofthe beggar asking for money or food. The secondhas palm facing down as if it is holding down orrestraining. One of the most valuable ways ofdiscovering whether someone is being open andhonest or not, so to look for palm displays. Whensomeone begins to open p or be truthful, he willexpose all or part of his palms to another person.Like most body language, this is a completelyunconscious gesture, one that gives you a fellingor hunch that the other person is telling the truth.When a child is lying or concealing something, hispalms are hidden behind his pockets when he triesto explain where he was. Thus the hidden palmsmay give wifes a hunch that he is holding back thetruth.
B. Facial Expressions
The face and eyes convey the most expressive types of body language. Research conducted by Leathers (1976) determined these ten types of meaning can be communicated by facial expressions;happiness, suprise, fear, anger, contempt, interest, bewilderment, and determination.
Posture the way someone stands, sits or walks, can send positive or negative nonverbal messages
Posture can convey self- confidence, status and interest
Confident people generally have a relaxed posture, yet stand errect and walk with assuarance.
Walking with stopped shoulders and slow, hesitating gait projects such negative messages as lack of assurance and confidence
D. Posture
Chronemics The use of time in communication. The use of time in communication.
Hall (1983) distinguished 2 patterns Hall (1983) distinguished 2 patterns of time that govern different of time that govern different cultures: Monochronic Time cultures: Monochronic Time Schedule and Polychronic Time Schedule and Polychronic Time ScheduleSchedule
Monochronic and PolychronicMonochronic and Polychronic
MonochronicMonochronic
Does one thing at a time.
Time is very serious!
Job tends to be more important than family even.
Privacy is extremely important.
-Seldom borrows or lends
-Works independentl
PolychronicPolychronic
Does several things at a time.
Time is important but not sacred.
Family and interpersonal relationships are more important than work.
Actively involved with others.
(United States, Germany, Scandinavia and Switzerland. )
(Latin Americans, Mediterranean people, Arabians)