NOTE/STUDY GUIDE: Unit 2-1, Energy Basics and Fossil Fuels AP Environmental Science II, Mr. Doc Miller, M.Ed.

North Central High School

Name: ______________________________ ID#: ____________________

NORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE

AP Environmental Science II

Unit 2-1: Energy Basics and Fossil Fuels

REQUIRED READING FROM ENVIRONMENTAL SCINECE: EARTH AS A LIVING PLANET (BOTKIN & KELLER):

CHAPTER 14, ENERGY: SOME BASICS (PG. 286-302) CHAPTER 15, FOSSIL FUELS AND THE ENVIRONMENT (PG. 303-325)

Additional resources available at www.mrdocsonlinelab.com

Grade Chart: (For Teacher Use Only) Part Description Grade Out of

1 LECTURE 2-1-1: ENERGY BASICS 5 SG 2-1-1: ENERGY BASICS 5

2 LECTURE 2-1-2: ENERGY EFFICIENCY 5 SG 2-1-2: ENERGY EFFICIENCY 5

3 LECTURE 2-1-3: FOSSIL FUELS 5 SG 2-1-3: FOSSIL FUELS 5

TOTAL

30

2

NOTES 2-1-1: ENERGY BASICS

3

4

SG 2-1-1: ENERGY BASICS _____ 1. Which of the following terms refers to energy that is stored? a) potential energy b) kinetic energy c) cogeneration d) soft path energy e) first-law efficiency _____ 2. Which of the following terms refers to the capture and use of waste heat? a) potential energy b) kinetic energy c) cogeneration d) soft path energy e) first-law efficiency _____ 3. Which of the following are the three main energy sources used in the U.S? a) petroleum, coal, and nuclear b) wood, petroleum, and nuclear c) hydroelectric, natural gas, and coal d) coal, gasoline, and nuclear e) petroleum, natural gas, and coal _____ 4. Total worldwide energy use today is about 13.8 terawatts (trillions watts), and that figure is

increasing very rapidly. The two general trends that are leading to the rapid increase in energy use are population growth and:

a) increasing urbanization b) declining energy efficiency c) changes from fossil fuels to alternative energy sources d) rising standard of living e) increasing demands for environmentally benign energy _____ 5. A train carries 200 passengers from Washington, D.C. to New York. The locomotive uses

2800 liters of diesel fuel during the trip. Afterwards, all the energy that was in the diesel changed to:

a) potential energy b) kinetic energy c) heat d) high-quality energy e) antimatter _____ 6. Imagine riding your bike through hilly terrain. When would your bike have the greatest

potential energy? a) when you were just starting up a hill b) when you were sitting at the top of a hill c) when you were coasting down a hill d) when you had reached maximum speed at the bottom of the hill e) when you had put the bike in the trunk of your car and started home _____ 7. Imagine riding your bike through hilly terrain. When would your bike have the greatest

kinetic energy? a) when you were just starting up a hill b) when you were sitting at the top of a hill c) when you were coasting down a hill d) when you had reached maximum speed at the bottom of the hill e) when you had put the bike in the trunk of your car and started home

5

_____ 8. Imagine riding your bike through hilly terrain. When you pump the pedals and cause the bike to move to the top of a hill, where does the energy come from that allows you to flex and extend your muscles and move the bike up the hill?

a) potential energy b) kinetic energy c) chemical potential energy d) momentum e) heat _____ 9. After riding your bike along a flat road, you come to a stop sign and apply the brakes to stop

the bike. When the bike has stopped, where does all of the energy that you expended in moving the bike forward go?

a) potential energy b) kinetic energy c) chemical potential energy d) momentum e) heat _____ 10. The majority of Earth’s energy input comes from: a) geothermal heat from the Earth’s interior b) the Earth’s albedo c) sunlight d) combustion of fossil fuels e) photolysis of ozone in the stratosphere _____ 11. _________ is an example of a fossil fuel; _________ is an example of an alternative

energy source; and _________ is an example of a renewable energy source: a) coal; nuclear; solar b) nuclear; solar; natural gas c) nuclear; natural gas; hydroelectric d) petroleum; solar; coal e) hydroelectric; wind; solar _____ 12. Which energy source supplies the majority of electrical power generation in the U.S.? a) hydroelectric b) solar c) nuclear d) coal e) oil _____ 13. Energy: a) is the product of force times distance b) can be destroyed c) is always conserved d) cannot be transformed e) cannot be conserved _____ 14. The first law of thermodynamics states that: a) efficiency of energy conversion is always less than 100% b) energy is never created, never destroyed, but always preserved c) the present is the key to the past d) energy is measured in joules, power in watts e) energy can go from higher quality forms to lower, but not in the opposite direction

6

_____ 15. Which energy transformation occurs as a book falls from the top of your book shelf towards the floor?

a) the book’s potential energy and kinetic energy decreases b) the book’s potential energy decreases and its kinetic energy increases c) the book’s potential energy increases and its kinetic energy decreases d) the book’s potential energy and kinetic energy increase e) according to the first law of thermodynamics, both energies stay the same _____ 16. The biosphere continuously receives ______ from the Sun and radiates ______ into

space. a) high-grade heat, low-grade energy b) low-grade energy, low-grade heat c) high-grade heat, no energy d) low-grade energy, high-grade heat e) high-grade energy, low-grade energy _____ 17. Water stored behind a dam is an example of: a) potential energy b) kinetic energy c) efficient energy d) inertial energy e) momentum _____ 18. Which of the following is the lowest quality energy form? a) sunlight b) electricity c) water d) heat e) biomass _____ 19. The concept of micropower: a) is associated with distribution of power from large generating plants b) is associated with using several small sources of energy c) is a bad idea for developing countries d) is a system first conceived in the past 20 years e) is consistent with power distribution over the hard path 20. For each of the units below, state whether the unit measures: A) power B) energy C) the unit electricity commonly is sold in Joule _____ British Thermal Unit _____ Watt _____ Quad _____ Kilowatt-hour _____ Exajoule _____ 21. Name three renewable energy resources.

7

22. Fundamental characteristics of energy are reflected in the first and second laws of thermodynamics (energy laws). Define these two laws.

23. Explain the merits of micropower. 24. The two countries of Botkinlandia and Kellertopia share one single power plant with a

maximum capacity of 10 gigawatts (10 billion watts = 10,000,000 kW). Kellertopia is small and prosperous, with a stable population of 500,000 and average energy use of 8 kW per capita. Botkinlandia is larger (pop.=1,000,000), less developed (per capita energy use = 1 kW), and growing fast (population and per capita energy use doubling every 20 years). Instead of building additional power plants, propose population and energy-use goals for both countries that will allow them to manage with the electricity they have.

8

NOTES 2-1-2: ENERGY EFFICENCY

9

10

11

SG 2-1-2: ENERGY EFFICIENCY _____ 1. The ratio of the actual amount of energy delivered where it is needed to the amount of

energy supplied in order to meet that need is referred to as: a) potential energy b) kinetic energy c) cogeneration d) soft path energy e) first-law efficiency _____ 2. The second law of thermodynamics states that: a) efficiency of energy conversion is always less than 100% b) energy is never created, never destroyed, but always preserved c) the present is the key to the past d) energy is measured in joules, power in watts e) energy can go from higher quality forms to lower, but not in the opposite direction _____ 3. “Cogeneration” refers to the use of: a) waste heat to improve overall efficiency b) scrubbers to reduce sulfur emissions c) steam turbines to produce electricity d) alternative energy sources e) pump-storage facilities _____ 4. The two countries of Botkinlandia and Kellertopia share one single power plant with a 21.

________ are units of energy, and ________ are units of power: I. Exajoules; kilowatt-hours II. Joules; watts III. BTUs; kilowatts a) I only

b) II only c) III only d) II and III e) I, II, and III

12

_____ 5. If the world’s population continues to increase at an annual rate of 1.1%, the total population will double in _________ years.

a) 14 b) 24 c) 44 d) 54 e) 64 6. In ancient Rome, a law was established to protect a person's right to unobstructed sunlight. On what need was this law based on? 7. The Environmental Science text lists three general areas that should be targeted for greater

energy efficiency. List these three areas and identify one way in which efficiency could be improved for each one.

8. List four ways of modifying human behavior in order to conserve energy. 9. Give an example of cogeneration. 10. In ancient Rome and Greece energy problems were already well known. What was the

solution discussed in the Environmental Science text? 11. Can a heat engine convert all of the energy input into work? Why or why not?

13

NOTES 2-1-3: FOSSIL FUELS

14

15

16

SG 2-1-3: FOSSIL FUELS _____ 1. Which of the following terms refers to recovery of petroleum by simply pumping it from a

well, without steam, lubricants, or other elaborate steps necessary to mobilize the oil? a) hydrocarbon b) strip mining c) allowance trading d) primary production e) oil shale

_____ 2. Which of the following is a method for reducing air pollution by mandating maximum industrial emissions for an entire region or country, not for individual polluters? a) hydrocarbon b) strip mining c) allowance trading d) primary production e) oil shale

17

_____ 3. The Alaska National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) has made headlines because: a) it is the leading source of coal in North America b) of proposals to explore for oil there c) it is the proposed site for disposal of high-level nuclear waste d) the Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred there e) further oil migration there is blocked by a trap

_____ 4. Which of the following geological processes initiates the chemical transformation of the sediment’s organic material into oil and gas? a) deposition of organic-poor material b) elevated temperatures and pressures c) migration of oil into the source rock d) secondary enrichment by escaping gases e) migration out of the reservoir rock blocked by a trap

_____ 5. According to the Environmental Science text, the estimated peak oil production will be about 50 billion bbl per year and it will arrive sometime between 2020 and 2050. In 2004 the growth rate for oil was 3.4%. What will happen when the peak production occurs and demand is not met? a) the price of oil will increase b) disruption to society is likely to happen c) a gap between demand and production will occur d) all of the above e) the predicted peak production will never take place because there are many unknown reserves to be

_____ 6. All of the following correctly describe fossil fuels except: a) it is a form of stored solar energy b) it created from incomplete biological decomposition of dead organic matter c) it comprises long-term energy reserves d) it is a renewable energy resource e) it is organic material, dead and buried

_____ 7. Oil production, refining, and transportation have been associated with all of the following environmental problems except: a) disturbance of the land surface b) land subsidence c) acid mine drainage d) release of harmful gases e) pollution of groundwater

_____ 8. All fossil fuels require a certain amount of energy input to get them out of the ground and process them into useful forms. Which of the following energy sources generally requires the most energy before it can be used as a fuel: a) oil b) low-sulfur coal c) natural gas d) oil shale e) high-sulfur coal

_____ 9. Which of the following sets of adjectives describe the formation of oil, gas, and coal? a) inorganic, subducted, not oxidized b) organic, buried, not oxidized c) inorganic, buried, oxidized d) organic, eroded, reduced e) acidic, subducted, oxidized

18

_____ 10. One problem with petroleum as an energy source is that the resource is not distributed evenly throughout the Earth. The largest proven reserves of oil are located in: a) the North Sea b) the Gulf of Mexico c) South America d) the Middle East e) the Far East and Australia

_____ 11. Today, the most abundant economic fossil fuel resource is: a) oil b) gas c) coal d) oil shale e) hydroelectric

_____ 12. Petroleum is usually found in which of the following situations? a) a coarse and porous reservoir rock, overlain by an impermeable cap rock b) an anticline or other trap overlain by porous reservoir rock c) a fine-grained reservoir rock, overlain by an organic-rich cap rock d) a porous reservoir rock, overlain by an organic-rich source rock e) a dense organic-rich cap rock overlain by porous source rock

_____ 13. Oil is: a) organic matter transformed into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons b) inorganic matter transformed into liquid hydrocarbons c) bituminous coals transformed into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons d) a variety of natural gases compressed by pressure e) organic particles in water

_____ 14. According to the Environmental Science text, coal is classified according to its: a) energy and nitrogen content b) energy and hydrogen content c) energy and oxygen content d) energy and sulfur content e) energy content

15. List three arguments that have been raised in favor of exploration and petroleum production in

the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). 16. List three arguments that have been raised against of exploration and petroleum production in

the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR).

19

17. List four proposals for reducing gasoline consumption in the U.S. 18. Why are geothermal, nuclear, hydropower and solar energy sources considered alternative? 19. List the three major fossil fuels we are presently dependent on in order of their proportion of

U.S. supply: