Notes on World Religion

8/9/2019 Notes on World Religion

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The fgure heads o all the world's major religions sit down to table and try to reconcile their plans or theapocalypse.They divide up territories and numbers o men. Jehovah gets his 144,. ! "on #ubbard gets to ta$e hispeople in a spaceship etcetera etcetera, li$e dividing the spoils o war among con%ueringgenerals. &rgument about who gets to ride the aming chariot.

(here is )atan in all o this*

+hrist $eeps transubstanciating the wine into his blood in everyone's mouths.ac$ on subject, however, one o the many reasons people have $illed those who ollow other religions isbecause o a uni%ue belie in the -nd Times, that people always believe to be just a day away at some timein every epoch o history. t could be called &rmageddon, /awmid 0in, the )econd +oming, "agnaro$, ormore popularly, the end o the world. (hile dierent belies dier on what this event will actually be li$e,the modus operandae is almost always the same2 3od comes bac$ to earth to gather the aithul toaradise and everyone else gets roasted in a la$e o fre. ecause o this, warring religious actions havetried to preserve the 5aithul6 and demolish the 5wic$ed6 or 5infdels6 so that 3od will come bac$ to aresh, clean world when that ateul day comes. n essence, it would be li$e saving 3od the trouble orooting through the sheep and the goats. n this meditation, 7ll loo$ at the end times theories or threedierent apocalyptic religions2 +hristianity, slam, and &satru 89orse aganism or the mythologicallyimpaired:.

;irst, let7s loo$ at the greatest e


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people did. The only two major dierences were that people worshiped the 3ods and the 3ods wereimmortal. mmortal, that is, until the day o "agnaro$. &ccording to 9orse mythology, two wolvesindividually chase the sun and the moon. (hen the wolves catch and swallow their prey, a horn will beblown in &sguard, the =ingdom o the 3ods, alerting the 3ods to "agnaro$. ?din, the =ing o the 3ods,along with a team o warrior gods and the allen heroes in @alhalla, will ace o with the evil god !o$i, histwo children, the ;enris wol and the (orld )erpent, and an army o rost giants. To ma$e a long storyshort, ?din7s army 8with the e


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The vFlva says that the god#Unirchooses wooden slips or divination, and that the sons o two brotherswill widely inhabit the windy world. )he sees a hall thatched with gold in 3imlV, where nobility will live andspend their lives pleasurably.O1LQ)tanCas MS, ound in the Hauksbkversion o the poem, reers to aHpowerul, mighty oneH that Hrules over everythingH and who will arrive rom above at the court o the gods8?ld 9orse regindmr:,O1KQwhich has been interpreted as a +hristianaddition to the poem. O1IQn stanCa MM,the vFlva ends her account with a description o the dragon 9NhFggr, corpses in his jaws, ying throughthe air. The vFlva then Hsin$s down.HOPQt is unclear i stanCa MM indicates that the vFlva is reerring to thepresent time or i this is an element o the post"agnarF$ world.

#igh relates that the great serpent JFrmungandr, also described as a child o !o$i in the same source, willbreach land as the sea violently swells onto it. The ship 9aglar, described in the Prose Eddaas beingmade rom thehuman nailso the dead, is released rom its mooring, and sets sail on the surging sea,steered by a jFtunn named #rym. &t the same time, ;enrir, eyes and nostrils spraying ames, chargesorward with his mouth wide open, his upper jaw reaching to the heavens, his lower jaw touching the earth.&t ;enrir's side, JFrmungandr sprays venom throughout the air and the sea.OGPQ

0uring all o this, the s$y splits into two. ;rom the split, the Hsons o BuspellH ride orth. )urtr rides frst,surrounded by ames, his sword brighter than the sun. #igh says that HBuspell's sonsH will rideacross irFst, described in Gylfaginningas a rainbow bridge, and that the bridge will then brea$. The sonso Buspell 8and their shining battle troop: advance to the feld o @NgrNr, described as an e


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The +hurch o )cientology describes #ubbard in hagiographicterms,OMQand he portrayed himsel as apioneeringe


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)cientology does not re%uire that their members must e


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#odOeditQ

The +hurch o )cientology states that it has no set dogma on 3od and allows individuals to come to theirown understanding o 3od.O1SQn )cientology, Hvastly more emphasis is given to the godli$e nature o theperson and to the wor$ings o the human mind than to the nature o 3od.HO1MQ)cientologists believe in anHnfnityH 8Hthe &llness o &llH:. They recite a ormal prayer or total reedom at meetings, which include theverses HBay the author o the universe enable all men to reach an understanding o their spiritual nature.Bay awareness and understanding o lie e


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losing side, while &thena, oten depicted in 3ree$ artas holding 9i$e 8@ictory:in her hand, avored thetriumphant 3ree$s.OLQ

&res plays a relatively limited role in 3ree$ mythologyas represented in literary narratives, though hisnumerous love aairs and abundant ospring are otenalludedto. OKQ(hen &res does appear in myths, hetypically aces humiliation.OIQ#e is well $nown as the lover o &phrodite,the goddess o love, who wasmarried to#ephaestus, god o cratsmanship.O1QThe most amous story related to &res and &phroditeshows them e


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)ome deities have regional popularity. "egional orms o @ishnuincludeJagannath, @ithobaand @en$ateshwara.

&vatars as incarnations o godsOeditQ

Bany denominations o #induism, such as @aishnavismand some schools o )aivism, teach thatoccasionally, a god comes to -arth as a human being to help humans in their struggle towardenlightenment and salvation 8mo$sha:. )uch an incarnation o a god is called an avatar, or avatra.#induism teaches that there have been multiple avatars throughout history and that there will be more.

%ihnu8 X[v n u X_ )ans$rit2 : is a popular #indu deity, the )upreme 3od o @aishnavism8one o thethree principal denominations o #induism: and one o the three supreme deities 8Trimurti: o #induism.O1Q#e is also $nown as9arayanaand #ari.&s one o the fve primary orms o 3odin the )martatradition,O1Q#e is conceived as Hthe reserver or the rotectorH OPQwithin theTrimurti, the #indu Trinity o the divinity.

n #indu sacred te


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"'l)8 X[$ li X_)ans$rit2, &2 O$liQ:, also $nown as "'lik'8)ans$rit2 :, isthe#indugoddessassociated with empowerment, sha$ti. )he is the ferce aspect o the goddess 0urga8arvati:.O1QThe name =ali comes rom k;la, which means blac$, time, death, lord o death2 )hiva.)ince)hiva is called =la` the eternal time ` the name o =l, his consort, also means HTimeH or H0eathH 8as inHtime has comeH:. #ence, =li is the 3oddess o Time, +hange, ower and 0estruction. &lthoughsometimes presented as dar$ and violent, her earliest incarnation as a fgure o annihilation o evil orcesstill has some inuence. @arious )ha$ta#indu cosmologies, as well as )h$ta Tantricbelies, worship heras the ultimate reality or >ra,man. +omparatively recent devotional movements largely conceive =li as abenevolent mother goddess.OPQ=l is represented as the consort o !ord )hiva, on whose body she is oten

seen standing. )hiva lies in the path o =ali, whose oot on )hiva subdues her anger.#aneha8 X [n e ^X_ )ans$rit8 &)T:2 Ga?e@a_ listen8helpino::, also $nownas #ana*atiand %inayaka, is one o the best$nown and most worshipped deities in the #indu pantheon.OPQ#is image is ound throughout ndia.OGQ#indu sectsworship him regardless o a>liations.O4Q0evotion to3anesha is widely diused and e


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religion is based. esides the Duran, Buhammad's teachings and practices 8 sunna,:, ound inthe#adithand siraliterature, are also upheld by Buslims and used as sourceso slamic law 8see )haria:.(hile conceptions o Buhammad in medieval+hristendomand other premoderncontece rom PM to GM&0.OP1QBost scholars hold that Jesus lived in 3alilee and Judea and did not preach or study elsewhere. O4MQ

The gospels oer several clues concerning the year o Jesus' birth. Batthew P21associates the birth oJesus with the reign o#erod the 3reat, who died around 4 +, and !u$e 12Smentions that #erod was onthe throne shortly beore the birth o Jesus, O4LQO4KQalthough this gospel also associates the birth withthe+ensus o Duiriniuswhich too$ place ten years later. O4IQ OSQ !u$e G2PGstates that Jesus was Habout thirtyyears oldH at the start o his ministry, which according to &cts 12GLWGKwas preceded by John's ministry,itsel recorded in !u$e G21WPto have begun in the 1Sth year oTiberius' reign 8PK or PI &0:. O4KQOS1Qycollating the gospel accounts with historical data and using various other methods, most scholars arrive ata date o birth between M and 4 + or Jesus,OS1QOSPQbut some propose estimates that lie in a wider range. OhQ

The years o Jesus' ministry have been estimated using several dierent approaches.OSGQOS4Q?ne o theseapplies the reerence in !u$e G21WP, &cts 12GLWGKand the dates o Tiberius' reign, which are well $nown,to give a date o around PKWPI &0 or the start o Jesus' ministry. OSSQ&nother approach uses the statementabout the temple in John P21GWP,which asserts that the temple in Jerusalemwas in its 4Mth year oconstruction at the start o Jesus' ministry, together with Josephus' statementthat the temple'sreconstruction was started by #erod in the 1Kth year o his reign, to estimate a date around PLWPI &0. OSGQOSMQ& urther method uses the date o the death o John the aptistand the marriage o #erod&ntipasto #erodias, based on the writings o Josephus, and correlates it with Batthew 1424and Bar$ M21K.OSLQOSKQ3iven that most scholars date the marriage o #erod and #erodias as &0 PKWGS, this yields a dateabout PKWPI &0.OS4Q
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Son_of_Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1998168.E2.80.93173-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_governorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20064-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_(literature)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_reformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK.C3.B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009124.E2.80.93125-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Dominihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_(Christianity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Cominghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrudem1994568.E2.80.93603-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Sonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_(theology)#Christian_theologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontrinitarianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontrinitarianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_(name)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_in_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-CEI-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Jesus'_deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entering_Heaven_alivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entering_Heaven_alivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism's_view_of_Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_messianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK.C3.B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009114-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier1989124-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20064-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Dunn303-53http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#2:1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_the_Greathttp://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#1:5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier1989115.E2.80.93118-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992121.E2.80.93122-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_Quiriniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK.C3.B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009137.E2.80.93138-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992122.E2.80.93124-57http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#3:23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesushttp://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#10:37http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#3:1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992121.E2.80.93122-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Vermes2006-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Vermes2006-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003324-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK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& number o approaches have been used to estimate the year o the crucif


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?din is associated with the concept o the (ild #unt, a noisy, bellowing movement across the s$y, leadinga host o slain warriors.

+onsistent with this, )norri )turluson'srose -ddadepicts ?din as welcoming the great warriors who havedied in battle into his hall, @alhalla, which, when literally interpreted, signifes the hall o the slain. Theallen, the ein,erar, are assembled and entertained by ?din so that they in return might support and fghtor the gods in the fnal battle o the end o -arth, "agnarF$. )norri also wrote that ;reyja receives hal othe allen in her hall ;ol$vang. The souls o women warriors, and those strong and beautiul women whom?din avored, became val$yries.

#e is also a god o war, appearing throughout 9orse myth as the bringer o victory. Ocitation neededQn the 9orsesagas, ?din sometimes acts as the instigator o wars, and is said to have been able to start wars by simplythrowing down his spear 3ungnir, andXor sending his val$yries, to inuence the battle toward the end thathe desires. The@al$yriesare ?din's beautiul battle maidens that went out to the felds o war to select andcollect the worthy men who died in battle to come and sit at dins tablein @alhalla, easting and battlinguntil they had to fght in "agnarF$. ?din would also appear on the battlefeld, sitting upon his eightleggedhorse )leipnir, with his two ravens #ugin and Bunin, one on each shoulder, and two wolves 3eri and ;re$ion either side o him.

?din is also associated with tric$ery, cunning, and deception. Bost sagas have tales o ?din using hiscunning to overcome adversaries and achieve his goals, such as swindling the blood o =vasirromthedwarves.

?n )eptember P, PI, an amateur archaeologist ound a small silver fgurine at !ejrein 0enmar$. t hasbeen dated to around I. The fgurine is only two centimeters tall and shows a person sitting on a throneadorned with two beast heads and an$ed by two birds on the armrests. The e


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0oe*h Smith4 0r.80ecember PG, 1KS W June PL, 1K44: was an &merican religious leader and ounderoBormonism.(hen he was twentyour, )mith published the oo$ o Bormon_ by the time o his deathourteen years later, he had attracted tens o thousands o ollowers and ounded a religion and religiousculture that continues to the present.

)mith was born in )haron, @ermont, but by 1K1L, he had moved with his amily towestern 9ew /or$, a siteo intense religious revivalism during the )econd 3reat &wa$ening. &ccording to )mith, he e


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reect at least one o these attributes, and the human soulcan potentially reect all o them. O1QThe ahz'Nview rejects all pantheistic,anthropomorphic, and incarnationist belies in 3od.OGQ

+hristianityOeditQ

*ain articles+ God t,e .onand God in #,ristianity

+hristianityoriginatedwithin the realm o )econd Temple Judaismand thus shares most o its belies about3od, including his omnipotence,omniscience,his role as creator o all things, his

personality, mmanence, transcendenceand ultimate unity and supremacy, with the innovation that Jesuso 9aCarethis considered to be in one way or another, the ulfllment o ancient prophecy orthecompletion o the !aw o the prophets o srael.

Bost +hristian denominationsbelieve Jesus to be the incarnationo 3od as a human being, which is themain theological divergencewith respect to Judaism and slam. &lthough personal salvationis implicitlystated in Judaism, personal salvation by grace and a recurring emphasis in right beliesis particularlyemphasiCed in +hristianity, oten contrasting this with a perceived overemphasis in law observanceasstated in canon Jewish law, where it is contended that a belie in an intermediary between man and 3od isagainst the 9oahide laws, and thus not monotheistic.

;or most +hristians, belies about 3od are enshrined in the doctrine o Trinitarianism, which holds that thethree persons o 3od together orm a single god. The doctrines were largely ormaliCed at the +ouncil o9iceaand are enshrined in the 9icaene creed.The Trinitarian view emphasiCes that 3od has a will, andthat 3od the )onhas two wills, divine and human, though these are never in conict but joined inthehypostatic union. #owever, this point is disputed by ?riental ?rthodo< +hristians, who hold that Godt,e .onhas only one will o unifed divinity and humanity, a doctrine $nown as Biaphysitism.

& small minority o +hristians, largely coming under the heading o Anitarianism, hold nontrinitarianviews.

MormonismMedit*ain article+ God in *ormonism

n the Bormonism represented by most o Bormon communities 8including The +hurch o Jesus +hrist o

!atterday )aints:, Godmeans -lohim8the ;ather:, whereas God,eadmeans a council o three distinctgods_ -lohim, Jehovah8the )on, or Jesus:, and the #oly )pirit. The ;ather and )on have perected, materialbodies, while the #oly )pirit is a spirit and does not have a body. This conception diers rom thetraditional +hristianTrinity_ in Bormonism, the three persons are considered to be physically separatebeings, or personages, but united in will and purpose.O11Q&s such, the term God,eaddiers rom how it isused in traditional +hristianity. This description o 3od represents the orthodo


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slam teaches that 3od is the same god worshipped by the members o other &brahamic religionssuchas+hristianityandJudaism8PI24M:.OPQThis is not universally acceptedby nonBuslims, as slam denies thedivinity o Jesus +hrist as a son o 3od, slam views that 3od does not have any osprings or descendants,he created all things including prophets such as Jesus +hrist. Bost Buslims today believe that the religiono &braham 8which now split into Judaism, +hristianity, and slam: are o one source, which is The &lmighty3od.

0udaimOeditQ*ain articles+ 8etragrammatonand God in udaism

Judaism is based on a strict monotheism.The idea o 3od as a dualityor trinityis heretical in Judaism it isconsidered a$in to polytheism. HO3odQ, the +ause o all, is one. This does not mean one as in one o series,nor one li$e a species 8which encompasses many individuals:, nor one as in an object that is made up omany elements, nor as a single simple object that is infnitely divisible. "ather, 3od is a unity unli$e anyother possible unityH. This is reerred to in the Torah2 H#ear srael, the !ord is our 3od, the !ord is ?neH. O0eut.M24QOP1Q

3od is conceived o as eternal, the creator o the universe, and the source o morality. 3od has the powerto intervene in the world. The term 3od thus corresponds to an actual ontological reality, and is not merelya projection o the human psyche. Baimonidesdescribes 3od in this ashion2 HThe oundation o alloundations and the pillar o wisdom is to $now that there is a rimary eing who brought into being alle

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Notes on World Religion