NotesNotes

How to take lecture notes…Today we are going to start our first lecture lesson.Each lesson I give in this class will have a

PowerPoint presentation.It is very important that you listen to what I say

AND write down the important information discussed.

All tests and quizzes will include questions from information we discuss in class… many times this information is NOT in your textbook.

I will NOT give you everything you need to know. You must also study your textbook and other related resources to do well on tests and quizzes.

Each new slide will start with a Roman Numeral and a Title.

Through the slide I will use bulleted points. What is a bullet point?

Most of the time the bullet point will be a word or short phrase that is not familiar to you.

You must write it down and listen to my explanation.

Then you must write down the explanation in your own words. (This part will NOT be given to you!)

How to take lecture notes…

• How did the Native Americans get here?

• Supercontinent • Land bridge• By 1492 millions of Native

Americans

I. THE FIRST AMERICANS

• What was Native American society like before European contact?

• Few large community groups– Most were spread out– Aztecs & Incas

• Revolution in Farming– Farming communities larger than

hunting– Maize

• Pueblo Indians

– Three Sister Farming

II. NATIVE CIVILIZATIONS

Three Sister

Farming

Corn Culture• This statue of a corn

goddess made between 200 and 600 B.C.E. vividly illustrates the centrality of corn to native American peoples, a thousand years before the rise of the great Incan and Aztec empires that the Europeans later encountered.

• European crusaders • Asia

– Spices, silk and other exotic goods

• Africa– Gold & slaves

• Difficult trade routes

III. GROWTH OF EXPLORATION

• What spurred the Age of Exploration?– Spunky Turtles Really Prefer Rockets – Spices– Technology– Renaissance (Age of Curiosity)

– Power and Fame– Religion

III. GROWTH OF EXPLORATION

New Maritime TechnologiesNew Maritime Technologies

Hartman Astrolabe

(1532) – Uses the stars to

tell time

Better Maps

Sextant – helps

determine location

Mariner’s Compass

New Weapons Technology

New Weapons Technology

• Christopher Columbus– Hero or villain?

• Water route to the Indies • Ferdinand of Aragon &

Isabella of Castile• Landed in the Bahamas (1492)• Spanish vast empire• Conquistadors

– Win souls and find gold– Encomienda

• Ferdinand Magellan – 1st circumnavigation of the globe

IV. SPANISH CONQUESTS

AND

Encomienda

Christofo Colon [1451-1506]

Christofo Colon [1451-1506]

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Ferdinand Magellan & the First

Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c

Ferdinand Magellan & the First

Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c

• Global society • Exchange of plants, animals & diseases• Years of isolation = weak immunity for Natives• Columbian Exchange explains…

– Why Indians died out– Why Europe prospered– Why African slaves were brought to America

• Crops from the Americans contributed to European population growth– The potato in Ireland!

• Should we blame the Europeans for the rapid spread of disease?

V. COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

– Potatoes in all of Ireland in 1491: zeroTomatoes in all of Italy in 1491: zeroPeppers in all of Spain in 1491: zeroStrawberries in all of England in 1491: zeroCocoa beans in all of Switzerland in 1491: zeroEars of corn in all of Europe in 1491: zero

– Horses on the Great Plains of North America in 1491: zeroCoffee plants in South America in 1491: zeroCane sugar plants in the Caribbean in 1491: zeroFields of bluegrass in Kentucky: zeroWheat stalks in all of the Americas in 1491: zero

– Major diseases transmitted from the Old World to the New World after 1492: smallpox, influenza, typhoid fever, cholera, scarlet fever, yellow fever, malaria, measles, tuberculosis, bubonic plague

– Major diseases transmitted from the New World to the Old World after 1492: syphilis

– European cities more populous than the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan in 1515: none

– Rank of the Inca among largest empires in the world in 1492: 1

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE TRIVIA

The “Columbian Exchange”

The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

The Scourge of Smallpox

• This Peruvian infant, depicted about 1700, was ravaged by the dread European disease and placed in a crude quarantine.

• Hernán Cortes • Aztec capital: Tenochtitlan• Montezuma• Spanish “lusted for gold like pigs”• Cortes takes control • Smallpox• Beyond Mexico

– Settlement at St. Augustine

VI. CONQUEST OF MEXICO

Fernando CortezFernando Cortez

The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs

The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs

Montezuma IIMontezuma II

vs.

vs.

Artists’ Rendering of Tenochtitlán

Amid tribal strife in the fourteenth century, the Aztecs built a capital on a small island in a lake in the central Valley of Mexico. From here they oversaw the most powerful empire yet to arise in Mesoamerica. Two main temples stood at the city’s sacred center, one dedicated to Tlaloc, the ancient rain god, and the other to Huitzilopochtli, the tribal god, who was believed to require human hearts for sustenance.

Tenochtitlán

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

The Colonial Class System

The Colonial Class System

Peninsulares

(Spanish born Spaniard)

Creoles (Colonial born

Spainard)

Mestizos (Spanish and Indian)

Mulattos

(Spanish and black)

Native Indians Black Slaves

• Black Legend: – Conquer, tortured, stole and infected

with diseases– A way to undermine Spanish

achievement and religion• Spanish accomplishments

VII. BLACK LEGEND

Treasuresfrom the Americas!

Treasuresfrom the Americas!

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals