NOVEL BUCK-BOOST CONTROLLED HESS TO DELIVER …...methodology and allure. In parallel hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), the energy adequacy was corrupted amid the condition of charge

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)

Volume 9, Issue 1, January 2018, pp. 216–228, Article ID: IJMET_09_01_026

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=1

ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

NOVEL BUCK-BOOST CONTROLLED HESS TO

DELIVER CONSTANT HIGH VOLTAGE FOR

ELECTRIC VEHICULAR POWER SOURCE

Thoudam Paraskumar Singh and Sudhir Y Kumar

Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology,

Mody University, Sikar, Rajasthan, India

ABSTRACT

Electric Vehicle which derives power from battery suffers from supply of

continuous high voltage energy supply during transient and high load. So this paper

details better efficient energy management between Lithium-Ion battery and

Ultracapacitor (UC) for Electric Vehicle (EV) applications. This is achieve by using

an novel buck-boost controlled method to supply required high voltage by the EV

along with the efficient energy management scheme to deliver power from UC

whenever high transient is demanded by the EV. Through simulations using

MATLAB/SIMULINK, the delivery of high power and efficient energy management is

implemented.

Keywords: Ultracapacitor, Hybrid Energy Storage System, Electric Vehicle

Cite this Article: Thoudam Paraskumar Singh and Sudhir Y Kumar, Novel Buck-

Boost Controlled HESS to Deliver Constant High Voltage for Electric Vehicular

Power Source, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 9(1),

2018, pp. 216–228.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=1

1. INTRODUCTION

The present vehicles produces generates lots of CO2 which pollutes the environment have

given rise to the necessity of the car manufacturers to go for electric vehicles or hybrid

electric vehicles. It is also seen that critics are of the opinion that social life is affecting

because of the use of fossil based vehicles which runs on fuels like petrol, diesel and other

forms of gasoline. The ICE engines used for the present commonly used commercial car

produces pollution so the governments of states or nations have now emphasized on the need

of EVs is the present trends. The problems of generation caused by CO2 emissions to the

environment by fuel based cars can be far reduces by choosing EV and HEV which runs on

green energy sources. The other alternative of energy sources are batteries, electric double-

layer capacitors and flywheel energy storage are forms of rechargeable on-board electrical

storage. By avoiding an intermediate mechanical step, the energy conversion efficiency can



be improved over the EVs or HEVs already discussed, by avoiding unnecessary energy

conversions [1].

Figure 1 Proposed Methodology Structure

The structure of the proposed strategy is appeared in the figure 1. The colossal quantities

of electric vehicles (EV) are conceivably running out and about which utilizes the battery, in

which the battery is charged through the charging station after that the battery can be

supplanted in a short interim of time. The new sorts of batteries are planned then the

converters are made to exchange the yield of battery into valuable work. The power

converters can be exchanged at high recurrence and the operation of battery depends on the

exchanging mode. In battery energy stockpiling framework and electric vehicles the

demonstrating of battery is displayed [2].

The UC and the battery together as an energy source ensures stack levelling in energy

supply. The DC to DC converter is utilized as middle of the road organizes with battery to

produce the expected source to the DC interface drive framework. The separation and high

voltage change proportion are the need of the framework and is to be satisfied by the DC to

DC converter.

The electrochemical capacitors are another type of UC. They can go about as an energy

stockpiling device when joined with rechargeable batteries. The electric vehicle expends

charge from energy stockpiling units like electric framework and battery. In any case, the

current patterns are that, network power, fluid or vaporous fills are utilized as the hybrid

energy stockpiling framework. The module mixture vehicle framework controls the power

age where oil was the wellspring of power age prior. This paper focuses on the heap control

computation and outline of energy stockpiling framework alongside the proper control

procedure. The car test information is generally utilized as a part of the recreation parts. The

vehicle recreations depend on the conduct of battery and energy stockpiling segments which

thus enhances the execution later on works [3,10].

This paper quickly examines about the electric vehicles essentials in the initial

presentation part. Furthermore, a portion of the works identified with the examination is given

in the area 2. The proposed framework demonstrates and the energy administration plans are

clarified in the area 3 and 4 individually. The segment 5 contains the outcome and dialog for

the arranged work. At long last, the general working is deduced in the section 6.

Novel Buck-Boost Controlled HESS to Deliver Constant High Voltage for Electric Vehicular Power

Source


2. RELATED WORK OF PAPER

Portions of the current past literary works are detailed about beneath which are having same

meaningful similarity as that of the proposed work:

The proficiency and dynamic reaction of the framework can be enhanced through the

procedure of hybridization of electric vehicle (HEV) and power module. The influence

changes show up quickly in the framework when the power device can show up the least flow

where the Ultra-Capacitor was utilized as an energy stockpiling device and recoup the

softening energy up request to enhance the hybridized electric vehicle independence and it

had been set up by Haroune Aouzellag et al [12]. One of the vital strategies in the electric

vehicle framework was the power administration in Ultra-Capacitor or energy units. The

propelled control system of energy administration among the two energy sources were nitty

gritty in the paper with the assistance of state stream square. The control energy of UC was in

a roundabout way distinguished from the direction of DC transport voltage. So as to keep up

the power, the calculation was created in light of keeping the power vibration. The vehicle

speed was limited based on request advances which were reliant on the Ultra-Capacitor

condition of charge to enhance the life time. The mechanical part can cause the messiness

which can be maintained a strategic distance from by the footing force and it can be used

through the two five stage Permanent Magnetic Synchronous Machines (PMSM). The HEV

framework can be made more steady and enhance the lifetime in which the power vibrations

and torque swells can be disposed of through the blame tolerant system. This was executed in

MATLAB/SIMULINK; along these lines the outcomes will say the energy administration

methodology and allure.

In parallel hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), the energy adequacy was corrupted amid the

condition of charge in battery achieve the limit. The way toward charging and releasing was

the impact in the energy administration. As an irregular variable the street ahead was

considered due to the future course was not accessible in HEV controller. The stochastic

model; were produced to foresee the heading of voyaging, landscape data and area of vehicle

which were keep running on the territory of slopes with low movement and it was proposed

by Xiangrui Zeng et al [13]. The execution of fuel utilization, condition of charge and the

street level was created by the Markov chain. The limited skyline Markov choice can define

the issue of energy administration and it can be heuristically illuminated by the dynamic

programming. The reproduction comes about were made with the procedure of energy

decrease.

After careful reading the critical aids with this exploration is consolidated as follows:

Design a brilliant module of HESS by joining both the battery and Ultracapacitor.

A novel control procedure for the energy administration of outlined HESS.

The DC voltage is influenced a constant value by using the Novel Buck-Boost system

3. MODELLING OF SYSTEMS

Electric engines are utilized for the propulsion in electric vehicles. It gets control either from

the off-vehicle sources or independent battery or generator to change over the fuel into power.

The EV's for the most part resembles a fuel controlled autos yet they have no tailpipe and gas

tank. So the, EV's are considered as a situation well-disposed autos. This sort of vehicles

contains battery as a gas tank which supplies expected energy to accelerate the vehicle.

Controllers are utilized to direct and control the provided control from the battery keeping in

mind the end goal to shield the engines from undesirable harms. All the operation of EV's is

only like that of standard methods for transportation.



The utilization of forward energy to energize battery is called as regenerative braking. Be

that as it may, this procedure is the perilous forever traverse of the battery. Subsequently,

hybrid energy stockpiling frameworks (battery and UC) are utilized in the electric vehicles.

The UC has broad lifetime on account of its peak discharge power capability and almost

infinite charge/discharge cycles. The figure 2 demonstrates the basic outline of proposed

hybrid energy stockpiling framework. The DC/DC converters are primarily utilized for giving

force supply and its execution relies upon the speed, increasing speed time, power and weight.

The heaviness of energy converters in the electric auto is in the scope not more than 100 kg.

Figure 2 Electric Vehicular System with HESS [1]

The above chart utilizes two DC/DC converters to modify the voltage level amongst

battery and UC at the dc transport level. At long last the DC/AC converter is utilized to

defend the wheel driving which is associated with the offbeat engine. At first the heap power

ought to be computed to estimate the hybrid energy stockpiling framework.

*

+ (1)

The condition for ascertaining load control is decided using the expression (1). Here, v is

the speed of vehicle, M is the mass of the car and σ signifies the air density. & ,

demonstrates frontal region and the streamlined features drag coefficient individually. Gravity

increasing speed and moving protection are signified by methods for G and F separately.

3.1. Modelling of Battery

Distinctive sorts of battery models are accessible monetarily however the batteries to be

examined are considered which accounts into its condition of capability of discharging and

charging impact. The model which is utilized here is the adjusted Shepherd model which

considers the progression of voltage amid the variety of current with bookkeeping the open

circuit voltage that is taken as capacity of state of charge (SOC). Run of the mill sort of

battery utilized here is Li-Ion which is famously utilized as a part of EV [7,15,16]. The

development of battery is diagrammatically shown in the figure 3.

Figure 3 Battery Model


Source


The expressions utilized for Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) type battery (equation 2):

Model for Discharging (i* > 0):

( )

( )

Model for Charging (i* < 0):

( )

( )

E0 represents the constant voltage, in V; K represents the polarization constant, in Ah−1

; i*

represents the low frequency current dynamics, in A; i represents the battery current, in A; it

represents extracted capacity, in Ah; Q represents the maximum battery capacity, in Ah; A

represents the exponential voltage, in V; B represents the exponential capacity, in Ah−1

.

3.2. Modelling of Ultracapacitor

It can store vast measure of energy with the necessity of low present and voltage. Life

expectancy of UC is longer than the battery however has low ability to hold high voltage.

Dielectric material is set between two surface regions. As the dielectric consistent reductions,

the capacitance will be raised. The circuit outline for UC display is appeared in figure 4 [7].

Figure 4 Ultracapacitor Model

The voltage output of the Ultracapacitor is:

(3)

The rate of change of capacitance voltage is:

(

) (4)

The energy stored in Ultracapacitor is also calculated using the equation:

(5)

The power and state of charge (SOC) of Ultracapacitor is givens as below:

UCUCalTerUC IVP min_ (6)

alTer

UC

E

ESOC

min

(7)

Where, EUC represents terminal voltage; IUC represents UC current; RS represents series

resistance; VC represents capacitance voltage; C represents capacitance; RP represents

resistance in parallel; CUC represents double layer capacitance of UC; VUC represents voltage

of unit UC.



The SOC of the capacitor is in the scope of 0.5 to 1. It is for the most part distinguished

through partitioning current voltage of UC by rated voltage. The development of UC is

represented in embodied form in the figure 5.

Figure 5 Ultracapacitor

As a matter of first importance, high proficiency and unwavering quality are the immense

favourable circumstances in UC device. It gives a more secure operation less upkeep than

other types of batteries. Separator is set between the two current collectors. It is accessible

with less weight and don't create any sort of ill hazard effect to the environment.

4. HESS ENERGY MANAGEMENT

The fundamental target of the proposed framework is to plan a HESS module with a pack of

battery and UC for dealing with the discharging and charging assignment amid the

acceleration and regenerative braking to enhance the lifetime of battery.

Figure 6 Proposed Energy Management Methodology


Source


The working guideline of proposed strategy is shown in the figure 6 alongside the detail

portrayal. The use of bidirectional DC/DC converter is simply because of the necessity of

energy stream in the two sides. The power heap is inspected and referred with battery power

for equal condition. If it is more than the greatest furthest reaches of a cell, at that point it goes

to UC (regenerative braking). Then again, both battery and UC supplies the coveted energy to

the heap amid the duration of acceleration where request is more. Along these lines, the

proposed energy management framework is reasonable for both the classes (speeding up and

regenerative braking) [4-6,14,17].

4.1. Control Scheme

The control procedure incorporates novel buck-boost utilized for getting SOC enhancement

and steady DC voltage separately [1-3]. By and large, the control systems require a few

procedures until the point when it achieves its goal. Then again, the use of control procedure

upgrades the general execution of the proposed framework. The control procedures, for

example, current loop and voltage loop control systems are utilized to modify SOC and for

making DC voltage as steady [8-9,11]. At long last, the upgraded results are given to the

specific electric vehicle. Calculate PBat and PLoad

Initialize PBat= PBat_MAX

SOC= best

while (PLOAD>PBat_MAX)

for each search agent

if (PLOAD<PBat_MAX)

PBat=PLOAD

else if

calculate PUC

PUC=PLOAD-PBat_MAX

end

end

best SOC and made DC bus voltage as constant

end while

return SOC

In the wake of enhancing the SOC estimation of the UC, the DC voltage is settled

utilizing novel buck-boost control strategy. The above calculation demonstrates the general

working technique of the proposed strategy.



5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The proposed strategy is actualized in the working stage of MATLAB/SIMULINK introduced

in the framework having the arrangement of windows OS with 4GB RAM and 64 bit. The

Simulink model of the proposed work is shown in the accompanying figure 7.

Figure 7 Simulink Model Diagram

The figure 2 is totally demonstrated in Simulink model in the figure 7. The resultant plots

are determined in the ensuing figures alongside the reasonable correlation.

(a) Battery vs UC Voltage (b) Buck-Boost Controlled DC Bus Voltage

Figure 8 Voltage Comparison


Source


The displayed figure 8 demonstrates the voltage correlation among battery and UC

voltage and novel buck-boost controlled DC bus voltage. In reality the voltage scope of

battery (20 to 30 V) and UC (265 to 285 V) are shown as blue and red lines individually. Be

that as it may, the DC bus voltage needs to keep up a steady esteem (300 V) so as to keep up

the steadiness of the proposed procedure. The figure 9 demonstrates the motor output which

takes certain torque as input that follows certain drive cycle considering acceleration, constant

speed and deceleration modes.

Figure 9 Motor Output

The SOC an incentive for both battery and UC is appeared in the figure 10 along with the

current supplied and the improved load power conspire appeared in figure 11. This figure

demonstrates the different power delivered to the heap power request and the other one

demonstrates the joint power provided utilizing HESS. All things considered the SOC esteem

is enhanced for both battery and UC. The plot shows correlation of battery control with the

HESS power and energy of UC.

(a) Battery SOC & Current



(b) Ultracapacitor SOC & Current

Figure 10 State of Charge of Battery and UC

The figure 10 shows the SOC of battery and UC which supplies the required power drive

cycle of the EV that is assumed as shown in figure 11(b). From the above figure, it is evident

that whenever high current/power is requested, the peak transient current is delivered by UC

and there after battery takes over for constant current supply demanded by EV.

(a) Power Contributed by Battery and UC Individually


Source


(b) HESS Power Sharing Scheme

Figure 11 Optimal Power Sharing Scheme of HESS

The power demanded by EV is splitted between battery and UC. At first, battery power is

figured and contrasted and the request power at that point, if the battery power is more, then

additional energy is stored at the UC. The individual power supplied by battery and UC is

shown in figure 11(a) where power of battery is limited certain level and high power delivery

is handed over to UC which can easily handle high power burst so that battery. This is done

so as to protect battery from delivering peak power demanded by EV during accelerations and

up driving in hilly terrains that can easily damage the battery because of the limitations of

charge/discharge cycles of battery. The figure 11(b) shows the efficient energy management

using HESS where the total power demanded by EV is delivered by the combination of

battery and UC (proposed system). The above power scheme management shows that battery

life is protected from repeated charge/discharge cycles. That is the reason, Battery + UC

technique is proposed. Along these lines, the execution of the proposed work is higher

regarding voltage and power which is effective.

6. CONCLUSION

In this paper, outlining of electric vehicle with HESS framework is offered in proper control

manner. The fundamental point of the proposed technique is the changing and improving of

life time of the battery alongside demonstrating of UC to evolve into the HESS. Additionally,

the control plans are utilized to fulfil the fundamental needs, for example, steady DC voltage

and well effective and best SOC of the arranged storage system. Through the use of proposed

technique, rudimentary necessities for the anticipated plan were accomplished. At long last in

the resultant part, execution change of the proposed work is appeared in term of power and

bus voltage.



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Documents

NOVEL BUCK-BOOST CONTROLLED HESS TO DELIVER …...methodology and allure. In parallel hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), the energy adequacy was corrupted amid the condition of charge