Now that we have ratified the Constitution, Now that we have ratified the Constitution, what comes next?what comes next?

How does the new government gain the How does the new government gain the trust of the people?trust of the people?

The PresidentsThe Presidents

#1 George Washington#1 George Washington

From the dvdFrom the dvd, , “The Presidents”“The Presidents”

As a result of the election of 1789, As a result of the election of 1789, George George Washington Washington was was unanimouslyunanimously chosen to chosen to be the first president, and John Adams be the first president, and John Adams becomes Vice President.becomes Vice President.

From dvd “The Presidents”From dvd “The Presidents”

Presidential Presidential precedent precedent (Example, Model)(Example, Model)

Washington’s first precedent was that he Washington’s first precedent was that he added added “so help me God” “so help me God” to the oath of to the oath of officeoffice

He also asked to be called He also asked to be called Mr. PresidentMr. President

Another important precedent was that he Another important precedent was that he left office after left office after two termstwo terms

Washington’s Acts and PrecedenciesWashington’s Acts and Precedencies

Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789Federal Courts Federal Courts would hear cases would hear cases involving Constitutional issues: involving Constitutional issues: illegal illegal search and seizure, freedom of search and seizure, freedom of Speech, cruel and unusual Speech, cruel and unusual punishmentpunishment

Appeal to Appeal to US Circuit Court of US Circuit Court of Appeals.Appeals.

The Judiciary Act of 1789The Judiciary Act of 1789

US Supreme Court

USCircuitCourt

Appeals

US District Courts – 13 Courts

Can choose not to hear Case!

Judge makes the decision

Jury decides Case

The Unwritten ConstitutionThe Unwritten Constitution

The operation of the U.S. Government The operation of the U.S. Government today is based on many today is based on many customs, customs, traditions and practices traditions and practices that were not that were not written into the Constitutionwritten into the Constitution..

CabinetCabinet

Political PartiesPolitical Parties

LobbyingLobbying Unwritten Unwritten

Committee SystemCommittee System

Judicial ReviewJudicial Review

To the Executive Branch Washington To the Executive Branch Washington added…added…

3 executive departments or 3 executive departments or advisersadvisers known as the known as the CabinetCabinet..Thomas Jefferson – Thomas Jefferson – Secretary of StateSecretary of StateAlexander Hamilton – Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of the Secretary of the TreasuryTreasuryHenry Knox – Henry Knox – Secretary of WarSecretary of WarEdmund Randolph was the Edmund Randolph was the attorney attorney general or chief lawyer general or chief lawyer of the federal of the federal governmentgovernment

1. The First Cabinet - 1. The First Cabinet - The Constitution The Constitution gave the President gave the President the power to the power to appoint people to appoint people to assist him. assist him. Article Article II, Section II, Section II. II.

Secretary of StateJefferson

Secretary of WarHenry Knox

Secretary of Treasury

Alexander Hamilton

Secretary of JusticeEdmond Randolph

2. Political Parties2. Political Parties

An organized group that seeks to control An organized group that seeks to control government through winning elections, government through winning elections, holding office and influencing policy.holding office and influencing policy.

4. Lobbying4. Lobbying

Pressure groups and outside influences Pressure groups and outside influences that attempt to influence legislation, or that attempt to influence legislation, or urge legislators to pass certain lawsurge legislators to pass certain laws..

5. Committee System5. Committee System

Committees help Committees help Congress Congress select the select the most important bills most important bills from the thousands from the thousands proposed yearly. proposed yearly. They hold They hold hearings hearings to discuss, evaluate to discuss, evaluate and approve billsand approve bills..

Whiskey Rebellion

To pay off the national debt, Hamilton pushes Congress to pass a PROTECTIVE TARIFF- and

an excise tax on whiskey.

Pennsylvania farmers rebel, Washington and a militia put down the rebellion and show that the new government is ready to enforce the laws.

ResultsHamilton convinces President Washington and Congress that because of the ELASTIC CLAUSE, “necessary and proper” clause, the bank is constitutional

The Bank of the United States is established to issue paper money and handle government funds

Construction on a new capital building in Washington D.C. (old one was in NYC) begins

A Nation Divided

A Two (2) Party Political System forms

Two opposing Two opposing IDEOLOGIES-IDEOLOGIES-beliefs, ideas beliefs, ideas or perspectives. or perspectives.

The FEDERALIST V. DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN

The Federalist Democratic RepublicansThe Federalist Democratic Republicans

VSVS

-Alexander Hamilton -Thomas Jefferson-Alexander Hamilton -Thomas Jefferson

-Strong Central Gov’t -Strong Central Gov’t -State Rights--State Rights-

-Loose Interpretation-Loose Interpretation -Strict Interpretation-Strict Interpretation

of the Constitutionof the Constitution

-National Bank needed-National Bank needed -No National Bank-No National Bank

-Elitist – Wealthy and-Elitist – Wealthy and -Egalitarian-farmer-Egalitarian-farmer

educated should ruleeducated should rule citizens- equal access citizens- equal access

Foreign PolicyIn 1789, the French Revolution beginsBy 1793, the Revolution has grown radical & war spreads across Europe.Some Americans want to support the French, and some want to support the British.In 1793, Washington issues a Proclamation of Neutrality saying that the U.S. will stay out of European affairs 1795 Pinckney’s Treaty gives U.S. any Spanish land claims east of Mississippi R. (except Florida) and use of Mississippi R. and port of New OrleansJay’s Treaty avoided a war with British, but many Americans unhappy with terms.

Washington bids farewell…Goodbye G.W!

In his farewell address Washington warns the nation:

to “steer clear of permanent alliances” with other nations

Against “spirit of the party” (political parties)

1796 Electionfrom textbook R p.194, B p. 180

Federalist John Adams becomes PresidentDemocratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson becomes VPAlmost all of the electors from the southern states voted for Jefferson and the northern electors voted for AdamsThis showed SECTIONALISM – placing the interests of region ahead of the whole nation- pride in ones region,

http://www.270towin.com/

2nd President - John Adams

List his experiences prior to being president.

1. Signer of the Declaration of Independence

2. Member of the Continental Congress

3. Minister to France and England

4. 1st Vice President

From the dvd, “The Presidents”

Which Which incidentincident and and act of legislation act of legislation defined defined the Adams presidency?the Adams presidency?

XYZ Affair- XYZ Affair- French disrespect and French disrespect and briberybribery

Alien and Sedition Acts-Alien and Sedition Acts-restricted restricted rights of citizensrights of citizens

Adams is considered the Adams is considered the father of father of the navythe navy..

More trouble with England and More trouble with England and France… France…

France doesn’t like Jay’s Treaty with France doesn’t like Jay’s Treaty with Britain and Adams sends diplomats there Britain and Adams sends diplomats there to try to avoid war.to try to avoid war.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afB5NJmER5Mhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afB5NJmER5M

They are met by officials known as They are met by officials known as X, Y, X, Y, and Zand Z who who demand a bribe demand a bribe to see to see Talleyrand. War never happened, but Talleyrand. War never happened, but Americans were Americans were outraged outraged

over the XYZ Affair.over the XYZ Affair.

The Alien and Sedition ActsThe Alien and Sedition Acts

Many people continued to criticize the government, so Adams pushed through a series of laws that made it harder to become a citizen or criticize the government.

Why were people against these laws?

Violation of the 1st Amendment!

Democratic Republicans Respond

Jefferson and Madison counter with the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions saying that states could nullify a federal law that is unconstitutional.Can states do this? NOWhat body can rule laws unconstitutional? Supreme Court since 1803 and Marbury v. Madison

Midnight JudgesMidnight JudgesRead the case of Marbury v. MadisonRead the case of Marbury v. Madison

Adams tries to Adams tries to expand the power expand the power of the of the Central GovernmentCentral Government..

Adams Adams signs and seals signs and seals the appointment of the appointment of a number of new judges as his last act a number of new judges as his last act before Jefferson takes office. before Jefferson takes office.

William Marbury’s William Marbury’s appointment, as a new appointment, as a new judge, is never delivered. judge, is never delivered. Jefferson refuses Jefferson refuses to accept to accept appoints made by Adams.appoints made by Adams.

33rdrd President President Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson

Problems faced by Jefferson

Jefferson had a major dilemma when the Louisiana Territory presents itself for sale wondering if…Was the purchase constitutional?Remember, Jefferson strictly interprets Constitution.Was the expedition of Lewis and Clark to explore the new territory constitutional?More fighting between England and France caused more trouble for this administration too.

Marbury v. Madison 1803from the Textbook

Supreme Court established judicial review – the ability of the Supreme Court to declare an act of congress unconstitutional

Judiciary Act of 1800- unconstitutional

Marbury does not get his appointment due to this ruling.

The Louisiana Purchase 1803

The Louisiana Territory is for sale by the French.

For $15 million, Jefferson can double the size of the U.S. but why is he unsure about it?

He is a strict constructionist and is unsure if the Constitution gives the gov’t power to acquire new territory.

Does he buy it? YES!

Lewis and Clark explore the new territory with Sacajawea for 2 years and 4 months.

Jefferson is reelected in 1804

The British and French are fighting again, and our ships are caught in the middle.We are especially angry at the British because of their policy of IMPRESSMENT – which seized American sailors at sea and drafted them into the British navy. Jefferson convinces Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807 to stop exporting products to other countries. It hurts us more than it hurts them and is lifted in 1809.

As American settlers push west…Native American tribes are divided on how to deal with intruding white settlers. Some tribes are persuaded to sign and sell away their land to the gov’t.Tecumseh pushes for a Confederacy, or united Native American nation. William Henry Harrison attacks Shawnee (tribe of Tecumseh) capital and discovers they are using arms from British Canada. Senators like Clay and Calhoun who push for war against the British are called war hawks.