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NTRS 357

The Changing Food Supply:

Impact on Health

ONLINE

Week 1The Relationship Between

Health & Disease

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The history of man

from the beginninghas been thehistory of hisstruggle

for daily bread.

Josue de Castro

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Why Study the Changing Food Supply?

1. To learn about your personal (or others) cultural heritage.

2. To understand how various world cultures have adopted theirfood preferences.

3. To understand the evolving diets and food habits of the world

populations.4. To learn how diet has impacted the health of different regions.

5. To understand various food rituals and taboos.

6. To explore ancient herbal cures, some that are gaining wideracceptance today.

7. To examine how agricultural and technological systems affectingthe food supply have changed.

8. To understand how agriculture impacts food insecurity andnational security.

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What has happened

as hominids have

become more incontrol of their

world?

Is his/her health

better?

http://search.live.com/images/results.aspx?q=apes+walking+upright+pic&mkt=en-us

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Leading Causes of Death

Number of deaths for leading causes of death

Heart disease: 631,636

Cancer: 559,888

Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases): 137,119

Chronic lower respiratory diseases:124,583 Accidents (unintentional injuries): 121,599

Diabetes: 72,449

Alzheimer's disease: 72,432Influenza/Pneumonia: 56,326

Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis:

45,344 Septicemia: 34,234

CDC 2009 data

Read: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/FASTATS/lcod.htm

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/FASTATS/lcod.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/FASTATS/lcod.htm

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Actual Leading Causes of Death

The actual leading causes of death in 2000 were:

tobacco (435 000 deaths; 18.1% of total US deaths),

poor diet and physical inactivity (365 000 deaths; 15.2%)

alcohol consumption (85 000 deaths; 3.5%).

Other actual causes of death were microbial agents (75 000), toxic agents (55 000), motorvehicle crashes (43 000), incidents involving firearms (29 000), sexual behaviors (20 000),and illicit use of drugs (17 000).

CONCLUSIONS: These analyses show that smoking remains the leading cause of mortality. However, poor

diet and physical inactivity may soon overtake tobacco as the leading cause of death.

These findings, along with escalating health care costs and aging population, arguepersuasively that the need to establish a more preventive orientation in the US healthcare and public health systems has become more urgent.

Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL, Journal of the American Dietetic Association,2004; Journal of the American Medical Association, 2005.

READ: http://www.csdp.org/research/1238.pdf

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Mokdad%20AH%22[Author]&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Marks%20JS%22[Author]&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Stroup%20DF%22[Author]&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Gerberding%20JL%22[Author]&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstracthttp://www.csdp.org/research/1238.pdfhttp://www.csdp.org/research/1238.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Gerberding%20JL%22[Author]&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Stroup%20DF%22[Author]&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Marks%20JS%22[Author]&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Mokdad%20AH%22[Author]&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstract

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Diseases Influenced by Diet

Obesity

Diabetes

Hypertension

CHD

Osteoarthritis

DiverticulosisDiverticulitis

Cancer

Osteopenia osteoporosis

Oral Health

Gout Irritable Bowel Syndrome?

Malnutrition: nutrients over or under optimal?

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Maybe by looking at our past

and present diet we can

discover what we have done

wronga major focus of thisclass.

Chapter two gives us a brief

look at some of the diseases

that are linked to our diet.Well return to these topics

when we arrive at modern

day diets.

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CHD or CVDCoronary Heart Disease or Coronary Vascular Disease (p11-12)

Risk factors for CHDdisease include:

Genetics Smoking

High fat diet

High cholesterol diet

Overweight

Hypertension

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Hypertension

Risk factors for

hypertension

include: Genetics

Ethnicity

Age Obesity

Salt sensitivity

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What helps bring down BP?

Exercise

Healthy weight

Sodium restriction

Eating foods high in calcium,magnesium and potassium such aslow fat milk products, fruits, dark

green vegetables, whole grains,legumes, nuts & seeds.

DASH diet

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Cancer

As much as 30-70% of all

cancers have an environmental

cause Many foods are protective

against cancer.

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Human Survival

Humans have been able to subsist onalmost anything. Cave dwellers subsisted on whatever they could

get, as you will find out.

The Inuit lived until recently on seal and whalemeat

The staple of the Roti in Indonesia is Palmsugar.

Termites are vital to survival in Central Africa

Many North America natives subsisted onacorns

And today, Americans subsist on food soindigestible that American Zoos have had toprohibit visitors from feeding the animals

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But there is one nutrient that

we need more than any other: Can you guess

what nutrient that is?

Vitamins, minerals,

water, protein,carbohydrate, fat

There is also areview of basicnutrition inAppendix A

Water is the nutrientthat we need the mostfor survival.

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Our Limitations

Digestive systems:

Cannot digest eucalyptusleaves like the Koala

Cannot devour poisonousmushrooms as many otheranimals can

Cannot live on grasses suchas horses and cattle(cellulose)

We can eat only relativelysoft (not large bones),chemically simple foods.

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Human Stomach

Noteworthy, is the abilityof the human stomach toexpand!

In the past this washelpful.

Is it still helpful?

Some bariatric procedureswork by restricting thestomachs capacity to holdfood.

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Our Sense of Taste

Our earliest ancestorsmay have had a very

different sense of

taste than we have

today.

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Taste Buds and Sense of Taste

5 types of taste buds

Sweet

Salty

Bitter Sour

Umami

Inherently prefer sweettasting foods.

Learn to like salty foods.

May like sour taste.

Most do not like bitterfoods.

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The taste buds themselves aretoo small to see without amicroscope, but papillae arereadily observed by close

inspection of the tongue'ssurface.

To make them even easier tosee, put a couple of drops ofblue food coloring on thetongue and you'll see a bunchof little pale bumps - mostlyfungiform papillae - stand outon a blue background.