NUCLEIC ACIDS NUCLEOTIDES

NUCLEIC ACIDS

NUCLEIC ACIDS

LIPIDS

FATTY ACIDS & GLYCEROL

LIPIDS

LIPIDS

PROTEINS (POLYPEPTIDES)

AMINO ACIDS

PROTEINS PROTEINS

CARBOHYDRATES (POLYSACCHARIDES, COMPLEX SUGARS)

MONOSACCHARIDESPOLYSACCHARIDES

POLYSACCHARIDES

structurally similar to fats but a phosphate group replaces one of the fatty acid chains, thus giving this molecule a POLAR and NON-POLAR region. Structurally form two layers to create the plasma membrane vital to all cells.

STRUCTURAL fibrous protein that provides elasticity to skin.

Y-shaped globular protein that is involved in the immune response by specifically binding to foreign substances.

Ratio of H:O is not 2:1 but varies.

Generally INSOLUBLE in water.

Primary role is that of storing of energy.

Contain the elements CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN and SULPHUR.

Four structural levels: PRIMARY, SECONDARY, TERTIARY and QUATERNARY.

INSULIN:

GLYCOGEN (or animal starch):

chemically identical to starch but has more branches of glucose chains. Also used for energy storage.

Nitrogenous bases of DNA are Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine and Thymine. In RNA Uracil replaces Thymine.

is the hereditary material that can self replicate and be passed on from parent cell/organism to daughter cell/organism.

Are NOT considered to be polymers, as there are a variety of structural units.

UNSATURATED FATS contain at least one double bond between carbons and exist as liquids at room temperature, eg oils.

There are 20 amino acids that differ structurally in the R-GROUP, with only methionine and cysteine containing sulphur.

globular protein (made of 4 subunit polypeptides) that acts as a TRANSPORT molecule for carrying oxygen.

Ratio of H:O is always 2:1.

DNA formed from two strands bonded together via HYDROGEN BONDS between complimentary bases.

Two monosaccharides joined together form DISACCHARIDES, such as sucrose (glucose and fructose) and maltose (glucose and glucose).

HAEMOGLOBIN:

Contain the elements CARBON, HYDROGEN and OXYGEN.

2 main classes are GLOBULAR and FIBROUS.

mRNA carries information in DNA to a ribosome.

Monosaccharides form carbon-ring structures (5C= fructose or 6C = glucose).

Bonds between monosaccharides are called GLYCOSIDIC BONDS.

As a monomer, primarily role is that of an energy source.

STARCH (amylose):

CELLULOSE: a polymer of glucose that plants use as a structural material. Differs structurally by the presence of cross-linking between glucose chains. Most animals cannot hydrolyse (breakdown) cellulose into glucose units.

Can also be added to lipids to form glycolipids and to proteins to form glycoproteins. Used as a means for cell communication.

Contain the elements CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN and PHOSPHOROUS.

Bonds between sugar and phosphate group in polymers are called PHOSPHODIESTER BONDS.

contains the information (in genes) for the instructions for making proteins.

comes in a variety of forms varying in function.

tRNA carries amino acids to ribosome.

Bonds between amino acids are called PEPTIDE BONDS.

globular protein (made of 2 subunits) involved in REGULATION by acting as a HORMONE that stimulates uptake of glucose from blood.

simplest is CHOLESTEROL that consists of a 4 ringed carbon structure and has a structural role in the plasma membrane. Other steroids act as HORMONES, eg testosterone and progesterone.

3-dimensional shape is critical to the functioning of a protein.

Most diverse in structure, role and function of all biomolecules.

IMMUNOGLOBULIN G ANTIBODY:

CATALASE:

globular protein involved in REGULATION by acting as an ENZYME.

All contain FATTY ACIDS that consist of chains of carbon and hydrogen.

SATURATED FATS contain no double bonds between carbons and exist as solids at room temperature.

TRIGLYCERIDES (Fats):

STEROIDS:

PHOSPHOLIPIDS:

made up of a glycerol bonded to three fatty acid chains (that can be variable in structure). Used for storage of energy and insulation. COLLAGEN: Contain the elements CARBON, HYDROGEN and OXYGEN.

rRNA is a structural component of ribosomes. Two main types: DNA and RNA.

a string of glucose monomers. Used by plants for energy storage. Made up of phosphate group, ribose sugar and nitrogenous base.

FRUCTOSE (C6H12O6)

RIBOSE (C5H10O5)

GLYCINE

CYSTEINE

GENERAL STRUCTURE

GUANINE

URACIL

FATTY ACIDS

GLYCEROL

GLYCOGEN

CELLULOSE

STARCH

DNA

RNA

CHOLESTEROL

PHOSPHOLIPID

TRIGLYCERIDE

INSULIN HAEMOGLOBIN

CATALASE

COLLAGEN

IMMUNOGLOBULIN G ANTIBODY