Nuremberg Principles Sept 2009

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Nuremberg PrinciplesFor the denaturalization of German Jews, seeNuremberg Laws.

For the set of research ethics principles for human experimentation, seeNuremberg Code.

The Nuremberg Principles were a set of guidelines for determining what constitutes a

war crime. The document was created by the International Law Commission of theUnited Nations to recognize the legal principles underlying theNuremberg TrialsofNazi

party members followingWorld War II.

Contents:1. The Principles2. The Principles' Power or Lack of Power

3. Examples of the Principles Supported and Not Supported

4. See also

5. References6. Further reading

7. Footnotes

1. The Principles

1. 1. Principle I

Principle I states, "Any person who commits an act which constitutes acrime under

international lawis responsible therefore and liable to punishment."

1. 2. Principle II

Principle II states, "The fact that internal law does not impose a penalty for an act whichconstitutes a crime under international law does not relieve the person who committed theact from responsibility under international law."

1. 3. Principle III

Principle III states, "The fact that a person who committed an act which constitutes a

crime under international law acted asHead of Stateor responsible government official

does not relieve him from responsibility under international law."

1. 4. Principle IV

Principle IV states, "The fact that a person acted pursuant to order of his Government orof a superior does not relieve him from responsibility under international law, provided a

moral choice was in fact possible to him."

In the common parlance, this principle could be paraphrased as follows: "It is not an

acceptable excuse to say "I was just following my Superior's orders" "
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Previous to the time of theNuremberg Trials, this excuse was known in common

parlance as "Superior Orders." But after the prominent, high profile event of the

Nuremberg Trials, that excuse is now referred to by many as "Nuremberg Defense" Inrecent times, a third term, "Lawful orders." has become common parlance for some

people. All three terms are in use today: All have slightly different nuances of meaning,

depending on the context in which they are used.

See also:Nuremberg Defense,Superior Orders, andLawful orders

1. 5. Principle V

Principle V states, "Any person charged with a crime under international law has the right

to a fair trial on the facts and law."

1. 6. Principle VI

Principle VI states,

"The crimes hereinafter set out are punishable as crimes under international law:

(a)Crimes against peace:

(i) Planning, preparation, initiation or waging of awar of aggressionor a war inviolation of international treaties, agreements or assurances;

(ii) Participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any

of the acts mentioned under (i).

(b)War Crimes:Violations of the laws or customs of war which include, but are not limited to,

murder, ill-treatment or deportation ofslave laboror for any other purpose of thecivilian population of or in occupied territory; murder or ill-treatment ofprisonersof waror persons on the Seas, killing of hostages, plunder of public or private

property, wanton destruction of cities, towns, or villages, or devastation not

justified by military necessity.(c)Crimes against humanity:

Murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation and other inhumane acts done

against any civilian population, or persecutions on political, racial, or religiousgrounds, when such acts are done or such persecutions are carried on in execution

of or in connection with any crime against peace or any war crime."

1. 7. Principle VII

Principle VII states, "Complicity in the commission of a crime against peace, a war

crime, or a crime against humanity as set forth in Principle VI is a crime underinternational law."

2. The Principles' Power or Lack of Power
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In the period just prior to the June 26, 1945 signing of theCharter of the United Nations,

theGovernmentsparticipating in its drafting were opposed to conferring on theUnited

Nationslegislative powerto enact bindingrulesofinternational law. As a corollary, theyalso rejected proposals to confer on theGeneral Assemblythe power to impose certain

general conventions on States by some form of majority vote. There was, however, strong

support for conferring on theGeneral Assemblythe more limited powers of study andrecommendation, which led to the adoption of Article 13 inChapter IV of the Charter.[1]It obliges theUnited Nations General Assemblyto initiate studies and to make

recommendations that encourage the progressive development ofinternational lawand its

codification. The Nuremberg Principles were developed by UN organs under that limitedmandate. [2]

Unlike treaty law,customary international lawis not written. To prove that a certainruleis customary one has to show that it is reflected in state practice and that there exists a

conviction in theinternational communitythat such practice is required as a matter of

law. (For example, theNuremberg Trialswere a "practice" of the "international law" of

the Nuremberg Principles; and that "practice" was supported by the internationalcommunity.) In this context, "practice" relates to official state practice and therefore

includes formal statements by states. A contrary practice by some states is possible. Ifthis contrary practice is condemned by other states then the rule is confirmed. [3]

In 1950, underUN General AssemblyResolution 177 (II), paragraph (a), the

International Law Commissionwas directed to "formulate the principles of internationallaw recognized in the Charter of theNuremberg Tribunaland in the judgment of the

Tribunal." In the course of the consideration of this subject, the question arose as to

whether or not the Commission should ascertain to what extent the principles containedin the Charter and judgment constituted principles ofinternational law. The conclusion

was that since the Nuremberg Principles had been affirmed by the General Assembly, the

task entrusted to the Commission was not to express any appreciation of these principles

as principles of international law but merely to formulate them. The text above wasadopted by the Commission at its second session. The Report of the Commission also

contains commentaries on the principles (see Yearbook of the Intemational Law

Commission, 1950, Vol. II, pp. 374-378). [4]

3. Examples of the Principles Supported and Not Supported

For examples relating to Principle VI, seeList of war crimes.

For examples relating to Principle IV, seeNuremberg DefenseandSuperior Orders.

3. 1. Canada

Main article:Jeremy Hinzman

Nuremberg Principle IV, and its reference to an individuals responsibility, was at issue

inCanadain the case ofHinzman v. Canada.Jeremy Hinzmanwas aU.S. Armydeserter

who claimedrefugeestatus in Canada as aconscientious objector, one ofmany Iraq War
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resisters. Hinzman's lawyer,Jeffry Househad previously raised the issue of thelegality

of the Iraq Waras having a bearing on their case. TheFederal Courtruling was released

on March 31, 2006, and denied the refugee status claim. [5][6] In the decision, JusticeAnneL. Mactavishaddressed the issue of personal responsibility:

An individual must be involved at the policy-making level to be culpable for a crimeagainst peace ... the ordinary foot soldier is not expected to make his or her own personal

assessment as to the legality of a conflict. Similarly, such an individual cannot be held

criminally responsible for fighting in support of an illegal war, assuming that his or herpersonal war-time conduct is otherwise proper. [7][8]

On Nov 15, 2007, a Coram of theSupreme Court of Canadamade of JusticesMichelBastarache,Rosalie Abella, andLouise Charronrefused an application to have the Court

hear the case on appeal, without giving reasons. [9][10]

4. See also

Command responsibility Crimes against humanity Crime against peace Geneva Conventions Good Germans International Criminal Court London Charter of the International Military Tribunal Nuremberg Defense (Principle IV) Nuremberg Code Nuremberg Trials

Superior Orders: Pre-Nuremberg history of Principle IV War crimes

5. References

Principles of International Law Recognized in the Charter of the NrnbergTribunal and in the Judgment of the Tribunal, 1950.on the website of the

International Committee of the Red Cross(ICRC)

Principles of International Law Recognized in the Charter of the NrnbergTribunal and in the Judgment of the Tribunal, 1950.on the website of theUnited

Nations(UN)

6. Further reading

Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 1 Charter of the International MilitaryTribunalcontained in theAvalon Projectarchive atYale Law School

Judgment : The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanitycontained in theAvalon Projectarchive atYale Law School
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7. Footnotes

1. "Charter of the United Nations, Chapter IV: The General Assembly". UnitedNations. June 26, 1945.http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/chapter4.shtml.Retrieved January 28, 2009.

2. Drafting and implementation of Article 13, paragraph 1, of the Charter of theUnited Nations3. International Committee of the Red Cross(ICRC)Customary international

humanitarian law

4. International Committee of the Red Cross(ICRC)ReferencesIntroduction5. Mernagh, M. (2006-05-18). "AWOL GIs Dealt Legal Blow". Torontos Now

Magazine.http://www.nowtoronto.com/issues/2006-05-18/news_story5.php.

Retrieved 2008-06-02.

6. "Hinzman v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (F.C.), 2006 FC420". Office of the Commisioner for Federal Judicial Affairs. pp. (seeHeld, Para.

(1)).http://reports.fja.gc.ca/eng/2006/2006fc420/2006fc420.html. Retrieved 2008-

06-16.7. Mernagh, M. (2006-05-18). "AWOL GIs Dealt Legal Blow". Torontos NowMagazine.http://www.nowtoronto.com/issues/2006-05-18/news_story5.php.

Retrieved 2008-06-02.

8. Hinzman v. CanadaFederal Court decision. Paras (157) and (158). Accessed2008-06-18

9. CBC News (2007-11-15). "Top court refuses to hear cases of U.S. deserters".CBC News.http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2007/11/15/hinzman-decision.html.Retrieved 2008-06-02.

10."Supreme Court of Canada - Decisions - Bulletin of November 16, 2007, (SeeSections 32111 and 32112)".http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/bulletin/2007/07-

11-16.bul/07-11-16.bul.html.

[[|d]]

International criminal law

Sources ofinternational

criminal law

Customary international lawPeremptory normHague ConventionsGeneva ConventionsNuremberg Charter Nuremberg Principles

United Nations CharterGenocide ConventionConvention Against

TortureRome Statute

Crimesagainst

international

law

Crime against humanityCrime against peaceCrime of apartheidGenocidePiracySlave tradeWar crimeWar of aggression

International

courts

Nuremberg TrialsInternational Military Tribunal for the Far East

Khabarovsk War Crime TrialsInternational Criminal Tribunal for the
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former YugoslaviaInternational Criminal Tribunal for RwandaSpecialPanels of the Dili District CourtSpecial Court for Sierra LeoneExtraordinary Chambers in the Courts of CambodiaSpecial Tribunal for

Lebanon

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History List of war crimesList of convicted war criminals

Relatedconcepts

Command responsibilityLaws of warUniversal jurisdiction

Categories:Nazi Germany,Holocaust trials,International criminal law,Nuremberg

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Documents

Nuremberg Principles Sept 2009