(Nursing Aast Chap # 1)

8/8/2019 (Nursing Aast Chap # 1)

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NutritionNutrition

NutrientsNutrients&&

Balanced DietBalanced Diet


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NUTRITIONNUTRITION

The study of nutrients and their relationship with food andThe study of nutrients and their relationship with food andliving things is called nutrition.living things is called nutrition.

FOODFOODIt can be defined as any solid or liquid substance which, whenIt can be defined as any solid or liquid substance which, when

utilized by the body, provides necessary nutrients to enable itutilized by the body, provides necessary nutrients to enable itto grow, to replace wornto grow, to replace worn--out damaged parts, & to functionout damaged parts, & to functionnormally.normally.


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Diet and Balanced DietDiet and Balanced Diet

DIETDIETDiet means the food that a person normally eats every day.Diet means the food that a person normally eats every day.There are also special diets such as, low fat diet, highThere are also special diets such as, low fat diet, highcalorie high protein diet, slimming diet.calorie high protein diet, slimming diet.MALNUTRITIONMALNUTRITIONIt means an incorrect or unbalanced intake of nutrientsIt means an incorrect or unbalanced intake of nutrientsBALANCED DIETBALANCED DIETBalanced diet means a diet that provides the correctBalanced diet means a diet that provides the correctamount of nutrients for the needs of an individual.amount of nutrients for the needs of an individual.

This is the diet which should contain all the essentialThis is the diet which should contain all the essentialelements of food i.e. carbohydrates, proteins, fats,elements of food i.e. carbohydrates, proteins, fats,minerals, vitamins & water in optimum required amount & itminerals, vitamins & water in optimum required amount & itshould provide optimum requirement of calories.should provide optimum requirement of calories.


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NUTRIENTSNUTRIENTSNutrients are the constituents in food that must beNutrients are the constituents in food that must besupplied to the body according to its requirement.supplied to the body according to its requirement.There are 5 main groups of nutrients:There are 5 main groups of nutrients:proteinproteinfatfat

carbohydratecarbohydratevitaminsvitaminsmineralsmineralsEach has its own function in the body . Each nutrientEach has its own function in the body . Each nutrientis vital to life, and the health of an individual willis vital to life, and the health of an individual willsuffer if any one nutrient is in short supply.suffer if any one nutrient is in short supply.


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NUTRIENTS

Macronutrients

Needed by the body in largeamount.

They include protein,carbohydrates, fat & minerals like

sodium, calcium, potassium,

phosphorous & magnesium.

Micronutrients

Needed by the body in smallamount.

They include vitamins, EssentialFatty Acids & trace Elements like

minerals.


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Functions, Sources and DeficiencyFunctions, Sources and DeficiencyDiseases of NutrientsDiseases of Nutrients

ProteinProtein Functions:Functions: Vital for growth, repair & maintenance of the bodyVital for growth, repair & maintenance of the body

Sources:Sources: Meat, fish, egg, cheese, milk, pulses, cereals & Nuts.Meat, fish, egg, cheese, milk, pulses, cereals & Nuts.

Deficiency Diseases:Deficiency Diseases: kwashiorkor, marasmuskwashiorkor, marasmusFATFAT

Functions:Functions: Source of energy, surrounds & protect vital organsSource of energy, surrounds & protect vital organs

(kidney, glands), provides source of Fat(kidney, glands), provides source of Fat--soluble vitamins,soluble vitamins, provides aprovides a

reserve of energy for long term storage, forms an insulating layerreserve of energy for long term storage, forms an insulating layer

beneath skin to preserve body heatbeneath skin to preserve body heat

Sources:Sources: Fat on meat, butter, cream, Margarine, lard, fat, Oil, egg yolk,Fat on meat, butter, cream, Margarine, lard, fat, Oil, egg yolk,oily fishes, seeds, nuts and pulsesoily fishes, seeds, nuts and pulses

Deficiency Diseases:Deficiency Diseases: Malnutrition.Malnutrition.


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CarbohydrateCarbohydrate Functions:Functions: Furnish energy & acts as a Protein SparerFurnish energy & acts as a Protein Sparer

Sources:Sources: Cereals, fruits, chocolates, vegetables etcCereals, fruits, chocolates, vegetables etc

DeficiencyDiseases:DeficiencyDiseases: Malnutrition.Malnutrition.


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Functions, Sources and Deficiency DiseasesFunctions, Sources and Deficiency Diseasesof Nutrientsof Nutrients

FatFat--Soluble VitaminsSoluble Vitamins(solublein fatsand lipidsandusuallystoredinthebody)(solubleinfatsandlipidsandusuallystoredinthebody)Vitamin A (RETINOL)Vitamin A (RETINOL)

Functions:Functions: Requiredtomakevisualpurplewhichenableustoseeindim light,Requiredtomakevisualpurplewhichenableustoseeindim light, Maintenanceofhealthyskin,Maintenanceofhealthyskin,

Normalgrowthofchildrensbone& teethNormalgrowthofchildrensbone& teeth

Keepmucous(moist)inthroat, excretory, Bronchial, digestivesystems.Keepmucous(moist)inthroat, excretory, Bronchial, digestivesystems.

Sources:Sources: Milk, cheese, liver, egg yolk, kidney, oilyfishes, carrot, spinach,Milk, cheese, liver, egg yolk, kidney, oilyfishes, carrot, spinach,apricot, cabbage, tomatoetcapricot, cabbage, tomatoetc

Deficiency Diseases:Deficiency Diseases: Nightblindness, Growthretardationofchildren,Nightblindness, Growthretardationofchildren,drynessofSkin& mucous.drynessofSkin& mucous.


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Vitamin D (CHOLECALCIFEROL)Vitamin D (CHOLECALCIFEROL)

Functions:Functions: Proper bone & teeth formation,Proper bone & teeth formation, helps in absorption of mineralshelps in absorption of minerals

Sources:Sources: Sunlight, liver, oily Fishes, egg yolk, milk & its productsSunlight, liver, oily Fishes, egg yolk, milk & its products

DeficiencyDiseases:DeficiencyDiseases: Growth retardation, bones become weak, bentGrowth retardation, bones become weak, bent& fragile called Rickets (children), osteomalacia ( adults).& fragile called Rickets (children), osteomalacia ( adults).


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FatFat--Soluble VitaminsSoluble Vitamins(solubleinfatsandlipidsandusuallystoredinthebody)(solubleinfatsandlipidsandusuallystoredinthebody)Vitamin E (TOCOPHEROL)Vitamin E (TOCOPHEROL)

Functions:Functions: Antioxidant,Antioxidant, protectsfatfrom becoming rancid(badsmellortaste)protectsfatfrom becoming rancid(badsmellortaste)

Sources:Sources: Milk, egg yolk, vegetableoil, lettuce, peanutsandseeds.Milk, egg yolk, vegetableoil, lettuce, peanutsandseeds. Deficiency Diseases:Deficiency Diseases: RarebutprematurebabiesandpeoplewhocannotRarebutprematurebabiesandpeoplewhocannot

absorbfatmayshow signsofdeficiencyabsorbfatmayshow signsofdeficiency

Vitamin KVitamin K

Functions:Functions: Assistintheproductionofcoagulationfactorinblood.Assistintheproductionofcoagulationfactorinblood. Sources:Sources: Leafyvegetables, alsoproducedbybacteriainintestinaltractLeafyvegetables, alsoproducedbybacteriainintestinaltract

Deficiency Diseases:Deficiency Diseases: Rarebutasaprecaution, babiesaregivenvitaminKRarebutasaprecaution, babiesaregivenvitaminKimmediatelyaftertheyareborn, sothattheirbloodwillclotiftheyareinjured.immediatelyaftertheyareborn, sothattheirbloodwillclotiftheyareinjured.


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WaterWater--Soluble VitaminsSoluble Vitamins(solubleinwaterandcannotbestoredinthebody)(solubleinwaterandcannotbestoredinthebody)Thiamin B1Thiamin B1

Functions:Functions: InvolvedinmetabolicreactionsthatreleaseenergyfromInvolvedinmetabolicreactionsthatreleaseenergyfromcarbohydrate,carbohydrate,

requiredfornormalgrowthof children,requiredfornormalgrowthof children, requiredforthefunction& maintenanceof thenervesrequiredforthefunction& maintenanceof thenerves

Sources:Sources: Cereals, yeast, egg, liver, organmeat, milk, fishroeCereals, yeast, egg, liver, organmeat, milk, fishroe

Deficiency Diseases:Deficiency Diseases: Depression, irritability, difficultyinconcentration,Depression, irritability, difficultyinconcentration,defectivememory, anxiety, growthretardsinchildren, nervesbecomeinflameddefectivememory, anxiety, growthretardsinchildren, nervesbecomeinflamed

andpainful, musclesbecomeweak andseveredeficiencyleadstothediseaseandpainful, musclesbecomeweak andseveredeficiencyleadstothediseaseBeri BeriBeri Beri


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Riboflavin B2Riboflavin B2

Functions:Functions: Essential for normal growthEssential for normal growth

for the release of energy.for the release of energy.

Sources:Sources: Milk, liver and enriched cereals.Milk, liver and enriched cereals. DeficiencyDiseases:DeficiencyDiseases: Failure to grow, tongue may swell, mouth andFailure to grow, tongue may swell, mouth and

lips become sore (Cheilosis) and glossitis dermatitis.lips become sore (Cheilosis) and glossitis dermatitis.


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WaterWater--Soluble VitaminsSoluble Vitamins(solubleinwaterandcannotbestoredinthebody)(solubleinwaterandcannotbestoredinthebody)Nicotinic Acid (Niacin)Nicotinic Acid (Niacin)

Functions:Functions: animportantfactorinreleasing energyfrom metabolicreactions.animportantfactorinreleasing energyfrom metabolicreactions.

Sources:Sources: Meat, peanutandenrichedcereals.Meat, peanutandenrichedcereals.

Deficiency Diseases:Deficiency Diseases: Pellagra(Dermatitis, Dementia, Diarrhea)Pellagra(Dermatitis, Dementia, Diarrhea)

FolateFolate

Functions:Functions: Essentialintheformationof redbloodcells,Essentialintheformationof redbloodcells, Requiredforreleaseof energyesp from aminoacidRequiredforreleaseof energyesp from aminoacid

productionof nucleicacidsRNA andDNA.productionof nucleicacidsRNA andDNA.

Sources:Sources: liver, greenleafyvegetables.liver, greenleafyvegetables.

Deficiency Diseases:Deficiency Diseases: failuretogrowproperly, megaloblasticanemia(RBCfailuretogrowproperly, megaloblasticanemia(RBCenlargedandcannotgiveup theiroxygenproperlytothebody.enlargedandcannotgiveup theiroxygenproperlytothebody.

A lack of folateinearlypregnancymayleadtoaaconditioncalledspinabifidaA lack of folateinearlypregnancymayleadtoaaconditioncalledspinabifida

inthebaby.inthebaby.


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WaterWater--Soluble VitaminsSoluble Vitamins(solubleinwaterandcannotbestoredinthebody)(solubleinwaterandcannotbestoredinthebody)Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)

Functions:Functions: Metabolism of Aminoacids.Metabolism of Aminoacids.

Sources:Sources: Liver, meat, milk, cheese, egg, producedbybacteriainintestinesLiver, meat, milk, cheese, egg, producedbybacteriainintestines

Deficiency Diseases:Deficiency Diseases: MegaloblasticanemiaMegaloblasticanemia

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

Functions:Functions: Collagen (connectivetissue)formation,Collagen (connectivetissue)formation, assistintheabsorptionof mineralIron,assistintheabsorptionof mineralIron,

assistinthebuilding of strong bonesandteeth,assistinthebuilding of strong bonesandteeth,

Requiredforbuilding andmaintenanceof skinRequiredforbuilding andmaintenanceof skin

Sources:Sources: freshcitrusfruitsandvegetablesliketomato, cabbage, chillietcfreshcitrusfruitsandvegetablesliketomato, cabbage, chillietc

Deficiency Diseases:Deficiency Diseases: Scurvy, impairedwoundhealing, gumsandteethloosen,Scurvy, impairedwoundhealing, gumsandteethloosen,anemia, hemorrhagesanemia, hemorrhages


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MineralsMineralsCalciumCalcium Functions:Functions: Building & maintenance of bones & teeth, blood clotting, correctBuilding & maintenance of bones & teeth, blood clotting, correct

functioning of muscles & nerves.functioning of muscles & nerves.

Sources:Sources: Milk, cheese, nuts, whole grains, egg yolk & legumesMilk, cheese, nuts, whole grains, egg yolk & legumes

Deficiency Diseases:Deficiency Diseases: Tetany (rigidity of nerves), Bones bent, osteoporosis,Tetany (rigidity of nerves), Bones bent, osteoporosis,osteomalacia, rickets.osteomalacia, rickets.

PhophorousPhophorous

Functions:Functions: Constituent of bones & teeth, in production of energyConstituent of bones & teeth, in production of energy.. Sources:Sources: Meat, milk, cheese, nuts, whole grains.Meat, milk, cheese, nuts, whole grains.

Deficiency Diseases:Deficiency Diseases: not commonnot common


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MineralsMineralsIronIron Functions:Functions: synthesis of hemoglobinsynthesis of hemoglobin

cell oxidation.cell oxidation.

Sources:Sources: Organ meat, nuts, whole grain and Enriched cereals, dark greenOrgan meat, nuts, whole grain and Enriched cereals, dark greenvegetables.vegetables.

Deficiency Diseases:Deficiency Diseases: Iron deficiency AnemiaIron deficiency Anemia

Sodium, Chloride and PotassiumSodium, Chloride and Potassium

Functions:Functions: Maintain correct body fluid concentration.Maintain correct body fluid concentration. Sources:Sources: Table salt, fruits and vegetables, cheese, yeast, Chinese saltTable salt, fruits and vegetables, cheese, yeast, Chinese salt

Deficiency Diseases:Deficiency Diseases: nonenone


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MineralsMineralsIodineIodine Functions:Functions: Required to make hormone ThyroxinRequired to make hormone Thyroxin

Sources:Sources: Seafood ,milk, freshwater, spinach, Iodized salt.Seafood ,milk, freshwater, spinach, Iodized salt.

Deficiency Diseases:Deficiency Diseases: GoitreGoitre

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(Nursing Aast Chap # 1)