Nyirubugara 2014 - Mobile Community Reporting - eBook

8/12/2019 Nyirubugara 2014 - Mobile Community Reporting - eBook

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyirubugara-2014-mobile-community-reporting-ebook 1/150

Bkahed Mkbbunhty Qdpkrthni J Irjssrkkts Vdrspdmthvd kn Okurnjehsb

Kehvhdr Nyhruauijrj



]hldstknd Vrdss J ndw idndrjthkn k` Vuaehschni

Xku jrd rdjlhni j ùee vdrshkn k` tchs akkg, `kr `rdd!

\chs akkg hs pjrt k` tcd ]hldstknd d-eharjry wcdrd bkst k` kur

puaehmjthkns jrd ùeey jmmdsshaed `kr `rdd. @kr jmmdss tk bkrd

`rdd akkgs vhsht? www.shldstknd.mkb/eharjry

Lkwnekjl @uee VL@

Phsht tcd ]hldstknd d-eharjry tk arkwsd kur d-akkgs. @kr j bhnhbje

`dd yku mjn purmcjsd j ùeey ùnmthknje VL@ jnl ay lkhni sk, yku

cdep tk gddp kur eharjry runnhni.

www.shldstknd.mkb/eharjry



]hldstknd Vrdss

Bkahed Mkbbunhty Qdpkrthni





Bkahed Mkbbunhty Qdpkrthni J Irjssrkkts Vdrspdmthvd kn Okurnjehsb

Kehvhdr Nyhruauijrj



© 16:< K. Nyhruauijrj

Vuaehscdl ay ]hldstknd Vrdss, Edhldn www.shldstknd.mkb

H]AN 893-86-3386-1<6-0

Ejy-kut & mkvdr ldshin? ]hldstknd Vrdss

Vcktkirjpc `rknt mkvdr? Kehvhdr Nyhruauijrj Vcktkirjpc ajmg mkvdr? Vhb ld Yht

tk Jssub



Mkntdnts

Jmgnkwedlidbdnts 9

Hntrklumthkn 8

cd Mknvdnthknje Yjy vs. tcd Jetdrnjthvd Yjy 8

Tnldrstjnlhni tcd Lh``drdnmd :1

cd Qdpkrtdr jnl tcd Mkbbunhty :1

dmcnkekiy jnl tcd Mkbbunhty :4

chs Akkg jnl Hts Jutckr :0

: Jt tcd Cdjrt k` Mkbbunhty Eh`d 1:

:.: Mkbbunhty 11

:.1 Bkahed dmcnkekiy 14

:.= Qdpkrthni =::.< Arhlihni chnghni jnl ]jyhni =<

Mknmeushkn =8

1 \cd Ijtds, ]kurmds jnl Dtchms <:

1.: Ijtdgddphni jnl Ijtdwjtmchni <:

1.1 BMQ jnl Hts ]kurmds <<

1.= Dtchmje Mknshldrjthkns <3

Mknmeushkn 4<

= Qdpkrthni Ikvdrnjnmd 49=.: Ikvdrnjnmd Lhedbbjs 43

=.1 @jheurds jnl ]ummdssds 06

=.= Mkbbunhty Hnhthjthvds 00

Mknmeushkn 08

< Qdpkrthni tcd Qhicts k` tcd Mchel 9:

<.: Phkejthkns kr Ycjt Jppdjrs ]k 91

<.1 Mchelrdn, Vjrdntje Qdspknshahehty jnl Mustkbs 90

<.= @hnlhni tcd Yjy 98

Mknmeushkn 31

4 Dnvhrknbdntje Qdpkrthni 34

4.: Njturd Vrktdmthkn jnl Ldstrumthkn 34

4.1 Yjstds jnl Vkeeuthkn 81

4.= Ld-aurdjumrjthshni Mehbjtd Mcjnid 80

Mknmeushkn :6:



0 Mknmeushkns jnl Vjtcs ̀ kr @uturd Dxpekrjthkn :6=

0.: @heehni tcd Ijps :6=

0.1 @jmhni Mcjeednids :64

0.= Jlvkmjmy & Jmthvhsb :63

0.< Ldvdekpbdnt-Vrkodmt Mkbbunhmjthkn ::1

Qd`drdnmds ::9

Nktds :=:

Jppdnlhx? \cd Pkhmds k` J`rhmj Bdlhj @kunljthkn :<=



9

Jmgnkwedlidbdnts

By tcjngs ik `hrst k` jee tk jee tcd bkahed rdpkrtdrs, bkrd tcjn knd cunlrdl, wckb

H cjl j mcjnmd tk trjhn jnl mkjmc hn vjrhkus pjrts k` J`rhmj adtwddn 1669 jnl 16:=.H cjvd edjrnt sk bumc `rkb tcjt rhmc dxpdrhdnmd. Yhtckut tcdhr ldtdrbhnjthkn jnl

pdrsdvdrjnmd hn skbdthbds lh``hmuet mhrmubstjnmds, tchs akkg wkuel ndvdr cjvd

sddn tcd ehict k` tcd ljy.

H wkuel jesk ehgd tk tcjng tcd dnthrd tdjb jt Pkhmds k` J`rhmj Bdlhj @kunljthkn

(PKJB@), pjrthmuejrey tcd Lhrdmtkr, Vhb ld Yht, wcksd pjsshkn jnl hnnkvjthvd

hldjs `kr J`rhmj sdrvdl js tcd ajshs `kr tcd dnthrd bkahed trjhnhni prkirjbbd, jnl

tcd Vrkirjbbd Bjnjidr, Cdnrh Jjeldrs, wck dnsurdl tcjt tcd trjhnhni prkodmts

rdmdhvdl jpprkprhjtd jlbhnhstrjthvd jnl ekihsthmje suppkrt. Aktc Ld Yht jnl

Jjeldrs, tkidtcdr whtc Yhebj vjn Dnidelkrp Ijstdejjrs (wck hs jesk pjrt k` tcd

PKJB@ tdjb) ghnley jmmdptdl tk rdjl jnl scjrd tcdhr kasdrvjthkns jakut tcd `hnjebjnusmrhpt k` tchs akkg, jnl H jb vdry irjtdùe `kr tcjt.

H jb prk`kunley hnldatdl tk Idrjrl Audtdrs, Vdtdr Pejbs, jnl @rjnékhs Ejurdys,

wcksd dxpdrhdnmd jnl hnshict hn okurnjehsb jnl jetdrnjthvd bdlhj wdrd vjeujaed

tk bd, dspdmhjeey wcdn tcdy prkvhldl bd whtc tcdhr mrhthmje `ddlajmg jakut tcd

bjnusmrhpt.

H `hnjeey wjnt tk tcjng Mejrd Bjrthn-Adee `kr ekkghni hntk tcd bjnusmrhpt tk

dnsurd tcjt ht rdjls sbkktcey.





8

Hntrklumthkn

Bjhnstrdjb bdlhj jrd sthee lkbhnjnt hn J`rhmj jnl desdwcdrd, aut tcdhr pkshthkn

cjs yhdeldl mknshldrjaed rkkb `kr dbdrihni jetdrnjthvd bdlhj. Ndw hn`krbjthknjnl mkbbunhmjthkn tdmcnkekihds, pjrthmuejrey bkahed tdmcnkekihds jnl tcd Ykrel

Yhld Yda, cjvd bjld jetdrnjthvd wjys k` prklumhni bdlhj mkntdnts bkrd rdjlhey

jvjhejaed, tcdrday puschni tk rdèdmt upkn mknvdnthknje bdtckls jnl jpprkjmcds

js kppksdl tk, kr rjtcdr mkbpedbdntdl ay, tcdhr unmknvdnthknje mkuntdrpjrts.

Yhtchn tchs akkg, H pejmd tcd mknmdpt k` –mkbbunhty‘ jt tcd mdntrd k` jny

lhsmusshkn. H usd tcjt mknmdpt nkt hn tcd arkjldr jnl skbdthbds vjiudr sdnsd,

aut hn j njrrkwdr sdnsd tcjt rd`drs tk pdkped ehvhni hn tcd sjbd idkirjpchm spjmd

jnl wck scjrd j nubadr k` vjeuds jnl wkrelvhdws. H ùrtcdr njrrkw lkwn by usd

k` tcd nkthkn k` –mkbbunhty‘ tk rurje jnl bjrihnjehsdl urajn jrdjs Wd.i., seubsR

hn J`rhmj hn krldr tk lhsmuss wjys hn wchmc pdkped jt tcd irjssrkkts edvde pdrmdhvddvdnts jrkunl tcdb, jnl ckw tcdy turn tcdb hntk ndws. Js ht jerdjly jppdjrs cdrd,

tcd mkbbunhty sdrvds js tcd mkrndrstknd k` tcd okurnjehsthm prkmdss jnl k` ktcdr

mkbbunhmjthkn prkmdssds tcjt H arhdèy lhsmuss jt tcd dnl k` tcd akkg. cdsd ktcdr

mkbbunhmjthkn prkmdssds hnmeuld jmthvhsb, jlvkmjmy jnl ldvdekpbdnt-prkodmt-

rdejtdl mkbbunhmjthkns, wchmc jee WsckuelR hnvkevd tcd mkbbunhty, jt edjst tk

skbd dxtdnt. Mkbbunhty, ckwdvdr, hs nkt djsy tk ld`hnd dspdmhjeey hn tcd lhihtje

drj js –vhrtuje mkbbunhthds‘ kr –knehnd mkbbunhthds‘ cjvd dbdridl hn jllhthkn tk

mkbbunhthds hn tcd pcyshmje wkrel.

Yhtchn tchs akkg H mkntdnl tcjt murrdnt prjmthmds k` mknvdnthknje kr bjhnstrdjb

okurnjehsb jnl mkbbunhmjthkn hn J`rhmj jrd bkstey tkp-lkwn jnl lkbhnjtdlay tcd dehtds. By mkntdnthkn stdbs `rkb tcd `jmt tcjt tcksd prjmthmds dxmeuld

mkbbunhthds hn bjrihnjehsdl jrdjs wcksd bdbadrs, hn bjny mjsds, jrd tcd kaodmt

k` tcd mkbbunhmjthkn prkmdss. chs hs k` mkursd nkt j lhsmkvdry H jb bjghni, shnmd

ktcdrs cjvd rdpdjtdley jnl bkrd pkwdrùeey pkhntdl kut tchs hssud hn tcd ejst `dw

ldmjlds. Ycjt hs ndw cdrd hs tcjt adshlds mrhthmhsb, H usd rdje-eh`d dxpdrhdnmds Wwchmc

jrd jesk dxpdrhbdntsR tk suiidst j ndw wjy hn wchmc mkbbunhthds hn bjrihnjehsdl

jrdjs mjn ad jsskmhjtdl whtc tcd okurnjehsthm jnl ktcdr mkbbunhmjthkn prkmdssds,

tk cjvd jutcdnthm vhdws jnl kphnhkns `rkb tcd jebkst-jewjys-dxmeuldl akttkb.

Knd wjy tk kpdn tchs lhsmusshkn, hs tk adihn whtc j mkbpjrhskn adtwddn tcd

mknvdnthknje, bjhnstrdjb wjy k` mkvdrhni mkbbunhty hssuds kn knd cjnl, jnl tcdjetdrnjthvd, mkbbunhty-mdntrdl jpprkjmc, kn tcd ktcdr. Aktc jpprkjmcds pejmd tcd

mkbbunhty jt tcd mdntrd, aut tcd rked tcjt tcd mkbbunhty hs hnvhtdl tk pejy lh``drs

lrjsthmjeey? hn knd mjsd tcd mkbbunhty jppdjrs js tcd lèmkr k` tcd stkry, wched hn

tcd ktcdr, ht dbdrids js tcd stkry htsde`.

\cd Mknvdnthknje Yjy vs. tcd Jetdrnjthvd Yjy

H stjrt tchs mkbpjrhskn whtc j mjvdjt tk jvkhl bhsunldrstjnlhni. Ycdn H rd`dr tk

–mknvdnthknje okurnjehsb‘ H lk nkt bdjn tcd hldje tdxtakkg okurnjehsb js tjuict hn

smckkes jnl mkeedids, aut rjtcdr okurnjehsb tcjt hs prjmthsdl hn rdje eh`d. K` mkursd



:6

tchs rjhsds tcd qudsthkn k` gnkwhni wcjt hldje okurnjehsb ekkgs ehgd, wchmc cjs

ihvdn rhsd tk cdjtdl lhsmusshkns jbknist prjmththkndrs, smckejrs, jnl dxpdrts hn

tcd `hdel. Hs tcdrd jnytchni ehgd pdr`dmt, hldje okurnjehsb; cd sckrt jnswdr hs tcjt

tcdrd hs nkt, shbpey admjusd tcdrd jrd sk bjny wjys k` prjmthshni okurnjehsb tcjt

ldpdnls kn skmhdthds, tcdhr chstkry, vjeuds, adehd`s jnl trjlhthkns, jbknist ktcdr`jmtkrs.

Ckwdvdr, j `dw mkbbkn `djturds dbdrid dspdmhjeey wcdn ht mkbds tk tcd wjys

hn wchmc okurnjehsts hn J`rhmj, by `kmus, rdpkrt tcd ndws. cd `hrst `djturd hs tcjt

tcd pkehthmje, dmknkbhm, jnl hntdeedmtuje dehtds jrd tcd bjhn tjridt julhdnmd. cd

sdmknl hs tcjt bkst, h` nkt jee, skurmds jrd sk-mjeedl jutckrhtjthvd skurmds, wchmc

hs jnktcdr wjy k` rd`drrhni tk tcd pkehthmje, dmknkbhm, jnl hntdeedmtuje dehtds. cd

tchrl hs tcjt tcd ekwdst ejydrs hn skmhdty, tcksd tk wchmc H rd`dr js tcd mkbbunhty

kr tcd akttkb, sdrvd dhtcdr js lèmkr, kr js kaodmts k` okurnjehsthm wkrg, aut sdelkb

rdmdhvd j mcjnmd tk spdjg. cd `kurtc `djturd hs tcjt okurnjehsb hs jn dxmeushvd

rdjeb k` tcksd whtc j ldirdd, lhsqujeh`yhni jny ktcdr pdrskn, rdijrledss k` tcdhrtjednt jnl pktdnthje, js nkn-okurnjehsts7 jbknist ktcdr `djturds.

Ckwdvdr, H sckuel strdss tcjt j `dw hnhthjthvds dbdridl hn tcd ejst tcrdd

ldmjlds kr sk, tk pejmd tcd hntdrdsts jnl pdrspdmthvd k` tcd mkbbunhty jt tcd

mdntrd k` rdpkrthni. Hn _jbahj, `kr hnstjnmd, mkbbunhty rjlhk stjthkns stjrtdl

buscrkkbhni hn tcd :886s, jetckuic nkt jee mkbbunhthds wdrd eumgy tk cjvd j

stjthkn arkjlmjsthni hn tcdhr kwn ejniujid.: @rjnmhs Gjskbj ld`hndl mkbbunhty

rjlhk js –j skunl arkjlmjsthni stjthkn tcjt sdrvds j spdmh`hm sdmthkn k` skmhdty

gnkwn js j mkbbunhty.‘1 @kr j mkbbunhty bdlhj tk ad mjeedl sk, ckwdvdr, j

`dw mknlhthkns bust ad ùe`heedl? tcd ejniujid k` tcd mkbbunhty bust ad usdl7=

tcd bdlhub bust ad –dstjaehscdl ay jnl `kr tcd mkbbunhty‘7< tcd mkbbunhtybust pjrthmhpjtd jt jee edvdes k` ldmhshkn-bjghni74 jnl hts prkirjbbhni bust ad

jakut tcd mkbbunhty.0 Qjlhk Vji Ej Xhrh hn tcd tkwn k` _jard hn Aurghnj @jsk

hs knd dxjbped k` j mkbbunhty rjlhk, wcdrd nkt-prk`dsshknjeey trjhndl rdpkrtdrs

surrkunl j prk`dsshknjeey trjhndl okurnjehst.9 cd rjlhk htsde` wjs `kunldl hn 1668

ay j ekmje wkbdn jsskmhjthkn, Jsskmhjthkn Vji Ej Xhrh , whtc tcd jhb k` arhnihni

mkbbunhty ndws tk tcjt bjrihnjehsdl jrdj wcdrd nk ktcdr rjlhk stjthkn mjn ad

ehstdndl tk. Bkrd hntdrdsthniey, tcd dedvdn vheejids jrkunl _jard, wchmc mknsthtutd

tcd mkrd julhdnmd, prklumd mkntdnts lurhni tcdhr bkntcey ehstdndrs‘ meua bddthnis,

jnl tcksd mkntdnts jrd arkjlmjst kn tcd rjlhk.

cd dxjbped k` Vji Ej Xhrh , wcdrday j prk`dsshknje okurnjehst wkrgs whtcnkn-prk`dsshknje stj`` jnl dvdn vheejidrs wck mknsthtutd tcdhr julhdnmd hs `jr `rkb

bjhnstrdjb prjmthmds kasdrvdl hn bkst mknvdnthknje bdlhj krijnhsjthkns. Hldjeey,

mknvdnthknje okurnjehsb kr qujehty okurnjehsb, sckuel ad ajejnmdl, h.d., prkvhlds

jn kppkrtunhty tk jee, hnmeulhni mkbbunhty bdbadrs hn bjrihnjehsdl jrdjs, tk

ad pjrt k` tcd puaehm ldajtd. Hldjeey, okurnjehsb sckuel k``dr ndws tk jee ejydrs

k` skmhdty jnl sckuel jeekw nkn-okurnjehsts, pjrthmuejrey tcksd rjrdey cdjrl hn tcd

bdlhj, tcd akttkb, tk ad pjrt k` tcd okurnjehsthm prkmdss. Ckw lkds ht cjppdn

hn rdjehty wcdn mkbbdrmhje Wd.i., wck auys tcd ndwspjpdr; Yck kwns tcd ndws

kutedt; Yck hs pjyhni ̀ kr tcd jlvdrthsdbdnt; dtm.R jnl ktcdr k`tdn undtchmje ̀ jmtkrs

Wd.i., wck pjys irjth`hmjthkns;3R kvdrwcdeb prk`dsshknje vjeuds; Hn Mjbdrkkn, `kr



::

hnstjnmd, prhvjtd ndws bdlhj lk nkt mkunt kn tcd ekw-hnmkbd rdjldrschp tcjt

–rjtcdr tcjn purmcjshni j ndwspjpdr mksthni <66 `rjnms M@J (T]$ 6,3)…prd`drWsR

tk rdekjl tcdhr bkahed pcknds `kr tcd sjbd prhmd kr sur` tcd Hntdrndt… .‘ 8 Nknd k`

tcd prhvjtd ndwspjpdrs dxmddls j prhnt-run k` =,466 mkphds (hn j mkuntry whtc 16

bheehkn hncjahtjnts), js rdvdnuds dssdnthjeey mkbd ̀ rkb jlvdrthsdrs wck pjy jrkunl16 aheehkn WT]$ <6,<1=,666R dvdry ydjr.:6 Bkrdkvdr, js bdlhj smckejr Nkmkej

Oknds nktdl, okurnjehsts tcdbsdevds ehvd jnl wkrg –hn j wkrel k` cjrsc rdjehthds,‘

hnmeulhni tcksd rdejthni tk tcdhr `hnjnmhje shtujthkn.:: cjt hs wcjt H rd`dr tk js tcd

mknvdnthknje wjy –hn rdjehty‘ js kppksdl tk tcd mknvdnthknje wjy –hn prhnmhped.‘

Mknshldr `kr hnstjnmd tcd ]dptdbadr 16:6 AAM Ykrel Ndws P rdpkrts hn

Nhidr, Ydst J`rhmj, wcdrd unprdmdldntdl lrkuict wjs mjushni ejrid-smjed `jbhnd.

Okurnjehst _dhnja Ajljwh bjld skbd rdpkrts hn tcd mjphtje Nhjbdy, js wdee js skbd

hn prkvhnmhje tkwns, jnl ktcdrs `rkb rdbktd vheejids. Knd rdpkrt thtedl –Nhidr

`jmhni mjtjstrkpchm cunidr mrhshs‘:1 tcjt `djturdl j –sbjee vheejid hn _hnldr‘, sckwdl

jn kel bjn mehbahni hntk chs dbpty wkkl-jnl-tcjtmc irjhn stkrd wched sjyhni,tcrkuic tcd okurnjehst‘s trjnsejthkn jnl pjrjpcrjshni, tcjt tcd irjhn stkrd cjl addn

dbpty `kr `kur bkntcs. cdn tcd rdpkrt sckwdl j wkbjn whtc twk mchelrdn, whtc

knd kn cdr ajmg, jee stjrhni strjhict jt tcd mjbdrj js tcdy wjegdl. Js tcd tcrdd wdnt

jebkst kut k` shict, jnktcdr mchel, jrkunl tcd jid k` `kur kr `hvd, jppdjrdl adchnl

tcdb dqujeey stjrhni jt tcd mjbdrj . Tnehgd tcksd ad`krd chb, cd stkppdl, wchest sthee stjrhni jt tcd mjbdrj .

cdn Ajljwh wjs sckwn wdjrhni j wchtd cjt wchest wjeghni kn tcd bjhn vheejid

squjrd hn tcd bhlled k` j mrkwl k` `hvd tk shx ydjr kels, jee ekkghni jt cdr js

scd prkmddldl whtc cdr stkry. Ychest wjeghni shld ay shld whtc knd ekmje wkbjn,

Ajljwh sjhl? –H lkn‘t spdjg Cjusj aut scd‘s sckwhni bd.‘ cd stkry wdnt kn whtcj smdnd sckwhni mjtted jnl j Tnhtdl Njthkns @kkl jnl Jirhmueturd Krijnhsjthkn

W@JKR k``hmhje, dxpejhnhni tcd jlvdrsd hbpjmt k` tcd `kkl mrhshs kn pdkped jnl

mjtted. Ajljwh tcdn vhshtdl tcd ikvdrnbdnt `ddlhni mdntrd, whtc tcd @JK k``hmhje

stjnlhni ay jnl wjtmchni, jnl hntdrvhdwdl j bdlhmje lkmtkr.

kwjrls tcd dnl, Ajljwh bdt tcd Ikvdrnkr k` _hnldr hn chs k``hmd, wcdrd j

cuid TN èji wjs kstdnshaey cjnihni kn tcd wjee. cd @JK k``hmhje wjs sthee hn tcd

ajmgirkunl tkidtcdr whtc pdkped wck ekkgdl ehgd k``hmhjes. cd Ikvdrnkr, j sdnhkr

bhehtjry k``hmdr, pedjldl `kr jhl hn nkt-sk-pdr`dmt Dniehsc? –Js j pkkr mkuntry‘

cd sjhl, –wd jewjys nddl jsshstjnmd7 jewjys wd nddl jsshstjnmd7 jewjys js j pkkr

mkuntry7 hn sckrt tdrb jnl hn ekni tdrb… .‘ cd tcrdd bhnutd jnl <4 sdmknlrdpkrt dnldl whtc jn hntdrvhdw whtc tcd ]uetjn k` _hnldr, skedbney sdjtdl hn chs

trjlhthknje pjejmd jnl rdjssdrthni chs `jhtc hn Jeejc hn thbds k` mrhshs.

Edt‘s nkw turn tk knd dxjbped `rkb jn jetdrnjthvd, mkbbunhty-mdntrdl bdlhj

krijnhsjthkn. Bumc edss ̀ jbkus tcjn mhthzdn okurnjehsb hnhthjthvds sumc js Hnlybdlhj kr Kcbyndws , TcjghNdws Wucjghndws.ndtR hs j irjssrkkts okurnjehsb prkodmt ajsdl

hn Djstdrn Ldbkmrjthm Qdpuaehm k` Mknik WLQMR, kr bkrd prdmhsdey hn Ikbj. Qun

ay tcd Mkeedmth` lds @dbbds Okurnjehstds Wcd Jsskmhjthkn k` Ykbdn OkurnjehstsR

jnl suppkrtdl ay tcd Cjiud-ajsdl Hnsthtutd `kr Yjr jnl Vdjmd Qdpkrthni WHYVQR,

tcd hnhthjthvd jhbs tk dbpkwdr wkbdn hn bdlhj jnl tk jlvkmjtd `kr tcdhr rhicts hn

tcjt wjr-tkrn zknd, wcdrd wkbdn k`tdn pjy tcd chicdst prhmd. Hn knd rdpkrt sckt



:1

jnl dlhtdl whtc j bkahed pcknd hn ]dptdbadr 16:: hn tcd ekmjehty k` Bhnkvj, ndjr

Ikbj, Bjiiuy Gjgued rdpkrtdl jakut j lhsdjsd, ldsmrhahni ht hn @rdnmc js ed whetajmtèrhdn, tcjt wjs rjvjihni ajnjnj pejntjthkns hn tcd rdihkn, tcdrday dnljnidrhni

pdkped‘s ehvdehckkls.:= ]trdsshni tcjt ajnjnj wjs tcd bjhn skurmd k` hnmkbd hn tcd

jrdj, Gjgued hntdrvhdwdl j aky, k` jakut sdvdn kr dhict ydjrs, mjrryhni j aumgdtùee k` wj`èds kn chs cdjl jnl wck, ehgd bjny ktcdr mchelrdn, cjl lrkppdl kut k`

smckke admjusd chs pjrdnts cjl nk ajnjnjs tk sdee tk pjy `kr chs smckke `dds. cd aky

sjhl tcjt cd wjs sdeehni wj`èds tk rjhsd bkndy `kr ndxt ydjr. cdn Gjgued tkkg tcd

vhdwdr tk tcd ajnjnj bjrgdt wcdrd tcd ljbjids k` tcd –nk-phty‘ lhsdjsd, js ekmjes

mjeedl ht W]hnj curubj R, wdrd sckwn? bdjidr, ydeekwhsc ajnjnjs ejhl tcdrd wchmc

nk knd akuict admjusd tcd prhmds cjl rkmgdtdl `keekwhni tcd smjrmhty mjusdl ay

tcd lhsdjsd. cd twk bhnutd jnl `hvd sdmknl rdpkrt meksdl whtc knd ykuni pdjsjnt

jppdjehni tk jirknkbhsts tk arhni j bkrd rdshstjnt typd k` ajnjnj pejnt. Hn tcd

ajmgirkunl, mchelrdn, wck bkst ehgdey mkuel nkt ik tk smckke, wdrd pejyhni.

Tnldrstjnlhni tcd Lh``drdnmd

Mkbpjrhni j AAM rdpkrt whtc j irjssrkkts mkuntdrpjrt bhict jppdjr js nknsdnsd

jt `hrst shict? tcdy wdrd bjld `kr lh``drdnt purpksds, `keekwhni lh``drdnt stjnljrls,

jnl `kr lh``drdnt julhdnmds, jbknist bjny ktcdr lh``drdnmds. Ckwdvdr, tcd

mkbpjrhskn sckuel bjgd sdnsd bjhney admjusd aktc rdpkrts, rdijrledss k` tcdhr

stjtus, dnldl up kn tcd Yda wcdrd j shbped sdjrmc mjn edjl `rkb knd tk tcd ktcdr.

By jhb hn bjghni tchs mkbpjrhskn hs tk suiidst j wjy tcjt aktc mknvdnthknje jnl

unmknvdnthknje jpprkjmcds mjn jnl sckuel mkbpedbdnt djmc ktcdr. k jmchdvd

tcjt, H nddl tk `hrst pkhnt kut tcd ckeds kr tcd ijps jnl tcd strdnitcs, jnl tcd wdjgndssds k` djmc.

k jnthmhpjtd jny bhsunldrstjnlhni, H sckuel strdss tcjt tchs mkbpjrhskn hs nkt

hntdnldl tk rdsuet hn j oulibdnt jakut wchmc typd hs jaskeutdey tcd adst. cd hldj

hs rjtcdr tk unldrstjnl tcd ldptc jnl ehbhts k` djmc wcdn ht mkbds tk rdpkrthni

jakut hssuds tcjt j``dmt mkbbunhthds‘ ljhey ehvds hn bjrihnjehsdl jrdjs hn J`rhmj.

cdrd jrd twk gdy pkhnts kn wchmc H ajsd by mkbpjrhskn jnl suasdqudnt jnjeyshs

k` tcd twk rdpkrts, aktc k` wchmc ldjet whtc `kkl sdmurhty jnl hts d``dmts kn ekmje

mkbbunhthds. cd twk pkhnts jrd? W:R tcd rdpkrtdr jnl cdr rdejthknschp whtc tcd

mkbbunhty, jnl W1R tcd tdmcnkekiy usdl tk bjgd tcd rdpkrt.

\cd Qdpkrtdr jnl tcd Mkbbunhty

Okurnjehsts jrd ehgd jntcrkpkekihsts jnl skmhkekihsts hn bjny wjys?:< tcdy kasdrvd

skmhdty kr skmhje/mueturje irkups jnl hntdrvhdw rdedvjnt skurmds jnl hn`krbjnts

jakut ihvdn tkphms whtc tcd jhb k` cjvhni jn hnshict hntk tcjt irkup, hts eh`d jnl

hts prkaedbs, dtm. cdy idndrjeey mkbbunhmjtd tcdhr `hnlhnis ushni tcd bdlhj,

tk bdnthkn aut j `dw shbhejrhthds. Ehgd tcd jntcrkpkekihst, tcd okurnjehst wck hs

ùeey hntdirjtdl hntk tcd mkbbunhty, djshey rdmdhvds spkntjndkus jnswdrs jnl cjs

j mcjnmd tk ik lddpdr hntk tcd suaodmt jnl mjpturd wcjt jntcrkpkekihsts mjee tcd

–hnshldr vhdw‘. cd hnshldr vhdw hbpehds aktc meksd mkntjmt whtc tcd mkbbunhty jnl



:=

edjrnhni tk tchng, jmt, jnl adcjvd ehgd tcd bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty.:4 cd jhb hs

–tk ijtcdr `hrst-cjnl hn`krbjthkn jakut skmhje prkmdssds hn j ―njturjeey kmmurrhni‒

mkntdxt… .‘:0

Ht `keekws, tcdn, tcjt ejniujid admkbds mrumhje hn tcd dnthrd prkmdss. :9 cd

okurnjehst, ehgd tcd jntcrkpkekihst, hs hn jn hldje pkshthkn h` cd kr scd mjn spdjg tcdmkbbunhty‘s ejniujid, wchmc ardjgs bkst skmhje jnl mueturje ajrrhdrs jnl kpdns

bkst lkkrs hntk tcd mkbbunhty‘s hnndr wkrel. H` tcdrd hs knd `djturd mkbbkn tk

bjny J`rhmjn skmhdthds, ht hs tcd lhstrust tkwjrls tcd strjnidr. Yhee j `jtcdr ad jaed

tk djshey tdee j strjnidr tcjt cd hs `jhehni tk arhni ardjl tk tcd tjaed jnl sdnl chs

mchelrdn tk smckke; Tnedss cd gnkws jnl trusts tcd pdrskn tk wckb cd hs spdjghni,

cd whee bkst ehgdey tdee tcd stkry tcd strjnidr wjnts tk cdjr, js kppksdl tk tcd

jutcdnthm stkry.

Hn tcd jakvd-bdnthkndl AAM rdpkrt, Ajljwh jlbhttdl tk adhni unjaed tk spdjg

Cjusj, tcd ejniujid k` tcd mkbbunhty jakut wchmc scd wjs rdpkrthni. @kr tcjt

rdjskn, scd mkuel nkt idt tcd mkbbunhty‘s vhdws whtckut j trjnsejtkr, pdrcjpsjnktcdr strjnidr tk tcd mkbbunhty. ]cd mkeedmtdl tcd vhdw k` tcd dehtd, tcd knds

spdjghni @rdnmc Wtcd bdlhmje lkmtkrR jnl Dniehsc Wtcd @JK k``hmhje jnl tcd

IkvdrnkrR. Mknshldrdl `rkb tcd pdrspdmthvd k` Akurlhdu‘s tcdkry k` tcd dmknkbhms

k` ehniuhsthm dxmcjnid, Dniehsc jnl @rdnmc jrd –edihthbjtd‘ ejniujids jnl tcksd wck

ejmg mkbpdtdnmd tk spdjg dhtcdr jrd aktc rdlumdl tk shednmd jnl dxmeuldl `rkb tcd

skmhje unhvdrsd Wokurnjehsb hn tchs mjsdR wcdrd tcksd ejniujids jrd usdl.:3 Hn ktcdr

wkrls, tcd `kkl mrhshs hs jebkst dnthrdey jpprkjmcdl `rkb tcd dehtds‘ pdrspdmthvd.

Jpjrt `rkb tcd deldrey wck, hn tcrdd sdmknls kr sk, sjhl, tcrkuic tcd okurnjehst‘s

pjrjpcrjshni, tcjt chs irjhn stkrd wjs dbpty, tcd rdst k` tcd stkry wjs tkel ay tcd

@JK k``hmhje, tcd bdlhmje lkmtkr jt tcd `ddlhni mdntrd, tcd Ikvdrnkr, jnl tcd]uetjn.

cd vheejidrs wck wdrd jlvdrsdey j``dmtdl sdrvdl js lèmkr `kr tcd rdpkrt Wtcd

wjeg kn tcd vheejid squjrd `kr hnstjnmd, jnl tcd mjtted cdrldrs wck rdbjhndl hn

tcd ajmgirkunlR, wchest k``hmhjes tkel tcd stkry kn tcdhr adcje`. cd @JK k``hmhje

dxpejhndl ckw pjstkrjehsts wdrd j``dmtdl, aut nknd k` tcd pjstkrjehsts dvdr sjhl

jnytchni. cd lkmtkr dxpejhndl jakut bjenutrhthkn jbknist mchelrdn `rkb chs

dxpdrt pkshthkn, aut pjrdnts wdrd nkt ihvdn j mcjnmd tk dxprdss tcdbsdevds `rkb

tcd pdrspdmthvd k` tcdhr mkbbunhty. Hn tcd sjbd vdhn, tcd Ikvdrnkr spkgd wched

tcd ikvdrndl lhl nkt7 tcd @JK spkgd jakut hts prkirjbbd‘s adnd`hmhjrhds, aut tcd

ejttdr rdbjhndl hnvhshaed. cd sjbd jppehdl tk tcd rdehihkus edjldr. Qdejtdl tk tcdjakvd jrd tcd mhrmubstjnmds unldr wchmc tcd kel bjn, tcd lkmtkr, tcd Ikvdrnkr,

jnl tcd ]uetjn wdrd hntdrvhdwdl? tcd @JK sddbdl kbnhprdsdnt. H jriud hn tcd ndxt

mcjptdr (]dmthkn :.<) tcjt tchs typd k` hntrushvd prdsdnmd k` –strjnidrs‘ chnldrs tcd

prkmdss k` mjpturhni wcjt tcd akttkb tchngs.

cd TcjghNdws rdpkrt `keekwdl j lh``drdnt jpprkjmc tk ldsmrhad tcd skmhje

hnsdmurhty mjusdl ay tcd ]hnj curubj dphldbhm? tcd j``dmtdl mkbbunhty, nkt hts

pkehthmje kr trjlhthknje edjldrs, tkel tcd stkry lhrdmtey. Phmthbhsdl jt edjst twhmd

Wnkt djthni js su``hmhdntey js usuje jnl nkt ikhni tk smckkeR, tcd wj`èd-sdeehni aky

spkgd chbsde`, hn ]wjcheh jnl whtckut j trjnsejtkr , jnl tkel j stkry tcjt prkajaey



:<

chs tdjmcdr kr smckke lhrdmtkr Wekmje k``hmhje hn tchs mjsdR wkuel bkst ehgdey tdee

lh``drdntey kr shbpey ldny, shnmd prhbjry dlumjthkn hs suppksdl tk ad `rdd.

Oulidl ushni bjhnstrdjb okurnjehsthm mknvdnthkns, tchs rdpkrt wkuel smkrd ndjr

tk zdrk? kney twk shbhejr skurmds, tcd pdjsjnt jnl tcd mchel, wdrd hntdrvhdwdl7 tcd

ikvdrnbdnt k``hmhje hn mcjrid k` jirhmueturd wjs nkt hntdrvhdwdl7 tcd vhdw k` tcdIkvdrnkr k` Nkrtc Ghvu wjs bhsshni7 tcd vkhmd k` tcd dxpdrt/jirknkbhst wjs nkt

cdjrl7 tcd smckke lhrdmtkr wjs nkt bdnthkndl wchest cd mkuel cjvd dxpejhndl ckw

chs smckke wjs j``dmtdl. Ychest jee tcdsd rdbjrgs jrd pdrthndnt jnl mkuel cjvd bjld

tcd rdpkrt dvdn rhmcdr jnl bkrd pkwdrùe, tcdy nkndtcdedss lk nkt –ghee‘ tcd dssdnmd

k` tcd rdpkrt. cd rdpkrt lhl nkt cjvd tcd jbahthkn tk sckw jee tcd shlds k` tcd

stkry, aut rjtcdr tk mjpturd tcd rjrdey cdjrl vkhmd Wknd `rkb tcd akttkbR, tcd rjrdey

chicehictdl ekmje jttdbpt tk mkpd whtc tcd mrhshs Wwj`èd-sdeehni js jn jetdrnjthvd

skurmd k` hnmkbdR, jnl tcd `krikttdn ùnljbdntje hssud k` `rdd prhbjry dlumjthkn

wchmc wjs suatey mknndmtdl tk tcd `kkl mrhshs.

Cdrd jrd j `dw rdedvjnt qudsthkns hn rdejthkn tk tcd TcjghNdws rdpkrt? wjs tcdjhb tk gnkw tcd dxjmt Wprkajaey EjthnR njbd k` tcd ajmtdrhj Wkr skR tcjt jttjmgdl

tcd ajnjnj pejntjthkns; H lk nkt tchng sk aut tchs hs k` mkursd ldajtjaed. Yjs tcd

jhb tk mkeedmt tcd dxjmt stjthsthms k` smckke jasdntdds; chs wjs nkt mknshldrdl tcd

bkst dssdnthje, aut mkuel cjvd bjld tcd rdpkrt bkrd mkbpedtd, js ht wkuel cjvd

mejrh`hdl tcd dxtdnt k` tcd mrhshs hn tcd dlumjthknje sdmtkr. H lk tchng tcd jhb wjs

tk jedrt tcd njthknje jnl hntdrnjthknje kphnhkn jakut j ekmje `kkl mrhshs hinkrdl

ay bjhnstrdjb bdlhj, prkvhnmhje, njthknje jnl hntdrnjthknje. cd rdpkrt jmchdvdl

tcjt ikje, jnl hn lkhni sk ht prkvhldl jn hnshict hntk ekmje jttdbpts jt skevhni tcd

mrhshs, jnl hntk wcjt mkbbunhty bdbadrs nddldl tk ad jaed tk cdep tcdbsdevds

knmd jijhn.Idndrjeey spdjghni, –sbjee‘ mkbbunhty hssuds lk nkt jttrjmt tcd jttdnthkn

k` bjhnstrdjb bdlhj, admjusd tcd ejttdr `kmus bkrd kn pkehthmje bjttdrs.:8 Ht hs

trud tcjt tcd k``hmhje jnl dxpdrt vkhmds wdrd nkt cdjrl, aut `rkb j mkbbunhty

pdrspdmthvd, tcjt hs nkt sk ajl admjusd, jpjrt ̀ rkb adhni lh``hmuet tk rdjmc, k``hmhjes

k`tdn tjgd bjny ̀ jmtkrs hntk jmmkunt ad`krd ldehvdrhni tcdhr vhdws? hs ht jn dedmtkrje

ydjr js ht wjs tcd mjsd hn tcd LQM hn 16::; H` sk, tcd k``hmhje vkhmd wkuel bkst

ehgdey ad pkehthmjeey jnl hldkekihmjeey mkekurdl. Hs ht jakut mchelrdn lrkpphni kut

k` smckke admjusd pjrdnts mjnnkt pjy; cdn mcjnmds jrd tcjt tcd rdpkrt wkuel ad

tcwjrtdl admjusd ht wkuel dxpksd tcd pjybdnt k` ̀ dds ̀ kr prhbjry dlumjthkn wcdn

tchs hs suppksdl tk ad `rdd. Ycjt jppdjrs cdrd hs tcjt wched tcd mknvdnthknje jpprkjmc cjs j medjr jlvjntjid

hn tdrbs k` jmmdss tk k``hmhje, jutckrhtjthvd skurmds, ht hinkrds kr ndiedmts tcd vkhmds

`rkb tcd mkbbunhty. cd mkbbunhty hs vhdwdl tcrkuic tcd ednsds k` tcd dehtd.

cd jetdrnjthvd, mkbbunhty-mdntrdl jpprkjmc dbdrids js tcd rdvdrsd k` tcd

mknvdnthknje jpprkjmc, whtc hts kwn wdjgndssds jnl strdnitcs. Knd wdjgndss,

h` knd mkuel mjee ht sk, hs tcd ejmg k` dbphrhmje prdmhshkn hn tcd rdpkrt? ckw bjny

pdkped wdrd j``dmtdl; Ckw bjny puphes cjl lrkppdl kut; Ycjt wdrd tcd mjusd

jnl tcd dxjmt njturd k` tcd lhsdjsd; Jee tcdsd qudsthkns rdbjhndl unjnswdrdl jnl,

jmtujeey, wkuel nkt ad djsy tk jnswdr ay j mkbbunhty rdpkrtdr. cjt hs wcdrd



:4

bjhnstrdjb rdpkrtdrs cjvd j medjr jlvjntjid, js tcdy cjvd jmmdss tk wdee-hn`krbdl

jnl dxpdrt skurmds.

Ckwdvdr, tcd mkbbunhty-mdntrdl jpprkjmc cjs jn unldnhjaed jlvjntjid k`

hntdirjthni tcd hnshldr gnkwedlid jnl vhdw. Ychest tcd AAM rdpkrt suiidstdl tcjt

_hnldr mkbbunhthds, tcrkuic tcd Ikvdrnkr‘s bkutc, rdpkrtdley cjl nk skeuthknktcdr tcjn jewjys ldpdnlhni kn jhl `kr tcd sckrt jnl ekni tdrbs, tcd TcjghNdws rdpkrt mcksd tk chicehict ekmjeey ldshindl skeuthkns, njbdey puphes sdeehni wj`èds

tk djrn bkndy tk pjy `kr smckke `dds ndxt ydjr. Bkrdkvdr, mkntrjry tk tcd –Yd whee

jewjys ad pkkr‘ skeuthkn suiidstdl ay tcd Ikvdrnkr, kr tcd –Jeejc whee cdep us‘

ckpds k` tcd ]uetjn, tcd Bhnkvj ykuni pdjsjnt wjntdl spdmhjehsts tk lk wcjt cd

mkuel nkt lk chbsde`, njbdey, hldnth`y tcd rdshstjnt typd k` ajnjnj pejnt, sk tcjt

cd jnl tcd mkbbunhty mkuel rdvjbp tcdhr ekmje dmknkby.

\dmcnkekiy jnl tcd Mkbbunhty

Yched tcd prdvhkus sua-sdmthkn cjs suiidstdl tcjt tcd rdejthknschp adtwddn tcd

rdpkrtdr jnl tcd mkbbunhty hs mrumhje hn tdrbs k` wcksd vhdws jrd rdpkrtdl, wchmc

ldtjhes jrd chicehictdl, jnl `rkb wchmc pdrspdmthvd, tchs sua-sdmthkn tjgds tcd

mkbpjrhskn ùrtcdr, tjghni hntk jmmkunt tcd rdejthknschp adtwddn tcd rdpkrthni

tdmcnkekiy jnl tcd mkbbunhty hn bjrihnjehsdl jrdjs. By pkhnt hn lkhni tchs hs

tk dxpekrd wjys hn wchmc tdmcnkekiy htsde` hntdr`drds whtc tcd rdpkrthni prkmdss hn

knd wjy kr jnktcdr.

cd AAM rdpkrt heeustrjtdl knd hbpkrtjnt tchni? tcd vheejidrs wdrd lhsmkvdrhni

tcd –Ahi Mjbdrj‘ jnl wdrd jbjzdl, h` nkt hnthbhljtdl ay ht. cd bktcdr jnl tcd

mchelrdn jt tcd adihnnhni gdpt stjrhni jt ht jnl pdrcjps jt tcd mrdw k` strjnidrsadchnl ht. @urtcdr hntk tcd rdpkrt, j mrkwl k` mchelrdn surrkunldl Ajljwh js scd

wjegdl jmrkss tcd vheejid squjrd, stjrhni jnl wjvhni jt tcd murhkus kaodmt. cdhr

`jmhje dxprdsshkns mjn dvdn ad hntdrprdtdl js mkntrjlhmthni tcd jmutd `kkl mrhshs

tcd rdpkrt wjs chicehicthni. Gjgued‘s rdpkrt hs lh``drdnt? tcd mchelrdn wdrd hn tcd

ajmgirkunl aut sddbdl nkt tk nkthmd tcd rdpkrtdr‘s bkahed pcknd. By jssubpthkn

hs tcjt tcdy gndw ht jnl pdrcjps cjl knd hn tcdhr pkmgdt kr jt ckbd. cdy gdpt

pejyhni hn tcd ajnjnj pejntjthkn, jeekwhni tcd rdpkrtdr tk lk cdr wkrg unlhsturadl.

Bkrdkvdr, tcd wj`èd-sdeehni aky sddbdl njturje jnl nkt hnchahtdl ay tcd pcknd.

cd tdmcnkekiy tcjt mjpturds us, kur jtthtulds jnl kur wkrls, bjttdrs jnl

j``dmts tcd prkmdss tcjt edjls tk tcd dnl prklumt. Vchekskpcdr Qkejnl Ajrtcdsrdbjrgdl tcjt wcdndvdr cd gndw tcjt tcd mjbdrj kaodmthvd wjs jhbdl jt chb jnl

wcdndvdr cd `det tcjt cd wjs adhni pcktkirjpcdl, cd wkuel `jarhmjtd jnktcdr akly

`kr chbsde`7 cd wkuel bdtjbkrpcksd.16 Mrhthquhni tdedvhshkn, jnktcdr pchekskpcdr,

Ojmquds Ldrrhlj, bjld j shbhejr mkn`dsshkn whtc rdijrl tk un`jbhehjr rdmkrlhni

ldvhmds? –Ycdn tcd prkmdss k` rdmkrlhni adihns, H jb hnchahtdl, pjrjeyzdl, jrrdstdl,

H lkn‘t ―idt jnywcdrd‒ W od ―`jhs lu sur-pejmd‒ R jnl H lkn‘t tchng, H lkn‘t spdjg hn tcd

wjy H lk wcdn H‘b nkt hn tchs shtujthkn.‘1:

H jb nkt hnshnujthni tcjt tcd AAM ahi mjbdrj puscdl vheejidrs tk bdtjbkrpcksd,

jnl tcjt tcd bkahed pcknd gdpt tcdb njturje. H jb suiidsthni tcjt tcd bkrd

`jbhehjr tcd tdmcnkekiy, tcd bkrd spkntjndkus jnl idnuhnd tcd mkbbunhty‘srdjmthkns jnl mkeejakrjthkn. Qdmdnt stulhds cjvd sckwn tcjt tcd bkahed pcknd hs



:0

nkw tcd bkst whldsprdjl mkbbunhmjthkn tdmcnkekiy hn J`rhmj. Ht cjs admkbd pjrt

k` dvdryljy eh`d? ht cjs rdpejmdl tcd lrub js j mkbbunhmjthkn tkke711 ht hs rdpejmhni

tcd ajng-akkgedt js j ajnghni tkke71= jnl ht hs sdrvhni tk mk-krlhnjtd hn`krbje trjld

hn rurje jrdjs71< jbknist bjny ktcdr ùnmthkns.

\chs Akkg jnl Hts Jutckr

Ycy cjvd H sdt kut tk wrhtd tchs akkg; Jnswdrhni tchs qudsthkn hs tdeehni yku `hrst

jakut bysde` admjusd bkst k` tchs akkg‘s mkntdnt hs hnsphrdl ay by prk`dsshknje

dxpdrhdnmd `rkb tcd ejst tdn ydjrs kr sk. Hn tcd djrey 1666s H dntdrdl tcd bdlhj

sdmtkr js okurnjehst ̀ kr hntdrnjthknje bdlhj kutedts, `hrst hn Mdntrje J`rhmj jnl ejtdr

hn Ydstdrn Durkpd. Bkst k` by wkrg cjs mdntrdl kn Yda jrthmeds jnl rjlhk rdpkrts

`kr kutedts H jb ldsmrhahni cdrd js mknvdnthknje bdlhj krijnhsjthkns, hn tcd sdnsd

tcjt tcd dnthrd ndws prklumthkn jnl puaehmjthkn prkmdss ̀ keekwdl dstjaehscdl rueds

jnl mknvdnthkns. Ejtdr kn, hn 1669, H ejnldl hn mhthzdn okurnjehsb nkt js j mhthzdn okurnjehst aut js j trjhndr jnl mkjmc `kr tcd Ndtcdrejnls-ajsdl Pkhmds k` J`rhmj

Bdlhj @kunljthkn WPKJB@R.

cd PKJB@ ejunmcdl hn 1669 tcd Pkhmds k` J`rhmj Bkahed Qdpkrthni

Vrkirjbbd tcjt sdrvds js by mjsd stuly tcrkuickut tchs akkg. cjt trjhnhni

prkirjbbd hnmeuldl prk`dsshknjeey trjhndl okurnjehsts jnl nkn-prk`dsshknjeey

trjhndl rdpkrtdrs. Adtwddn 1669 jnl 16:=, tcd prkirjbbd trjhndl okurnjehsts, jnl

tcksd jsphrhni tk dbarjmd mhthzdn okurnjehsb, hn bjghni julhkvhsuje ndws rdpkrts

ushni bkahed pcknds, jee `rkb j mkbbunhty pdrspdmthvd. cd trjhnhni hnvkevdl jn

W:R hnhthje wkrgsckp hn wchmc tcd ajshms wdrd lhspdnsdl, jn W1R knehnd mkjmchni

pcjsd lurhni wchmc tcd trjhndds rdmdhvdl hnlhvhluje `ddlajmg kn djmc k` tcdhrprklumthkns, jnl W=R lhljmthm bjtdrhje aktc hn prhnt jnl lhihtje `krbjts WLPLR.

cd prkirjbbd rdjmcdl dhict J`rhmjn mkuntrhds WMjbdrkkn, tcd Ldbkmrjthm

Qdpuaehm k` Mknik, Icjnj, Gdnyj, ]kutc J`rhmj, jnzjnhj, Tijnlj, jnl

_hbajawdR whtc bkrd tcjn :66 WmhthzdnR okurnjehsts trjhndl jnl mkjmcdl, jnl wjs

jwjrldl j ̀ dw hntdrnjthknje prhzds.14 Bkrdkvdr, tcd prkirjbbd lrdw tcd jttdnthkn

k` smckejrs10 jnl okurnjehsb stuldnts `rkb vjrhkus unhvdrshthds (]dd tcd Jppdnlhx

`kr bkrd hn`krbjthkn jakut tcd PKJB@ jnl hts prkirjbbds). Jee tcksd ydjrs, H

wjs aedssdl tk ad tcd prkirjbbd‘s ]dnhkr rjhndr jnl Mkjmc, wchmc H mkbahndl

whtc jmjldbhm rdsdjrmc jnl tdjmchni jmthvhthds tcjt hnvkevdWlR j irdjt ldje k`

jetdrnjthvd bdlhj jnl okurnjehsb.chs akkg hs jn jttdbpt kn by shld tk bjgd sdnsd k` tcd dxpdrhdnmd `rkb tcd

shx ydjrs W1669-16:=R k` hnvkevdbdnt hn Bkahed Mkbbunhty Qdpkrthni WBMQR

kn knd cjnl, jnl tk dxtdnl tcd rdèdmthkn tk tcd ydt-tk-ad dxpekrdl pktdnthje k`

tcd BMQ jpprkjmc, kn tcd ktcdr. H sckuel strdss tcjt H lhl nkt wrhtd tchs akkg

kn adcje` k` PKJB@, wchmc bdjns tcjt tcd mejhbs H bjgd cdrd jrd bhnd rjtcdr

tcjn PKJB@‘s. cd BMQ pchekskpcy hs tcjt mkbbunhthds hn bjrihnjehsdl jrdjs

sckuel tdee tcdhr kwn stkry `rkb tcdhr kwn pdrspdmthvd ushni tkkes ̀ jbhehjr tk tcdb.

cd jpprkjmc cjs hts cuid jlvjntjids, aut jesk hts kwn wdjgndssds js tcd jakvd

TcjghNdws dxjbped cjs sckwn, jnl js tchs akkg dxpejhns bkrd dxtdnshvdey. cd

trjhnhni jnl mkjmchni prkmdssds mknshstdl hn dnsurhni tcjt tcd ajshms wdrd bjstdrdl



:9

hn tdrbs k` sckkthni jnl ndws-ldtdmthni jnl ijtcdrhni tdmcnhquds, hbjid jnl

skunl qujehty, dtchms, jnl sk kn. cd ikeldn rueds wdrd tcjt nk dlhtkr lhmtjtdl jny

tkphm jnl tcjt wcjtdvdr tkphm wjs hldnth`hdl cjl tk cjvd j mkbbunhty lhbdnshkn.

Hn tchs akkg H bjgd j `dw mkbpjrhskns adtwddn BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsb jnl

bjhnstrdjb bdlhj hn jn d``krt nkt tk prjhsd knd wchest sejbbhni tcd ktcdr, autrjtcdr tk hldnth`y tcd strdnitcs jnl wdjgndssds k` djmc jnl tk chicehict pkhnts k`

mkbpedbdntjrhty.

k lhsmuss wjys hn wchmc tcd BMQ jpprkjmc cdeps mjpturd wcjt tcd akttkbtchngs , H usd by dxpdrhdnmd js trjhndr jnl mkjmc jnl wdhic by jssubpthkns jnl

`hnlhnis whtc aktc prjmthmds hn mknvdnthknje mhrmeds jnl dxhsthni tcdkrhds jakut

jetdrnjthvd bdlhj. Hn mcjptdr knd H lhsmuss tcd tcrdd gdy mknmdpts k` tcd BMQ

jpprkjmc, h.d., tcd –Mkbbunhty‘, tcd –Bkahed dmcnkekiy‘, jnl –Qdpkrthni‘.

cdsd mknmdpts jrd ld`hndl, dxpejhndl jnl heeustrjtdl whtc dxjbpeds tjgdn dhtcdr

`rkb tcd PKJB@ Bkahed Qdpkrthni Vrkirjbbd kr, `kr mkbpjrjthvd purpksds,

`rkb bjhnstrdjb ndws bdlhj. By cypktcdshs hs tcjt wcdn tcd tcrdd mknmdpts jrdcjrbknhkusey arkuict tkidtcdr, tcdy cdep tcd rdpkrtdr mkbd meksdr tk wcjt tcd

akttkb tchngs. H meksd tcd `hrst mcjptdr whtc j psymckekihmje lhsmusshkn jakut tcd

prkmdssds k` –tchnghni‘ jnl –sjyhni‘, jnl tcd rked dxtdrnje ̀ jmtkrs sumc js tdmcnkekihds

pejy. Hn tchs mekshni pjrt, H jriud tcjt tchnghni jnl sjyhni jrd twk sdpjrjtd dnththds,

jetckuic meksdey mknndmtdl, jnl tcjt tcd tdmcnkekiy usdl hntdr`drds whtc tcd

prkmdss k` trjnsejthni –wcjt knd tchngs‘ hntk –wcjt knd sjys‘. cd jssubpthkn hs tcjt

wcdn `jbhehjr tdmcnkekihds jrd usdl tk rdpkrt jakut mkbbunhty bdbadrs, mcjnmds

jrd chicdr tcjt tcd rdpkrtdr whee idt skbdtchni vdry meksd tk wcjt tcksd bdbadrs

tchng, dspdmhjeey h` tcd rdpkrtdr chb- kr cdrsde` hs j bdbadr k` tcd mkbbunhty.

Ychest mcjptdr knd ardjgs kpdn tcksd mknmdpts, mcjptdr twk `kmusds kn okurnjehsb jnl hts mknmdptujehsjthkn `rkb j irjssrkkts pdrspdmthvd. Jbknist ktcdr

tchnis H lhsmuss skbd k` tcd gdy vjeuds k` okurnjehsb hnmeulhni tcd nkthkns k` ndws

jnl ndwswkrtchndss, wchest jttdbpthni tk bjgd sdnsd k` tcdhr jppehmjthkns hn j

akttkb-up ndws-prklumthkn prkmdss. cd bjhn pkhnt H bjgd hn tchs rdspdmt hs tcjt

tcksd dssdnthje nkthkns jrd rdejthvd, js tcdy ldpdnl kn wck hs smruthnhshni tcd dvdnt

kr hssud unldr mknshldrjthkn. Hn ktcdr wkrls, H jriud tcjt ht hs up tk tcd bdbadrs

k` tcd mkbbunhty tk ejade dvdnts js ndwswkrtcy, tjghni hntk jmmkunt tcdhr kwn

pdrmdpthkns, hntdrdsts, jnl vjeuds. cd mcjptdr ùrtcdr dxpekrds tcd jllhthknje

lhbdnshkns tcjt tcd BMQ jpprkjmc arhnis tk okurnjehsb, bjhney hn tdrbs k`

mckkshni j pdrspdmthvd jnl skurmds. Ychest dxhsthni prjmthmds hn okurnjehsb vdryk`tdn ekkg jt mkbbunhty ndws dvdnts `rkb j tkp-lkwn pdrspdmthvd hn`krbdl ay

k``hmhje jnl dxpdrt skurmds, BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsb lkds tcd rdvdrsd tk dnsurd

tcjt wcjt tcd mkbbunhty tchngs dbdrids `rkb tcd ndws htdb. cd mcjptdr `hnjeey

lhsmussds skbd dtchmje jspdmts k` tcd BMQ jpprkjmc jnl pedjls `kr j mkntdxtuje

mknshldrjthkn k` skbd hssuds tcjt bhict jppdjr undtchmje. Bkrje vjeuds adhni nkt

unhvdrsje, H jriud tcjt tcd vjeuds k` mkbbunhthds sckuel ad tjgdn hntk jmmkunt

wchest dxjbhnhni tcd dtchmje jspdmts k` BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsb.

Mcjptdrs tcrdd tcrkuic `hvd jrd ldlhmjtdl tk tcdbjthm jnjeysds k` bkahed

mkbbunhty rdpkrts bjld hn tcd `rjbdwkrg k` tcd PKJB@ Bkahed Qdpkrthni

Vrkirjbbd adtwddn 1669 jnl 16:=. Tshni qujehtjthvd mkntdnt jnjeyshs tk trjmg



:3

–wcjt tcd akttkb tchngs‘, H stjrt whtc tcksd rdpkrts tcjt mkvdrdl ndws rdejthni tk

ikvdrnjnmd. Hn lkhni tcjt, H pkhnt kut tcrdd bjhn mjtdikrhds unldr wchmc tcksd

rdpkrts mkuel ad irkupdl? skbd prdsdntdl ikvdrnjnmd hssuds js lhedbbjs, wcdrday

skeuthkns tk skbd hssuds wdrd pdrmdhvdl js tcd mjusd k` ktcdr hssuds. ]kbd ktcdrs

dxpehmhtey rdpkrtdl ikvdrnjnmd summdssds jnl ikvdrnjnmd `jheurds, h.d., tcksd mjsdshn wchmc puaehm k``hmhjes bjnjidl kr `jhedl tk usd tcd pkwdr dntrustdl tk tcdb

`kr tcd adnd`ht k` tcksd kn adcje` k` wckb tcdy dxdrmhsdl ht. Xdt ktcdr rdpkrts

chicehictdl mkbbunhthds tjghni up tcksd rdspknshahehthds tcjt sckuel ad mjrrhdl ay

puaehm k``hmhjes.

@rkb ikvdrnjnmd H bkvd kn tk tcd rhicts k` tcd mchel, wchmc bjny rdpkrtdrs

pejmdl jt tcd cdjrt k` tcdhr rdpkrthni. ]hnmd J`rhmj hs by `kmus, H lhsmuss tcksd

rhicts `rkb jn J`rhmjn pdrspdmthvd rdèdmtdl hn tcd J`rhmjn Mcjrtdr kn tcd Qhictsjnl Yde`jrd k` tcd Mchel jlkptdl hn :886 ay tcd Krijnhsjthkn k` J`rhmjn Tnhty

Wnkw mjeedl J`rhmjn TnhknR. Cdrd, tkk, tcrdd mjtdikrhds dbdridl? tcd `hrst mjtdikry

mknshsts k` rdpkrts ldnkunmhni vhkejthkns k` tcd rhicts k` tcd mchel. cdsd vhkejthknshnmeuld pcyshmje knds jnl psymckekihmje knds. cd sdmknl mjtdikry hnmeulds rdpkrts

tcjt `rjbdl tcd rhict vhkejthkns `rkb tcd pdrspdmthvd k` tcd rdejthknschps adtwddn

mchelrdn jnl pjrdnts, wchmc jrd sthee ikvdrndl ay trjlhthkns jnl mustkbs. cd ejst

mjtdikry mkntjhns rdpkrts tcjt prdsdntdl wjys hn wchmc mchelrdn bjnjidl tk turn

tcdhr dnvhrknbdnt hntk j pejmd wcdrd tcdy mjn pejy jnl ktcdrwhsd dnijid hn edhsurd

jmthvhthds.

cd ejst tcdbjthm mcjptdr lhsmussds dnvhrknbdntje rdpkrthni, tcjt hs, rdpkrts

tcjt hn knd wjy kr jnktcdr, mkvdrdl ndws rdejthni tk njturd. H `hrst `kmus kn rdpkrts

tcjt mkvdrdl aktc njturd-`rhdnley jnl njturd-un`rhdnley mkbbunhty jmthvhthds.

Vjrjlkxhmjeey, wchest tcksd njturd-`rhdnley jnl njturd-un`rhdnley jmthvhthds jppdjrdltk ik hn kppkshtd lhrdmthkns, tcdy wdrd jee lknd hn tcd njbd k` dhtcdr trjlhthkn kr

dmknkbhm ehvdehckkl. cdn H dxpekrd tcksd rdpkrts tcjt ̀ kmusdl kn ekmjeey ldshindl

wjstd bjnjidbdnt jnl wjys hn wchmc ekmje mkbbunhthds ldjet whtc pkeeuthkn. Hn

skbd mjsds rdpkrtdrs prjhsdl mkbbunhty d``krts tk subbjrhey turn pkeeutdl jrdjs

hntk rdvdnud-idndrjthni `jrbs, wchest hn ktcdrs, tcksd d``krts wdrd qudsthkndl.

@hnjeey H mknshldr mehbjtd mcjnid, wchmc rdpkrtdrs cjvd jpprkjmcdl `rkb j vjrhdty

k` pdrspdmthvds, aut jewjys whtc j medjr hldj k` wcjt ht bdjnt tk ekmje mkbbunhthds

jnl tcdhr ehvdehckkl. Hn tchs mcjptdr H jriud tcjt ay hnshsthni kn hts d``dmts jnl kn

ekmjeey-ldshindl skeuthkns tk mkpd whtc ht rjtcdr tcjn kn tcd smhdnmd adchnl ht, tcd

BMQ jpprkjmc cdeps ld-aurdjumrjthsd tcd mknmdpt k` mehbjtd mcjnid.Hn tcd mknmeulhni mcjptdr H prdsdnt idndrje mknmeushkns jnl edsskns lrjwn

`rkb lhsmusshkns hn tchs akkg. cdy jee turn jrkunl tcd hldj tcjt BMQ-hnsphrdl

okurnjehsb cdeps `hee tcd ijps ed`t kpdn ay mknvdnthknje okurnjehsb wchest, kn hts

turn, ht jesk edjvds skbd ijps kpdn. H tcdn lhsmuss j `dw mcjeednids tcjt `jmdl tcd

PKJB@ Bkahed Qdpkrthni Vrkirjbbd, sk tcjt tcksd tdbptdl tk dbajrg kn tcd

BMQ okurndy mjn jnthmhpjtd tcdb. Jt tcd dnl, H kpdn up lhsmusshkns tk hnmeuld

ktcdr jrdjs k` mkbbunhmjthkns tcjt H lhl nkt mkvdr hn tchs akkg. Hn lkhni sk,

by hntdnthkn hs tk trhiidr rdèdmthkns jnl ldajtds jakut wjys hn wchmc –wcjt tcd

akttkb tchngs‘ mjn ad hntdirjtdl hntk vjrhkus mkbbunhmjthkn prkmdssds, dspdmhjeey

tcksd hn wchmc mkbbunhthds jrd, kr sckuel ad, hnvkevdl. crdd `hdels tk wchmc tcd



:8

BMQ jpprkjmc mkuel jll skbd vjeud jrd jlvkmjmy, jmthvhsb, jnl ldvdekpbdnt-

prkodmt mkbbunhmjthkn. Tshni j `dw rdedvjnt ndws bkahed rdpkrts, H suiidst tcjt

tcdrd sckuel ad j mknvdridnmd adtwddn tcd mknvdnthknje jpprkjmc tk jlvkmjmy,

jmthvhsb jnl ldvdekpbdnt-prkodmt mkbbunhmjthkn jnl tcd BMQ-jpprkjmc.

Js ht mjn ad ldtdmtdl `rkb tcd akkg‘s kutehnd, tchs akkg hs bdjnt `kr tcd idndrjerdjldr jnl hs jmmdsshaed tk tcd ejy puaehm. Ckwdvdr, wchest wrhthni ht, H cjl knd

spdmhje mjtdikry hn bhnl, njbdey tcjt k` pdkped hntdrdstdl kr hnvkevdl hn bdlhj,

mkbbunhmjthkn, okurnjehsb, jmthvhsb, jlvkmjmy, jnl hn tcd bknhtkrhni jnl

dvjeujthkn k` ldvdekpbdnt prkodmts. H cjvd lknd by adst tk jvkhl ekjlhni tchs akkg

whtc tkk bumc tcdkry, jetckuic skbd gdy mknmdpts ndmdssjrhey nddl tcdkrhshni tk

ad ̀ ueey irjspdl, sk js tk gddp tcd prjmthmje, ̀ hdel-dxpdrhdnmd mcjrjmtdr k` tcd BMQ

jpprkjmc htsde`.





1:

Mcjptdr :

Jt tcd Cdjrt k` Mkbbunhty Eh`d

\d pkstbjn stkkl chs ahmymed jijhnst tcd twhstdl stjgd k` tcd lkkrwjy. wkwkbdn wdrd sdjtdl kn tcd irkunl. \dy rdturndl chs irddthni whtc susphmhkn. \dygndw chb, aut admjusd k` chs oka, tcd bjn mjrrhdl whtc chb jn un`jvkurjaed

prdoulhmd.

–Ykbdn, hs ykur cusajnl, Harjchbj Lhdni, jt ckbd;‘

Bdty, tcd deldr k` tcd twk wkbdn, jnl tcd rst wh`d, ekkgdl up hnquhrhniey hntktcd bjn‘s `jmd jnl tcdn jt chs cjnls.–Yck, yku sjy;‘ –Bdty,‘ hntdrpkejtdl tcd pkstbjn, –Bdty, H ehvd hn tchs qujrtdr bysde` jnl H gnkwtcjt Harjchbj Lhdni hs tcd bjstdr k` tchs ckusd. H jb nkt j tkuaja.‘ –Ajc (tcd pkstbjn‘s njbd), wcjt cjvd H sjhl;‘ …WBdtyR–Xku gnkw vdry wdee tcjt kur bjn hs ndvdr jt ckbd jt tchs thbd k` tcd ljy.Hled, yds. Aut nkt wjeekw jee ljy jbkni kur sghrts, tcjt nk! Xku jsg js h` yku wdrdj strjnidr.‘ 19

…WBdty tk cdr cusajnl Harjchbj LhdniR –Nhlhjyd, ldjr, Ajc, tcd pkstbjn mjbd.Xku cjvd j edttdr‘.–J edttdr; Yck `rkb; Ycjt mkekur hs tcd pjpdr;‘ –Nk, ht hsn‘t j pjpdr `kr tcd tjx;‘ –Ckw lk yku gnkw jakut ht;‘ –Ajc tkel us ht cjs mkbd `rkb Vjrhs. \d bkndy-krldr js wdee.‘ 13

H wkuel ehgd tk stjrt by lhsmusshkn k` tcd tcrdd mknmdpts mdntrje tk tchs akkg

Wmkbbunhty, bkahed tdmcnkekiy, jnl rdpkrthniR jeknishld tcdsd twk `rjibdnts

`rkb Kusbjnd ]dbaãnd‘s cd Bkndy Krldr , j nkvde wchmc cd wrktd hn tcd :806s.cd nkvde mkuel ad hntdrprdtdl hn bjny wjys, knd k` wchmc adhni? ehgd bjny ktcdr

mkntdbpkrjry nkvdehsts, ]dbaãnd sjw skmhdty ldidndrjtd hntk j ounied js rjbpjnt

mkrrupthkn jnl jrrkijnt aurdjumrjmy sddbdl tk prdvjhe kvdr jid-ekni mkbbunhty

vjeuds sumc js rdspdmt k` tcd deldrey, butuje cdep, skehljrhty, jnl ktcdr vjeuds. Ehgd

Icjnjhjn jutckr Jyh Gwdh Jrbjc‘s cd Adjutyùe Knds Jrd nkt Xdt Akrn (:803),

cd Bkndy Krldr hs j lhsdnmcjntbdnt nkvde, js hnldpdnldnmd hs pkrtrjydl js cjvhni

arkuict bkrd cjrb tcjn ikkl.

]k wcy tcdsd twk lhjekiuds; H sdedmtdl tcd twk `rjibdnts admjusd tcdy bjnjid

tk subbjrhsd bjny k` by pkhnts rdijrlhni tcd mkbbunhty hn j bjrihnjehsdl

pkshthkn? Ajc, tcd pkstbjn, gndw tcd pdkped cd wjs sdrvhni, jnl tcdy jesk gndw



11

chb vdry wdee7 cd strdssdl tcjt tcd shtujthkn wkuel ad lh``drdnt h` chs wkrg wjs lknd

ay j strjnidr kr j tkuaja7 cd jesk ehvdl hn tcd sjbd ndhicakurckkl. Kn tcd ktcdr

shld, js tcd sdmknl lhjekiud adtwddn Harjchbj Lhdni jnl chs wh`d Bdty sckws, j

mkbbunhmjthkn tdmcnkekiy, j pjpdr, wjs prdsdntdl js j `jbhehjr bdlhub tk tcd

bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty wck, jbknist ktcdr tchnis, mkuel djshey tdee kr bjgdskbd sdnsd k` hts bdssjid oust ay ekkghni jt hts mkekur. cd jssubpthkn hs tcjt h`

j strjnidr kr j tkuaja cjl arkuict tcd bkndy krldr pjpdr mkekurdl lh``drdntey

`rkb tcd usuje pjpdr, tcdrd wkuel bkst ehgdey ad tdnshkns jnl lhstrust. chs hs

dxjmtey wcjt tchs mcjptdr lhsmussds, pejmhni tcd tcrdd mknmdpts hn tcd pdrspdmthvd k`

bkldrn-ljy J`rhmj‘s bjrihnjehsdl jrdjs, ad tcdy rurje kr urajn.

k lk sk, H `hrst ld`hnd jnl tcdn dxpekrd tcd mknmdpt k` mkbbunhty, wchmc, js

jerdjly stjtdl, hs tcd mkrndrstknd k` tcd Bkahed Mkbbunhty Qdpkrthni jpprkjmc.

H tcdn bkvd kn tk bkahed tdmcnkekihds, dspdmhjeey tcd bkahed pcknd, tk mkntdnl

tcjt, ehgd Harjchbj Lhdni jnl ktcdr mkbbunhty bdbadrs wck gndw tcd mkntdnt

k` tcd bdssjid ay ekkghni jt tcd mkekur k` tcd phdmd k` pjpdr, bkst pdkped hn J`rhmjjrd, tk j mknshldrjaed dxtdnt, `jbhehjr whtc tcd bkahed pcknd. J`tdr tcjt, H lhsmuss

okurnjehsthm rdpkrthni, suiidsthni tcjt tcd `jbhehjrhty k` tcd bdlhub kr tdmcnkekiy

usdl sckuel ad mjphtjehsdl h` tcd ikje hs tk mjpturd, kr jt edjst idt js meksd js pksshaed

tk, wcjt tcd mkbbunhty tchngs. Jt tcd dnl, H wrjp up tcd lhsmusshkn jakut tcd

tcrdd mknmdpts, chicehicthni wjys hn wchmc tcdy jee cjvd j psymckekihmje lhbdnshkn

tcjt hntdr`drds whtc tcd tchnghni prkmdss, dspdmhjeey wcdn tcd rdsuet k` tchs prkmdss

cjs tk ad spkgdn kut jnl rdmkrldl.

:.: Mkbbunhty

cd mknmdpt k` mkbbunhty cjs addn usdl hn sk bjny mkntdxts tk tcd dxtdnt tcjt

ht cjs jebkst admkbd j bhsshkn hbpksshaed tk ld`hnd ht prdmhsdey. Hn chs trdjthsd kn

dtchms, Jrhstkted usdl tcjt mknmdpt js kppksdl tk knd k` hnlhvhluje aut lhl nkt

ùrtcdr dejakrjtd upkn wcjt cd bdjnt prdmhsdey.18 cd mknmdpt wjs jesk jt tcd

mdntrd k` lhsmusshkns jbknist skmhkekihsts,=6 jntcrkpkekihsts,=: jnl pchekskpcdrs=1

lurhni tcd `hrst cje` k` tcd 16tc mdntury jnl, stjrthni `rkb tcd :846s, jbknist

ldvdekpbdnt pkehmybjgdrs jnl smckejrs hn ktcdr lhsmhpehnds.==

Ajgdr Arkwndee‘s pchekskpchmje lhsmusshkn k` tcd cubjn mkbbunhty ajmg hn

tcd :846s hs vdry cdepùe hn lhsthniuhschni skbd k` tcd bjhn wjys hn wchmc tcd

mknmdpt k` mkbbunhty cjs addn usdl. Cd hldnth`hdl `kur k` tcdb, njbdey? W:Rtcd skmhje usd k` tcd mknmdpt jmmkrlhni tk wchmc –tcd mkbbunhty hs j irkup k`

pdkped, mkntdxtujeey mknshldrdl, wck gnkw knd jnktcdr wdee,‘ usujeey whtc –j

ekmus, kr j ckbd pejmd, j ndhicakurckkl, j vheejid, kr pdrcjps dvdn jn jrdj whtchn

j mhty, aut skbdthbds nk `hxdl pejmd jt jee7‘ W1R tcd stjthsthmje usd, wchmc rd`drs tk –j

idkirjpchmje irkup ldnktjthvdey mknshldrdl, j vheejid kr ktcdr pejmd ldshinjthkn7‘

W=R tcd ahkekihmje usd, wchmc `kmusds kn tcd mkbbunhty js –j pcyedthm irkup,‘ tcjt hs,

knd hn wchmc –tcd unhty k` stkmg kr aekkl jmrkss tcd ydjrs cjs prdmdldnmd7‘ jnl W<R

tcd pkdthm kr bdtjpcyshmje usd, jmmkrlhni tk wchmc, –cd mkbbunhty hs j thbdedss

unhty k` cubjn bdjnhnis jnl hn tchs sdnsd hs aktc mknmrdtd jnl bdtjpckrhmje.‘ =<



1=

@kr tcd purpksd k` tchs akkg, H usd tcd skmhje WkihmjeR bdjnhni k` mkbbunhty,

wchmc, hn by vhdw, hnmeulds kr jt edjst lkds nkt dxmeuld skbd lhbdnshkns k` ktcdr

bdjnhnis jnl usds. Mkbbunhty js usdl hn tcd Bkahed Mkbbunhty Qdpkrthni

WBMQR rd`drs tk tcd –pdkped wck ehvd hn skbd spjthje rdejthknschps tk knd jnktcdr

jnl wck scjrd hntdrdsts jnl vjeuds.‘=4

Js ht jppdjrs cdrd, H cjvd pejmdl akunljrhdsjrkunl tchs mknmdpt jt twk edvdes tk bjgd ht bjnjidjaed. Hn tcd `hrst hnstjnmd,

by mknmdptujehsjthkn mknmdrns kney bjrihnjehsdl jrdjs aktc hn rurje jnl urajn

sdtthnis, wcdrd bjrihnjehty rd`drs tk tcd shtujthkn hn wchmc knd cjs tcd adehd`

tcjt eh`d hs adttdr desdwcdrd, tcjt hs, hn nkn-bjrihnjehsdl pejmds.=0 Bjrihnjehty

cdrd hnvkevds ldprhvjthkn k` ajshm `jmhehthds, ejmg k` jmmdss tk hn`rjstrumturd jnl

tdmcnkekiy, jnl tcd ehgd. chs jrahtrjry ehbhtjthkn hbpehds tcjt tcd nkthkn k`

mkbbunhty hs jppehmjaed hn ktcdr sdtthnis, aut tcjt tcdsd sdtthnis jrd nkt rdedvjnt

`kr tcd prdsdnt akkg. Hn tcd sdmknl hnstjnmd, H mcksd tcd skmhje mknmdptujehsjthkn

k` mkbbunhty, shbpey admjusd tcd prkirjbbd tcjt sdrvds js by mjsd stuly cjl tcd

bkst tk ldje whtc mkbbunhthds `rkb tcjt pdrspdmthvd tcjt hnmeuldl aktc spjthjejnl cubjn-rdejthknschp lhbdnshkns. chs ehbhtjthkn lkds nkt hn jny wjy dxmeuld

j lh``drdnt usd k` tcd nkthkn k` mkbbunhty jnl j `kmus kn ktcdr lhbdnshkns tcjn

tcksd kn wchmc H `kmusdl.

Hn tchs sdmthkn, H wjnt tk lhsmuss tcd `keekwhni `djturds k` tcd mkbbunhty

jrkunl wchmc tcd BMQ jpprkjmc hs auhet? butuje gnkwedlid jbkni tcd bdbadrs,

`jmd-tk-`jmd mkntjmt jnl mkbbunhmjthkn, jnl tcd bdbadrs‘ sdnsd k` adeknihni tk

tcd mkbbunhty. Jmmkrlhni tk tcd skmhkekihmje tcdkry k` mkbbunhty, tcdsd `djturds

jrd tcd bkst mcjrjmtdrhsthm k` jny mkbbunhty.=9

Butuje jnl hnthbjtd gnkwedlid hs j gdy mcjrjmtdrhsthm k` tcd mkbbunhty jnl

whtckut ht, nk mkbbunhty wkuel cjvd j strkni ajshs tk mjee htsde` j mkbbunhty. Js jntcrkpkekihst Idkrid Vdtdr Burlkmg rhictey pkhntdl kut, –Dvdry bdbadr hs

krlhnjrhey jmqujhntdl bkrd kr edss hnthbjtdey whtc dvdry ktcdr bdbadr, jnl cjs

edjrndl tcrkuic jsskmhjthkn tk jljpt chs adcjvhkr tk tcjt k` djmc k` chs `deekws.‘=3

chs hnthbjtd jmqujhntjnmd kavhkusey ikds adyknl gnkwhni tcd njbds, jid, jnl

pjrdnts k` ktcdr bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty. Ht hbpehds tcjt djmc bdbadr gnkws

wcdn jny ktcdr bdbadr cjs bkbdnts k` oky kr skrrkw.=8

Ckwdvdr, gnkwhni djmc ktcdr mjn ad pksshaed h` tcd bdbadrs k` tcd sjbd

mkbbunhty sdd djmc ktcdr jnl cjvd `jmd-tk-`jmd mkntjmt jnl mkbbunhmjthkn.

Arkwndee strdssdl aktc tcd `jmd-tk-`jmd mkntjmt jnl tcd spjthje lhbdnshkn js cjvhni

skbd sphrhtuje hbbdlhjmy kney jttjhnjaed hn tcd mkbbunhty? –k ad `jmd tk `jmd whtc ndhicakurs kr ghn`keg,‘ cd wrktd, –hs tk ehvd hn j ckbdey prdsdntndss k` vjeud, j

sphrhtuje hbbdlhjmy tcjt mjnnkt ad jttjhndl hnlhrdmtey.‘<6 ]hnmd tcd mknthnukus ̀ jmd-

tk-`jmd jsskmhjthkn whtc ktcdr bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty hs k` –mrhthmje hbpkrtjnmd

hn tcd pjttdrn k` ehvhni,‘<: ht `keekws tcjt tcd stjtus k` tcksd `krbdr bdbadrs wck

cjvd ed`t tcd pejmd wcdrd tcd mkbbunhty rdshlds, kr wck cjvd nk mknthnukus `jmd-

tk-`jmd prdsdnmd hn tcd mkbbunhty, cjvd j lh``drdnt stjtus, knd k` cje`-strjnidr,

cje`-mkbbunhty-bdbadr. Mknthnukus `jmd-tk-`jmd rdejthknschps rdsuet hn tcd

dbdridnmd k` mkbbunhty hntdrdsts jnl vjeuds, wchmc tcksd whtc hrrdiuejr prdsdnmd

hn tcd mkbbunhty bhss kr bhsunldrstjnl.<1



1<

Ychest `jmd-tk-`jmd mkntjmt hs unldrstkkl js j pcyshmje prdsdnmd, tcjt hs, adhni

tcdrd jnl adhni sddn, ̀ jmd-tk-`jmd mkbbunhmjthkn hbpehds tcd usd k` vdraje jnl nkn-

vdraje ejniujid. Arkwndee ùrtcdr mkntdnldl tcjt ht hs whtchn tcd jakvd-bdnthkndl

ckbdey prdsdntndss tcjt tcd mkbbunhty‘s ejniujid, mustkbs, bytcs, rdehihkn, jnl

ktcdr prkul mknstrumthkns jnl sphrhtuje vjeuds jrd mrdjtdl.<=

Adhni j bdbadr k`j mkbbunhty hs, jbknist ktcdr tchnis, spdjghni hts ejniujid jnl unldrstjnlhni

hts wkrelvhdws js scjpdl ay hts mustkbs, bytcs, jnl adehd`s. ]kmhkekihsts mknshldr

ejniujid js –j trud krijn k` unldrstjnlhni‘ whtchn j mkbbunhty, js ht hs tcrkuic

ht tcjt bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty dxprdss tcdhr oky, skrrkw, pedjsurd, ldshrds, jnl

ktcdr `ddehnis jnl dbkthkns tk knd jnktcdr.<< Js `kr mustkbs jnl trjlhthkns, tcdy

jrd ehgd tcd unwrhttdn ejws k` tcd mkbbunhty tcjt djmc bdbadr sckuel `keekw. H`

yku ardjg tcdb, wcdtcdr gnkwhniey kr ungnkwhniey, yku jrd lhsjpprkvdl jnl tcd

mkbbunhty –whee akymktt yku, jnl rdùsd tk dntdr hntk skmhje rdejthkns whtc yku.‘ <4

Ht hs dssdnthje cdrd tk lhsmuss tcd nkthkn k` –cjaht,‘ wchmc hs meksdey ehngdl tk tcd

knd k` –mustkb.‘ cd bjhn lh``drdnmd adtwddn tcd twk hs tcjt cjahts jrd hnlhvhluje wchest mustkbs jrd skmhje. Hn ktcdr wkrls, –whldsprdjl unh`krbhthds k` cjaht,‘ tcjt

hs, knd tcjt cjs ijhndl tcd sjnmthkn jnl tcd hnèudnmd, js wdee js skmhje shinh`hmjnmd,

admkbds mustkb.<0 cdrd`krd,

Ycdrdvdr tcdrd hs whldsprdjl cjaht tcdrd hs prkajaey mustkb js wdee. Cjahts mrdjtdmustkbs jnl mustkbs mrdjtd cjahts. Aut tcd twk prhnmhpeds, tckuic hntrhmjtdeyrdejtdl, jrd lhsthnmt. Mustkbs mkuel nkt dxhst unedss tcd mkrrdspknlhni cjahts wdrdhnmuemjtdl hntk tcd rhshni idndrjthkns, aut cjahts mjn dxhst whtckut suppkrt k`mustkb.<9

cd jakvd suiidsts tcjt mknshldrhni kndsde` js j bdbadr k` j mkbbunhty hsgnkwhni tcjt mkbbunhty‘s mustkbs jnl jmquhrhni mkrrdspknlhni cjahts.

cd ejst gdy mcjrjmtdrhsthm hs j sdnsd k` adeknihni wchmc dntjhes skehljrhty whtc

ktcdr bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty, ekyjety tk tcd mkbbunhty jnl dbpjtcy. chs

sdnsd k` irkup hldnthty jnl skehljrhty rdsuets ̀ rkb tcd mkbbunhty k` bdjnhnis tcjt

tcd mkbbunhty cjs ldvdekpdl jbknist hts bdbadrs.<3 cdrd dxhsts hntdrhkrhsdl

rdèdxds whtchn j mkbbunhty tcjt tdee tcd bdbadrs wchmc rdjmthkn mkrrdspknls tk

wchmc jmthkn. @kr hnstjnmd, h` skbdknd lhds, spdmh`hm adcjvhkurs jrd dxpdmtdl `rkb

ktcdr bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty. cd sjbd hs trud h` j bdbadr k` tcd mkbbunhty

cjs j bkrd okyùe dvdnt. Ktcdr tdrbs jnl dxprdsshkns sumc js –syndrihsb,‘ –wd-

`ddehni,‘ jnl –dsprht ld mkrps,‘ cjvd addn usdl tk dxjmtey rd`dr tk tcd sdnsd kàdeknihni kutehndl jakvd.<8

Hn sckrt, mkbbunhty, js H usd ht tcrkuickut tchs akkg, rd`drs tk j irkup k`

pdkped ehvhni hn tcd sjbd ehbhtdl idkirjpchmje jrdjs, gnkwhni djmc ktcdr vdry wdee

jnl sustjhnhni ̀ jmd-tk-`jmd, mknthnukus mkntjmt jnl mkbbunhmjthkn. Mkbbunhty

hbpehds j scjrdl ejniujid, scjrdl cjahts jnl mustkbs, js wdee js scjrdl hntdrdsts

jnl vjeuds, wchmc rdsuet hn j sdnsd k` adeknihni, skehljrhty, jnl ekyjety jbknist

tcd bdbadrs. Ychest tcd nkthkn mkuel jppey tk bjny shtujthkns, H cjvd prd`drrdl

tk mkbahnd ht whtc tcd nkthkn k` bjrihnjehty, wchmc mkrrdspknls tk tcd sdtthnis

hn wchmc tcd Bkahed Qdpkrthni Vrkirjbbd tkkg pejmd. Ld`hndl hn tchs wjy,



14

mkbbunhty hs lh``drdnt `rkb skmhdty, wchmc hs bjrgdl ay j peurjehty k` hntdrdsts

jnl vjeuds tcjt edjl tk mknèhmts tcjt ndvdr dnl. 46

cd `hrst wkrghni cypktcdshs hn tchs akkg hs? wcdn rdpkrtdrs jrd bdbadrs k`tcd mkbbunhty jakut wchmc tcdy rdpkrt, tcd ndws jnl vhdws tcdy mjpturd jrd ehgd tcd

ajrkbdtdr sckwhni wcjt tcd mkbbunhty tchngs jakut j ihvdn hssud kr dvdnt .

:.1 Bkahed \dmcnkekiy

Js H wjs jttdnlhni j bddthni hn Jprhe 16:= whtc j lkzdn wkbdn bdbadrs k` j

ekmje scdjtnut-mkeedmthni jnl prkmdsshni jsskmhjthkn ndjr Gkulkuiku, skbd :66gb

skutc k` Kujijlkuiku hn Aurghnj @jsk,4: H whtndssdl j smdnd tcjt subbjrhsds tcd

dxtdnt tk wchmc tcd bkahed pcknd cjs pdndtrjtdl hntk pdkped‘s mknsmhkusndss. Knd

wkbjn, jidl jrkunl 96 ydjrs kel, ckelhni cdr irjnlskn jidl adtwddn tcrdd jnl

`kur, rdmdhvdl j mjee kn cdr bkahed pcknd jnl ed`t tcd bddthni j`tdr putthni cdr

irjnlskn kn tcd èkkr. Js @hiurd : sckws, tcd irjnlbktcdr wjs spdjghni kn tcdpcknd skbd 16 bdtdrs jwjy wcdn tcd irjnlskn wck cjl `keekwdl cdr, bhbhmgdl

j pcknd mjee, whtc chs ajmg turndl tk tcd irjnlbktcdr. Ychest tcd rhict cjnl

wjs –ckelhni‘ tcd vhrtuje pcknd, tcd ed`t cjnl bjld surd tcjt nk dxtdrnje nkhsd

lhsturadl tcd mknvdrsjthkn tcrkuic tcd ktcdr djr.

Ycjt lkds tchs smdnd tdee us; Ht dekqudntey tdees us tcjt tcd jlkpthkn prkmdss k`

tcd bkahed pcknd cjs addn mkbpedtdl kr jt edjst cjs rdjmcdl j vdry jlvjnmdl stjid

hn tchs pjrthmuejr pejmd. Aktc tcd keldr jnl tcd ykunidst idndrjthkns jrd `jbhehjr

@hiurd :? Irjnlskn bhbhmghni pcknd mjee js irjnlbktcdr jnswdrs j mjee (Vcktk K.N.,Gkulkuiku :: Jprhe 16:=).



10

whtc tcd ldvhmd jnl usd ht, aut djmc hn tcdhr kwn wjy. Ht hs kavhkus tcjt tcd irjnlskn

gndw jakut tcd bkahed pcknd, ckw ht wkrgdl, ckw ht wjs usdl, jnl jt edjst knd k`

hts ùnmthkns, njbdey bdlhjthni mknvdrsjthkn. Ht bhict ad jssubdl tcjt wcjtdvdr

ktcdr ùnmthkns, `kr hnstjnmd pcktkirjpcy kr julhk rdmkrlhni, tcjt bhict ad jlldl

tk tcd bkahed pcknd wkuel nkt turn ht hntk j ndw, ungnkwn, strjnid tdmcnkekiy. Hntchs sdmthkn, H wjnt tk dxpejhn tcd prkmdss tcrkuic wchmc ndw bdlhj, pjrthmuejrey

tcd bkahed pcknd, jmchdvd jlkpthkn jnl lkbdsthmjthkn, ad`krd chicehicthni tcd

bjhn jspdmts tcjt bjgd tcd bkahed pcknd tcd hldje mkbbunhty rdpkrthni tkke,

njbdey hts uahquhty, jnl hts buethùnmthknje mcjrjmtdr.

Js tcd dxjbped k` tcd irjnlbktcdr jnl tcd irjnlskn sckws, tcd bkahed pcknd

hs nk eknidr j murhkus kaodmt kr j euxury. Hn tcd ejtd :886s jnl hntk tcd djrey ydjrs

k` tcd 1:st mdntury, tcd bkahed pcknd hn J`rhmj wjs j shin k` chic stjtus, js aktc tcd

ldvhmd jnl tcdhr usd WjhrthbdR wdrd adyknl tcd rdjmc k` bjny. 41 chs –Cjvd-yku-

sddn-bd‘ stjid hn tcd jlkpthkn k` ndw mkbbunhmjthkn tdmcnkekihds hs nkt pdmuehjr

tk tcd bkahed pcknd. cd kel Harjchbj Lhdni ” hn cd Bkndy Krldr ” wck cjljmmubuejtdl ldats jt tcd ekmje sckp, usdl tcd ndw mkbbunhmjthkn tdmcnkekiy k`

tcjt thbd, tcd pjpdr-ajsdl bkndy krldr, tk sckw k``. Yhtc tcd bkndy krldr hn

chs pkmgdt, Lhdni wkuel ik tk tcd sckp jnl tdee tcd sckpgddpdr tcjt cd cjl mkbd

tk medjr chs njbd, ay wchmc cd bdjnt tcjt whtc tcd nkt-ydt-mjscdl krldr cd wjs

skbdknd desd, whtc j lh``drdnt stjtus.4= cd jssubpthkn hs tcjt tcd ndw tdmcnkekiy

`hrst hbprdssds ad`krd irjlujeey pdndtrjthni tcd mknsmhkusndss k` tcd ejridr irkup

k` usdrs jnl jmchdvhni lkbdsthmjthkn jnl uahquhty.

cd jlkpthkn k` jny ndw bdlhj tdmcnkekiy ikds tcrkuic j prkmdss tcjt hnmeulds

bjny summdsshvd stdps. Dxpejhnhni tcd jlkpthkn prkmdss k` ndw bdlhj, Cjns vjn

Lrhde mjbd up whtc tcd `kur stdp JQHJ pjttdrn. cd prkmdss stjrts whtc tcd W:R Jlbhrjthkn kr Jbjzdbdnt ay j sbjee irkup k` dntcushjsthm, djrey jlkptdrs7 wchest

tcksd `dw sckw dntcushjsb jnl dxmhtdbdnt, tcd ejridr pjrt k` skmhdty sckws skbd

W1R Q dshstjnmd , prd`drrhni dstjaehscdl bdlhj tdmcnkekihds7 tcd prkmdss ikds kn whtc

tcd ndw bdlhub W=R H bhtjthni skbd k` tcd `djturds k` tcd dxhsthni bdlhj7 jetckuic

tcd ndw bdlhub hbhtjtds tcd dxhsthni knd, ht jesk irjlujeey ldvdekps hts kwn W<R Jutcdnthmhty , tjghni up ndw krhihnje prkpdrthds tcjt uethbjtdey lhsthniuhsc ht `rkb

tcd dxhsthni tdmcnkekihds.4<

Kn chs pjrt, Qhmc Ehni `kmusdl kn tcd bkahed pcknd jnl j `hvd stdp jlkpthkn

mymed tcjt k``drdl j pjttdrn tcjt hs sehictey lh``drdnt `rkb tcd knd prkpksdl ay

Pjn Lrhde. cd mymed stjrts whtc W:R Hbjihnjthkn, tcjt hs, tcd wjy j ndw ldvhmddntdrs kur mknsmhkusndss7 ht prkmddls whtc W1R Jpprkprhjthkn, j stjid jt wchmc tcd

ndw ldvhmd prkirdsshvdey bkvds `rkb tcd mkbbdrmhje wkrel tk dntdr kur dvdryljy

eh`d7 tcdn mkbds W=R Kaodmth`hmjthkn, wcdrday tcd ndw ldvhmd stjrts pejyhni kut kur

vjeuds jnl sdnsd k` jdstcdthm, jnl scjphni kur hldnthty tcrkuic kwndrschp jnl

mknsubpthkn7 j`tdr kaodmth`hmjthkn mkbds W<R Hnmkrpkrjthkn, wchmc hbpehds tcd usd

k` tcd ndw ldvhmd nkt skedey js hnlhmjtdl hn tcd bjnujes, aut jesk js hnvdntdl jnl

jsshbhejtdl ay tcd usdrs7 tcd jlkpthkn prkmdss meksds whtc W4R Mknvdrshkn, j stjid

jt wchmc djmc usdr ckpds tk rdjehsd tcd skmhje d``dmt k` tcd ndw tdmcnkekiy, wchmc

bdjns tcjt tcd ndw ldvhmd cjs admkbd –jn dedbdnt hn ktcdrs‘ dsthbjthkn k` us.‘44



19

cd twk wjys k` ekkghni jt tcd jlkpthkn k` ndw bdlhj tdmcnkekihds jrd lh``drdnt

aut mkuel ad hntdrprdtdl js tdeehni tcd sjbd stkry hn twk lh``drdnt wjys. @kr hnstjnmd,

wcjt Pjn Lrhde mjees Jlbhrjthkn kr Jbjzdbdnt mkuel ad vhdwdl js mkrrdspknlhni

tk Ehni‘s Hbjihnjthkn. Jnywjy, djrey jlbhrdrs mjn ad sjhl tk ad hldjehsts wck sdd

tcd pktdnthje k` ndw tdmcnkekihds ad`krd ht ùeey un`kels, jnl tcdrday mkntrhautdtk tcd hbjihnjthkn k` tcd ndw tdmcnkekiy ay tcd ejridr pkpuejthkn. ]hbhejrey,

Qdshstjnmd mkuel ad vhdwdl js tcd djrey stjid k` Jpprkprhjthkn, js rdèdmthni tcd

cdshtjthkns bjrghni tcd djrey jlkpthkn k` jny ndw tdmcnkekiy. Hbhtjthkn, tkk, hs

pjrt k` tcd Jpprkprhjthkn stjid, js tcd ndw tdmcnkekiy mkuel ad vhdwdl js sdnlhni

kut shinjes tcjt ht hs nkt jaruptey ardjghni jwjy `rkb wcjt tcd usdrs jrd usdl tk.

@hnjeey, Jutcdnthmhty subbjrhsds jee tcd nkvdethds jnl prkpdrthds tcjt rdsuet hn tcdKaodmth`hmjthkn, Hnmkrpkrjthkn, jnl Mknvdrshkn stjids.40

cd bkahed pcknd hs jssubdl tk cjvd jmchdvdl uahquhty hn bkst pjrts k` J`rhmj.

Ht whee su``hmd tk ekkg jt kwndrschp jnl usd stjthsthms jnl jt tcd vjrhkus wjys hn

wchmc ht cjs dntdrdl pdkped‘s rkuthnds, tk mkbd tk tcd mknmeushkn tcjt tcd bkahedpcknd hs tcd bkst whldsprdjl ndw bdlhj tdmcnkekiy hn J`rhmj. cd uahquhty k`

j bdlhj tdmcnkekiy sumc js tcd bkahed pcknd hs ld`hndl js tcd –qujehty k` adhni

jewjys hn kur prdsdnmd, jewjys hn kur pkssdsshkn, jnl jewjys mknndmtdl tk j ejridr

bdlhjsmjpd.‘49 ]hnmd uahquhty turns jrkunl tcd prdsdnmd, tcd pkssdsshkn, jnl tcd

mknndmtdlndss k` tcd bdlhj tdmcnkekiy, H wkuel ehgd tk arhdèy dxpekrd ckw tcdsd

tcrdd jspdmts jppey tk tcd bkahed pcknd hn J`rhmj.

Hs tcd bkahed pcknd jewjys prdsdnt tk bkst pdkped hn J`rhmj; k jnswdr tchs

qudsthkn H nddl tk mkbahnd aktc prdsdnmd jnl pkssdsshkn, admjusd tcdy jrd meksdey

hntdr-rdejtdl. ]tjthsthms hn bjny J`rhmjn mkuntrhds sckw tcjt kvdr 86 pdrmdnt k` tcd

pkpuejthkn cjs jmmdss tk j pcknd, whtc mkuntrhds ehgd Ijakn idtthni meksdr tk j :66pdrmdnt bkahed pcknd jmmdss rjtd.43 Ckwdvdr, jmmdss sckuel nkt ad mkn`kunldl

whtc kwndrschp kr pkssdsshkn, wcksd rjtds jrd sthee vdry ekw. Vrkodmthkns prdlhmtdl

tcjt ay tcd sdmknl ldmjld k` tcd 1:st mdntury –j bhnkrhty k` jrkunl :6 pdr mdnt

whee nkt cjvd tcdhr kwn bkahed pcknd‘ hn J`rhmj.48 ]cjrhni jnl puaehm bkahed

pcknds bjgd jmmdss rjtds bumc chicdr tcjn kwndrschp knds. Hn tchs rdspdmt, kney

<.=4 pdrmdnt k` jnzjnhjns kwndl bkahed pcknds hn 166<, wchest 89 pdrmdnt cjl

jmmdss tk ht hn tcjt sjbd ydjr, tcjngs, jbknist ktcdr prjmthmds, tk scjrhni.06 cd

mknmeushkn cdrd hs tcjt tcd mknstjnt prdsdnmd k` tcd bkahed pcknd hs j rdjehty,

`jmhehtjtdl tk skbd dxtdnt ay kwndrschp, aut bkstey bjld pksshaed tcjngs tk jmmdss

vhj ktcdr mcjnndes sumc js scjrhni jnl puaehm pcknds. Ycjt jakut mknstjnt mknndmtdlndss, tcd tchrl jspdmt k` uahquhty; Mkvdrjid

k` bkahed tdedpckny ndtwkrgs hs nkt ydt tktje hn bjny mkuntrhds hn J`rhmj. cksd

jrdjs tcjt jrd nkt mkvdrdl ay tcd ndtwkrg, dhtcdr admjusd tcd bjrgdt hs vdry sbjee,

kr admjusd tcd dmknkbhm pktdnthje k` tcd rdihkn hs hnshinh`hmjnt, mjn ad sjhl tk

ad bjrihnjehsdl admjusd tcdy jrd dxmeuldl `rkb tcd dbdrihni bkahed ndtwkrg

skmhdty jnl jee rdejtdl adnd`hts.0: Hn bjny pejmds, kwnhni kr cjvhni jmmdss tk j

bkahed pcknd lkds nkt lhrdmtey hbpey adhni mknndmtdl tk tcd ndtwkrg. Hn tcd

Iudrj rdihkn k` Mcjl, `kr hnstjnmd, wcdrd tcd pdndtrjthkn rjtd wjs k` <9 bkahed

pcknds `kr :,666 pdkped hn 1660, rdshldnts wdrd sthee urihni tdedmkbbunhmjthkn



13

mkbpjnhds jnl tcd ikvdrnbdnt tk hnstjee bkahed pcknd jntdnnjs hn tcd jrdj jt tcd

adihnnhni k` tcd sdmknl ldmjld k` tcd 1:st mdntury.01

Vjrjlkxhmjeey, hn skbd mkuntrhds ehgd Aurghnj @jsk, mknndmthvhty admkbds

jn hssud `keekwhni tcd `jheurd k` tdedmkbbunhmjthkn mkbpjnhds tk aunled tcdhr

ndtwkrg mkvdrjid d``krts. cd rdsuet hs tcjt tcd tcrdd mkbpjnhds, debka, Jhrtde,jnl Mdeetde, scjrd tcd bjrgdt idkirjpchmjeey, wchmc rdnldrs mkbbunhmjthkn

adtwddn twk idkirjpchmje jrdjs hbpksshaed h` usdrs cjppdn tk cjvd j suasmrhpthkn

k` j mkbpjny tcjt hs jasdnt hn knd k` tcd jrdjs. wk pcdnkbdnj dbdridl `rkb

tchs shtujthkn? kn knd cjnl, bjny Aurghnjad pdkped, aktc hn urajn jnl rurje jrdjs,

kwn twk kr tcrdd bkahed pcknds whtc lh``drdnt suasmrhpthkns. chs dnsurds tcjt knd

hs rdjmcjaed jnl knd hs jaed tk bjgd mjees wcdrdvdr knd hs. Kn tcd ktcdr cjnl, hn

mhthds jnl vheejids, knd k`tdn sdds twk kr tcrdd tdedmkbbunhmjthkn jntdnnjs lhstjnt

k` edss tcjn 46 kr :66 bdtrds `rkb knd jnktcdr. k tcdsd mknndmthvhty hssuds, knd

sckuel jll ndtwkrg sjturjthkn, wchmc rdsuets `rkb kvdrsuasmrhpthkns jnl prdvdnts

kpthbje mknndmthvhty, dspdmhjeey lurhni pdjg ckurs.cd hssuds kutehndl jakvd sckuel nkt aehnl us tk tcd arhictdr shld k` jebkst

mknstjnt mknndmthvhty, wchmc cjs mcjnidl wjys pdkped mkbbunhmjtd jnl vjmjtd

tk tcdhr ljhey jmthvhthds jnl aushndssds. @kr hnstjnmd, hn`krbje trjldrs jnl `jrbdrs

jrd rdpkrtdl tk cjvd tjgdn irdjt jlvjntjid k` bkahed mknndmthvhty tk bjgd bkrd

prk`hts tcjngs tk adttdr aushndss mk-krlhnjthkn.0= Hn chs stuly k` tcd usds k` bkahed

pcknds jbknist tkbjtk jnl pktjtk `jrbdrs hn jnzjnhj, ckbjs Bkekny rdjehsdl

tcjt tcd bkahed pcknd pejydl j mrumhje rked ay `jmhehtjthni mkbbunhmjthkn adtwddn

`jrbdrs jnl bhlledbdn. cd ejttdr purmcjsdl `jrbdrs‘ mrkps, wchmc tcdy skel

tk wckedsjedrs hn tcd mjphtje Ljr ds ]jejjb kr desdwcdrd. 0< Jpjrt `rkb `jrbhni,

ktcdr sdmtkrs sumc js `hschni 04 jnl cdjetc,00 cjvd hntdirjtdl tcd bkahed pcknd,mkntrhauthni tk tcd uahquhty k` tcjt tdmcnkekiy vhj hts mjpjahehty tk mknndmt tk

tcd ndtwkrg. Ht sckuel jesk ad strdssdl tcjt nkvdethds sumc js ajnghni, skbdtchni

prdvhkusey rdsdrvdl `kr sdnhkr mhvhe sdrvjnts jnl tcd wdjetcy, hs nkw kpdn tk tcd

undbpekydl jnl tcd pkkr, tcjngs tk tcd bkahed pcknd.09

chs sdmthkn stjrtdl whtc tcd cypktcdshs tcjt tcd bkahed pcknd hs jt tcd bkbdnt

tcd bkst hldje bdlhj tdmcnkekiy ̀ kr tcd BMQ jpprkjmc, ̀ hrstey admjusd k` hts quhmg

jlkpthkn tcjt cjs rdsuetdl hn hts qujsh uahquhty.03 Hn tcd ndxt `dw pjrjirjpcs, H

wjnt tk suiidst tcjt tcd sked qujehty k` adhni uahquhtkus jnl tcus `jbhehjr tk usdrs,

hnmeulhni tcksd hn rurje jrdjs, lkds nkt hbbdlhjtdey qujeh`y tcd bkahed pcknd js

tcd hldje tkke `kr bkahed rdpkrthni. Hts buethùnmthknje mcjrjmtdr hs mrumhje hn tcdprkmdss, js tcd bkahed pcknd, jt edjst stjrthni `rkb tcd tchrl idndrjthkn W=IR, mjn

mkbpedtd jee tcd tjsgs rdquhrdl hn prklumhni j sde`-sustjhndl, buethbdlhj rdpkrt.

cd rkkts k` tcd bkahed pcknd ik ajmg tk tcd hnvdnthkn k` tcd tdedirjpc hn

tcd Tnhtdl ]tjtds hn tcd ejtd :8tc mdntury wcdn, `kr tcd `hrst thbd hn chstkry, j

mkbbunhmjthkn tdmcnkekiy –pdrbhttdl … tcd d``dmthvd sdpjrjthkn k` mkbbunhmjthkn

`rkb trjnspkrtjthkn‘ jnl tcdrday –jetdrdl tcd spjthje jnl tdbpkrje akunljrhds k`

cubjn hntdrjmthkn.‘08 cd suasdqudnt chstkry k` lhstjnmd vkhmd mkbbunhmjthkn

sjw tcd hnvdnthkn k` whrdedss tdedirjpcy ay Iuiehebk Bjrmknh hn :38496 jnl k` tcd

tdedpcknd jrkunl tcd sjbd thbd,9: tcd djrey jttdbpts jt bkahed mkbbunhmjthkn

ay ]wdlhsc dedmtrhmje dnihnddr Ejrs Bjinus Drhmsskn,91 tcd ldvdekpbdnt k` bkahed



18

pcknds ay Bktkrkej adtwddn tcd :8=6s jnl :806s,9= jnl tcd mkbbdrmhjehsjthkn

k` tcd `hrst bkahed pcknds hn tcd ejtd :896s.9< Ljn ]tdhnakmg lhvhldl tcd chstkry

k` bkahed pcknd hntk `kur drjs? whrdedss tdedirjpcy W:386s-:816sR, tcd prd-mdeeuejr

drj W:8:6s-:836sR, tcd mdeeuejr drj W:836s-166:R, jnl tcd bkahed drj W166:-R.94

@rkb tcd mdeeuejr drj knwjrls W:836s ” R, tcd chstkry k` tcd bkahed pcknd wjs tkel hn tdrbs k` Is kr Idndrjthkns? :I pcknds, tcd `hrst knds, wdrd nkt

kney cuid hn shzd, aut jesk vkhmd-kney ldvhmds.90 1I pcknds lkbhnjtdl tcd :886s

jnl wdrd mcjrjmtdrhsdl ay tcdhr sbjee shzd jnl tcdhr usd k` lhihtjeey mkldl jnl

mkbprdssdl skunls tcjt wdrd trjnsbhttdl vhj rjlhk wjvds. Adshlds, tcdy jlldl ndw

ùnmthknjehthds sumc js tcd jllrdss akkg, ijbds, skpchsthmjtdl bdnus jnl hntdr`jmds,

vkhmd bdssjids, thbd ùnmthknjehthds, jbknist ktcdrs.99 Ehgd tcdhr :I prdldmdsskrs,

1I pcknds kney jeekwdl vkhmd mkbbunhmjthkn. =I ldvhmds jppdjrdl hn tcd ejtd

:886s jnl wdrd lkbhnjnt hn tcd bhlled k` tcd `hrst ldmjld k` tcd 1: tc mdntury.

cdsd ldvhmds –`hnjeey bjld ―phmturd‒ pcknds j mkbbdrmhje rdjehty‘ jnl hntrklumdl

hntdrjmthvd vhldk mkbbunhmjthkns.93 Tnehgd tcdhr prdldmdsskrs, =I pcknds sch`tdl`rkb vkhmd-kney sdrvhmds tk ljtj trjnsbhsshkn jnl ljtj-ajsdl sdrvhmds.98 Js H ejy

lkwn tcdsd wkrls, <I pcknds jrd bjghni tcdhr wjy hntk tcd bjhnstrdjb, whtc

pjrthmuejr strdss kn –sbjrt‘ mknndmthvhty.36

chs arhd` chstkry 3: k` tcd bkahed pcknd sckws tcjt `rkb =I knwjrl, bkahed

pcknds admjbd –buethbdlhj mdntrds‘,31 js tcdy mjn aktc prklumd jnl rdmdhvd/lhspejy

buethbdlhj mkntdnts. Js H wrhtd, –sk bjny `djturds cjvd addn hnmkrpkrjtdl hntk

pcknds tcjt tcd wkrl ―pcknd‒ htsde` `ddes qujhnt jnl kutljtdl.‘3= Ktcdr jutckrs

shbpey rd`dr tk ht js –ldvhmdWsR `krbdrey gnkwn js mdeepckndWsR,‘ 3< admjusd bkahed

pcknds cjvd admkbd ijlidts tcjt mkbahnd bjny ktcdr ijlidts hntk knd. 34 Js

buethbdlhj rdmdpthkn jnl lhspejy ldvhmds, bkahed pcknds jrd hnmrdjshniey adhniusdl tk wjtmc vhldks `rkb aktc wdashtds jnl `rkb mknvdnthknje bdlhj kutedts.

Ht wjs rdpkrtdl tcjt Xkuuad rdmdhvdl 166 bheehkn vhdws pdr ljy kn bkahed

ldvhmds,30 jnl tcjt bkrd jnl bkrd bjhnstrdjb P arkjlmjstdrs wdrd dnijihni hn

bkahed tdedvhshkn, tcjt hs, hn bjghni mkntdnts –trjnsbhttdl, arkjlmjst, jaardvhjtdl,

mustkbhsdl kr spdmh`hmjeey mknmdhvdl `kr bkahed pcknds.‘39

By `kmus kn tcd buethùnmthknje mcjrjmtdr k` tcd bkahed pcknd hs kn tcd

prklumthkn pjrt, rjtcdr tcjn kn tcd rdmdpthkn shld, dvdn tckuic tcd ejttdr prkbhsds

tk ejtdr ad mrumhje wcdn bkahed-hntdrndt mknndmthvhty cjs admkbd uahquhtkus.

cus, js j prklumthkn tdmcnkekiy, tcd bkahed pcknd mjn rdmkrl jnl dlht tk skbd

dxtdnt sthee jnl bkvhni hbjids js wdee js skunl `heds, prklumd tdxtuje mkntdnts,jnl dlht tcd wcked hntk j sde`-mkntjhndl, buethbdlhj rdpkrt. Dlhthni cdrd hnmeulds

ùnmthknjehthds sumc js mutthni jnl bdrihni `rjibdnts, skunl sdtthnis, hbjid

d``dmts, jnl supdrhbpkshthkns k` hbjid, skunl, jnl tdxt trjmgs. =I pcknds cjvd

djrndl tcd qujeh`hmjthkn k` Lk-Ht-Jee tkkes, js nk jllhthknje tdmcnkekiy hs nddldl

tk mkbpedtd tcd ajshm prklumthkn prkmdss.

Ckwdvdr, ht sckuel ad nktdl tcjt tcd =I pcknds tcjt bkahed rdpkrtdrs usdl

lurhni tcd 1669-16:= pdrhkl H jb mkvdrhni, wdrd sthee `jr `rkb pdr`dmthkn hn

mdrtjhn rdspdmts. Ycdrdjs hbjid sdtthnis prkvhldl kpthkns rjnihni `rkb –Ekw‘ tk

–P qujehty‘, tcdy ̀ jhedl tk k``dr hbjid stjahehsjthkn jnl ehict ̀ hetdrhni pksshahehthds.

chs bdjnt tcjt tcd rdpkrtdr cjl tk ad mjrdùe jnl gddp mknstjnt mkntrke k` tcdhr



=6

cjnl bkvdbdnts, jnl dnsurd tcjt skurmds k` dxmdsshvd ehict lhl nkt spkhe tcd mehps.

@rkb tcd ehtdrjturd jakut =I bkahed pcknds, knd idts j `ddehni tcjt tcd vhldk

ùnmthkn wjs nkt hnhthjeey j –ahi tchni.‘ Hn chs stuly k` bkahed buethbdlhj, `kr

hnstjnmd, Hepk Gjedvh Gksghndn wrktd tcjt –Bkahed buethbdlhj prkvhlds pdkped

whtc tcd tdmcnhmje bdjns tk mjpturd jnl scjrd tchnis tcdy mkbd up whtc hn tcdhrehvds. Hn lkhni sk, tcdy bjy uthehzd tdxt, tjeg, skunls, hbjids, jnl skbdthbds vhldk‘

Wdbpcjshs jlldlR.33

Ht hs pdrcjps tcd jspdmts rdejthni tk skunl tcjt wdrd tcd edjst ldvdekpdl hn

bkst k` tcd =I pcknds tcjt wdrd usdl. cdy k``drdl kney twk kpthkns tk rdmkrl

skunl? tcd `hrst wjs rdmkrlhni shbuetjndkusey whtc tcd vhldk, wchmc bdjnt tcjt

tcd vhldk trjmg kr ajmgirkunl skunl, jnl tcd rdpkrtdr‘s mkbbdnts kr `krdirkunl

skunl, bjld knd. cd sdmknl wjs rdmkrlhni j stjnl-jeknd julhk trjmg tcjt mkuel

ad usdl `kr vjrhkus purpksds, hnmeulhni `kr rjlhk arkjlmjsthni jnl js j vkhmdkvdr

mkbbdntjry `kr j vhldk mehp. Yhtc tchs kpthkn, tcd pcknd jeekwdl rdpkrtdrs tk

butd tcd ajmgirkunl skunl sk tcjt tcd vkhmdkvdr mkuel ad cdjrl.Mkbpjrdl tk tcd kpthkns knd wjs k``drdl tk kpthbhsd tcd vhldk rdmkrlhni

prkmdss Wèjsc, zkkb, mkekur, dxtdrnje ejbp jnl ehict sdtthnis, dtm.R, =I pcknds

k``drdl ehtdrjeey nktchni tk cdep knd kpthbhsd tcd skunl. Jee tcd usdr wjs k``drdl hs

j auttkn tk stjrt jnl dnl tcd rdmkrlhni prkmdss. cd auhet-hn bhmrkpcknd wjs nkt

dquhppdl whtc j nkhsd `hetdr, wchmc wjs lhsturahni `kr tcd vhdwdrs kr ehstdndrs jnl

hrrhtjthni `kr tcd rdpkrtdr. Bkrdkvdr, dlhthni admjbd j cjssed, js tcd skunl trjmg

mkuel nkt ad dlhtdl. chs bdjnt tcjt tcd vjrhkus `rjibdnts cjl tk ad rdmkrldl whtc

j spdmh`hm ednitc jnl whtckut jny drrkr, ad`krd tcdy wdrd supdrhbpksdl whtc hbjids.

Knmd jijhn, `rkb tcd ehtdrjturd kn =I, knd unldrstjnls tcjt tcd hnhthje usds k` tcd

skunl ùnmthkn wdrd ehbhtdl tk sckrt, shbped rdmkrlhnis sumc js irddthnis, skunl

@hiurd 1? \rjhndd mcdmghni tcd ùnmthknjehthds k` chs =I bkahed pcknd (Vcktk? Vhb ld Yht).



=:

sjbpeds, hbhtjthkns k` cubjn jnl jnhbje vkhmds, jnl tcd ehgd,38 wchmc rdquhrdl nk

mkbpedx dlhthni.

Jee tcd rdpkrts lhsmussdl hn tchs akkg wdrd bjld whtc =I bkahed pcknds jnl

skbd k` tcdb prdsdnt tcd hbpdr`dmthkns mjusdl ay tcd tdmcnkekihmje ehbhtjthkns

kutehndl jakvd. cd ckpd hs tcjt bkrd jlvjnmdl =I pcknds jnl <I pcknds, wcdntcdy cjvd jmchdvdl uahquhty, whee skevd bkst k` tcdsd hssuds, js tcdy dnjaed tcd

usdr tk lkwnekjl Wsdbh-Rprk`dsshknje sk`twjrd WjppsR tcjt k``dr jebkst jee nddldl

dlhthni ùnmthknjehthds. cd murrdnt `hdrmd mkbpdththkn adtwddn tcd gdy pejydrs kn

tcd sbjrt pcknd bjrgdt, njbdey ]jbsuni jnl Jpped, jnl tcd prdssurd mkbhni

`rkb pejydrs sumc js Mchnj-ajsdl Cujwdh, jrd ehgdey tk pusc lkwn tcd prhmds k`

chic-dnl sbjrt pcknds,86 bjghni tcdb j``krljaed `kr bjny pdkped hn J`rhmj. Ycdn

tcjt thbd cjs mkbd, tcd pcknd whee bkvd `rkb tcd murrdnt stjtus k` Lk-Ht-Jee tkke

tk knd k` Lk-Ht-Jee-Vdr`dmtey tkke.

cd `krdikhni tjgds bd tk tcd sdmknl wkrghni cypktcdshs jrkunl wchmc

bjny k` tchs akkg‘s pkhnts rdvkevd? H` tcd bkahed pcknd hs uahquhtkus jnl jerdjlylkbdsthmjtdl ay ekmje pkpuejthkns, jnl h` tcd bkahed pcknd cjs rdjmcdl tcd Lk-Ht-Jee

prklumthkn tkke stjtus, ht `keekws tcjt ht whee mjpturd, adttdr tcjn jny ktcdr tkke, wcjttcd mkbbunhty tchngs .

:.= Qdpkrthni

cd cypktcdshs prdsdntdl jt tcd dnl k` tcd prdvhkus sdmthkn nddls j mkbpedbdnt

tk ùeey rdèdmt tcd BMQ jpprkjmc tcjt H jb lhsmusshni cdrd. cd ejst pjrt k`

tcd cypktcdshs sckuel uethbjtdey ad? –ht `keekws tcjt ht whee mjpturd, adttdr tcjn jny

ktcdr tkke, wcjt tcd mkbbunhty tchngs , prkvhldl tcjt tcd rdpkrtdr hs j bdbadr k`tcd mkbbunhty.‘ H lhl nkt prkvhld tchs mkbpedbdnt `kr tcd shbped rdjskn tcjt ht

wkuel mrdjtd skbd mknùshkn, js tcd mknmdpt k` –rdpkrtdr‘ wkuel ad usdl whtckut

prhkr dxpejnjthkn. cd mknmdpts k` –Mkbbunhty‘ jnl k` –Bkahed dmcnkekiy‘

cjvd addn lhsmussdl jnl pejmdl hn tcd mkntdxt hn wchmc tcdy jrd usdl tcrkuickut

tchs akkg, wchmc hs nkt ydt tcd mjsd `kr tcd tchrl gdy mknmdpt k` WBMQ-hnsphrdlR

rdpkrthni. Qdpkrthni jnl jee ktcdr tdrbs adeknihni tk tcd sjbd `jbhey, rdpkrt,

rdpkrtdr, rdpkrtjid, jbknist ktcdrs, cjvd bkrd tcjn knd bdjnhni, cdnmd tcd nddl

tk `hrst dxpejhn wchmc bdjnhni H jb ushni hn tchs akkg. chs sdmthkn, tcdrd`krd, hs

ldlhmjtdl tk j sckrt ld`hnhthkn jnl lhsmusshkn k` rdpkrthni js usdl hn tchs akkg.

J bkrd dejakrjtd lhsmusshkn k` okurnjehsthm rdpkrthni hs hn tcd ndxt mcjptdr, wcdrdndws vjeuds, skurmds, jnl dtchms jrd mknshldrdl `rkb jn BMQ pdrspdmthvd.

Qdpkrthni hs k`tdn wrkniey dqujtdl whtc okurnjehsb, wcdrdjs ht mkvdrs j

bumc ejridr smkpd tcjn okurnjehsb lkds. Qdpkrthni hs tcd jmt k` ijtcdrhni ljtj

jnl hn`krbjthkn nkt hn j rjnlkb wjy, aut rjtcdr `keekwhni j nubadr k` spdmh`hm

ldbjnls k` tcd mkbbunhmjthkn `hdel whtchn wchmc knd hs wkrghni.8: Hn tchs wjy,

rdpkrthni hs j –mdntrje jmt k` okurnjehsb,‘81 wchmc hs jesk trud `kr puaehm rdejthkns,

jlvkmjmy, jnl jmthvhst mkbbunhmjthkn, jbknist ktcdrs. Jlvkmjmy-mdntrdl

mkbbunhmjthkn dntjhes ktcdr ldbjnls tcjn okurnjehsb, oust ehgd jmthvhsb-krhdntdl

mkbbunhmjthkn rdquhrds j lh``drdnt jpprkjmc hn ijtcdrhni ljtj jnl hn`krbjthkn.

]hnmd okurnjehsb hs tcd bjhn ̀ hdel H jb lhsmusshni hn tchs akkg, H `kmus kn tcjt knd,



=1

wchest H mkbd ajmg tk jlvkmjmy, jmthvhsb jnl ldvdekpbdnt-prkodmt mkbbunhmjthkn

hn tcd mknmeulhni mcjptdr.

@rkb j okurnjehsthm pdrspdmthvd, rdpkrthni bdjns mkeedmthni ljtj jnl hn`krbjthkn

tcjt bddt okurnjehsthm ldbjnls. cd qudsthkn tcdn hs? wcjt jrd tcksd okurnjehsthm

ldbjnls kr vjeuds tcjt tcd rdpkrtdr sckuel tjgd hntk jmmkunt; cd vdry `hrst, shndquj nkn, ldbjnl mknmdrns –ndws,‘ tcjt hs, –skbd chtcdrtk ungnkwn (ndw) `djturd

k` tcd jmtuje, skmhje wkrel.‘8= Ckwdvdr, jee chtcdrtk ungnkwn kr ndw `djturds k`

tcd jmtuje, skmhje wkrel jrd nkt rdpkrtdl jakut, wchmc hbpehds tcjt ktcdr vjeuds

kr ldbjnls bjgd skbd k` chtcdrtk ungnkwn kr ndw `djturds wkrtc rdpkrthni

jakut tcjn ktcdrs. cdrd hs nk dxmeushvd ehst k` tcksd vjeuds, js tcdy jee ldpdnl

kn hnlhvhlujes, krijnhsjthkns, jnl dvdn tcd vjeuds k` spdmh`hm mkbbunhthds jnl

skmhdthds. cksd H prdsdnt cdrd jrd kney tcd bkst rdmurrdnt jnl mkbbkn knds.

Hn tchs wjy, rdpkrtdrs kr okurnjehsts jt tcd rdpkrthni stjid, wdhic dvdnts, ljtj kr

hn`krbjthkn jijhnst jttrhautds sumc js thbdehndss, prkxhbhty, hbpkrtjnmd, hbpjmt kr

mknsdqudnmd, hntdrdst, mknèhmt kr mkntrkvdrsy, sdnsjthknjehsb, prkbhndnmd, nkvdety,kllhty, kr tcd unusuje, jbknist bjny ktcdrs.8< ]hnmd rdpkrtdrs kr okurnjehsts, ehgd

jny ktcdr mjtdikry k` hnlhvhlujes, cjvd tcdhr ajmgirkunls, adehd`s, wkrelvhdws,

hldkekihmje mknvhmthkns, tcdhr vjeud oulibdnts jrd unjvkhljaey lh``drdnt. Ycjt

jppdjrs tk ad mkntrkvdrshje tk dlhtkr/okurnjehst/rdpkrtdr J bhict jppdjr trhvhje tk

dlhtkr/okurnjehst/rdpkrtdr A, jnl wcjt jppdjrs hntdrdsthni tk tcd arkjl puaehm `kr

dlhtkr/okurnjehst/rdpkrtdr J bhict jppdjr krlhnjry jnl whtckut jny hntdrdst `kr

dlhtkr/okurnjehst/rdpkrtdr A, shbpey admjusd ht mknèhmts whtc tcdhr wkrelvhdws. Ht hs

tcdn sj`d tk sjy tcjt ndwswkrtchndss hs rdejthvd.84

Jt tchs edvde, H mjn jerdjly hntrklumd tcd mknmdpt k` okurnjehsthm rdpkrthni

`rkb tcd BMQ pdrspdmthvd. Ht rd`drs tk mkeedmthni ljtj jnl hn`krbjthkn jakut ndwdvdnts jnl cjppdnhnis whtchn tcd mkbbunhty jnl tjgds hntk jmmkunt j sdt k` ndws

jttrhautds ̀ rkb tcd mkbbunhty pdrspdmthvd. @kr BMQ-bhnldl rdpkrtdrs, –thbdehndss‘

hs mknshldrdl whtc rdijrl tk tcd thbd tcd mkbbunhty admjbd jmqujhntdl whtc tcd

dvdnt hn qudsthkn. cdy vhdw –prkxhbhty‘, –hbpkrtjnmd‘, –hbpjmt kr mknsdqudnmd‘ k`

ndws dvdnts vhs-æ-vhs tcd mkbbunhty kr pjrt k` ht. Bkrdkvdr, shnmd ajmgirkunls,

adehd`s, wkrelvhdws, hldkekihmje mknvhmthkns jnl ktcdr `jmtkrs pejy j mdntrje rked

hn wdhichni dvdnts, ljtj, jnl hn`krbjthkn jijhnst tcksd jttrhautds, ht hs dssdnthje

tcjt tcd rdpkrtdr‘s ajmgirkunls, adehd`s, wkrelvhdws, hldkekihmje mknvhmthkns, jrd

meksd tk tcksd k` bkst bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty. Hn ktcdr wkrls, tcd sjbd wjy

bjhnstrdjb rdpkrtdrs kr okurnjehsts usd –pejy jnl hbjihnjthkn‘ hn tcdhr bdlhjthknjnl rdprdsdntjthkn k` rdjehty, mkbbunhty rdpkrtdrs, tkk, usd tcdhr kwn mrdjthvhty,

hnsphrdl ay tcdhr kwn ekmje pdrspdmthvd, tk rdprdsdnt jnl bdlhjtd ekmje rdjehthds.80

Edt bd ihvd j mknmrdtd dxjbped? tcd 8tc Nkvdbadr 16:1 3?66 p.b. ndws

aueedthn kn Qjlhklh`ùshkn tèeèvhshkn lu Aurghnj @jsk, WQAR, j puaehm P stjthkn

prk`hehni htsde` js adhni –jt tcd cdjrt k` irdjt dvdnts,‘89hnmeuldl bjny tkphms k` irdjt

hntdrdst `kr ekmje mkbbunhthds aut mkvdrdl tcdb `rkb jn dxmeushvdey dehthst, tkp-

lkwn, pdrspdmthvd. Knd k` tcd htdbs wjs jakut tcd kpdnhni k` j rdihknje mcjptdr

k` tcd Mdntrd ld @krbjehtès lds Dntrdprhsds WAushndss @krbjehty Mdntrd, MD@KQDR

hn mjtted-rhmc Lkrh, hn tcd cdjrt k` tcd ]jcde rdihkn, jakut =66gb nkrtc k`

Kujijlkuiku. Ychest ekmje mjtted kwndrs jnl rdejtdl ekmje sbjee aushndssds wdrd



==

kavhkusey tcd bkst hbpkrtjnt jmtkrs Wshnmd tcd MD@KQD hs kpdndl `kr tcdbR,

nk shnied mjtted kwndr kr trjldr wdrd dvdn hntdrvhdwdl. Kney Bkussj Gknè,

tcd bjnjidr k` jee MD@KQDs, jnl Jbarkhsd Ajehbj, jlvhsdr tk tcd bhnhstdr k`

hnlustry jnl mkbbdrmd, wdrd hntdrvhdwdl. Jnktcdr htdb wjs jakut tcd vhsht k` tcd

mcjriè l‘ j``jhrds k` tcd Euxdbauri dbajssy tk j cyarhl skejr-ijskhe buethpejt`krbdndriy-idndrjthni unht hn tcd vheejid k` Gknd, hn tcd mkbbund k` Ghnlh. cd Tnht

dnjaedl vheejidrs tk irhnl tcdhr mdrdjes, prkmdss scdjnuts, mcjrid tcdhr pcknds, jnl

cjvd dedmtrhmje pkwdr jt ckbd, jbknist ktcdrs. Kney tcd mcjriè l‘j``jhrds jnl tcd

bjykr k` Ghnlh wdrd hntdrvhdwdl, wchest tcd vheejidrs rdbjhndl hn tcd ajmgirkunl

js spdmtjtkrs.

Hn tcdsd twk htdbs, wchmc jrd rdprdsdntjthvd k` tcd dnthrd ndws aueedthn, tcd

QA okurnjehsts hntdrprdtdl vjeuds sumc js –prkxhbhty‘ jnl –hbpkrtjnmd‘ hn j wjy

tcjt puts nk `kmus kn tcd mkbbunhty pdrspdmthvd. Vrkxhbhty hn tcd stkry jakut

tcd kpdnhni k` tcd Aushndss @krbjehty Mdntrd rdshldl hn tcd `keekwhni wjy k`

tchnghni? bheehkns k` bdjt mknsubdrs mkuntrywhld jrd hntdrdstdl hn gnkwhni tcjt`rkb nkw kn, aushndss whee ad lknd d``hmhdntey jnl sbkktcey, wchmc bhict dvdn

edjl tk ekwdr prhmds. Ht hs j tkphm tcjt spdjgs tk dvdryknd wck auys jnl djts bdjt.

cjt tchnghni jmtujeey dnmjpsuejtds ktcdr vjeuds sumc js –hbpkrtjnmd‘ jnl –hbpjmt‘

kr –mknsdqudnmd.‘ @rkb tcd mkbbunhty pdrspdmthvd, tcksd vjeuds wkuel rdmdhvd j

lh``drdnt hntdrprdtjthkn? Vrkxhbhty wkuel nkt ad WdxmeushvdeyR whtc bheehkns k` bdjt

mknsubdrs mkuntrywhld, aut bjhney whtc Wcunlrdls k`R tckusjnls k` ekmje mjtted

kwndrs jnl trjldrs7 –hbpkrtjnmd,‘ wkuel ad whtc rdijrl tk wcjt hbbdlhjtd prk`ht

ekmje mjtted kwndrs jnl trjldrs Wjnl tcus tcdhr `jbhehdsR wkuel idt kut k` ht7 wchest

–hbpjmt‘ jnl –mknsdqudnmd‘ mkuel `kmus, jbknist ktcdr tchnis, kn jn hnmrdjsd hn

ekmje dntrdprdndurschp. cd sjbd hs trud `kr tcd htdb jakut tcd buethpejt`krbdndriy-idndrjtkr, wcdrd tcd –hbpkrtjnmd‘ jnl –hbpjmt‘ k` tcd dvdnt rdshldl hn

prjhshni ahejtdrje, jhl-rdejtdl rdejthknschps adtwddn Aurghnj @jsk jnl Euxdbauri,

rjtcdr tcjn hn wcjt tcd idndrjtkr rdprdsdntdl `kr tcd Gknd vheejidrs.

Ht `keekws `rkb tcd `krdikhni tcjt skurmds jrd sdedmtdl ldpdnlhni kn tcd

pdrspdmthvd `rkb wchmc tcd rdpkrtdrs hntdrprdt tcd gdy ndws jttrhautds. ]kurmds

mknsthtutd jnktcdr shnd quj nkn dedbdnt hn rdpkrthni jnl okurnjehsb. Mknshldrdl

`rkb tcd BMQ pdrspdmthvd, skurmds pksd j nubadr k` mcjeednids tk rdpkrtdrs.

@hrst, –ikkl‘ skurmds jrd k`tdn unldrstkkl tk ad jutckrhtjthvd jnl rdehjaed, wchmc

hn bkst mjsds dehbhnjtd tcksd whtckut k``hmhje dlumjthkn jnl thteds. Mkuel Gknd

vheejidrs cjvd addn ikkl, jutckrhtjthvd jnl rdehjaed skurmds `kr tcd htdb jakut tcdbuethpejt`krb idndrjtkr; Mkuel heehtdrjtd mjtted kwndrs hn Lkrh cjvd addn rdehjaed

skurmds shnmd tcdy cjl nk jutckrhty tk lhsmuss bhmrk-dmknkbhm hssuds; @rkb tcd

BMQ pdrspdmthvd, tcdsd skurmds jrd rdehjaed jnl jutckrhtjthvd js ekni js tcd stkry

hs adhni tkel `rkb tcdhr pdrspdmthvd jnl js ekni js tcdhr hntdrdsts, vjeuds, jnl

wkrelvhdws jrd tjgdn hntk jmmkunt lurhni tcd rdpkrthni prkmdss (bkrd lhsmusshkns

hn sdmthkn 1.1).

]dmknl, –ikkl‘ rdpkrtdrs jrd suppksdl tk prkvhld –aktc shlds k` tcd stkry‘, wchmc

hbpehds tcjt jee dvdnts, cjppdnhnis, jnl hssuds cjvd twk shlds. chs wjy, tcd jutckr

k` tcd htdb jakut tcd buethpejt`krb idndrjtkr prkvhldl aktc shlds k` tcd stkry

ay hntdrvhdwhni tcd Euxdbauri lhpekbjt, wck wjs tcd `hnjnmhje pjrtndr, jnl tcd



=<

bjykr k` Ghnlh, rdprdsdnthni tcd ktcdr shld, tcd adnd`hmhjrhds. Jn BMQ rdpkrtdr

wkuel prkajaey ad stumg admjusd tcdy wkuel bhss aktc shlds, ydt tcdy wkuel sthee

cjvd bkrd shlds tk tcd stkry? knd scdjnut prkmdsskr mkuel tdee tcd stkry `rkb knd

shld, wchest j mkbbunhty-jppkhntdl idndrjtkr-bjnjidr wkuel tdee tcd stkry `rkb

tcd ktcdr (bkrd lhsmusshkns hn sdmthkn 1.1).chrl, ikkl rdpkrtdrs jrd suppksdl tk ad hnldpdnldnt, jnl tjgd skbd mrhthmje

lhstjnmd, `rkb tcdhr skurmds. Xdt, js dxpejhndl hn tcd `hrst sdmthkn k` tchs mcjptdr,

tcd BMQ rdpkrtdr bust ad j bdbadr k` tcd mkbbunhty, wchmc dntjhes, jbknist

ktcdr tchnis, skehljrhty jnl ekyjety tk tcd mkbbunhty. H` skurmds jrd bdbadrs

k` tcd mkbbunhty, ht `keekws tcjt tcdrd dxhsts j chic ldirdd k` skmhje prkxhbhty

adtwddn tcd rdpkrtdr jnl tcd skurmd, wchmc rdnldrs tcd hldj k` lhstjnmd jasurl.

Js skmhkekihst Cdadrt Ijns dxpejhndl, skmhje prkxhbhty hbpehds tcjt pdkped whtc

shbhejr ajmgirkunls jnl hntdrdsts bjgd djsy mkntjmt jnl kastrumt tcksd whtc

lh``drdnt ajmgirkunls.83

@rkb tcd BMQ pdrspdmthvd, skmhje prkxhbhty hs bkrd j strdnitc tcjn j wdjgndsshn tcd sdnsd tcjt ht dnjaeds rdpkrtdrs tk mjpturd tcd hnndrbkst, jutcdnthm `ddehnis

`rkb tcd mkbbunhty. Ht suppksds trust adtwddn tcd twk jmtkrs hn tcd mkbbunhmjthkn

prkmdss, jnl trust hs gdy tk idnuhnd mkbbunhmjthkn. H` tcd ljuictdr k` knd k` tcd

scdjnut-prkmdsshni wkbdn cjl tk bjgd j ndws rdpkrt, tcd dnthrd prkmdss wkuel ad

lh``drdnt? cdr kwn bktcdr jnl tcd ejttdr‘s mkeedjiuds kr jsskmhjtds wkuel sdrvd js

skurmds, jnl tcd qudsthkns tcjt scd wkuel jsg, tcd jnswdrs scd wkuel rdmdhvd, jnl

tcd vhdws tcjt wkuel dbdrid `rkb tcjt prkmdss, wkuel rdèdmt tcd idnuhnd `ddehnis

k` tcjt pjrthmuejr mkbbunhty hn rdejthkn tk tcd idndrjtkr.

Ajsdl kn tcd jakvd, by tchrl jnl `hnje wkrghni cypktcdshs hs? cd BMQ

jpprkjmc jlls mknshldrjaed vjeud wcdn ndws jt tcd mkbbunhty edvde hs rdpkrtdl aytcksd wckb tcdy j``dmt hn tcd `hrst pejmd, js tcdy arhni hn tcdhr hnshldr gnkwedlid jnl

pdrspdmthvd.H wkuel ehgd tk rdturn tk by tcrdd gdy mknmdpts tk lhsmuss tcdb tkidtcdr jt knmd

js cjvhni j pkwdrùe psymckekihmje lhbdnshkn tcjt hnèudnmds tcd mkbbunhmjthkn

prkmdss.

:.< Arhlihni \chnghni jnl ]jyhni

Jee tcd pkhnts bjld sk `jr mknvdrid hn suiidsthni tcjt wcdn skbd ndws rdedvjnt

tk tcd mkbbunhty hs jpprkjmcdl `rkb tcd mkbbunhty pdrspdmthvd, ay bdbadrs k`tcd mkbbunhty ushni tdmcnkekihds `jbhehjr tk tcjt k` tcd mkbbunhty, mcjnmds tk

mjpturd wcjt tcd akttkb kr tcd mkbbunhty tchngs admkbd vdry chic. @krbuejtdl

hn tchs wjy, by pkhnt mkntjhns jn dxpehmht bdssjid jnl jn hbpehdl kr hbpehmht

bdssjid. cd dxpehmht bdssjid hs tcd knd subbjrhsdl hn tcd `hrst sdntdnmd k` tchs

sdmthkn, wcdrdjs tcd hbpehdl bdssjid arhnis kut tcd kppkshtd k` tcd tcrdd wkrghni

cypktcdsds tcjt H cjvd prdsdntdl sk `jr. Hn ktcdr wkrls, by cypktcdsds hbpehmhtey

suiidst tcjt rdpkrtdrs wck jrd strjnidrs tk tcd mkbbunhty, hinkrd hts vjeuds, hts

hntdrdsts, jnl trjlhthkns Wkppkshtd cypktcdshs :R7 wck usd tdmcnkekihds ungnkwn,

un`jbhehjr, jnl tcus hnthbhljthni, tk tcd bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty Wkppkshtd

cypktcdshs 1R7 jnl wcksd jpprkjmc jnl pdrspdmthvd jrd dehtd-mdntrdl Wkppkshtd



=4

cypktcdshs =R7 bkst ehgdey mjpturd wcjt tcd akttkb sjys, wchmc hs nkt jewjys wcjt

tcd akttkb tchngs. Hn tchs sdmthkn, H usd psymckekihmje, pchekskpchmje, jnl ehniuhsthm

tcdkrhds tk suiidst tcjt sumc dxtdrnje `jmtkrs js ungnkwn rdpkrtdrs, trjnsejtkrs,

jnl ndvdr-ad`krd-sddn tdmcnkekihds, jbknist ktcdrs, hntdr`drd whtc tcd trjns`dr k`

tckuicts hntk spddmc.Ht bjgds sdnsd tk stjrt tchs sdmthkn whtc tcd psymckekiy k` spddmc jnl tckuict,

ad`krd bkvhni tk tcd lhsmusshkn jakut wjys hn wchmc tcd strjnidndss k` tcd rdpkrtdr

Wjnl chs/cdr mrdwR, jnl k` chs/cdr tdmcnkekihds j``dmts tcd mknvdrshkn k` tckuicts

hntk spddmc. cd rdejthknschp adtwddn spddmc kr ejniujid jnl tckuict cjs addn

tcd suaodmt k` rdsdjrmc hn ndurksmhdnmd, psymckpcyshkekiy, WpsymckRehniuhsthms,

WmchelRpsymckekiy, psymckjnjeyshs, jnl pchekskpcy, jbknist ktcdr lhsmhpehnds.

Yhtckut ikhni lddpey hntk tcdkrhds, `kr tchs hs kney j pjrdntcdshs bdjnt tk mejrh`y

knd k` tcd pkhnts H jb bjghni hn tchs akkg, ht whee su``hmd tk hldnth`y wcjt –tckuict‘

jnl –spddmc‘ bdjn jnl dntjhe kn knd cjnl, jnl tcd rdejthknschp adtwddn aktc, kn

tcd ktcdr. Hn lkhni tcjt, H ckpd tk bjnjid tk sckw tcd stjid jt wchmc tcd jakvd-bdnthkndl `jmtkrs hntdr`drd whtc tcd trjns`dr k` tckuicts hntk spddmc.

ckuict hs tcd mkntdnt k` tcd psymcd kr tcd bhnl, wchest tchnghni hs tcd prkmdss

tcrkuic wchmc tcjt mkntdnt hs strumturdl jnl mknndmtdl tk ktcdr shbhejr mkntdnts.

]jyhni tcjt knd sjw j aejmg mjr lrhvhni jmrkss tcd vheejid hs dxprdsshni knd tckuict,

wchmc jppdjrs js j mkbpjmt unht, j qujehty tcjt jny bdlhjthkn k` tckuict `jhes tk

jmchdvd.88 ckuict mknshsts k` bjny hntdrrdejtdl mknmdpts Wd.i., aejmg, mjr, lrhvhni,

vheejidR bkeldl hntk j mkbpkunl unht.:66 @rkb j psymckjnjeythmje pdrspdmthvd, tcd

cubjn psymchm jppjrjtus cjs twk lhsthnmt tckuict-idndrjthni systdbs, njbdey tcd

mknsmhkus systdb tcjt prklumds bjnh`dst mkntdnts , jnl tcd unmknsmhkus systdb tcjt

idndrjtds ejtdnt mkntdnts . Tnmknsmhkus kr ejtdnt tckuicts hntdrjmt whtc mknsmhkuskr bjnh`dst mkuntdrpjrts, aut tcd prkmdss hs suaodmt tk j mkbpedx mdnskrschp

bdmcjnhsb tcjt `hetdrs kut jnl lhstkrts tckuicts tcjt jrd nkt jirddjaed tk tcd

mknsmhkus systdb.:6: Dvdn tckuic unmknsmhkus tckuicts lk pejy j rked hn tcd

mkbbunhmjthkn prkmdss hn wchmc H jb hntdrdstdl, H lk nkt lhsmuss tcdb, js tcdy

wkuel ndmdsshtjtd bkrd spjmd. H wkuel rjtcdr prkmddl whtc mknsmhkus tckuicts,

tcksd wchmc pdkped jrd jwjrd k` cjvhni jnl mjn dxprdss tcrkuic spddmc.

chnghni, tcdn, dbdrids `rkb tcd sckrt ldsmrhpthkn jakvd js tcd prkmdss

tcrkuic wchmc j mknsmhkus pdrskn krijnhsds `hrst mknmdpts hntk unhts WtckuictsR

jnl tcdn tcksd unhts hntk ejridr knds, tcjt knd mjn mjee hldjs. Vchekskpcdr

]usjn ]tdaahni hnshictùeey ldsmrhadl tchnghni js tcd –jahehty tk lhsmdrn rdedvjntmknndmthkns, put tkidtcdr wcjt kuict tk ad mknokhndl jnl tk gddp lhsthnmt wcjt

kuict tk ad sdpjrjtdl.‘:61 Ht `keekws tcjt stkrhni mknmdpts hn knd‘s bhnl lkds nkt

hbbdlhjtdey bdjn tcjt knd hs tchnghni. chnghni adihns kney wcdn mknndmthkns

jrd bjld adtwddn tcksd mknmdpts jnl tckuicts Wmknmdpts krijnhsdl hntk unhtsR. H`

mknndmthkns jbknist vjrhkus mknmdpts jnl tckuicts jrd rdedvjnt, tcdn tcd tchnghni

tcjt hs tjghni pejmd hs sjhl tk ad –ekihmje.‘:6= H` mknndmthkns jrd hrrdedvjnt, tcdn tcd

tchnghni tcjt tjgds pejmd hs heekihmje, js mknmeushkns lk nkt ̀ keekw ̀ rkb tcd prdbhsds

kn wchmc tcdy jrd ajsdl. chs hs wcdrd tcd nkthkns k` –tchnghni‘ jnl –gnkwedlid‘

hntdrsdmt, js gnkwedlid bjhney mknshsts hn bjghni –hldje ehngs Wekihmje mknndmthknsR



=0

adtwddn `jmt jnl `jmt,‘ hn ldtdmthni –hnvhshaed whrds adchnl tcd smdnds,‘ sk tk bjgd

pcdnkbdnj hntdeehihaed jnl mkntrkeejaed.:6<

Knd mkuel mknmeuld tcjt jsghni wcjt knd tchngs kr gnkws jakut skbdtchni

Wj ndws dvdnt kr jn hssud, `kr hnstjnmdR, hs jsghni wchmc mknndmthkns knd bjgds

adtwddn tcjt dvdnt kr hssud jnl ktcdr tchnis. cd mknndmthkn-bjghni prkmdss hsunjvkhljaey hnèudnmdl ay bjny ktcdr `jmtkrs. Knd k` tcdb hs pdrsknje dxpdrhdnmds,

wchmc tdee djmc hnlhvhluje wchmc pjtc tk `keekw hn tcd mknndmthkn-mrdjthkn

prkmdss.:64 Jnktcdr knd hs tcd vjeuds, adehd`s, trjlhthkns, jnl tcd ehgd, tcjt knd cjs

jlkptdl kr tcksd prdvjhehni hn tcd dnvhrknbdnt hn wchmc knd ehvds.

Jee tcjt cjs addn sjhl jakut tckuict jnl tchnghni tjgds pejmd hn tcd psymcd

jnl, js sumc, lkds nkt cjvd jny mknmrdtd, pjepjaed `krb. chs hs wcdrd spddmc,

wrhthni, akly ejniujid, jnl ktcdr `krbs k` mkbbunhmjthkn dntdr hntk pejy. Qusshjn

psymckekihst Edv Pyiktsgy‘s psymckekiy k` ejniujid jnl tckuict hs vdry cdepùe hn

unldrstjnlhni tcd rdejthknschp adtwddn spddmc jnl tckuict. cd mdntrje jnl bkst

rdedvjnt pkhnt `kr tcd purpksd k` tchs lhsmusshkn hs tcd kasdrvjthkn tcjt –ckuictcjs hts kwn strumturd, jnl tcd trjnshthkn `rkb ht tk spddmc hs nk djsy bjttdr.‘ cd

rdjskn hs tcjt –dvdry sdntdnmd tcjt wd sjy hn rdje eh`d cjs skbd ghnl k` suatdxt,

j tckuict chlldn adchnl ht.‘:60 H sckuel hbbdlhjtdey sjy cdrd tcjt Pyiktsgy‘s

rd`drdnmd tk spddmc jppehds tk wrhthni js wdee admjusd, js cd wrktd, –wrhthni hs jesk

spddmc whtckut jn hntdrekmutkr, jllrdssdl tk jn jasdnt kr jn hbjihnjry pdrskn kr

tk nk knd hn pjrthmuejr.‘:69

Pyiktsgy dxpejhndl tcd lh``hmuet trjns`dr `rkb tckuict tk spddmc ay pkhnthni

kut tcd ùnljbdntje lh``drdnmds adtwddn tcd –hnndr spddmc‘ WtckuictR jnl tcd

–kutdr spddmc‘? `hrstey, tcd irjbbjr jnl syntjx k` knd jrd tcd kppkshtd k` tcd ktcdr7

sdmknley, tcd hnndr spddmc hs mknldnsdl jnl jaardvhjtdl wchest wrhttdn kr krjespddmc hs mknvdydl tk hts ùee dxtdnt7:63 tchrley,

\kuict, unehgd spddmc, lkds nkt mknshst k` sdpjrjtd unhts. Ycdn H whsc tkmkbbunhmjtd tcd tckuict tcjt tkljy H sjw j ajrd`kkt aky hn j aeud schrt runnhnilkwn tcd strddt, H lk nkt sdd dvdry htdb sdpjrjtdey? tcd aky, tcd schrt, hts aeud mkekr,chs runnhni, tcd jasdnmd k` sckds. H mknmdhvd k` jee tchs hn knd tckuict, aut H put hthntk sdpjrjtd wkrls.:68

Knd hbpkrtjnt pkhnt tcjt Pyiktsgy bjld cdrd jnl wchmc hs mdntrje tk wcjt H

jb mjeehni –wcjt tcd akttkb tchngs,‘ hs tcjt tckuict hs j unht, h.d., j mkbahnjthkn

k` bjny mknmdpts jt knmd, jnl tcjt hts trjns`dr hntk spddmc bdjns `hrst, spehtthnitcd tckuict hntk sbjeedr dedbdnts, ad`krd ushni irjbbjr jnl syntjx tk put tcd

vjrhkus dedbdnts ajmg tkidtcdr dhtcdr hn krje kr wrhttdn spddmc. Ht cjppdns tchs wjy

–admjusd tckuict lkds nkt cjvd hts jutkbjthm mkuntdrpjrt hn wkrls.‘::6 Jnktcdr

mrumhje pkhnt hs tcjt tcd trjnshthkn `rkb tckuict tk spddmc unbhstjgjaey pjssds vhj

–bdjnhnis‘ admjusd ht hbpehds tcd mckhmd k` wkrls ajsdl kn tcdhr bdjnhnis,::: wchmc,

kn tcdhr turn, ldpdnl kn tcd ejniujid usdrs‘ ajmgirkunls, jnl tcd mkntdxt.

Mkn`hrbhni Pyiktsgy‘s pkhnt, mkinhthvd psymckekiy jnl psymckehniuhsthms

smckejr Gjtcryn Akmg cdel tcjt sdntdnmd kr spddmc prklumthkn mkbprhsds tcrdd

arkjl mkbpkndnts, njbdey? W:R tcd bdssjid mkbpkndnt , wchmc rd`drs tk –tcd

spdjgdr‘s hntdnldl bdjnhni7‘ W1R tcd irjbbjthmje mkbpkndnt , wchmc jsskmhjtds tcd



=9

bdssjid jnl wkrls mknvdyhni tcd hntdnldl bdjnhni Wùnmthknje prkmdsshniR jnl

strumturds tcd sdntdnmd jnl tcd wkrls ldpdnlhni kn tcdhr rkeds hn tcd sdntdnmd

Wpkshthknje prkmdsshniR7 jnl W=R tcd pcknkekihmje mkbpkndnt , wchmc ldtdrbhnds tcd

skunl strumturd k` mcksdn wkrls jnl tcdhr mkbahnjthkns hntk ejridr unhts.::1

k ehng tcd jakvd tk tcd BMQ jpprkjmc jnl hts ikje tk mjpturd –wcjt tcdakttkb tchngs,‘ H sckuel stjrt ay strdsshni Pyiktsgy‘s kasdrvjthkn ejtdr mkn`hrbdl

ay psymckekihst Jedgsjnlr Nhgkejdvhmc ]kgkekv hn chs Hnndr ]pddmc jnl ckuict (W:803R :891),::= tcjt tcd trjnshthkn `rkb tckuict tk spddmc hs mkbpedx, lynjbhm,

jnl ejahed, dvdn wcdn tjghni pejmd unldr njturje mhrmubstjnmds. Ay njturje

mhrmubstjnmds H bdjn tcjt tcksd dxmcjnihni tckuicts lk sk whtckut jny dxtdrnje

prdssurd, scjrd bdjnhnis jnl tcd ejniujid. Xdt unldr tcksd njturje mhrmubstjnmds,

tcd trjvde k` tckuict kr bdssjid `rkb knd bhnl tk tcd ktcdr vhj bdjnhnis jnl

tcdn spddmc dnls kney whtc pjrt, kr jnktcdr vdrshkn, k` tcd hnhthje tckuict adhni

ldehvdrdl admjusd spddmc, dhtcdr krje kr wrhttdn, hs nkt j mkpy k` tckuict.::<

H` tcjt hs ckw tckuict jnl spddmc hntdrjmt unldr njturje mhrmubstjnmds, ckwbumc k` tcd hnhthje, jutcdnthm tckuict hs ed`t h` tcd twk mkbbunhmjthkn pjrtndrs

lk nkt spdjg tcd sjbd ejniujid, lk nkt scjrd tcd sjbd bdjnhnis, vjeuds, jnl

hntdrdsts; Ckw bumc k` tcd hnhthje, jutcdnthm tckuict hs ed`t h` ungnkwn, un`jbhehjr

tdmcnkekihds hnvjld tcd dnvhrknbdnt jnl hnchaht knd k` tcd mkbbunhmjthkn

pjrtndrs; Ckw bumc k` tcd hnhthje, jutcdnthm tckuict hs ed`t h` tcd qudsthkns

jrd adhni `krbuejtdl `rkb j pdrspdmthvd tcjt hinkrds tcd rdjehthds k` knd k` tcd

mkbbunhmjthkn pjrtndrs; @rkb tchs pkhnt knwjrl, H hnvhtd tcd rdjldr tk gddp tcdsd

qudsthkns mknstjntey hn bhnl wched rdjlhni tcd rdbjhnldr k` tchs akkg admjusd, tk

rdpdjt bysde`, tcdy tkumc upkn tcd mkrd k` tcd BMQ jpprkjmc, knd k` mjpturhni js

bumc k` wcjt tcd akttkb tchngs js pksshaed.Edt bd mknshldr knd Ojnujry 16:: P rdpkrt ay Lutmc okurnjehst Drhg

Bkutcjjn jhrdl kn QE<, j edjlhni mkbbdrmhje P stjthkn hn tcd Ndtcdrejnls,

tk chicehict hn j mknmrdtd wjy tcd lh``hmuethds surrkunlhni tcd mjpturhni k` wcjt

tcd akttkb tchngs. ]ckt bjhney hn j mjbp k` tcd lhspejmdl ndjr Vkrt-ju-Vrhnmd,

tcd rdpkrt wjs sckwhni tcd lh``hmuet rdmkvdry k` Cjhth knd ydjr j`tdr tcd Ojnujry

16:6 trjihm djrtcqujgd.::4 J`tdr stjthni tcjt bjny ckbdedss Cjhthjns wdrd ùrhkus

admjusd k` tcdhr ikvdrnbdnt‘s sekw rdmknstrumthkn d``krts, tcd okurnjehst vhshtdl

Odjn Vkrmdehn‘s kpdn-jhr wkrgsckp jnl sckwdl chb mjrryhni jnl tcdn wkrghni

kn phdmds k` hrkn tcjt wkuel ad usdl tk rdpjhr ausds kr ktcdr trjnspkrt vdchmeds.

cd okurnjehst jsgdl hn @rdnmc wcy tcd aus wjs nkt pjhntdl hn wchtd, tk cdjr tcd`keekwhni ” dqujeey hn @rdnmc, `rkb Vkrmdehn? –nk nk nk, cdrd ht‘s ehgd tcjt, ht‘s kur

mueturd. Bjny mkekurs … h` tchs vdchmed hs nkt rdjeey adjuthùe, knd wkuel rdùsd tk

akjrl ht kr tk trjvde whtc.‘::0

@urtcdr hn tcd rdpkrt, Bkutcjjn wdnt hntk tcd mjbp jnl hntdrvhdwdl Qkussdehnd

Sjvhdr, j `kkl-htdb sdeedr wcksd sdeehni scdevds jnl adl wdrd shld ay shld hn j

pejsthm scddthni cut. ]cd sjhl, hn @rdnmc?

Yd lkn‘t cjvd j ldmdnt eh`d cdrd. Yd mjn‘t nl dc dc Wbkutc irhbjmd jmmkbpjnhdlay cjnl bkvdbdnt, bdjnhni tcjt wkrls jrd nkt mkbhni djsheyR wd mjn‘t nl

jnytchni cdrd, tcjt‘s wcjt H wjnt tk sjy.::9



=3

wk rdbjrgs sprhni `rkb tcdsd twk hntdrvhdws? hn tcd `hrst hnstjnmd, skbd ajshm

ekmje jssubpthkns jrd strjnid tk tcd rdpkrtdr. Vkrmdehn‘s jnswdr js tk wcy cd wkuel

nkt pjhnt tcd aus dnthrdey hn wchtd, wjs tcjt buethped mkekurs bdjnt adjuty hn chs

mkbbunhty. Jn jssubpthkn tcjt mkuel ad bjld hs tcjt jn BMQ-bhnldl rdpkrtdr,

wck scjrdl tcd sjbd mueturd, wkuel cjvd iknd bkrd hntk tcd shinh`hmjnmd k` mkekurmkbahnjthkns jnl tcd vjrhkus bdssjids tcdy prkajaey mjrrhdl hn thbds k` bkurnhni

js mkbpjrdl whtc okyùe thbds.

Hn tcd sdmknl pejmd, Sjvhdr mkuel kavhkusey nkt ùeey dxprdss cdr tckuicts.

Ycdn scd sjhl –wd mjn‘t `hnl dc dc,‘ tcd vhdwdr-ehstdndr dxpdmtdl j ehst k` ajshm

htdbs jnl sdrvhmds tk wchmc scd jnl ktcdr lhspejmdl mkuel nkt cjvd jmmdss Wd.i.?

medjn wjtdr, lruis, `kkl, sjnhtjthkn, dtmR. Aut tcd cdshtjthkns Wdc, dcR `keekwdl

ay j bkutc irhbjmd jnl j rdvdjehni cjnl idsturd jnl jn jarupt –Yd mjn‘t `hnl

jnytchni cdrd‘, pusc tk tchng tcjt tcdrd wjs skbdtchni unusuje hn cdr hntdrjmthkn

whtc tcd okurnjehst. Hn tcd sbjee cut tcdrd wjs mdrtjhney j ahi mjbdrj jnl jt edjst

twk strjnidrs, j mjbdrjbjn jnl tcd okurnjehst, jnl bkst ehgdey j trjnsejtkr, jsBkutcjjn dxpejhndl hn chs ktcdr rdpkrts hn Cjhth.::3

Ejniujid hs jnktcdr dedbdnt wkrtc bdnthknhni cdrd. Sjvhdr‘s `dw wkrls

jnnkunmdl j ehst aut, `jhehni tk `hnl tcd jpprkprhjtd @rdnmc njbds jnl ldsmrhpthkns

k` tcksd htdbs jnl sdrvhmds kn tcd ehst Wtcjt hs wcjt cdr akly ejniujid suiidstdlR,

scd ldmhldl tk mut cdr jnswdr sckrt ay prkvhlhni nk ehst jt jee. Hntdrprdtdl `rkb tcd

pdrspdmthvd k` ejniujid psymckekiy, Sjvhdr‘s cdshtjthkn, wchmc wdrd jttrhautjaed tk

tcd prdsdnmd k` strjnidrs hn cdr bjgdsch`t cut, tk tcdhr un`jbhehjr tdmcnkekiy, jnl

ejniujid lh``hmuethds, rdèdmtdl j mdrtjhn bdntje `jheurd. Jmmkrlhni tk psymckekihst

Ojbds Lddsd, cdshtjthkns mjn ad hntdnthknje, wcdn tcd spdjgdr wjnts tk jmchdvd

skbd rcdtkrhmje d``dmts, aut hn tcjt mjsd, tcdy lk nkt kmmur jt j –syntjmthmjeeysdnshaed pejmd‘ hn tcd sdntdnmd,::8 ehgd tcd –dc, dc‘ hn Sjvhdr‘s sdntdnmd lhl. Ycdn j

cdshtjthkn kmmurs jt j mrumhje pejmd, ht hs idndrjeey lud tk –lh``hmuethds dnmkuntdrdl

hn sjyhni wcjt knd cjs tk sjy‘, wchmc kavhkusey wjs tcd mjsd `kr Sjvhdr.:16 Ht wkuel

nkt ad `jesd tk sjy tcjt wcjt Sjvhdr tckuict, h.d., cdr hntdnldl bdssjid, jnl wcjt

scd sjhl wdrd vdry `jr `rkb djmc ktcdr jnl tcjt tcd rdpkrt mkuel cjvd addn rhmcdr

jnl bkrd hn`krbjthvd h` wcjt scd tckuict cjl addn mjpturdl.

Jee tcd `jmtkrs dnubdrjtdl jakvd rdejthni tk tcd strjnidndss k` tcd rdpkrtdr

jnl chs mrdw, k` tcd tdmcnkekiy, jnl k` tcd ejniujid, mrdjtdl jn hnchahthni jnl

hnthbhljthni dnvhrknbdnt, wchmc hs nkt `jvkurjaed `kr j spkntjndkus jnl njturje

mkbbunhmjthkn prkmdss.:1: chs arhnis us ajmg tk Ajrtcds‘ kasdrvjthkn tcjt cd wkuel `jarhmjtd jnktcdr akly `kr chbsde` kr bdtjbkrpcksd knmd cd gndw tcjt cd

wjs adhni pcktkirjpcdl, jnl tk Ldrrhlj‘s mkn`dsshkn tcjt tcd P mjbdrj wkuel

hnchaht jnl pjrjeysd chb jnl prdvdnt chb `rkb tchnghni jnl spdjghni tcd wjy cd

nkrbjeey lhl.

cd rd`drdnmd tk –bdtjbkrpckshs‘, –hnchahthkn‘, –pjrjeyshs‘ js j rdsuet k` tcd

usd k` un`jbhehjr bdlhj tdmcnkekihds rdhn`krmds by sdmknl cypktcdshs tcjt ushni

jerdjly lkbdsthmjtdl tdmcnkekihds, j bkahed pcknd hn tcd BMQ mjsd, bjxhbhsds

tcd mcjnmds k` mjpturhni wcjt tcd akttkb tchngs. Sjvhdr‘s jtthtuld hn tcd QE<

rdpkrt sckwdl medjrey tcjt scd wjs hnchahtdl jnl pjrjeysdl, pdrcjps shbuetjndkusey

ay tcd prdsdnmd k` ungnkwn pdkped hn cdr bjgdsch`t cut, tcdhr tdmcnkekihds, tcd



=8

usd k` j ejniujid scd lhl nkt bjstdr, jbknist ktcdrs wchmc rdsuetdl hn cdr `jheurd

tk mknvdrt cdr tckuicts hntk krje spddmc.

Mknmeushkn

cd bjhn tjsg k` tchs mcjptdr wjs tk dxpejhn tcd tcrdd mdntrje mknmdpts jrkunl

wchmc tcd Bkahed Mkbbunhty Qdpkrthni jpprkjmc rdvkevds, njbdey –mkbbunhty‘,

–bkahed tdmcnkekihds‘ jnl –rdpkrthni.‘ H lhsmussdl tcdsd mknmdpts knd ay knd ad`krd

mknshldrhni wjys hn wchmc tcdy hntdr`drd whtc tcd mkbbunhmjthkn prkmdss. Phdwdl

`rkb hts skmhje usd, tcd mknmdpt k` –mkbbunhty‘ rd`drs tk j irkup k` pdkped rdshlhni

hn tcd sjbd, medjrey ldehbhtdl idkirjpchmje jrdj, gnkwhni djmc ktcdr vdry wdee,

scjrhni tcd sjbd vjeuds jnl hntdrdsts, jnl cjvhni j strkni sphrht k` adeknihni. H

tcdn prdsdntdl bkahed tdmcnkekihds, bkrd spdmh`hmjeey bkahed pcknds, js tcd bkst

mkbbkn, whldsprdjl mkbbunhmjthkn tdmcnkekihds tcjt jebkst jee bdbadrs k` ekmje

mkbbunhthds hn J`rhmj gnkw. Adhni gnkwn jnl `jbhehjr bjgds tcjt tdmcnkekiy jnhldje tkke `kr rdpkrtdrs, js tcdy lk nkt jppdjr tk ad hntrushvd tk tcd mkbbunhty. Js

`kr rdpkrthni, H cjvd kutehndl ht js mknshsthni hn ijtcdrhni rdedvjnt bjtdrhje tjghni

hntk jmmkunt mdrtjhn ldbjnls hn krldr tk prklumd j okurnjehsthm prklumt.

Tnldreyhni tcd lhsmusshkns jakut tcd tcrdd gdy mknmdpts hs tcd uethbjtd jhb k`

tcd BMQ jpprkjmc, nktjaey, mjpturhni tcd bjxhbub pksshaed k` –wcjt tcd akttkb

tchngs.‘ k mejrh`y tchs ikje jnl unldrstjnl wcjt ht hbpehds, H lhvdl hntk tcdkrhds

jakut ckw tcd tchnghni prkmdss tjgds pejmd jnl hts rdejthknschp whtc spddmc. Ht

jppdjrdl tcjt spddmc wjs `jr `rkb adhni tcd sjbd js, kr j mkpy k`, tckuict, wchmc

ht rjtcdr bdlhjtds. k trjvde `rkb knd bhnl tk tcd tdmcnkekiy tcjt rdmkrls hts

bdlhjtdl `krb WspddmcR, tckuict unldrikds j prkmdss hn wchmc bdjnhnis `kr djmck` hts mknsthtuthvd dedbdnts jrd `hrst `kunl. J`tdr tcjt, ht ikds tk tcd ndxt stjid

lurhni wchmc tcksd bdjnhnis jrd mkldl hntk shins, wkrls. By mkntdnthkn wjs

tcjt arhnihni hn ungnkwn rdpkrtdrs wck lk nkt scjrd tcd sjbd bdjnhnis, vjeuds

jnl ejniujid, jnl wck usd un`jbhehjr tdmcnkekihds, jbknist ktcdrs, hs hnmrdjshni

prdssurd kn tcd bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty, spdmh`hmjeey tcksd hn bjrihnjehsdl

jrdjs, jnl tjbpdrhni whtc tcd trjns`dr k` tcdhr tckuicts hntk spddmc. cd ndxt

mcjptdr hs jn dxtdnshkn k` ]dmthkn :.=, js ht tjgds tcd nkthkn k` rdpkrthni ùrtcdr,

lhsmusshni hn bkrd ldptc gdy okurnjehsthm vjeuds, skurmds jnl dtchms ̀ rkb j akttkb-

up pdrspdmthvd.





<: ,

Mcjptdr 1

cd Ijtds, ]kurmds jnl Dtchms

]pdjghni jakut krlhnjry bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty lkhni okurnjehsb ndmdssjrhey

tkumcds upkn mhthzdn okurnjehsb, tcd jetdrnjthvd `krb k` rdpkrthni ndws ay nkn-

prk`dsshknjeey trjhndl okurnjehsts. Hn tcjt ̀ krb k` okurnjehsb, trjlhthknje okurnjehsthm

mknvdnthkns jrd nkt jewjys rdspdmtdl. Hn tcd prdvhkus mcjptdr H suiidstdl tcjt

tcd Bkahed Mkbbunhty Qdpkrthni WBMQR jpprkjmc hnvkevds bdbadrs k` tcd

mkbbunhty js rdpkrtdrs, skurmds, kaodmts k` tcd rdpkrt, jnl dvdntujeey js pjrt k`tcd julhdnmd. chs ldsmrhpthkn lkds nkt dxmeuld prk`dsshknjeey trjhndl okurnjehsts

wck mjn jesk qujeh`y js bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty jakut wchmc tcdy rdpkrt.

Hn tchs mcjptdr, H strdss tcd nddl jnl ndmdsshty tk rd-ld`hnd kr rd-mknmdptujehsd

tcd bdjnhnis k` sumc dxprdsshkns js –rdehjaed‘ kr –jutckrhtjthvd‘ skurmds, kn knd cjnl,

jnl tk rd-tchng tcd nkthkn k` dtchms kn tcd ktcdr. Hn ktcdr wkrls, H jb suiidsthni

j vhdw k` tcd nkthkns k` skurmds jnl dtchms `rkb j akttkb-up pdrspdmthvd, jt j

mkbbunhty edvde hn bjrihnjehsdl jrdjs, rjtcdr tcjn knd tcjt hs tkp-lkwn, dehtd-

mdntrdl. Tshni skbd dxjbpeds `rkb tcd PKJB@ Bkahed Qdpkrthni Vrkirjbbd, H

lhsmuss wjys hn wchmc BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsts jpprkjmcdl tcd hssud k` skurmds,

ad`krd mknshldrhni tcd dtchmje jspdmts. Aut ad`krd jee tcjt, ht bjgds skbd sdnsd tk`hrst stjrt ay ekkghni jt tcd bdmcjnhsb tcjt cdeps okurnjehsts mcdmg wcdtcdr jee

nddldl hnirdlhdnts jrd hn pejmd `kr jny stkrhds tcjt jrd tk ad puaehscdl.

1.: Ijtdgddphni jnl Ijtdwjtmchni

cd bkst mkbbkn jttrhautds tcjt iuhld okurnjehsts jnl dlhtkrs hn bdjsurhni

tcd ndwswkrtchndss k` dvdnts jrd thbdehndss, prkxhbhty, hbpkrtjnmd, hbpjmt kr

mknsdqudnmd, hntdrdst, mknèhmt, mkntrkvdrsy, sdnsjthknjehsb, prkbhndnmd, nkvdety,

kllhty, jnl tcd unusuje, jbknist bjny ktcdrs.:11 Adshlds tcdsd jttrhautds, ktcdr

vjeuds kr mknshldrjthkns sumc js skurmds jnl dtchms hnèudnmd tcd ldmhshkn jakuttcd puaehmjthkn kr nkn-puaehmjthkn k` jn htdb. ]hnmd okurnjehsthm vjeuds dbdrid js

j mdntrje dedbdnt hn lkhni okurnjehsb, ht hs wkrtcwched cjvhni j sckrt pjusd cdrd

tk unldrstjnl wcjt tcd nkthkn k` –vjeud‘ hs jakut. ]kmhkekihst Bjnude Mjstdees

mkntdnldl tcjt vjeud jnl pkwdr jrd meksdey mknndmtdl, js –vjeud hs, hn `jmt, jn

dxprdsshkn k` pkwdr.‘ Hn ktcdr wkrls, –Yckdvdr ckels pkwdr … ldmhlds wcjt

hs vjeujaed.‘:1= chs hs vdry hbpkrtjnt hn by lhsmusshkn k` okurnjehsthm vjeuds,

pjrthmuejrey wcdn knd rdbdbadrs tcd kasdrvjthkn tcjt H bjld jakvd tcjt tcd

hntdeedmtuje, pkehthmje, jnl dmknkbhm dehtds cjvd lkbhnjtdl okurnjehsb. cksd

dehtds wck cjvd addn prklumhni jnl mknsubhni ndws cjvd ld`hndl tcd vjeuds tcjt



<1

cjvd addn iuhlhni tcd prk`dsshkn. chs sdmthkn, tcdn, lhsmussds ijtdgddphni jnl hts

ùnmthkn k` `hetdrhni kut dvdrytchni tcjt lkds nkt ùe`he prd-ldtdrbhndl mrhtdrhj kn

knd cjnl, jnl ijtdwjtmchni, wchmc k``drs jn jetdrnjthvd kpthkn kn tcd ktcdr.

cd vdry `hrst kasdrvjthkn H wjnt tk bjgd hs tcjt –ndws‘ hs nkt skbdtchni tcjt hs

kut tcdrd jwjhthni tk ad ldtdmtdl jnl rdpkrtdl. Kn tcd mkntrjry, ndws hs tcd dnl k`j prkmdss hn wchmc aktc tcd puaehm jnl tcd ndwsbdn jnl wkbdn pejy jn hbpkrtjnt

rked. Ht hs tchs ndws-prklumthkn prkmdss tcjt lhsthniuhscds mknvdnthknje okurnjehsb

`rkb mhthzdn okurnjehsb. Dstjaehscdl ndws bdlhj, tcd knds prjmthshni mknvdnthknje

okurnjehsb, pejmd ijtdgddphni bdmcjnhsbs jt djmc stjid k` tcd ndws-prklumthkn

prkmdss, sk js tk dnsurd tcjt tcd vjeuds pursudl jnl mcdrhscdl ay tcd bdlhj ckusd

jrd rdspdmtdl. Hn ktcdr tdrbs, jt djmc stjid, bjtdrhjes pjss tcrkuic j ijtd kr idt

aekmgdl tcdrd. Ndw Bdlhj tcdkrhst Jxde Aruns prdsdntdl tcd ijtdgddphni prkmdss js

mknshsthni k` akttedndmgs. cd `hrst akttedndmg hs jt –tcd hnput stjid, wcdrd dlhtkrs

jnl okurnjehsts bjgd j prdehbhnjry sdedmthkn k` wcjt murrdnt jnl upmkbhni ndws

dvdnts bjy ad wkrtc mkvdrhni7‘ tcd sdmknl hs –jt tcd kutput stjid, wcdrd dlhtkrsphmg tcd `hnje sdedmthkn k` jrthmeds kr rdpkrts tk ad hnmeuldl hn tcd puaehmjthkn7‘

jnl tcd tchrl hs jt –tcd rdspknsd stjid, wcdrd dlhtkrs jijhn sdedmt j sbjee sjbped k`

rdjldr kr vhdwdr mkbbdnts tk ad prdsdntdl.‘:1< chs `hetdrhni jnl mkntrke prkmdss

cjs addn tcd mkrndrstknd k` bjhnstrdjb okurnjehsb jnl hs sthee j gdy prhnmhped k`

okurnjehsb dvdn hn tcd lhihtje drj.

cd prkmdss tjgds pejmd lh``drdntey hn mhthzdn okurnjehsb. Aruns ld`hndl mhthzdn

okurnjehsb js –j ̀ krb k` okurnjehsb wcdrd mhthzdns tcdbsdevds, rjtcdr tcjn (kr jt tcd

vdry edjst hn jllhthkn tk) pjhl okurnjehsts mejhbhni tk rdprdsdnt tcd puaehm hntdrdst,

jrd lhrdmtey dnijidl hn mkvdrhni, ldajthni, jnl ldehadrjthni kn tcd ndws.‘:14 Js ht

jppdjrs cdrd, tcd nkthkns k` –ndws rdpkrthni‘ jnl –puaehm hntdrdst‘ jrd jt tcd mdntrdk` mhthzdn okurnjehsts‘ jmthvhthds. cd sked lh``drdnmd rdshlds ùnljbdntjeey hn tcd

prkmdss k` dvjeujthni jnl oulihni tcd ndws tcjt mkrrdspknls tk puaehm hntdrdst. Hn

mknvdnthknje okurnjehsb tcd prkmdss hs hnsthtuthknjehsdl, wched ht hs nkt hn mhthzdn

okurnjehsb.

Bdlhj smckejr Mcrhs Jttkn suiidstdl tcjt mhthzdn okurnjehsb hbpehds tcd

–ldmjphtjehsjthkn‘ jnl –ldhnsthtuthknjehsjthkn‘ k` okurnjehsb.:10 chs bdjns tcjt

tcdrd hs nk dstjaehscdl hnsthtuthkn adchnl mhthzdn okurnjehsb pejt`krbs, jnl tcjt tcd

rdpkrtdrs jrd nkt djrnhni tcdhr ehvds tcrkuic okurnjehsb. Mhthzdn okurnjehsb hs pjrt

k` wcjt Mjstdees tdrbdl –ckrhzkntje ndtwkrgs k` mkbbunhmjthkn,‘ tcjt dbdridl

jrkunl tcd Hntdrndt, jnl wchmc ijvd rhsd tk –bjss sde`-mkbbunhmjthkn,‘ tcdrday–ldmhshvdey hnmrdjshni tcd jutknkby k` mkbbunhmjthni suaodmts vhj mkbbunhmjthkn

mkrpkrjthkns.‘:19 cd ndw dedbdnt tcjt okhns tcd lhsmusshkn jt tchs pkhnt hs –mjphtje,‘

js ht jppdjrs tk bjrg tcd lhsthnmthkn adtwddn mknvdnthknje okurnjehsb jnl mhthzdn

okurnjehsb. Okurnjehsb hs prhbjrhey j aushndss shnmd tcd bjhn jhb hs tk bjgd j prk`ht

ay sdrvhni j bjrgdt jnl bddthni hts ldbjnls. Ndws, tcdrd`krd, hs j mkbbklhty

tcjt `keekws tcd rueds k` tcd bjrgdt. ]kmhkekihst Vhdrrd Akurlhdu rdbhnldl tcjt

okurnjehsb kpdrjtds unldr mkbbdrmhje mknstrjhnts,:13 wchmc, js j mknsdqudnmd,

hnèudnmds tcd ndws dvjeujthkn prkmdss.:18 Jnktcdr hbpkrtjnt pkhnt hs tcjt ndws

bdlhj ckusds jrd `hrst k` jee `hrbs whtchn wchmc okurnjehsb kpdrjtds. Tnldr sumc

mhrmubstjnmds okurnjehsb lkds nkt mkbd ad`krd tcd `hrb‘s hntdrdsts. :=6



<= ,

Js j `krb k` okurnjehsb tcjt pursuds ndws vjeuds hn j lh``drdnt wjy, mhthzdn

okurnjehsb kpdrjtds prdsubjaey `rdd k` jny mkbbdrmhje kr hnsthtuthknje mknstrjhnts

jnl prdssurd. H jb sjyhni –prdsubjaey‘ admjusd tcdrd hs jewjys rkkb `kr dxtdrnje

prdssurd dvdn hn mhthzdn okurnjehsb.:=: Ycjt hs lh``drdnt hs tcjt prdssurd hs nkt

hnsthtuthknjehsdl jnl pjrt k` tcd trjld js ht hs hn bjhnstrdjb okurnjehsb. Ht `keekwstcjt tcd ldmjphtjehsjthkn jnl ldhnsthtuthknjehsjthkn k` okurnjehsb hbpey tcd rdbkvje

k` j nubadr k` akttedndmgs, dspdmhjeey bkst k` tcksd jt tcd kutput jnl rdspknsd

stjids. cd knd jt tcd hnput stjid, tcjt hs, tcd knd jt tcd rdpkrtdr‘s edvde rdbjhns,

`kr tcd rdpkrtdr sthee cjs tk bjgd ldmhshkns kn wcjt tk rdpkrt jakut jnl wcjt tk

hinkrd.

Aruns mkhndl tcd tdrb –ijtdwjtmchni‘ tk ldsmrhad wcjt cjppdns jt tcd kutput

jnl rdspknsd stjids hn tcd lhihtje, Yda 1.6 bdlhjsmjpd.:=1 Yhtc tcd dbdridnmd k` tcd

bkrd hntdrjmthvd vdrshkn k` tcd Yda jrkunl 1664, bkrd jnl bkrd pdkped tckuict

tcd ndws prklumthkn prkmdss sckuel ad ldbkmrjthsdl. Bjhnstrdjb okurnjehsts jnl

dlhtkrs wdrd suspdmtdl k` sdrvhni ktcdr hntdrdsts tcjn tcksd k` tcd ejridr sdibdnts k`tcd puaehm. cd rdsuet wjs tcjt skbd dvdnts wkuel ad mknshldrdl ndwswkrtcy jnl

ad mkvdrdl, wchest ktcdrs wkuel ad `hetdrdl kut tcrkuic tcd ijtdgddphni prkmdss.

Ijtdwjtmchni dbdridl tcus js jn jetdrnjthvd tk ijtdgddphni, mknshsthni k` tcksd

jbknist tcd bdbadrs k` tcd puaehm ldmhlhni wchmc dvdnts jrd wkrtc mkvdrhni

jnl wchmc knds rdmdhvd prkbhndnmd jbknist tcksd rdpkrtdl. Tnehgd ijtdgddphni,

Aruns wrktd, –ijtdwjtmchni lkds nkt mknmdrn htsde` whtc bjghni mkbprdcdnshvd

ndws sdedmthkn `rkb jee jvjhejaed hn`krbjthkn hn tcd ndws èkw7 ht lkds nkt mejhb

tk prdsdnt ―jee tcd ndws tcjt‘s `ht tk prhnt‒… .‘ :== Hnstdjl, –Ijtdwjtmchni … rdehds

dxjmtey kn tcjt jahehty k` usdrs tk ldmhld `kr tcdbsdevds wcjt tcdy `hnl hntdrdsthni

jnl wkrtc nkthni jnl scjrhni.‘:=< Tnthe tchs pkhnt knd mjn sj`dey jssdrt tcjt tcd bjhn lh``drdnmd adtwddn

mknvdnthknje okurnjehsb jnl mhthzdn okurnjehsb rdshlds hn tcd prkmdss tcjt edjls tk

tcd mrdjthkn k` ndws htdbs. Ychest tcd mknvdnthknje prkmdss hs lkttdl whtc ijtds

tcjt kpdn wcdn j sdt k` mrhtdrhj jrd bdt, tcd mhthzdn okurnjehsb prkmdss hs bkrd

kpdn tk tcd puaehm. ]jhl lh``drdntey, tcd lh``drdnmd rdshlds hn tcd rked tcd puaehm kr

mhthzdns jrd mjeedl jnl dxpdmtdl tk pejy hn tcd prkmdss. Hn tcd mknvdnthknje prkmdss

j vdry ehbhtdl nubadr k` mhthzdns, tcksd whtc mdrtjhn jmjldbhm jnl prk`dsshknje

qujeh`hmjthkns jrd dehihaed tk prklumd ndws jnl gddp tcd ijtds tcjt lkt tcd dnthrd

ndws-prklumthkn prkmdss. cd puaehm dntdrs hntk pejy jt tcd rdspknsd stjid, jnl

dvdn tcdn, tcd ijtds sthee cjvd tk ad kpdndl kr meksdl.:=4 Hn mkntrjst, hn bkst mhthzdn okurnjehsb hnhthjthvds, tcd puaehm hs kbnhprdsdnt jt tcd hnput, kutput, jnl rdspknsd

stjids.

Edt bd meksd tchs bkrd kr edss tcdkrdthmje sdmthkn ay jllrdsshni j mknùshkn tcjt

mkuel pktdnthjeey jrhsd ̀ rkb tcd prdvhkus pjrjirjpc, dspdmhjeey wcdrd ht hs kasdrvdl

tcjt tcd puaehm hs kbnhprdsdnt jt jee stjids hn bkst mhthzdn okurnjehsb hnhthjthvds.

chs kasdrvjthkn mkuel tjgd knd tk tcd bhsedjlhni mknmeushkn tcjt wcjtdvdr hs

puaehscdl js ndws hs mhthzdn okurnjehsb. Ht hs trud tcjt ndws hs rdejthvd. Ht hs dqujeey

trud tcjt ndws hs wcjt wd js ndws prklumdrs kr ndws mknsubdrs ldmhld tk mjee

ndws. Xdt knd sckuel nkt eksd shict k` tcd ndws vjeuds tcjt bjgds ndws –ndws.‘

@kr hnstjnmd, hs tcd pjsshni k` j `hnje prhbjry smckke dxjbhnjthkn ay knd spdmh`hm



<<

mchel hn j rdbktd J`rhmjn vheejid ndws; cd jnswdr bhict ad –nk‘ h` tcjt dvdnt hs

tcd bkst nkrbje, krlhnjry tchni hn tcjt vheejid. cd –yds‘ jnswdr bhict cjvd bjny

edvdes. Xds, admjusd tcd dvdnt hs ndw jnl k` hntdrdst jt edjst tk tcd pjrdnts, rdejthvds,

`rhdnls, ktcdr vheejidrs Wwck mknsthtutd jerdjly j puaehmR. Xds, admjusd tcjt mchel hs

aehnl jnl cjl tk mkbpdtd whtc nkn-hbpjhrdl mchelrdn. Xds, admjusd tcjt mchel hstcd vdry `hrst mchel `rkb tcjt vheejid kr knd pjrthmuejr trhad kr mkbbunhty, tk dvdr

pjss tcjt dxjbhnjthkn. Xds, admjusd tcjt mchel wdnt tk smckke twk ljys j wddg jnl

cjl tk wkrg kn tcd `jrb tcd rdbjhnhni tcrdd ljys.

Ycjt H jb tryhni tk dxpejhn cdrd hs tcjt ndws hs wcjt wd bjgd ht, h.d., tcd

mknndmthkns wd mrdjtd adtwddn knd pjrthmuejr jnl rdmdnt dvdnt jnl ktcdr hssuds hn

skmhdty. Hn mrdjthni tcksd mknndmthkns wd heeustrjtd ckw –hbpkrtjnt‘ tcjt ndws hs tk j

spdmh`hm sdmthkn k` skmhdty, ckw –sdnsjthknje‘ ht hs ̀ kr j vhsujeey-hbpjhrdl mchel tk pjss,

ckw –mkntrkvdrshje/mknèhmtuje‘ mchel ejakur hs, jnl sk kn. H` tcd vjeuds jnl hntdrdsts

k` knd pjrthmuejr sdibdnt k` tcd puaehm jrd nkt scjrdl ay tcd ijtdgddpdrs, tcdn tcd

sdedmthkn prkmdss whee lddb dvdnts rdedvjnt tk tcjt sdibdnt, nkt ndwswkrtcy. chskastjmed sddbs tk ad jllrdssdl ay tcd ijtdwjtmchni jetdrnjthvd, wchmc prkvhlds j

pksshahehty tk sdibdnts k` tcd puaehm tk idndrjtd jnl prkbktd ndws htdbs tcjt jrd

rdedvjnt jnl hntdrdsthni tk tcdb. Ychest tchs sdmthkn `kmusdl kn tcd prkmdss tcjt

edjls tk tcd prklumthkn k` ndws htdbs, tcd ndxt dxjbhnds meksdey tcd usds k` skurmds

`rkb tcd Bkahed Mkbbunhty Qdpkrthni pdrspdmthvd.

1.1 BMQ jnl Hts ]kurmds

Ndws hs ehgd mejy tk wchmc tcd jrthst mjn ihvd jny scjpd ldpdnlhni kn chs kr cdr

tjednts jnl hntdnthkns. Hn ktcdr wkrls, tcd sjbd ndws dvdnt mjn ad rdpkrtdl hnbjny wjys, jnl nknd k` tcdb mjn mejhb tk ad adttdr tcjn tcd ktcdr, unedss ktcdr

hssuds jrhsd hn adtwddn. Hn tchs sdmthkn, tcdn, H wjnt tk knmd jijhn strdss tcjt tcd

jhb k` jn BMQ-bhnldl okurnjehst hs tk mjpturd, kr jt edjst tk idt js meksd js pksshaed

tk, wcjt tcd akttkb tchngs . k jmchdvd tcjt, tcd rdpkrtdr nddls tk cdjr bkrd `rkb

tcd pdkped jt tcd akttkb, wchmc arhnis up tcd nkthkn k` skurmds tcjt hs mdntrje tk

okurnjehsb. cd qudsthkns H dxpekrd cdrd jrd? ckw lk BMQ-bhnldl rdpkrtdrs ik

jakut whtc tcdhr skurmds; Ychmc skurmds lk tcdy usd jnl wcy; Ckwdvdr, H nddl tk

`hrst dejakrjtd jakut wcjt tcd akttkb tchngs , admjusd tcjt hs tcd knd tcjt lhmtjtds

tcd skurmds tcjt tcd rdpkrtdr nddls tk usd jnl hntdrvhdw.

Bdlhj smckejr Bhmcjde ]mculskn nhmdey suiidstdl tcjt ndws hs ehgd ardjl krsjusjid, skbdtchni tcjt pdkped bjgd.:=0 chs hs j vdry cdepùe bdtjpckr js ht

hbpehds tcjt tcdrd jrd dssdnthje dedbdnts nddldl tk ajgd ardjl Wd.i.? èkurR, jnl

ktcdrs tcjt ldpdnl kn tcd ajgdr kr tcdhr mehdnts‘ tjstds. Lkhni okurnjehsb `rkb jn

BMQ pdrspdmthvd, tcdn, hs hntdrprdthni j rdmdnt dvdnt k` puaehm hntdrdst hn j wjy

tcjt pejmds tcd mkbbunhty jt tcd mdntrd k` tcd dnthrd prkmdss. Knd dvdnt tjghni

pejmd hn j bjrihnjehsdl jrdj bjy ad mkvdrdl, aut, js tcd AAM rdpkrt lhsmussdl hn

tcd hntrklumthkn cjs sckwn, bjy kney rdèdmt wcjt tcd dehtd tchngs . Js sdmthkn :.<

jriudl, tcd ihvhni k` tcd èkkr lkds nkt jutkbjthmjeey rdsuet hn wcjt tcd akttkbtchngs , admjusd tcd strjnidndss/`jbhehjrhty k` tcd rdpkrtdr, tcd tdmcnkekiy jnl tcd

ejniujid pejy j mrumhje rked.



<4 ,

Ycjt tcd akttkb tchngs hs hnthbjtdey rdejtdl tk tcd nkthkn k` –mkbbunhty‘ tcjt

H lhsmussdl hn mcjptdr knd. Adhni j bdbadr k` tcd mkbbunhty jnl tcus gnkwhni

tcd vjeuds jnl hntdrdsts k` tcjt mkbbunhty js wdee js hts hssuds, jeekws tcd rdpkrtdr

tk vkhmd tcd mkbbunhty‘s pdrspdmthvd, chicehict hts skeuthkns, jnl dstjaehsc ehngs

adtwddn wcjtdvdr hs adhni rdpkrtdl whtc tcd mkbbunhty‘s eh`d, vjeuds, jnl hntdrdsts.chs hs jppehmjaed aktc tk bjhnstrdjb okurnjehsts jnl tk mhthzdn okurnjehsts.

J mkuntdr-jriubdnt bhict dbdrid jt tchs pkhnt? hs tcdrd jnytchni ehgd

–mkbbunhty tckuict‘; Hn ktcdr wkrls, lkds tcd mkbbunhty tchng mkeedmthvdey;

cdrd hs nk lkuat tcjt bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty tchng hnlhvhlujeey jnl mkbd kut

whtc suaodmthvd tckuicts jakut, jnl hntdrprdtjthkns k`, pcdnkbdnj tjghni pejmd hn

tcdhr dnvhrknbdnt. Ckwdvdr, js skmhje jntcrkpkekihst Jntckny Mkcdn suiidstdl hncd ]ybakehm Mknstrumthkn k` Mkbbunhty (:834), tcksd suaodmthvd hntdrprdtjthkns

jrd nkt rjnlkb aut jrd rjtcdr bjld whtchn tcd tdrbs mcjrjmtdrhsthm k` j ihvdn

mkbbunhty.:=9 Ycjt tcd akttkb tchngs , tcdn, hs bkrd tcd ejridr `rjbdwkrg tcjt

hnsphrds tcd vjrhkus jnl skbdthbds mkntrjlhmtkry hnlhvhluje hntdrprdtjthkns, tcjnjny unhtjry mkeedmthvd tckuict.

Edt bd ihvd skbd dxjbpeds tk heeustrjtd by pkhnt. Kn 8tc Bjrmc 16:6, Adrye

Kbunyj, j okurnjehst jt j mkbbunhty rjlhk hn tcd seub k` Ghadrj hn Njhrkah, Gdnyj,

`hedl j bkahed rdpkrt thtedl –Njhrkah? ]j`d wjtdr tcjngs tk skejr lhshn`dmthkn.‘:=3 cd

ndws hn tchs rdpkrt wjs tcjt tcd rdpkrtdr‘s ndhicakurckkl hn tcd seub k` Ghadrj cjl

dbarjmdl j skejr lhshn`dmthkn systdb, mknshsthni hn dxpkshni wjtdr hn trjnspjrdnt

pejsthm aktteds tk skejr rjlhjthkn `kr j ùee ljy. cd prkodmt k``hmdr, Okscuj Kthdnk

wkrghni `kr tcd Gdnyj Yjtdr `kr Cdjetc Krijnhsjthkn WGwjckR, dxpejhndl hn

Dniehsc ckw tcd bdtckl wkrgdl jnl ijvd j arhd` chstkry k` tcd prkodmt, ad`krd tcd

rdpkrtdr‘s ndhicakur, njbdl Irjmd, dxpejhndl hn ]wjcheh wcy scd cjl dbarjmdltchs bdtckl. Jbknist ktcdr tchnis, scd mkuel sjvd kn tcd mkst k` `hrdwkkl jnl

pjrj``hn khe tcjngs tk tchs bdtckl. Ckwdvdr, scd wknldrdl ckw tcd bdtckl wkuel

wkrg lurhni ajl wdjtcdr, js j medjr sgy jnl arhict sun wdrd dssdnthje tk tcd bdtckl.

chs hs jn BMQ-hnsphrdl phdmd k` okurnjehsb tcjt prkvhlds bjny meuds jakut w cjttcd akttkb tchngs . cd rdpkrtdr mkvdrdl jn hssud k` hntdrdst tk cdr mkbbunhty,

ushni tkkes tcjt lhl nkt hnchaht tcd bdbadrs k` tcjt mkbbunhty, spdjghni hn tcdhr

ejniujid, jnl vkhmhni Wpjrt k` R tcdhr vhdws jnl mknmdrns.

Mkvdrhni j meksdey rdejtdl suaodmt `rkb tcd Ghsdnyh-Bdnik seub hn Gjbpjej,

Tijnlj, Hsbjde Jshhbwd Bustjpcj, j irjlujtd hn mcdbhstry, `hedl kn 11nl Ound

16:: j bkahed rdpkrt thtedl –Gjbpjej? Vrhmds ik lkwn ̀ keekwhni seub rdmymehni.‘:=8 cd stkry wjs jakut j rdmdnt pcdnkbdnkn wcdrday skbd ykuni seub rdshldnts

`hscdl kut pejsthm aktteds `rkb tcd Njghvuik Qhvdr hn Gjbpjej, jnl skel tcdb

tk ouhmd jnl wjtdr vdnlkrs. Kn tcdhr turn, tcd ejttdr skel ouhmd jnl wjtdr `kr vdry

ehtted bkndy, whtc `kr hnstjnmd wjtdr mksthni 166 Tijnljn scheehnis WT]$ 6.69R,

wchmc wjs 466 scheehnis WT]$ 6.:8R mcdjpdr tcjn hnlustrhje bhndrje wjtdr. Ychest

njrrjthni, Bustjpcj sckwdl tcd `hschni pkhnt, wcdrd j wjtdr phpd aekmgdl tcd

aktteds, zkkbdl hn kn tcd aktteds jnl tcdhr mjps adhni wjscdl, js wdee js mehdnts jt

j rkjlshld rdstjurjnt dnokyhni ekmjeey pjmgjidl wjtdr. Cd dnldl whtc tcd `keekwhni

rdèdmthkn? –ay tjghni sumc lrhngs, yku jrd sjvhni, aut jesk adjr hn bhnl tcjt mcdjp



<0

tchnis jrd skbdthbds dxpdnshvd. Xku mjn ldvdekp vdry sdrhkus lhsdjsds hn tcd ekni

run… .‘

chs hs jn hnstjnmd k` tcd BMQ jpprkjmc jppehdl tk mhthzdn okurnjehsb. cd

rdpkrt mkntjhns skbd ndws tcjt mknndmts tk rdje mknmdrns whtchn tcd mkbbunhty

jnl chicehicts vhdws jnl hntdrdsts `rkb whtchn. Ht mjn ad jssubdl tcjt Bustjpcj‘s wkrg, dspdmhjeey tcd sckkthni pcjsd, wjs bjld djshdr ay tcd `jmt tcjt cd wjs j

bdbadr k` tcjt pjrthmuejr mkbbunhty ushni j tkke tcjt ktcdr bdbadrs, tkk, cjl

hn tcdhr pkmgdt. Bkrdkvdr, chs hntdnthkns mkuel ad jnthmhpjtdl. cd shtujthkn

mkuel bkst prkajaey cjvd addn lh``drdnt h` tcd wkrg cjl addn lknd ay j mrdw k`

–strjnidrs,‘ wcksd hntdnthkns wdrd nkt djsy tk ldmhpcdr kr jnthmhpjtd. cd rdpkrt

sckws suaodmthvd hntdrprdtjthkns k` tcd aktted-rdmymehni aushndss ay hbpeyhni tcjt

skbd bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty wdrd rjtcdr tjghni jlvjntjid k` tcd rdmymehni

aushndss kn knd cjnl, jnl ay mknmeulhni whtc j pdsshbhsthm nktd, kn tcd ktcdr.

Jetckuic mkntrjlhmthni djmc ktcdr, tcdsd hntdrprdtjthkns ihvd jn hnshict hntk wcjt

tcd akttkb tchngs jakut aktc tcdhr dmknkbhm jnl cdjetc shtujthkns. Js tcd twk dxjbpeds sckw, skurmds jrd mrumhje hn prkvhlhni meuds jakut wcjt tcd

akttkb tchngs. Tnehgd tcd Gdnyjn wjtdr skejr lhshn`dmthkn rdpkrt ay j bjhnstrdjb

okurnjehst, tcd Gjbpjej aktted-`hschni jnl rdmymehni stkry cjl nk shnied hntdrvhdw

kr skurmd tcjt wjs dxpehmhtey hldnth`hdl js sumc.:<6 Js jerdjly nktdl hn sdmthkn

:.=, tcdrd hs nk okurnjehsb whtckut skurmds.:<: Ckwdvdr, hn okurnjehsb, ehgd hn

ktcdr hntdeedmtuje dnldjvkurs, skurmds pksd j nubadr k` prkaedbs. Jrd tcd skurmds

tcjt knd usdl dnkuic; Jrd tcdy jpprkprhjtd; Jrd tcdy rdehjaed jnl mrdlhaed; Jrd

tcdy wdee hn`krbdl; Jrd tcdy rdedvjnt; Jrd tcdy rdèdmthni tcd vjrhkus shlds k`

tcd suaodmt; cdsd, jnl bjny ktcdr qudsthkns jrd nkt djsy tk jnswdr. cd hnhthje

qudsthkn sckuel ad? wcjt hs j skurmd; ]kurmds jrd

tcd jmtkrs wckb okurnjehsts kasdrvd kr hntdrvhdw, hnmeulhni hntdrvhdwdds wckjppdjr kn tcd jhr kr wck jrd quktdl hn bjijzhnd jrthmeds, jnl tcksd wck kneysuppey ajmgirkunl hn`krbjthkn kr stkry suiidsthkns.:<1

]kurmds `jee unldr tcrdd mjtdikrhds? W:R pdrsknje skurmds, tcjt hs, pdkped tcd

okurnjehst hntdrvhdws7 W1R kasdrvjthknje skurmds, `kr hnstjnmd dvdnts jnl pejmds

tcjt tcd okurnjehst kasdrvds7 jnl W=R stkrdl skurmds, h.d., akkgs, rdpkrts, eharjrhds,

dtm.:<= @kr tcd purpksd k` by lhsmusshkn jakut tcd BMQ jpprkjmc, H wjnt tk strdsskasdrvjthkn jnl hntdrvhdw js twk hbpkrtjnt wjys k` katjhnhni hn`krbjthkn `rkb j

skurmd. J mkbbunhty rdpkrtdr ehvds hn tcd mkbbunhty jnl kasdrvds bkst k` tcdbkvdbdnts jnl lkhnis whtchn tcjt mkbbunhty, wchmc kasdrvjthknje skurmds jrd

jee jakut. Hn tcd Gjbpjej aktted-`hschni jnl rdmymehni stkry, ht hs kavhkus tcjt

Bustjpcj mjrdùeey kasdrvdl tcd bjhn jmtkrs, njbdey tcd –aktted `hscdrbdn,‘ tcd

aktted medjndrs, jnl tcd mknsubdrs. Ktcdrwhsd, ckw mkuel cd cjvd ekmjtdl tcd

aktted-aekmghni phpd; Ckw mkuel cd cjvd spkttdl tcd ckusd hn wchmc tcd aktteds

wdrd adhni wjscdl; Ckw mkuel cd cjvd lhsthniuhscdl tcd ekmjeey-akttedl wjtdr

`rkb tcd hnlustrhje knd; Ckw mkuel cd cjvd prkvhldl tcd dxjmt prhmds; Cd medjrey

cjl dnkuic ajmgirkunl hn`krbjthkn mkbhni pjrtey `rkb hn`krbjnts cd lhl nkt

dxpehmhtey njbd, jnl pjrtey `rkb kasdrvhni tcd jmtkrs jnl tcdhr jmthkns.



<9 ,

cd ndxt tckrny qudsthkn hs knd k` gnkwhni wchmc skurmds jrd rdedvjnt jnl

wchmc knds jrd nkt. Lkhni okurnjehsb hs mckkshni j pdrspdmthvd, aut jesk sdedmthni

skurmds. cd Gdnyjn wjtdr lhshn`dmthkn rdpkrt cjs twk bjhn skurmds? tcd k``hmhje

skurmd, jnl tcd unk``hmhje knd, tk wchmc, knd mkuel jll tcd rdpkrtdr‘s kasdrvjthkn

k` tcd jmtkrs WrdshldntsR. Jrd tcdsd skurmds rdedvjnt; Bkst kasdrvdrs wkuel jirddtcjt tcdy jrd. Jrd tcdrd ktcdr skurmds tcjt mkuel cjvd addn rdedvjnt; Ld`hnhtdey.

Jn k``hmhje `rkb j puaehm cdjetc hnsthtuthkn mkuel cjvd addn rdedvjnt. J sdeedr k`

hnlustrhjeey pjmgjidl bhndrje wjtdr mkuel cjvd addn j rdedvjnt skurmd. J seub

pjrj``hn khe/mcjrmkje/`hrdwkkl sdeedr wcksd aushndss wjs hn odkpjrly mkuel cjvd

addn j rdedvjnt skurmd. Jn dnvhrknbdntjehst wck cjl addn jlvkmjthni `kr edss usd

k` mcjrmkje jnl `hrdwkkl mkuel cjvd addn j skurmd.

Js ht hs hbpksshaed tk ehst jee pksshaed rdedvjnt skurmds, ht whee su``hmd tk sjy tcjt

knmd tcd pdrspdmthvd jnl ̀ rjbd cjvd addn mcksdn, rdedvjnt skurmds ̀ keekw. J bdlhmje

pdrspdmthvd whee bkst ehgdey ndmdsshtjtd j bdlhmje skurmd7 jn dnvhrknbdntjehst

pdrspdmthvd whee bkst prkajaey mjee `kr jn dnvhrknbdntjehst skurmd7 jnl sk kn. Ycjt tcd BMQ jpprkjmc jlvkmjtds aktc hn mhthzdn okurnjehsb jnl bjhnstrdjb

okurnjehsb hs tcjt tcd mkbbunhty-ajsdl skurmds sckuel rdmdhvd prhbjmy, shnmd tcd

uethbjtd jhb hs tk rdpkrt tcd ndws hn j wjy tcjt rdèdmts wcjt tcd mkbbunhty

tchngs. Yched tcd Gjbpjej aktted-`hschni jnl rdmymehni stkry irjntdl jaskeutd jnl

dxmeushvd prhbjmy tk mkbbunhty skurmds, tcd Gdnyjn wjtdr skejr lhshn`dmthkn rdpkrt

ajejnmdl tcdb whtc jn k``hmhje skurmd mkbhni `rkb kutshld tcd mkbbunhty.

cd `hnje pkhnt H wjnt tk lhsmuss whtc rdijrls tk skurmds hs tcd k`tdn-mhtdl

kasdrvjthkn tcjt tcd skurmds sckuel rdèdmt –aktc shlds‘ k` tcd stkry kr tcd hssud.

Mhthzdn okurnjehsb jnl ktcdr typds k` jetdrnjthvd bdlhj cjvd addn mrhthmhsdl `kr

`jhehni tk kasdrvd tchs prk`dsshknje prhnmhped. Xdt, knmd sdrhkusey qudsthkndl, tcdnkthkn k` –aktc shlds‘ `jhes tk prkvhld j medjr jnswdr jakut wcjt ht bdjns. Lk stkrhds

cjvd oust twk shlds; Js nktdl jakvd, ldpdnlhni kn wcjt knd wjnts tk chicehict,

tcd Gdnyj wjtdr skejr lhshn`dmthkn rdpkrt mkuel cjvd cjl j ekmje dmknkbhm ehvdehckkl shld, `kmushni kn tcd ekt k` pjrj``hn khe jnl mcjrmkje vdnlkrs7 jn dnvhrknbdntjehst shld, `kmushni kn tcd sekwhni lkwn k` ld`krdstjthkn7 j cdjetc shld, `kmushni kn

wjtdrakrnd lhsdjsds7 j aktted-rdmymehni shld, `kmushni kn tcd ndw aktted-mkeedmthni

jnl sdeehni aushndss7 dtm. Hs ht suiidstdl tcjt knd sckuel mckksd twk k` tcd bjny

shlds; @rkb tcd BMQ pdrspdmthvd, tcd okurnjehst hs dxpdmtdl tk bjgd chs kr cdr

kwn oulibdnt jnl mkbd kut whtc knd kr bkrd shlds tcjt cjvd bkrd shinh`hmjnmd

tk tcd mkbbunhty.:<< @kr hnstjnmd, tcd Gjbpjej aktted-`hschni jnl rdmymehni stkry sddbs tk cjvd

chicehictdl tcd dmknkbhm shld, js tcd mdntrje pkhnt jppdjrs tk ad tcd bkthvd k` tcd

dnthrd hn`krbje aushndss, h.d., arhnihni wjtdr jnl ouhmd prhmds lkwn jnl tk skbd

dxtdnt tcd cdjetc shld. Ihvdn tcd bumc irdjtdr dbpcjshs kn tcd dmknkbhm shld,

knd mkuel mknmeuld tcjt tcjt shld cjl bkrd wdhict `kr tcd mkbbunhty tcjn tcd

cdjetc shld jt tcd thbd k` rdpkrthni. Bjny bkrd shlds hnmeulhni ikvdrnjnmd jnl

dnvhrknbdnt, tk bdnthkn aut j `dw, mkuel cjvd addn jlldl, aut tcdhr shinh`hmjnmd

tk tcd mkbbunhty jppdjrdl sbjee tk tcd rdpkrtdr.:<4



<3

Hn sckrt, tcd jutckrhtjthvdndss, rdehjahehty jnl rdedvjnmd k` skurmds `rkb tcd

BMQ pdrspdmthvd ldpdnl kn tcd shinh`hmjnmd Wtk tcd mkbbunhtyR k` tcd hssud

tcjt hs adhni mkvdrdl, jnl tcd meksdndss k` tcd pdrskns wck hn`krb tcd rdpkrtdr.

Meksdndss hn tchs sdnsd dnmjpsuejtds sumc nkthkns js jutckrhtjthvd, rdehjahehty jnl

rdedvjnmd, js ht hnmeulds j irdjt ldje k` dxpdrthsd hn wcjt knd lkds Wd.i., prdpjrhnitcd aktted `kr skejr lhshn`dmthkn7 `hschni kut jnl medjnhni aktteds, dtmR. Ckwdvdr,

tchs lkds nkt bdjn tcjt jee dxpdrthsd nddldl tk hn`krb tcd rdpkrtdr hs prdsdnt hn tcd

rdpkrts. cd akys `hschni kut aktteds jnl sdeehni tcdb jrd qujeh`hdl, jutckrhtjthvd

skurmds wcdn ht mkbds tk gnkwhni ckw tcdy `hsc kut aktteds jnl idtthni tcdb

rdjly ̀ kr sjed. cdy ejmg jutckrhtjthvdndss js skurmds wcdn ht mkbds tk pjstdurhshni

tcksd aktteds tk jvkhl sprdjlhni wjtdrakrnd lhsdjsds. Hn tcd ndxt sdmthkn H wjnt tk

`kmus kn jnktcdr mdntrje mknmdpt hn okurnjehsb, njbdey dtchms, tk mknshldr skbd

dtchmje jspdmts k` BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsb.

1.= Dtchmje Mknshldrjthkns

Okurnjehsb nddls skbd rueds tk iuhld tcd wkrg k` tcksd hnvkevdl hn ht. Ehgd ejwydrs

jnl bdlhmje lkmtkrs, okurnjehsts cjvd jn dtchmje mkld k` mknlumt tcdy cjvd tk

`keekw. Ckwdvdr, dtchmje hssuds hn bdlhmhnd kr edije prjmthmds sddb edss mcjeednihni

tcjn hn okurnjehsb hn tcd sdnsd tcjt nkt jny knd mjn mejhb tcd thted k` bdlhmje

lkmtkr kr ejwydr, wchest tcjt hs hnmrdjshniey tcd mjsd `kr tcd thted k` okurnjehst. Hn

jllhthkn tk tcjt, tcd BMQ jpprkjmc ndmdsshtjtds j meksdr smruthny, js ht jlvkmjtds j

ndw typd k` rdejthknschp whtc skurmds jnl julhdnmds, wchmc k`tdn ihvds rhsd tk ndw

dtchmje hssuds. Adhni j bdbadr k` tcd mkbbunhty jnl ushni `jbhehjr tdmcnkekihds

tk ijtcdr hn`krbjthkn jakut knd‘s kwn mkbbunhty kpdns bjny lkkrs jnl cdjrts, wchmc arhnis tcd rhsg k` dxpkshni strhmtey prhvjtd bjttdrs kr unmknsmhkusey mjushni

trkuaed tk tcd mkbbunhty kr skbd k` hts bdbadrs.

@kr hnstjnmd, hn tcd aktted-`hschni jnl rdmymehni rdpkrt bdnthkndl hn tcd

prdvhkus sdmthkn, ht wkuel ad jn dtchmje prkaedb tk sckw tcd `jmds jnl sckps k`

tcd sdeedrs k` rdpjmgjidl ouhmd jnl wjtdr, h` tcjt prjmthmd cjl addn edijeey ajnndl.

]ckwhni tcdb wkuel bdjn tcd adihnnhni k` trkuaed ̀ kr tcd sdeedrs jnl tcdhr suppey

mcjhn, wchmc wjs nkt tcd hnhthje hntdnthkn k` tcd rdpkrtdr. Hn tchs sdmthkn, H `hrst

arhdèy kutehnd tcd mknmdpt k` okurnjehsthm dtchms ad`krd phnpkhnthni skbd k` tcd

bkst hbpkrtjnt dtchmje jspdmts k` tcd BMQ jpprkjmc.

cd mknmdpt k` dtchms dbjnjtdl `rkb Vchekskpcy, wcdrd ht rd`drs tk –tcd stulyk` tcd lhsthnmthkns adtwddn rhict jnl wrkni, vhrtukus jnl vhmhkus, jnl adnd`hmhje

kr cjrbùe.‘:<0 Hn chs Nhmkbjmcdjn Dtchms W=46 A.M.R, Jrhstkted dxpejhndl dtchms

js mknshsthni k` rueds tcjt tdee –wcjt bdn jrd tk lk, jnl `rkb wcjt tk jastjhn.‘ :<9

Lhsmusshni ht `rkb j skmhkekihmje pdrspdmthvd, Dbhed Lurgcdhb, tkk, usdl tcd

nkthkn k` –rueds,‘ dxpejhnhni bkrje Wtcus, dtchmjeR `jmts js –rueds k` mknlumt tcjt

cjvd sjnmthkn.‘:<3 cksd rueds, cd wrktd, –ldtdrbhnd tcd luthds tcjt bdn kwd

tk tcdhr `deekws.‘:<8 Lurgcdhb hnshstdl kn tcd nkthkn k` –sjnmthkn,‘ wchmc hs tcd

mknsdqudnmd k` jn jmt tcjt rdsuets `rkb j mkn`rkntjthkn adtwddn tcjt jmt jnl –tcd

ruedWsR k` mknlumt jerdjly ejhl lkwn.‘:46



<8 ,

Dtchms js rueds k` mknlumt wdrd jlkptdl hn bjny prk`dsshkns Wejwydrs,

pcyshmhjns, prhdsts, tk bdnthkn j `dwR tk ldtdrbhnd tcd luthds k` tcksd dxdrmhshni

tcksd prk`dsshkns, jnl tk dnsurd tcjt nk cjrb hs lknd tk tcd pdkped tcdy jrd

suppksdl tk sdrvd. @rkb tchs pdrspdmthvd, okurnjehsthm dtchms ld`hnds tcd luthds,

rdspknshahehthds jnl kaehijthkns tcjt okurnjehsts cjvd hn rdejthkn tk tcdhr skurmdsjnl julhdnmds. Mkbbunhmjthkn smckejr @rjnmhs Gjskbj prkvhldl j vdry cdepùe

hnshict hntk dtchms stjthni tcjt –okurnjehsb dtchms hs mknmdrndl whtc bjghni skunl

bkrje ldmhshkns hn okurnjehsthm pdr`krbjnmd, jnl WhtR jssubds tcd prdsdnmd k`

skmhdtje bkrjehty.‘ Bkrjehty, js Gjskbj dxpejhndl, –cjs tk lk whtc jmthkns iuhldl

ay idndrjeey jmmdptjaed cubjn vjeuds jnl rdspknshahehthds.‘ Hn tchs rdspdmt, –Dtchms

adihns wcdn dedbdnts whtchn j bkrje systdb mknèhmt.‘:4:

Gddphni hn bhnl tcjt bkrje vjeuds ld`dr `rkb mkuntry tk mkuntry, jnl `rkb

mueturd tk mueturd, ht `keekws tcjt okurnjehsb dtchms lh``drs ldpdnlhni kn tcd

mkuntry knd hs rdpkrthni `rkb. k usd Lurgcdhb‘s nkthkn k` sjnmthkn knmd jijhn,

–tcd sjnmthkn ldpdnls jaskeutdey kn tcd rdejthkn tcjt dxhsts adtwddn Wj ihvdnR jmtjnl j rdiuejthkn ikvdrnhni hts tkedrjthkn kr prkchahthkn.‘:41 @jmtkrs sumc js rdehihkn,

ekmje trjlhthkns, mueturd, jnl ktcdrs, mjn pejy jn hbpkrtjnt rked hn scjphni ekmje

okurnjehsb dtchms. Hn tcd Ndtcdrejnls, `kr hnstjnmd, ht hs dtchmjeey hnmkrrdmt tk njbd

j mrhbhnje suspdmt dvdn j`tdr chs kr cdr mknldbnjthkn, unedss tcd suspdmt hs j

chic-prk`hed ̀ hiurd wcksd njbd hs jerdjly puaehm gnkwedlid. Knd mjn ̀ hnl mueturje

rdjskns cdrd tcjt ousth`y tchs mknvdnthkn hn tcd rdje wkrel. Knd k` tcdb hs tcjt ejst

njbds jrd trjnsbhttdl `rkb j `jtcdr kr bktcdr tk j skn kr ljuitcdr, wchmc bdjns

tcjt bjny pdkped hn tcd sjbd `jbhey scjrd tcd sjbd njbd. Vuaehschni tcd njbd k`

tcd suspdmt bdjns, jbknist ktcdr tchnis, tcjt tcd mchelrdn adjrhni tcd sjbd njbd

wkuel ad j``dmtdl jt smckke jnl ktcdr pejmds wcdrdjs tcdy jrd hnnkmdnt.Hn Qwjnlj, wcdrd jnktcdr vjeud systdb prdvjhes, nkt kney jrd tcd njbds k`

suspdmts ùeey bdnthkndl, aut jesk tcdhr phmturds jrd puaehscdl whtckut aeurrhni kr

ajrrhni tcd ̀ jmd kr ktcdrwhsd bjghni tcdb unrdmkinhsjaed.:4= ]hbhejrey, ndwspjpdrs

hn Aurghnj @jsk puaehsc ùee njbds jnl ktcdr pdrsknje ldtjhes k` tcd suspdmts jnl

puaehsc tcdhr phmturds whtc `jmds bjld bkrd kr edss unrdmkinhsjaed. :4< H jb nkt

suiidsthni cdrd tcjt knd prjmthmd hs bkrd dtchmje tcjn tcd ktcdr. Qjtcdr, H jb

tryhni tk dxpejhn tcjt djmc mueturd cjs hts kwn vjeuds tcjt bhict jppdjr undtchmje

h` vhdwdl `rkb j lh``drdnt vjeud systdb.

Ldsphtd tcdsd spdmh`hmhthds rdejthni tk ekmje mueturd jnl trjlhthkns, tcdrd jrd

skbd unhvdrsje dtchmje prhnmhpeds tcjt cjvd dbdridl. cdsd rdvkevd jrkunl twkpheejrs, njbdey, trutc sddghni jnl cjrb bhnhbhsjthkn. Hn ktcdr wkrls, rdpkrthni hs

dxpdmtdl tk ad j trutc-sddghni jnl rdpkrthni dnldjvkur tcjt lkds ehtted kr nk cjrb

tk tcd julhdnmd jnl tk tcd skurmds. cksd prhnmhpeds mjn ad subbjrhsdl hn `kur

pkhnts?:44

@hrstey, okurnjehsts sddg jnl rdpkrt trutc jnl, tk jmchdvd tcjt, bust tdst tcd

jmmurjmy k` hn`krbjthkn, ihvd tcd kppkrtunhty tk jmmusdl suaodmts tk rdspknl

tk jeedijthkns k` wrkni lkhni, hldnth`y tcdhr skurmds jnl tcdhr rdehjahehty tk tcd

puaehm, qudsthkn tcd bkthvds k` tcksd rdquhrhni jnknybhty, gddp prkbhsds, jvkhl

bhs-rdprdsdntjthkn jnl kvdrshbpeh`hmjthkn, jvkhl unldrmkvdr bdtckls k` ijtcdrhni

hn`krbjthkn Wdxmdpt wcdn trjlhthknje bdtckls jrd nkt cdepùe kr pksshaedR, ndvdr



46

pejihjrhsd, jvkhl stdrdktyphni jnl lhsthniuhsc adtwddn jlvkmjmy jnl ndws, jbknist

ktcdrs.

]dmknley, hn sddghni jnl rdpkrthni trutc, okurnjehsts bust bhnhbhsd cjrb, sckw

mkbpjsshkn `kr tcksd wck bhict ad j``dmtdl ay jny ndws mkvdrjid, ad sdnshthvd hn

ldjehni whtc mchelrdn jnl hndxpdrhdnmdl skurmds, bjgd surd hnjpprkprhjtd mkntdnths nkt bjld jvjhejaed tk mchelrdn, jvkhl prkbkthni vhkednmd, ad sdnshthvd wcdn ushni

phmturds k` tcd vhmthbs k` j trjidly, jvkhl jrrkijnmd jnl hnjpprkprhjtd ejniujid, ad

mjuthkus jakut hldnth`yhni ouvdnhed suspdmts jnl ad oulhmhkus hn njbhni mrhbhnje

suspdmts, jbknist ktcdrs.

chrley, hn sddghni jnl rdpkrthni trutc, okurnjehsts bust jmt hnldpdnldntey,

tcjt hs, jvkhl mknèhmts k` hntdrdst, rdbjhn `rdd k` jmthvhthds tcjt bjy mkbprkbhsd

tcdhr hntdirhty, rdùsd irjth`hmjthkns, ih`ts jnl ktcdr `jvkurs, lhsmeksd unjvkhljaed

mknèhmts, ad vhihejnt jakut ckelhni tcksd whtc pkwdr jmmkuntjaed jnl ad wjry k`

skurmds k``drhni hn`krbjthkn `kr `jvkurs kr bkndy, jbknist ktcdrs.

@kurtcey, hn sddghni jnl rdpkrthni trutc, okurnjehsts bust ad jmmkuntjaed tktcdhr rdjldrs, ehstdndrs jnl vhdwdrs. cdy bust hnvhtd lhjekiud whtc tcd puaehm

jakut okurnjehsthm mknlumt, dnmkurjid tcd puaehm tk vkhmd tcdhr irhdvjnmds jijhnst

tcd ndws bdlhj, jnl jlbht bhstjgds jnl mkrrdmt tcdb prkbptey.

chs subbjry mkntjhns j nubadr k` gdy vjeuds tcjt mkuel ad mjeedl unhvdrsje,

dvdn tckuic tcdy jppdjr unldr vjrhkus ̀ krbs hn lh``drdnt mueturds. rutcùe rdpkrthni

hs knd k` tcksd vjeuds, dvdn tckuic wd gnkw tcjt bjny vdrshkns k` tcd trutc mjn,

jnl lk k`tdn, dbdrid `rkb knd dvdnt. ]pdmhje prktdmthkn `kr mchelrdn jnl ktcdr

wdjg mjtdikrhds hn skmhdty hs jnktcdr gdy vjeud tcjt hs unhvdrsje, tckuic lh``drdntey

pdrmdhvdl jnl hntdrprdtdl. Ckndsty, hntdirhty, hnldpdnldnmd, jnl tcd ehgd, js wdee

js jmmdptjnmd k` j twk-wjy mkbbunhmjthkn whtc tcd julhdnmd, jrd ktcdr vjeudstcjt jrd unhvdrsjeey prjhsdl, wchest edjvhni rkkb `kr buethped hntdrprdtjthkns. cd

sjbd prhnmhpeds jrd tk ad sddn hn tcd –Aekiidrs‘ Mkld k` Dtchms‘ wrhttdn ay Oknjtcjn

Luad, j `krbdr okurnjehst wck cjs dbarjmdl jetdrnjthvd okurnjehsb.:40

Adhni idndrjeey j sdt k` mknvdnthkns suaodmt tk buethped hntdrprdtjthkns, mklds

k` dtchms jrd nkt ehgd wrhttdn ejws tcjt okurnjehsts bust `keekw tk tcd edttdr. cdrd

jrd twk edvdes jt wchmc tcd arkjl dtchmje prhnmhpeds jrd suaodmtdl tk hntdrprdtjthkn?

`hrstey, jt tcd krijnhsjthknje edvde, wcdrday jn kutedt mkbds kut whtc hts hn-ckusd

mkld k` mknlumt kr mkld k` dtchms, idndrjeey whtc jn kbaulsbjn js j ndutrje

pdrskn wck dnsurds tcjt tcd mkld hs rdspdmtdl. ]dmknley, dtchmje prhnmhpeds jrd

hntdrprdtdl jt j pdrsknje edvde, tcjt hs, jt tcd okurnjehst‘s edvde lurhni tcd ijtcdrhnik` hn`krbjthkn jnl lurhni tcd wrhthni up kr pkst-prklumthkn pcjsd.

Edt bd nkw dxpekrd tcd bdjnhni jnl hbpehmjthkns k` tcd jakvd `rkb tcd BMQ

pdrspdmthvd. H cjvd dbpcjshsdl tcjt BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsb tjgds hntk jmmkunt

tcd vjeuds k` tcd mkbbunhty tcjt hs tcd kaodmt jnl suaodmt k` tcd rdpkrt. ]hnmd

dtchms ldpdnls kn tcd bkrje vjeuds mcdrhscdl ay j ihvdn mueturd, wchmc mjn ad

njrrkwdl lkwn tk mkbbunhty, ht sckuel `keekw tcjt djmc mkbbunhty cjs hts kwn

pdrmdpthkn k` dtchms. Knd dxjbped sckuel su``hmd tk heeustrjtd by pkhnt. cjt

dxjbped rdejtds tk tcd dtchmje prhnmhped tcjt tcd okurnjehst sckuel jvkhl stdrdktyphni

jnl kvdrshbpeh`hmjthkn.



4: ,

Kn 18tc Bjrmc 16::, Kgdeek @jtche, j bkahed rdpkrtdr hn tcd seub k` Ghsdnyh

hn tcd Tijnljn mjphtje Gjbpjej, bjld j rdpkrt thtedl –Gjbpjej? Mk-whvds `hict,

puaehm wjtmcds.‘:49 Hn tchs rdpkrt, @jtche sckwdl j `hict adtwddn twk mk-whvds

`rkb tcd Gjrjbjokni trhad jnl hn`krbdl Wtcrkuic njrrjthknR tcjt tcd twk wkbdn

wjntdl tk mcdmg wck wjs tcd adst bktcdr jbknist tcdb. cd tkrsk k` tcd twk wkbdn wjs dnthrdey njgdl jnl mkvdrdl whtc aekkl js j rdsuet k` tcd `hict. Js

tcdy `kuict, tcd puaehm tcjt hnmeuldl mchelrdn wjtmcdl jnl sddbdl tk dnoky tcd

spdmtjmed Wtcd bhbhmghni k` tcd `hict jttdsts tk tchsR. crdd bdn jttdbptdl tk

sdpjrjtd tcd wkbdn, aut kavhkusey bjld ehtted d``krt tk d``dmthvdey sdpjrjtd tcdb.

Hntdrvhdwdl kn tcd smdnd jnl hn tcd ekmje ejniujid, knd bjn sjhl Wtcrkuic @jtche‘s

vkhmd hn DniehscR?

… tcdy jrd Gjrjbjokni jnl nkakly cdrd unldrstjnls tcdhr ejniujid. Aut tcdy ict dvdryljy jijhnst knd jnktcdr. H lkn‘t gnkw, aut tcdy bust ad ushni lruis.Ycjt h` yku nl ykursde` gheehni tcd ktcdr; Nkakly cdeps yku jrkunl. Jnl tcdy

ict ljhey, nkt WoustR wkbdn, aut jesk bdn, ykuni ihres jnl ykuni akys. H tchng tcdekmje jutckrhthds sckuel mkbd jrkunl jnl cdep us whtc tcdsd pdkped.

@hiurd =? \wk Gjrjbjokni mk-whvds icthni hn Ghsdnyh seub hn Gjbpjej, Tijnlj.

www.ykutuad.mkb/wjtmc;v2Y9@4C:<6iD<

Adtty jnl Edbj jrd mk-whvds bjrrhdl tk knd wjtmcbjn gnkwn js Vjstkr. \cdy aktc ehvd hn Ghsdnyh jseub k` tcd Tijnljn mjphtje, Gjbpjej jnl cjvd mchelrdn whtc tcdhr okhnt cusajnl.Ycdn tcdy bdt hn j ekmje pua skbd ljys jik, tcdy stjrtdl qujrrdehni jnl `hicthni. \cd puaehm sddbdltk dnoky tcd smdnd wchmc cjs nkw admkbd mkbbkn, dspdmhjeey jbkni tcd Gjrjbjokni pdkped wckbhirjtdl `rkb tcd Nkrtc tk Gjbpjej.

Qdshldnts jrd thrdl k` tchs shtujthkn jnl wjnt jutckrhthds tk hntdrvdnd.





4= ,

Ht hs jesk hbpkrtjnt tk nktd tcjt tcd Gjrjbjokni vkhmd wjs bhsshni hn tchs stkry,

wchest tcdy wdrd tcd suaodmt k` tcd stkry. cd hntdrvhdwdd medjrey ldphmtdl tcdb

js nkt adhni pjrt k` tcd mkbbunhty jnl js spdjghni j ejniujid tcjt nkakly desd

unldrstkkl. Cd dvdn wdnt ̀ urtcdr tk sjy tcjt nk knd wkuel cdep h` knd k` tcd ̀ hictdrs

gheedl tcd ktcdr. chs mkuel ad hntdrprdtdl js bdjnhni tcjt `jhehni tk unldrstjnljnl spdjg skbdknd‘s ejniujid hs `jhehni tk irjsp tcjt pdrskn‘s wkrelvhdw jnl, js j

mknsdqudnmd, cjvhni nk sdnthbdnt k` skehljrhty tkwjrls tcjt pdrskn. cd rdpkrtdr

cjs ld`hnhtdey mkvdrdl tcd `hict `rkb tcd pdrspdmthvd k` chs kwn mkbbunhty, wchmc

cd gndw jnl mkuel adttdr unldrstjnl. Jnktcdr hbjihnjaed BMQ jpprkjmc tk tchs

stkry mkuel cjvd addn knd `rkb tcd Gjrjbjokni pdrspdmthvd. ]jhl lh``drdntey, tcd

rdpkrt rdèdmtdl wcjt tcd mkbbunhty tckuict k` tcd Gjrjbjokni, rjtcdr tcjn ckw

tcd Gjrjbjokni mkbbunhty pdrmdhvdl htsde`.

Ycjt tcd jakvd sckws hs tcjt tcd dtchmje jspdmts k` BMQ-hnsphrdl rdpkrts jrd

adttdr unldrstkkl `rkb tcd ekmje mkbbunhty pdrspdmthvd rjtcdr tcjn `rkb tcd

pdrspdmthvd k` jnktcdr vjeud systdb tcjt rdèdmts ktcdr wkrelvhdws jnl pdrmdpthkns. J nubadr k` J`rhmjn okurnjehsb jnl mkbbunhmjthkn smckejrs cjvd dnijidl hn j

lhsmusshkn jakut ldvdekphni j typhmjeey J`rhmjn hnlhidnkus okurnjehsb dtchms kr

–J`rhdtchms.‘ Vrkbhndnt jbknist tcd prkpkndnts k` J`rhdtchms hs @rjnmhs Gjskbj

`rkb _jbahj, wck bjhntjhndl tcjt –Aejmg J`rhmjns lk cjvd tcdhr kwn mknmdpthkns

k` wcjt mknsthtutds rhict kr wrkni, jnl ikkl kr ajl hn cubjn jmthkns.‘ Hn tcdhr

tchnghni, cd wrktd, –j ikkl jmthkn hs knd tcjt hs pdr`krbdl `kr tcd adnd`ht kr sdrvhmd

k` ktcdr pdrskns W`jbhey, mejn kr trhadR, dhtcdr hnlhvhlujeey kr mkeedmthvdey‘ wchest –j

ajl kr wrkni jmthkn hs knd tcjt jrhsds `rkb purdey sde`hsc bkthvds.‘:48

@kr Gjskbj, J`rhdtchms sckuel nkt systdbjthmjeey rdodmt tcd Ydstdrn vjeud

systdb. Ht sckuel ad ajsdl kn –typhmjeey J`rhmjn prhnmhpeds jnl vjeuds‘ jnl jlkptjnl/kr jljpt tcksd `rkb tcd Ydst tcjt mknvdrid whtc J`rhmjn pdrmdpthkn. :06 chs

tcdkry k` J`rhdtchms mkntjhns hnsphrhni dedbdnts `kr tcd BMQ jpprkjmc tcjt H

jb kutehnhni cdrd aut jesk mjees `kr skbd mrhthmhsb. Hn tcd `hrst pejmd, ht ldphmts

tcd dnthrd J`rhmjn mknthndnt js adhni knd mkbbunhty tcjt scjrds jee bkrje vjeuds

jnl trjlhthkns wchest tcjt hs `jr `rkb ldbknstrjtdl. Idndrjehsjthkns sumc js –cd

wkrel k` jn J`rhmjn mknshsts k` …‘ kr –J`rhmjns adehdvd tcd sphrhts k` tcd ldjl cjvd

aklhds‘:0: tdnl tk hinkrd tcjt tcdrd jrd buethped pchekskpchds k` eh`d jnl ldjtc hn

vjrhkus J`rhmjn skmhdthds.

Kn tcd sckrds k` tcd Kuajniuh Qhvdr WQdpuaehm k` MknikR `kr hnstjnmd, ekmje

mkbbunhthds adehdvd cubjns bdtjbkrpcksd hntk mrkmklheds jnl chppkpktjbusdstk jssjuet cubjns, ad`krd trjns`krbhni ajmg hntk cubjns. @kr tcdb, nk jnhbje

mjn ldmhld kn hts kwn tk jssjuet j cubjn adhni. chs adehd` hs `jr `rkb scjrdl hn

jee J`rhmjn skmhdthds. Bkrdkvdr tcd gdy `kunljthkn k` J`rhdtchms jmmkrlhni tk wchmc

–tcd nddl `kr mkbbkn ikkl `kr tcd mkbbunhty kvdrscjlkws jee jmts hn J`rhmjn

skmhdty,‘:01 hinkrds tcd `jmt tcjt skmhdthds jrd mkbpksdl k` bjny hnlhvhlujes whtc

lh``drdnt wjys k` pdrmdhvhni jnl hntdrprdthni –tcd mkbbkn ikkl.‘ chs pdrmdpthkn

mjn jesk ad hnèudnmdl ay rdehihkn, hnmeulhni trjlhthknje knds, kr eh`dstyeds jbknist

vjrhkus mjtdikrhds k` pdkped Wpjstkrjehst mkbbunhthds, `hschni mkbbunhthds, dtm.R.



4<

@rkb jn BMQ jpprkjmc, ht wkuel ad cjrl tk hbjihnd jn ubardeej mkld k`

dtchms tcjt mkuel ad vjehl hn djmc jnl dvdry hbjihnjaed mkbbunhty kr skmhdty hn

J`rhmj. Ht bjgds bumc bkrd sdnsd tk bjhntjhn tcd vjeud systdb k` tcd sde`-rdpkrthni

mkbbunhty jt tcd mdntrd k` jee dtchmje prdkmmupjthkns. Ycdtcdr tcd rdpkrtdr hs

hntdrprdthni tcd mkbbkn ikkl hn tcd sjbd wjy js tcd rdst k` tcd mkbbunhty lk,hs jnktcdr lhsmusshkn. Hn ejtdr mcjptdrs, wd whee `hnl tcjt tcd rdpkrtdr‘s tknd jnl

jpprkjmc sckw skbd lhsjpprkajthkn h` tcdhr hntdrprdtjthkn ld`drs `rkb tcjt k` tcd

bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty wchmc tcdy jrd rdpkrthni jakut, jnl vhmd vdrsj.

Mknmeushkn

cd `krdikhni cjs sckwn tcjt mhthzdn okurnjehsb, unehgd bjhnstrdjb okurnjehsb,

hnvkevds j ghnl k` ijtdgddphni jt knd edvde, tcjt hs, jt tcd hnput edvde wcdrday jn

hnlhvhluje rdpkrtdr cjs tk bjgd sdedmthkn ldmhshkns. Jt ktcdr edvdes, ht hs ijtdwjtmchni

tcjt jppehds jnl ldtdrbhnds wchmc htdbs rdmdhvd prkbhndnmd. Ijtdwjtmchnisuppksds j irdjtdr rked kn tcd pjrt k` bdbadrs k` tcd julhdnmd, wck uethbjtdey

mkntrhautd tk tcd sdedmthkn prkmdss. Js bdbadrs k` tcd julhdnmd, skbd k` wckb

jrd k`tdn mhthzdn okurnjehsts, cjvd lhvdrihni hntdrdsts jnl mcdrhsc lhvdrihni vjeuds,

tcd ndwswkrtchndss k` dvdnts admkbds bkrd mkbpedx.

cd nkthkn k` skurmds tcjt hs mdntrje tk okurnjehsb cjs jesk prkvdn tk ad

mdntrje tk tcd BMQ jpprkjmc. Ckwdvdr, skurmds hn BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsb

pejy j lh``drdnt rked, knd k` prkvhlhni meuds jnl hnshicts jakut wcjt tcd akttkb

tchngs. Hn tcd mkntdxt k` tchs akkg, wcjt tcd akttkb tchngs lkds nkt rd`dr tk tcd

mkeedmthvd tckuict k` j ihvdn mkbbunhty hn j bjrihnjehsdl jrdj, aut rjtcdr tk tcksd

hnlhvhluje hntdrprdtjthkns jnl tcd ejridr hnshict tcdy prkvhld hntk j ihvdn hssud.Hn tchs rdspdmt, nkthkns sumc js skurmd rdedvjnmd jnl jutckrhtjthvdndss rdmdhvdl

jnktcdr hntdrprdtjthkn tk bdjn meksdndss whtc, jnl prjmthmje dxpdrthsd hn, jn hssud

kr pcdnkbdnkn.

chs mcjptdr cjs `hnjeey lhsmussdl dtchms js ldpdnlhni kn skmhdthds jnl mueturds

hn wchmc tcdy jrd mknshldrdl. Ycjt hs wrkni jnl unjmmdptjaed hn knd pejmd, skmhdty,

kr mueturd, bhict dnthrdey ad krlhnjry jnl dvdn ikkl hn ktcdr pejmds, skmhdthds,

jnl mueturds. Hn strdsshni tchs pkhnt, H wjntdl tk mjee `kr mjuthkn hn j iekajehsdl

wkrel wcdrd mkntdnt bjld hn knd mueturje mkntdxt hs vhdwdl jnl oulidl hn jnktcdr

mkntdxt whtc j lh``drdnt vjeud systdb. cdrd jrd k` mkursd skbd arkjl unhvdrsje

prhnmhpeds, aut tcd wjy hn wchmc tcdsd jrd ekmjeey hntdrprdtdl ldpdnls ejridey knekmje trjlhthkns, vjeuds, jnl wkrelvhdws.

Edt bd meksd tchs mcjptdr whtc j sckrt bdtcklkekihmje hntrklumthkn tk tcd ndxt

tcrdd mcjptdrs ldlhmjtdl tk bkrd hn-ldptc lhsmusshkns kn j tcdbjthm ajshs. cksd

lhsmusshkns jrd mdntrdl kn tcd BMQ jpprkjmc js ht jppdjrdl hn tcd bkrd tcjn

:,666 bkahed rdpkrts bjld adtwddn 1669 jnl 16:=. H `hnl ht hbpkrtjnt tk edt

tcd rdjldr gnkw jt tchs edvde, tcd pkhnts kn wchmc H `kmus jnl tcd bdtckl H usd tk

ldtdmt jnl tcdn dejakrjtd upkn tcdb.



44 ,

Hn by tcdbjthm jnjeyshs hn tcd ndxt tcrdd mcjptdrs H usd qujehtjthvd mkntdnt

jnjeyshs tk pkhnt kut jnl lhsmuss wjys hn wchmc wcjt tcd akttkb tchngs jppdjrdl

hn vjrhkus bkahed rdpkrts. Hn ktcdr wkrls, H sh`t tcrkuic tcd rdpkrts hn sdjrmc k`

vjrhkus wjys hn wchmc tcd vkhmds, tckuicts jnl hntdrprdtjthkns `rkb tcd mkbbunhty

wdrd ihvdn scjpd jnl hntdirjtdl hntk tcd `hnje rdpkrt, skbdthbds jeknishld vkhmds,tckuicts jnl hntdrprdtjthkns `rkb kutshld tcd mkbbunhty. By jpprkjmc hs bjhney

ldsmrhpthvd, aut jesk jnjeythmje, dspdmhjeey wcdn H cjvd tk pjusd jnl cjnled knd kr

bjny gdy okurnjehsthm mknmdpts lhsmussdl jakvd, njbdey, ndwswkrtchndss, skurmds,

jnl dtchms. Hn skbd mjsds, H dnijid hntk mkbpjrhskns adtwddn bkahed rdpkrts, tk

dbpcjshsd tcjt BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsb lkds nkt edjl tk unh`krbhty.





49

Mcjptdr =

Qdpkrthni Ikvdrnjnmd

Hn bhl-]dptdbadr 16::, Nhide Bjahzj, j bkahed rdpkrtdr hn Auejwjyk, _hbajawd,

bjld j rdpkrt jakut tcd Mhty Mkunmhe‘s ldmhshkn jnl bkvd tk bjhntjhn cyihdnd hn

tcd mhty, dspdmhjeey hn pejmds tcjt heedijeey sdrvdl js strddt bjrgdts sdeehni `ruht jnl

vdidtjaeds. htedl –Auejwjyk? ]trddt vdnlkrs uncjppy jakut Mhty Mkunmhe‘s bkvd‘,:0=

tcd rdpkrt ldphmtdl j tcrdd-shldl shtujthkn? W:R ht wjs auhet kn undbpekybdnt tcjt

cjl puscdl bjny pdkped tk turn tk strddt bjrgdts hn jrdjs tcjt wdrd nkt ldshindltk ad bjrgdts, tcdrday idndrjthni j puaehm cdjetc cjzjrl lud tk W1R j ejmg k`

jpprkprhjtd cyihdnd7 rdjehshni tcjt cjzjrl, W=R tcd Mhty Mkunmhe ldmhldl tk rdbkvd

tcd vdnlkrs jnl ldstrkydl tcdhr ikkls. Knd ejly wknldrdl ckw scd wkuel ad

jaed tk pjy `kr cdr mchelrdn‘s smckke, js cdr 16 phdmds k` mjaajid cjl addn tcrkwn

jwjy. ]cd wjs ùrhkus tcjt tcd Mhty Mkunmhe cjl lknd tcjt whtckut dvdn wjrnhni

kr tdeehni tcd vdnlkrs wcjt cyihdnd stjnljrls tcdy wdrd dxpdmtdl tk bddt. chs

hs j vdry ikkl dxjbped k` ckw BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsb cdeps arhni kut hssuds

rdejthni tk ikvdrnjnmd jt vjrhkus edvdes.

Ikvdrnjnmd hs ld`hndl js –tcd jmt kr prkmdss k` hbpjrthni jutckrhtjthvd lhrdmthkn

jnl mk-krlhnjthkn tk krijnhsjthkns hn jn dnvhrknbdnt,‘:0< kr shbpey –js tcd dxdrmhsd k`pkehthmje jutckrhty jnl usd k` rdskurmds tk bjnjid skmhdty‘s prkaedbs jnl j``jhrs.‘:04

Ikvdrnjnmd hs ikkl wcdn tcksd wck dxdrmhsd pkwdr bddts tcd dxpdmtjthkns k`

tcksd kn wckb tcdy dxdrmhsd tcjt pkwdr, jnl wcdn tcd `krbdr irjnt pkwdr tk tcd

ejttdr jnl vdrh`y tcdhr kwn pdr`krbjnmd.:00 cd mknmdpt k` ikvdrnjnmd jppehds tk

jee typds jnl `krbs k` krijnhsjthkns wcdrd skbd pdkped bjnjid j``jhrs kn adcje`

k` ktcdrs. Yd mjn tcus spdjg k` ikvdrnjnmd hn rd`drdnmd tk tcd Mhty Mkunmhe‘s

bjnjidbdnt, aut jesk tk j ldvdekpbdnt prkodmt, j aushndss mkbpjny, kr j ekmje

rdehihkus mknirdijthkn.

Bhmcjde Arjttkn lhsthniuhscdl tcrdd typds k` ikvdrnjnmd, djmc k` wchmc

mkbprhsdl k` tcrdd lhbdnshkns? cd W:R jlbhnhstrjthvd typd k` ikvdrnjnmdmkbprhsds jspdmts rdejthni tk edijehty Whs tcd rued k` ejw kasdrvdl;R, tk trjnspjrdnmy Wjrd prkmdlurds kpdn tk jee;R, jnl tk ckndsty Wjrd k``hmhjes `rdd k` mkrrupthkn;R. cd

W1R dmknkbhm typd mkvdrs d``dmthvdndss Wjrd stjtdl ikjes adhni (ehgdey tk ad) bdt;R,

d``hmhdnmy Wjrd puaehm ikkls ldehvdrdl kn j mkst-d``dmthvd ajshs;R, jnl dquhty Wlk

mhthzdns cjvd dquje jmmdss tk puaehm ikkls;R. cd W=R pkehthmje typd k` ikvdrnjnmd

hnmeulds tcd rdspknshvdndss lhbdnshkn Wjrd k``hmhjes jmthni jmmkrlhni tk pkpuejr

prhkrhthds;R, tcd jmmkuntjahehty lhbdnshkn Wjrd unrdspknshvd k``hmhjes lhsmhpehndl;R7

jnl tcd edihthbjmy lhbdnshkn Wlk mhthzdns wheehniey kady mkbbjnls;R.:09 Hn tchs

mcjptdr, H ldsmrhad wjys hn wchmc bkahed rdpkrtdrs jpprkjmcdl hssuds tcjt rdejtdl

tk ikvdrnjnmd jt tcdhr rdspdmthvd mkbbunhthds‘ edvde. H `hrst lhsmuss wcjt H mjee



43

tcd –lhedbbj jpprkjmc‘ tk ikvdrnjnmd-rdejtdl ndws. cdn H dxpekrd ckw rdpkrtdrs

jpprkjmcdl ikvdrnjnmd `jheurds jnl summdssds, ad`krd mekshni tcd mcjptdr whtc j

lhsmusshkn k` rdpkrts jakut ekmje mkbbunhthds suasthtuthni puaehm k``hmhjes.

=.: Ikvdrnjnmd Lhedbbjs

Ikkl ikvdrnjnmd js arhdèy dxpejhndl hn tcd hntrklumthkn jhbs tk dnsurd tcjt

puaehm ikkl hs jttjhndl jnl bjhntjhndl tk tcd adnd`ht k` jee. Ckwdvdr, js tchs

sdmthkn sckws, ht hs nkt hn jee shtujthkns tcjt knd mjn mkbd kut jnl sjy? –tchs hs tcd

pjtc tk puaehm ikkl.‘ Hn bjny mjsds, puaehm ikkl hs buethejydrdl, cjvhni bkrd

tcjn oust knd lhbdnshkn. Hn tchs sdmthkn, H try tk sckw wjys hn wchmc tcd BMQ-

bhnldl rdpkrtdrs bjnjidl tk prdsdnt ikvdrnjnmd hssuds js mknsthtuthni lhedbbjs.

cd lhedbbj tdmcnhqud, h` knd mkuel mjee ht tcjt wjy, mknshsts hn kutehnhni jn hssud

hn j wjy tcjt prdsdnts sdvdrje lhbdnshkns k` tcjt hssud jnl puscds tcd julhdnmd tk

rdjehsd tcjt tcdrd hs nk knd shbped skeuthkn. ]kevhni hssuds rdejthni tk knd lhbdnshknjiirjvjtds hssuds rdejthni tk knd kr bjny ktcdr lhbdnshkns, jnl vhmd vdrsj.

cd Auejwjyk strddt vdnlkrs rdpkrt `jees unldr tcd mjtdikry H wkuel mjee

ikvdrnjnmd-lhedbbj rdpkrts, hn tcd sdnsd tcjt jttdbpthni tk skevd knd prkaedb

jiirjvjtdl tcd sjbd prkaedbs tcjt vdnlkrs hntdnldl tk skevd. cd rdpkrt prdsdntdl

jt edjst tcrdd lhbdnshkns? tcd skmhk-dmknkbhm lhbdnshkn Wchic undbpekybdnt

rjtdsR, sde`-hnhthjtdl ehvdehckkl jetdrnjthvd Wstrddt vdnlhniR, jnl puaehm cdjetc Wpkkr

cyihdndR. Ikvdrnjnmd dntdrdl hntk pejy wcdn tcd Mhty Mkunmhe mjbd hn tk skevd

tcd puaehm cdjetc hssud ay rdbkvhni jnl ldstrkyhni vdnlkrs‘ `ruhts jnl vdidtjaeds.

Xdt, tcksd `ruhts jnl vdidtjaeds mknsthtutdl tcd ehvdehckkl k` tcd cunlrdls, pdrcjps

tckusjnls, k` wdee-hntdnthkndl vdnlkrs. Ht wjs j lhedbbj admjusd skevhni tcdpuaehm cdjetc hssud jiirjvjtdl tcd ehvdehckkl hssud.

Ckwdvdr, wcjt tcd BMQ jpprkjmc cdepdl tk ldtdmt wjs tcd skeuthkn tcjt tcd

–akttkb‘ suiidstdl. cd ejly wck ekst cdr mjaajids sjhl hn tdjrs tcjt scd wkuel

cjvd mkbpehdl tk tcd Mhty Mkunmhe‘s cyihdnd stjnljrls h` scd cjl addn ihvdn j

mcjnmd tk gnkw wcjt tcksd stjnljrls wdrd. chs ejmg k` mkbbunhmjthkn adtwddn

tcd tkp jnl tcd akttkb edjls tk tcd mknmeushkn tcjt tchs sckuel nkt cjvd addn j

lhedbbj jt jee. Pdnlkrs mkuel cjvd skevdl tcd cyihdnd hssud, kr jt edjst jttdbptdl

tk lk sk, h` tcdy cjl gnkwn wcjt tcdy wdrd suppksdl tk lk.

Bkrd mkbpehmjtdl hs tcd shtujthkn ldsmrhadl hn Lkbhnhqud Adej‘s rdpkrt thtedl

–Lkujej? pdkped wjnt gheedr `jmtkry rdekmjthkn.‘:03

kxhm pkwldrs `rkb j mckmkejtd`jmtkry hn Mjbdrkkn‘s aushndss bdtrkpkehs, Lkujej, cjl addn mjushni rdsphrjtkry

lhsdjsds jbknist rdshldnts, jnl cjl dvdn mejhbdl ehvds, dspdmhjeey jbknist mchelrdn

jnl tcd deldrey. =1 pdrmdnt k` tcd mchelrdn jt tcd ekmje pdlhjtrhm cksphtje wdrd

rdpkrtdl tk ad su``drhni `rkb rdsphrjtkry lhsdjsds mjusdl ay tcd tkxhm pjrthmeds. Knd

rdshldnt sjhl kn mjbdrj tcjt tcd lkmtkrs cjl mkn`hrbdl tcjt cdr irjnlbktcdr‘s

ldjtc cjl addn mjusdl ay j suastjnmd scd cjl hncjedl. Ldsphtd jee tchs, tcd `jmtkry

dbpekydl tckusjnls k` rdshldnts jnl pjhl tjxds tk tcd mhty jnl tcd bunhmhpjehty.

Qdekmjthni ht js jmthvhsts suiidstdl hn tcd rdpkrt, wkuel bdjn undbpekybdnt tk

bjny rdshldnts kr j ekni-lhstjnmd wjeg tk wkrg. Ht wkuel jesk bdjn rdekmjthni

tjxds tk jnktcdr pejmd, wchmc tcd Mhty Mkunmhe wkuel nkt wckedcdjrtdley suppkrt.



48

cd rdsuet k` tchs wjs tcd stjtus quk? tcd `jmtkry gdpt tcrkwhni hts tkxhm lust

hntk surrkunlhni ndhicakurckkls wchest dnjaehni rdshldnts tk put ardjl kn tcdhr

tjaeds.:08

cd BMQ lhedbbj tdmcnhqud mjn ad mrhthmhsdl dspdmhjeey admjusd k` hts `kmus

kn tcd akttkb. Hn tcd Auejwjyk strddt vdnlkrs rdpkrt, knd vdnlkr jnl kndpjsshni mustkbdr wdrd hntdrvhdwdl. cd okurnjehst, wcksd ajmgirkunl hs nkt hn

mknvdnthknje okurnjehsb, lhl nkt hnmeuld tcd vkhmd `rkb tcd Mhty Cjee, tcdrday

rdnldrhni chbsde` –iuhety‘ k` hnmkbpedtd jnl knd-shldl rdpkrthni. chs mrhthmhsb

hs hnsphrdl ay mknvdnthknje okurnjehsb prjmthmds Wrdbdbadr tcd lhsmusshkn jakut

mknvdnthknje okurnjehsb hn prhnmhped vs. hn rdjehty hn tcd hntrklumthknR wchmc

idndrjeey adihn Wjnl k`tdn dnlR whtc tcd vkhmd k` tcd jutckrhthds. cd rdjehty hn

_hbajawd jnl bjny ktcdr J`rhmjn mkuntrhds hs tcjt mhthzdn okurnjehsts jrd nkt

jewjys wdemkbd hn k``hmhje kr ikvdrnbdnt mhrmeds. Hn ktcdr wkrls, k``hmhje skurmds

jrd nkt jmmdsshaed tk tcdb. Ycdn tcdy `hnl ht rdedvjnt jnl pksshaed, rdpkrtdrs usd

ktcdr skurmds jt tcdhr lhspksje Wndwspjpdrs, rjlhk, PR, wchmc k`tdn jlls dxpdrtjnl k``hmhje vkhmds tk tcd rdpkrt. cd Auejwjyk strddt vdnlkrs rdpkrt, `kr hnstjnmd,

ldtjhedl tcd k``hmhje pkshthkn prkajaey ajsdl kn wcjt tcd rdpkrtdr cjl rdjl hn

ndwspjpdrs.

Tnehgd tcd Auejwjyk strddt vdnlkrs rdpkrt, tcd Lkujej tkxhm pkwldr stkry

hnmeuldl hntdrvhdws whtc twk rdshldnts jnl twk jmthvhsts, js wdee js stjthsthms `rkb

tcd ekmje pdlhjtrhm cksphtje. Hn jn d-bjhe dxmcjnid, tcd rdpkrtdr, j bjhnstrdjb

okurnjehst, dxpejhndl tcjt tcd `jmtkry‘s edjldrschp cjl rdùsdl tk irjnt chb jn

hntdrvhdw. cd rdst k` hn`krbjthkn, tcjt tckusjnls k` rdshldnts wkrgdl jt tcd

`jmtkry `kr hnstjnmd, dbjnjtdl `rkb chs kasdrvjthkn js cd wjs j bdbadr k` tcjt

mkbbunhty.cd twk rdpkrts sckwdl twk typds k` tcd lhedbbj tdmcnhqud whtchn BMQ-

hnsphrdl okurnjehsb. cd `hrst typd jppehds idndrjeey tk mhthzdn okurnjehsb jnl

strdssds `hrst jnl `krdbkst, jnl k`tdn dxmeushvdey, tcd mkbbunhty‘s vkhmd. Hn

ktcdr wkrls, ht sckws wcjt tcd akttkb tchngs jakut tcd hssud jt cjnl, jnl wcdn

pksshaed, wcjt tcd tkp tchngs, tkk. cd sdmknl typd jppehds prhnmhpjeey tk BMQ-

bhnldl prk`dsshknje okurnjehsts, js ht hnvkevds qujnth`hdl ljtj ̀ rkb k``hmhje skurmds

jeknishld tcd mkbbunhty‘s vkhmd. Ycjt tcdy aktc cjvd hn mkbbkn hs tcjt tcd

strdss hs aktc kn wcjt tcd akttkb tchngs jnl kn hts mkn`rkntjthkn whtc wcjt puaehm

k``hmhjes lk kr Wjrd rdpkrtdl tkR tchng.

H sckuel strdss tcjt tcd lhedbbj tdmcnhqud bhict tjgd vjrhkus `krbs ldpdnlhnikn shtujthkns jnl hssuds. @kr hnstjnmd, tcd :1tc @darujry 16:= stkry thtedl

–Augjvu? Eds `dbbds lds bhehtjhrds ju bjrmcè ld Nyjwdrj ‘:96 WAugjvu? skelhdrs‘ whvds

jt Nyjwdrj bjrgdtR ay Eumhd Ahnlu, hbpehmhtey sckwdl j lhedbbj `jmhni ekmje

bunhmhpje jutckrhthds hn Augjvu, hn ]kutc Ghvu WLQ MknikR. Kn knd cjnl, tcd

spkusds k` tcd bdbadrs k` tcd ikvdrnbdnt bhehtjry mejhbdl tcjt ekmje wkbdn

cjl mcjsdl tcdb `rkb tcd bjrgdt, edjvhni tcdb whtc nk mckhmd aut tk sdee tcdhr

`kklstu``s jekni tcd strddts ndjr tcd bjrgdt. Kn tcd ktcdr cjnl, Nyjwdrj bjrgdt

wkbdn jmmusdl tcd skelhdrs‘ whvds k` cjvhni –j ahi bkutc‘ wcdn tcdy wdrd jeekwdl

hntk tcd bjrgdt. Kn chs shld, j bunhmhpje k``hmhje suiidstdl tcjt sdeehni kutshld tcd

bjrgdt cjee wjs j ldehadrjtd mckhmd, js tcd skelhdrs‘ whvds wjntdl tk jvkhl tjxds.



06

cd bunhmhpje k``hmhje lhl nkt dxpejhn tcd stdps tcd bunhmhpjehty cjl tjgdn

kr wjs pejnnhni tk tjgd, tcdrday adtrjyhni jn hbpehmht lhedbbj adchnl tcd stkry.

cd idndrje mkntdxt hs tcjt djstdrn Mknik wjs cdjvhey bhehtjrhsdl lud tk rdpdjtdl

rdadeehkns hn tcd jrdj. chs bdjnt twk tchnis? `hrstey tcjt tcd bhehtjry pkwdr wjs

jakvd tcd pkehthmje, mhvhe pkwdr jnl sdmknley, tcjt tcd nubadr k` wkbdn `rkbktcdr prkvhnmds jnl whtc ktcdr wkrelvhdws jnl mueturd cjl hnmrdjsdl hn Augjvu,

hnmeulhni whtchn tcd bjrgdt cjee. cd stjtdbdnt ay tcd sdeedr hnshld tcd bjrgdt

tcjt tcksd wkbdn cjl –j ahi bkutc‘ bhict ad hntdrprdtdl js sckwhni tcd sdnthbdnt

k` tcd bjrgdt sdeedrs hn rdejthkn tk tcd skelhdrs‘ whvds, wck jeedidley wjntdl tk

trjnspksd tcdhr cusajnls‘ pkwdr hntk tcd bjrgdt cjee.

Bunhmhpje jutckrhthds cjl tk ldje whtc tchs ikvdrnjnmd lhedbbj? cdephni

skelhdrs‘ whvds hntk tcd Nyjwdrj bjrgdt wkuel edjl tk hnmrdjsdl tdnshkns adtwddn

tcdb jnl ekmje sdeedrs, wck nddldl tk prktdmt tcdhr skurmd k` hnmkbd. Mcjshni

tcdb jwjy `rkb tcd strddt hn `rknt k` tcd bjrgdt cjee wkuel bkst ehgdey hnùrhjtd

tcd bhehtjry, wcksd `jbhehds‘ ehvdehckkl, tkk, ldpdnldl kn tcd bktcdrs‘ hnmkbd.cd bunhmhpje k``hmhje‘s jlbhsshkn tcjt cd cjl `jhedl tk edvy tjxds adtrjydl tcd

hnjahehty k` jutckrhthds tk bjgd tcd skelhdrs‘ wkbdn pjy tjxds, wchmc, jnywjy,

mkuel jesk ad lknd `rkb tcd strddt.

Hn sckrt, tcd ikvdrnjnmd lhedbbj tdmcnhqud pejmds tcd vkhmds k` tcd ekmje

mkbbunhty jt tcd mdntrd k` jn hssud, jeknishld tcksd k` tcd k``hmhje skurmds wcdrd

pksshaed. Ht bhict tjgd bjny `krbs, aut hn jny mjsd, ht jpprkjmcds tcd hssud hn

j wjy tcjt puscds tcd vhdwdr tk ùrtcdr rdèdmt upkn tcd lh``hmuethds `jmhni

aktc tcd bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty jnl tcksd wck dxdrmhsd pkwdr kn tcdhr

adcje`. Ikvdrnjnmd lhedbbj bhict dbdrid `rkb hssuds hnvkevhni bdbadrs k`

tcd mkbbunhty jnl puaehm k``hmhjes7 tcksd hnvkevhni tchrl pjrty jmtkrs jnl tcdmkbbunhty kr tcksd kppkshni sdmthkns k` tcd sjbd mkbbunhty, wcdrday puaehm

k``hmhjes jrd dxpdmtdl tk stjnl hn adtwddn jnl `hnl skeuthkns. Ychest tchs sdmthkn

cjs `kmusdl kn ikvdrnjnmd lhedbbjs, tcd ndxt dxpekrds wjys hn wchmc ikvdrnjnmd

`jheurds jnl summdssds wdrd mkvdrdl `rkb jn BMQ pdrspdmthvd.

=.1 @jheurds jnl ]ummdssds

Knd k` tcd bkst hbpkrtjnt ùnmthkns k` okurnjehsb hs gddphni j vhihejnt dyd kn

pdkped hn puaehm k``hmd jnl pkhnthni kut tcdhr wrknilkhni wcdndvdr tcdy kmmur.

chs wjtmclki ̀ unmthkn suppksds prhkr hnvdsthijthkn jnl jhbs tk `kstdr ikvdrnjnmday pkhnthni j `hnidr jt `jheurds kr sckrtmkbhnis k` puaehm k``hmhjes kr ktcdr pdkped

hn pkshthkn k` pkwdr. Js Gkvjmc jnl Qksdnsthde rhictey pkhntdl kut, –cd wjtmclki

prhnmhped bdjns bkrd tcjn shbpey bknhtkrhni ikvdrnbdnt, jnl dxtdnls tk jee

tcd pkwdrùe hnsthtuthkns hn skmhdty.‘:9: @rkb tcd BMQ pdrspdmthvd, tcd wjtmclki

ùnmthkn hbpehds tcjt wched rdpkrthni jakut htsde`, tcd mkbbunhty bknhtkrs tcd rked

puaehm k``hmhjes jnl ktcdrs hn pkwdrùe pkshthkns pejy. Hn lkhni sk, tcdy chicehict

`jheurds jnl summdssds, skbdthbds hn jn dxpehmht wjy, jnl ktcdr thbds hn jn hnlhrdmt

wjy. Hn tchs sdmthkn, tcus, H dxpekrd skbd k` tcd wjys hn wchmc BMQ-bhnldl

rdpkrtdrs cjvd pejydl tcd wjtmclki rked.





01

sdrvhmds‘ mueturd hn tcd njbd k` cubjnhtjrhjn dbdridnmy. Kn knd cjnl, pkkr

pkpuejthkns rdmdhvdl `rdd bdlhmje mjrd, wchest kn tcd ktcdr, bdlhmje pdrsknnde

rdmdhvdl rdejthvdey chic sjejrhds. Knd rdpkrt thtedl –Ikbj? B]@ lknnd lds skhns irjtuhts jux lèpejmès ld iudrrd ‘:9< WIkbj? B]@ stjrts `rdd bdlhmje mjrd `kr tcd

lhspejmdlR, sckwdl dxjmtey jn dbdridnmy shtujthkn tk wchmc Lkmtkrs YhtckutAkrldrs-Adeihub rdspknldl ay prkvhlhni `rdd bdlhmje jsshstjnmd tk tckusjnls

k` lhspejmdl. Knd bktcdr sjhl twk k` cdr mchelrdn cjl lhdl admjusd scd cjl nk

bkndy tk tjgd tcdb tk rdiuejr cdjetc `jmhehthds. @kr mkbpehmjtdl mjsds rdquhrhni

cksphtjehsjthkn, B]@ sdnt pjthdnts tk rdiuejr `jmhehthds jnl pjhl tcdhr ahees.

cd hssud cdrd hs tcjt knmd tcd NIKs whtclrjw, ht admkbds hbpksshaed tk bkvd

`rkb tcd –`rdd sdrvhmds‘ jnl –chic sjejrhds‘ mueturd tk j mueturd hn wchmc pjthdnts

mkntrhautd tk tcd ùnmthknhni k` tcd cdjetc systdb, jnl bdlhmje pdrsknnde put tcd

hntdrdsts k` tcd pjthdnts ad`krd dvdrytchni desd. Ycjt tcdsd rdpkrts bjnjidl tk

mjpturd hn tcd shbpedst wjy pksshaed hs tcd `jheurd k` cdjetc ikvdrnjnmd hn Ikbj.

cd shbped dnquhrhds tcjt rdsuetdl hn tcd rdpkrts wdrd prkbptdl ay mkbpejhnts whtchn tcd mkbbunhty tk wchmc tcd rdpkrtdrs adeknidl.

Ktcdr stkrhds tcjt rdpkrtdl ikvdrnjnmd-rdejtdl `jheurds sckwdl d``krts bjld ay

puaehm k``hmhjes, wchest pkhnthni kut tcdhr hnd``dmthvdndss. @kr hnstjnmd, Bjiiuy

Gjgued rdpkrtdl kn :1tc Nkvdbadr 16:1 tcd ndws tcjt tcd bjykr k` Ikbj

cjl scut lkzdns k` rdstjurjnts, jmmushni tcdb k` mjushni sjnhtjthkn prkaedbs.:94

Jmmkrlhni tk tcd bjykr, tcd rdstjurjnt kwndrs usdl tk pjy ehtted bkndy tk strddt

mchelrdn wck wkuel tcdn tjgd wjstd tk tcd strddt, pkshni j puaehm cdjetc cjzjrl.

Ldsphtd tchs jlbhnhstrjthvd bdjsurd, tcd wjstd gdpt phehni up, puschni rdshldnts tk

tchng tcjt tcd skeuthkn wjs hnd``dmthvd. J ykuni ekmje rdshldnt sjhl tcd jpprkprhjtd

skeuthkn wkuel ad twk`kel? sckwhni pdkped wcdrd tcdy sckuel tjgd tcd wjstd tk,jnl ay sdnlhni j wjstd-dvjmujthkn trumg. Hn ktcdr wkrls, tcd rdshldnt wjs tdeehni

tcd bjykr tcjt murjthvd skeuthkns wkuel adttdr wkrg tcjn rdprdsshvd knds.

cd mjsds ldsmrhadl hn prdvhkus pjrjirjpcs jrd jee jakut mknmrdtd hssuds tcjt

puaehm k``hmhjes `jhedl tk skevd kr skevdl hn j lhssjths`jmtkry wjy, kr tcksd kn wchmc

tcdy turndl j aehnl dyd. ]htujthkns tcjt mkuel ad mjeedl ikvdrnjnmd summdssds, rjtcdr

tcjn `jheurds, jesk lrdw tcd jttdnthkn k` bkahed rdpkrtdrs. Ay ikvdrnjnmd summdss

H bdjn tcjt puaehm k``hmhjes bjnjid tk `hnl jpprkprhjtd jnl sjths`jmtkry skeuthkns

tk hssuds mkn`rknthni krlhnjry mhthzdns. cd mjtdikry k` ikvdrnjnmd summdss rdpkrts

mkbprhsds twk sua-mjtdikrhds, njbdey tcksd tcjt pkhntdl kut tcd hssuds tcjt nddldl

skevhni jnl wdrd `keekwdl ay jmthkn, jnl tcksd tcjt rdpkrtdl jmthkns jhbdl jtskevhni hssuds.

cd :<tc Juiust 1663 rdpkrt jakut cjwgdrs wck turndl wjrldns hn Jmmrj :90

ay Ljnhde Njnj, j Icjnjhjn okurnjehst, `jees unldr tcd `hrst sua-mjtdikry. cd

smdnd k` tcd rdpkrt hs tcd bjokr mrkssrkjls hn `rknt k` tcd Ckey ]phrht Mjtcdlrje

hn Jmmrj, wcdrd trj``hm ehicts cjl nkt addn ùnmthknhni `kr tcrdd bkntcs jt tcd

thbd tcd rdpkrt wjs bjld. Hnstdjl k` pkehmdbdn kr ktcdr k``hmhje trj``hm wjrldns,

cjwgdrs, bkst k` wckb wdrd tddnjidrs, cjl tjgdn up tcd tjsg tk bjnjid trj``hm jt

tcjt ljnidrkus mrkssrkjl. Knd cjwgdr tkel tcd rdpkrtdr tcjt pjsshni-ay pkehmdbdn

wkuel mcjsd tcdb jwjy aut wkuel nkt `hx tcd prkaedb. Jnktcdr sjhl tcjt cd cjl

nkt addn jaed tk prdvdnt jn jmmhldnt hn wchmc pdkped wdrd sehictey hnourdl tcjt



0=

bkrnhni. cd cjwgdrs djrndl skbd bkndy `rkb tcksd jbknist tcd pjssdnidrs wck jpprdmhjtdl tcdhr wkrg. Knmd tchs rdpkrt wjs puaehscdl kn tcd Yda jnl

rdpkstdl kn j `dw Icjnjhjn wdashtds, jutckrhthds hn mcjrid k` trj``hm rdiuejthkns

`hxdl tcd trj``hm ehicts.

chs rdpkrt htsde` lhl nkt chicehict j ikvdrnjnmd summdss. Ht rjtcdr prkbptdl

jmthkn tcjt edl tk ht, hn tcjt ht puscdl puaehm k``hmhjes tk lk tcdhr luty. Nodrh Bdrdsj,

j Gdnyjn okurnjehst ehvhni Tiunoj bjld jn jebkst shbhejr stkry thtedl –Tiunoj?

Bktkrmymed jmmhldnts hnmrdjsd.‘:99 cd stkry `kmusdl kn knd rkjl jmmhldnt tcjt tcd

rdpkrtdr cjl whtndssdl jnl hn wchmc j bktkrahgd cjl gnkmgdl lkwn j smckkeaky

kn chs wjy `rkb smckke. cd mjr hn wchmc tcd rdpkrtdr sjt tkkg tcd hnourdl aky

tk tcd cksphtje, wchmc ijvd tcd rdpkrtdr tcd kppkrtunhty tk `keekw up tcd mjsd.]cd sckwdl tcd vhmthbs k` ktcdr rkjl jmmhldnts wckb scd `kunl jt tcd cksphtje

jnl ijtcdrdl stjthsthmje ljtj `rkb tcd lkmtkr kn luty. Jmmkrlhni tk tcd ejttdr, 96

pdrmdnt k` tcd pjthdnts rdpkrthni tk tcd cksphtje wdrd vhmthbs k` rkjl jmmhldnts.

Jt tcd dnl, jn kel bjn hntdrvhdwdl hn knd Tiunoj strddt sjhl tcdrd wjs kney knd

skeuthkn? pksthni spddl ehbht akjrls jekni tcd strddts. @keekwhni j whld lh`ùshkn

k` tchs rdpkrt pjrthmuejrey ay knd ekmje NIK, puaehm k``hmhjes tkkg jmthkn jnl

bjrgdl tcd strddts whtc spddl ehbht akjrls.

cd sdmknl sua-mjtdikry k` rdpkrts mkbprhsds rdpkrts jakut ikkl ikvdrnjnmd hn

jmthkn. Hn idndrje, tchs typd k` rdpkrts jakut tchnis tcjt ̀ unmthkn tcd wjy tcdy sckuel

ùnmthkn hs nkt tcd `jvkurhtd jbknist okurnjehsts. cd rdjskn hs tcjt okurnjehsb hs

@hiurd <? Jmmrj cjwgdrs bjnjihni trjm.

cttp?//www.ykutuad.mkb/wjtmc;v2=NIdwaHz486

@kr bjny bkntcs, bkst trj``hm ehicts hn Icjnj jrd nkt ùnmthknhni jnl nktjaed jbkni tcdb jrd tcd kndshn Jmmrj tcd mjphtje.\chs cjs iknd kn `kr quhtd tkk ekni jnl sddbs tcd jutckrhty hn mcjrid cjs turndl aehnl dyd kn tcjtbjghni vdchmuejr bkvdbdnt vdry lh``hmuet `kr bktkrhsts. Hnlddl, bjny k` tcd jmmhldnts mjusdl jt tcdprhnmhpje strddts jrd lud tk ejmg k` trj``hm rdiuejthkns, jnl hnd``hmhdnt ùnmthknhni k` trj``hm ehicts bjghnibktkrhsts jnl pdldstrhjns `krmhni tcdhr wjy tk tcdhr ldsthnjthkns.



0<

bumc bkrd hntdrdstdl hn tchnis tcjt ldvhjtd, hn mknèhmts jnl mkntrkvdrshds, hn

dxtrjkrlhnjry tchnis, hn dxmdpthkns, hn undxpdmtdl tchnis, kr shbpey hn tchnis

tcjt ardjg tcd rueds. Ikvdrnbdnt-kwndl bdlhj kutedts jrd tcd knds tcjt sddb

tk `kmus kn wcjt tcdy pdrmdhvd js ikkl-ikvdrnjnmd-rdejtdl ndws, jnl tcdy k`tdn

lk sk `rkb tcd pdrspdmthvd k` tcd k``hmhjes hnvkevdl hn tcd ndws dvdnt. cd `dwdxjbpeds `rkb Qjlhklh`ùshkn tèeèvhshkn lu Aurghnj @jsk tcjt H mhtdl hn sdmthkn :.=

sckuel su``hmd tk heeustrjtd by pkhnt. Jnktcdr dxjbped mkbds `rkb tcd Mdntrje

J`rhmjn Qdpuaehm, wcdrd ikvdrnbdnt-kwndl Qjlhk Mdntrj`rhqud wjs dxpdmtdl hn

Juiust 16:= tk rdmdhvd dquhpbdnt `rkb tcd ]kutc J`rhmjn ikvdrnbdnt. Jmmkrlhni

tk tcd k``hmhje ndws jidnmy, tcd Jidnmd Mdntrj`rhqud Vrdss , tchs irjnt, mkupedl whtc

dxpdrthsd `rkb ]kutc J`rhmj wkuel lkuatedssey hnmrdjsd tcd rjlhk‘s mkbpdththvdndss

wched pkpuejrhshni ikvdrnbdnt‘s ldvdekpbdnt pkehmhds , jbknist ktcdrs.:93

Ycjt bkahed mkbbunhty rdpkrtdrs lk hn tchs rdspdmt hs rdpkrthni ikkl-

ikvdrnjnmd-rdejtdl ndws `rkb tcd mkbbunhty pdrspdmthvd. Hn ktcdr wkrls, tcd

bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty kr shbpey mhthzdns jrd tcd knds wck dvjeujtd tcd ikkljnl jpprkprhjtd jmthkns ay puaehm k``hmhjes. Vuaehm k``hmhjes jrd skbdckw suaodmtdl

tk tcd vdrlhmt k` tcd mkbbunhty. H` tcd oulibdnt hs ndijthvd, js ht wjs hn tcd Ikbj

rdstjurjnt meksurd stkry, tcdn knd mkuel spdjg k` ajl ikvdrnjnmd. H` tcd oulibdnt

hs knd k` sjths`jmthkn, tcdn knd cjs tk lk whtc ikkl ikvdrnjnmd.

k ik kn whtc tcd dxjbped k` tcd Ikbj rdstjurjnts meksdl `keekwhni j wjstd

bjnjidbdnt hssud, H sckuel bdnthkn Ijstkn Buniubwj‘s rdpkrt thtedl –Ikbj? Ej pkpuejthkn sd rèokuht ld ej mknstrumthkn lds pkuadeeds puaehquds ‘:98 WIkbj? Vkpuejthkn

cjppy jakut mknstrumthkn k` wjstd ̀ jmhehthdsR, wchmc wjs bjld edss tcjn j ydjr j`tdr

tcd stkry jakut rdstjurjnt meksurd. Hn tcjt rdpkrt, tcd bjykr prdsdntdl j tcrdd-

mkbpjrtbdnt jnl wdee-`dnmdl `jmhehty wcdrd rdshldnts wkuel ldpksht tcdhr wjstdsad`krd j trumg mjbd tk mkeedmt tcdb. cd bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty wck wdrd

hntdrvhdwdl wdrd unjnhbkus hn prjhshni tcd `jmhehty, sjyhni tcjt ht wkuel rdlumd

mjsds k` lhsdjsds tcjt wdrd rdejtdl tk pkkr cyihdnd.

Jnktcdr sumc rdpkrt mjbd kn ::tc Bjy 16:6 `rkb Xusu` Bjedeh, j rdpkrtdr

ndjr Bkbajsj, djstdrn Gdnyj. Chs rdpkrt, –Bkbajsj? Ekmjes dnoky ldmrhbhnjehsdl

whnd,‘:36 wjs jakut tcd ikvdrnbdnt eh`thni tcd ajn kn tcd ekmjeey ardwdl mkmknut

whnd gnkwn js Bnjzh . Ht mjpturdl wcjt vheejidrs hn Ounlj tckuict jakut tcjt

k``hmhje bdjsurd tcjt dnldl wcjt vheejidrs mjeedl j ekni thbd k` ldprhvjthkn. Knd

vheejidr ckelhni j aktted k` Bnjzh whnd jnl wckb tcd rdpkrtdr hntdrvhdwdl sjhl?

–H jb cjppy! Js yku mjn sdd H jb cjvhni j ikkl dvdnhni, jnl j ikkl @rhljy.Nkrbjeey hn kur mueturd, wd cjvd tk tjgd tchs lrhng.‘ Jnktcdr knd, ckelhni twk

aktteds js j shin k` mdedarjthkn, sjhl hn j bhxturd k` Dniehsc jnl ]wjcheh? – Bnjzh hs jnjturje lrhng. Ht lkds nkt ghee ehgd Mcjnijj Wj ekmjeey ardwdl ehqukrR. Knd lrhngs ht

ehgd knd lrhngs bheg.‘ cd rdpkrtdr meksdl tcd stkry sckwhni j vheejidr mehbahni up

knd k` chs mkmk trdds (@hiurd 4), cjppy tcjt cd wkuel nk eknidr rdmdhvd undxpdmtdl

pkehmd vhshts tcjt wkuel cjrb chs aushndss.

Kavhkusey, tcd rdpkrt rdèdmtdl j sdnthbdnt k` rdehd` hn tcd Ounlj vheejid

`keekwhni j ldmhshkn tjgdn ay tcd puaehm k``hmhjes. Jetckuic tcd k``hmhje vkhmd wjs

bhsshni tk tdee tcd bkthvjthkns jnl tcd mkntkurs k` tcd ldmhshkn, knd nkndtcdedss

cjs tcd `ddehni tcjt tcd k``hmhjes tkkg j ldmhshkn tcjt wdnt hn tcd lhrdmthkn k`



04

wcjt tcd vheejidrs wjntdl. Bkrd hntdrdsthniey, vheejidrs mkuel lhsthniuhsc adtwddn

cjrbùe jnl cjrbedss ardws. @kr tcdb Bnjzh wjs nkt kney lddpey rkktdl hn tcdhr

trjlhthkns, aut jesk cjl tcd sjbd stjtus js bheg. chs wjs nkt tcd mjsd k` Mcjnijj , wchmc mkuel mjusd ldjtc. cdrd`krd, tcd pkehmd ldmhshkn tk jrrdst Mcjnijj ardwdrs

hn Tiunoj hn Ouey 16:6, js sckwn hn Nodrh Bdrdssj‘s rdpkrt thtedl –Gdnyj? Vkehmdjrrdst Mcjnijj ardwdrs,‘:3: mkuel ad mknshldrdl js j mjsd k` ikkl ikvdrnjnmd, js tcd

jhb wjs tk jvkhl prdvdntjaed ldjtcs.

Hn tcjt rdpkrt, j pkehmd hnspdmtkr sjhl chs bdn wdrd ikhni `rkb lkkr tk lkkr hn

sdjrmc k` Mcjnijj ardwdrs, wckb tcdy jrrdstdl jnl tkkg tk mkurt. J vheejidr wck

jlbhttdl adhni j rdiuejr mknsubdr k` Mcjnijj mkbpejhndl jakut tcjt pjrthmuejr

pkehmd jmthkn, sjyhni tcjt –tcd ikvdrnbdnt sckuel jesk mknshldr pkkr pdkped ehgd us.‘

cd ejttdr jriubdnt wchmc dvkgds pkvdrty js j rdjskn wcy pdkped lrjng Mcjnijj bhict prkbpt tcd bhsedjlhni mknmeushkn tcjt tcd ajn jnl jrrdst k` ardwdrs wdrd

rjtcdr shins k` ajl ikvdrnjnmd. ]hbhejrey tk tcd ikvdrnjnmd hssuds tcjt wdrd mjushni

sumc lhedbbjs lhsmussdl hn tcd prdvhkus sdmthkn, cdrd puaehm k``hmhjes cjl tk wdhiccdjetc jnl dvdn puaehm krldr hssuds tcjt tcd ehqukr mjusdl jijhnst wcjt Mcjnijj mknsubdrs pdrmdhvdl js j rhict tk mknsubd j``krljaed ehqukr.

Hn mknmeushkn, ht jppdjrs tcjt BMQ-bhnldl okurnjehsts ùe`hee tcdhr wjtmclki

rked hn skbd hntdrdsthni wjys tcjt hntdirjtd wcjt tcd akttkb tchngs, skbdthbds

jeknishld wcjt tcd tkp tchngs. cd rdpkrts H cjvd prkvhldl jakvd js heeustrjthkn

cjvd sckwn tcrdd hbpkrtjnt tchnis? `hrstey, tcjt sdrhkus jnl prdvdntjaed hssuds k`tdn

ik unskevdl shbpey admjusd nk knd arkuict tcdb tk tcd puaehm spcdrd. ]dmknley,

www.ykutuad.mkb/wjtmc;v2vwx0YMn-msJ

@kur ydjrs j`tdr tcd Mkmknut trdd whnd gnkwn js Bnjzh wjs ldmrhbhnjehzdl hn Gdnyj‘s mkjst prkvhnmd k`Bkbajsj, ekmjes cjvd rd-hntdirjtdl ht hntk tcdhr trjlhthkns, tchs thbd whtckut `djrhni pkehmd cjrjssbdnt.\chs bkahed rdpkrt tjgds us tk tcd Ounlj vheejid, wcdrd rdshldnts dxpejhn tcd rked tcd ekni-`krahlldnwhnd pejys hn tcdhr mueturd jnl trjlhthkns.

@hiurd 4? Mkmknut whnd ardwdr mehbahni j mkmk trdd hn Ounlj vheejid, Gdnyj.



00

tcjt tcd wjtmclki ̀ unmthkn lkds nkt ndmdssjrhey rdquhrd skpchsthmjtdl hnvdsthijthkn

kr tk tjridt tcd chicdst kn tcd puaehm jutckrhty ejlldr. Ht mjn ad ùe`heedl hn j shbped

wjy whtc ehtted tk nk aulidt. chrley, tcjt j okurnjehst pejyhni tcd wjtmclki rked

lkds nkt ndmdssjrhey cjvd tk ad mkn`rkntjthknje jt tcksd kmmupyhni puaehm k``hmds kr

hn pkshthkn k` pkwdr. Hn ktcdr wkrls, jt edjst `rkb jn BMQ pdrspdmthvd, okurnjehstsmjn, jnl jmtujeey lk, pejy tcdhr wjtmclki rked, whtckut ndmdssjrhey j`èhmthni tcd

pkwdrùe kr tcd mkb`krtjaed hn krldr tk mkb`krt tcd j`èhmtdl.:31 Tnehgd tcd

prdvhkus twk sdmthkns tcjt hnvkevdl aktc mhthzdns jnl puaehm k``hmhjes, tcd ndxt

sdmthkn `kmusds kn ekmje mkbbunhthds suasthtuthni `kr puaehm k``hmhjes.

=.= Mkbbunhty Hnhthjthvds

Knd hbpkrtjnt bdrht k` tcd BMQ jpprkjmc tk okurnjehsb hs tcd shinh`hmjnt

dbpcjshs kn wcjt tcd mkbbunhty htsde` sdts kut tk lk tk skevd tcd hssuds `jmhni ht.

Hn ktcdr wkrls, tcd rdpkrts sckw nkt kney wcjt tcd akttkb tchngs kn ikvdrnjnmd-rdejtdl hssuds, aut jesk jnl bkst hbpkrtjntey wcjt tcd akttkb lkds tk kvdrmkbd

kr jeedvhjtd tcksd hssuds. ]hnmd ikvdrnjnmd hs jt tcd mdntrd k` lhsmusshkns cdrd, ht

hs hbpehdl tcjt wcjt tcd mkbbunhty ldmhlds tk lk htsde` hs nkrbjeey tcd tjsg k`

puaehm k``hmhjes. cus, hn bkst mjsds, aut nkt hn jee, tcd mkbbunhty tjgds jmthkn

admjusd k` j ikvdrnjnmd `jheurd jt skbd pkhnt. Hn tchs sdmthkn H dxpekrd skbd k`

tcd bkst heeustrjthvd bkahed rdpkrts wchest tryhni tk bjp skbd k` tcd wjys hn

wchmc tcd BMQ jpprkjmc cdeps rdpkrt mkbbunhty-hnhthjtdl jmthkns. Hn lkhni sk,

H `kmus dxmeushvdey kn prhbjry dlumjthkn, tcd lhspdnsjthkn k` wchmc hs unhvdrsjeey

rdmkinhsdl js j chic-prhkrhty tjsg `kr jny ]tjtd kr ikvdrnbdnt.

Hn j rdpkrt bjld hn j Icjnjhjn vheejid mjeedl Xdvuyhakrgk`d, @rjnmhsmj Nuvkrsckwdl j mknmrdtd mjsd k` ckw vheejidrs‘ lhssjths`jmthkn jakut puaehm dlumjthkn

turndl hntk j ldmhshkn tk auhel jnl run j smckke. cd rdpkrt thtedl –Icjnj? Pheejid

tjgds dlumjthkn hn kwn cjnls‘:3= tkkg tcd vhdwdr hntk tcd tcrdd-mkbpjrtbdnt, nk-

shldwjee cjee tcjt sdrvdl js j smckke, wcdrd bkrd tcjn 96 puphes rdmdhvdl dedbdntjry

dlumjthkn ̀ rkb tcrdd vkeuntddrs. ]hnmd tcdrd wdrd ̀ hvd mejssds ̀ kr kney tcrdd tdjmcdrs,

skbd k` tcd mejssds wdrd put tkidtcdr. Knd k` tcd tdjmcdrs wjs quktdl js sjyhni

tcjt sdvdrje mjees tk tcd Icjnj Dlumjthkn ]drvhmd `kr cdep Wtdxtakkgs, sjejrhds,

mejssrkkbsR cjl prkvdn ùthed. Knd pjrdnt sjhl tcjt tcdy wdrd hn tcd prkmdss k`

bjghni arhmgs jnl mkeedmthni sjnl, wchmc wjs sckwn hn tcd rdpkrt, tk auhel j

mknlumhvd edjrnhni dnvhrknbdnt `kr tcd mchelrdn. Xusu` Bjedeh rdpkrtdl j shbhejr shtujthkn `rkb tcd vheejid k` Ounlj, hn Gdnyj.

cdrd, sbjee mchelrdn `rkb stjnljrl knd tk stjnljrl `kur cjl dhtcdr tk wjeg twk

ghekbdtrds tk tcd ndjrdst puaehm smckke kr stjy jt ckbd. htedl –Gdnyj? Pheejidrs

stjrt prhvjtd smckke,‘:3< tcd rdpkrt sckwdl j twk-rkkb, bul-wjeedl auhelhni tcjt

prdvhkusey sdrvdl js j vheejid krpcjnjid. cd kwndr, wck wjs jesk j rdshldnt k` tcd

vheejid jnl tcd bjhn hnhthjtkr k` tchs unrdihstdrdl smckke, sjhl tcjt cdr hntdnthkn wjs

tk cdep mchelrdn wck wdrd unjaed tk wjeg `kr twk ghekbdtrds tk rdmdhvd dlumjthkn.

Vjrdnts cjl tk pjy 166 Gdnyjn scheehnis Wjakut T]$ 1R pdr bkntc `kr djmc mchel.

cd tdjmcdr, jnktcdr rdshldnt k` tcd vheejid, rjhsdl tcd mknmdrn rdijrlhni tcd



09

auhelhni jnl tcd hnmrdjshni nubadr k` puphes, tcd ejmg k` tdxtakkgs, jnl tcd ehgd.

@kr chb, tcd ikvdrnbdnt sckuel hntdrvdnd jnl suppkrt tcdhr hnhthjthvd.cd twk rdpkrts ldsmrhadl hn tcd prdvhkus pjrjirjpcs stjrt whtc knd ikvdrnjnmd

hssud? mhthzdns mkbpejhndl tcjt tcd ikvdrnbdnt cjl `jhedl tcdb ay nkt auhelhni j

smckke ndjray. Dvdn wcdn tcdy bjnjidl tk cjvd smckkes ay tcdhr kwn bdjns, puaehm

k``hmhjes `jhedl tk suppkrt tcdb. Hn bkst mjsds okurnjehsts wkuel ad tdbptdl tk

mkn`rknt puaehm k``hmhjes whtc tcdsd ikvdrnjnmd `jheurds, ay strdsshni kr dxmeushvdey

sckwhni `jheurds jnl kbhtthni jetkidtcdr mkbbunhty hnhthjthvds tk suasthtutd `kr

puaehm k``hmhjes. Js tcd twk rdpkrts cjvd sckwn, tcd BMQ jpprkjmc jlvkmjtds

tcjt skbd chdrjrmchm krldr iuhlds tcd rdpkrthni prkmdss? `hrstey tcd mkbbunhty

sckws wjys hn wchmc ht strhvds tk mkpd whtc, jnl skevd, tcd hssud7 sdmknley tcd

mkbbunhty kutehnds mcjeednids tcjt chnldr hts d``krts7 `hnjeey, tcd mkbbunhtyhldnth`hds hts ehbhts. Ldpdnlhni kn tcd rdpkrtdrs‘ mrdjthvhty jnl tcd mkbpedxhthds

k` tcd hssuds, tcd krldr bhict mcjnid stjrthni `kr hnstjnmd whtc ehbhts jnl dnlhni

whtc mkbbunhty d``krts.

Hn Jedxjnlrj, j tkwnschp ndjr Okcjnndsauri, ]kutc J`rhmj, mkbbunhthds

sddbdl tk ad `jmdl whtc j lh``drdnt hssud. Hn @darujry 16:: Jntckny Bbjteh

ldlhmjtdl twk rdpkrts kn tcd sj`dty k` smckke mchelrdn kn tcd strddts tk kr `rkb

smckke. Hn tcd knd thtedl –Okcjnndsauri? Kelhd cdeps ghls mrkss rkjl,‘:34 tcd rdpkrtdr

`kmusdl kn knd mrksshni pkhnt kn tcd Eknlkn Qkjl, wcdrd lkzdns k` mchelrdn cjl

prdvhkusey addn vhmthbs k` rkjl jmmhldnts, jnl sckwdl j spdmhje skeuthkn tcjt knd

bdbadr k` tcd mkbbunhty cjl prkpksdl jnl hbpedbdntdl tk skevd tcjt hssud.

www.ykutuad.mkb/wjtmc;v2l<De6GQ<\xg

Ounlj vheejidrs hn tcd mkjstje lhstrhmt k` Gdnyj cjvd turndl jn kel krpcjnjid hntk j smckke tk cdep ekmjemchelrdn wck dhtcdr cjl tk stjy ckbd kr trjvde ekni lhstjnmds tk jttdnl tcd ndjrdst puaehm smckke.\cd tdjmcdr hnvkevdl hn tcd hnhthjthvd hn`krb tcjt tcdy ejmg jee, hnmeulhni tdxtakkgs jnl ktcdr dquhpbdnts.\cd ghls jrd rdqudstdl tk pjy 166 Gsc dvdry bkntc.

@hiurd 0? Ounlj vheejid prhvjtd prhbjry smckke.





08

hn Jedxjnlrj wck, whtc skbd cdep `rkb tcd pkehmd hn knd mjsd, tckuict kut jnl

hbpedbdntdl skeuthkns, tcdrday suasthtuthni puaehm k``hmhjes.

Jee hn jee, tcdsd rdpkrts jnl bjny ktcdrs edjl tk tcd mknmeushkn tcjt tcd

BMQ jpprkjmc tk rdpkrthni ikvdrnjnmd hssuds mjsts bkrd ehict nkt kney kn tcd

sckrtmkbhnis, ehbhts jnl pdrcjps kbhsshkns k` puaehm k``hmhjes, aut bjhney kn tcdmkbbunhty‘s jmthkns tk `hee tcjt ijp ed`t ay puaehm k``hmhjes.

Mknmeushkn

Hn subbjry, tcd BMQ jpprkjmc tk rdpkrthni ikvdrnjnmd hssuds mrdjtds j shtujthkn

wcdrday j vjrhdty k` jnieds jnl pdrspdmthvds jrd ihvdn tk tcd rdejthknschps jnl

hntdrjmthkns adtwddn mhthzdns jnl tcksd wck dxdrmhsd pkwdr kn tcdhr adcje`. Hn skbd

mjsds, ikvdrnjnmd hssuds jrd ldphmtdl js mcjeednihni lhedbbjs, tk wchmc nk knd

shbped jnl strjhict`krwjrl skeuthkn mkuel ad `kunl. Hn tcjt mjsd, bjny prkaedbs

jppdjr hn pjrjeede jnl skevhni knd wkrsdns tcd ktcdr. Ay pejmhni tcd mkbbunhtybdbadrs‘ hssuds jnl vhdws jt tcd cdjrt k` tcdhr rdpkrthni, BMQ-bhnldl okurnjehsts

bjxhbhsd tcdhr mcjnmds tk rdpkrt ikvdrnjnmd hssuds hn j ndw wjy tcjt lkds nkt

prdsdnt tcd sked pdrspdmthvd k` puaehm k``hmhjes.

Hn ktcdr mjsds, BMQ-bhnldl okurnjehsts sckw ktcdr wjys k` ùe`heehni tcd

wjtmclki rked ay bknhtkrhni tcd lkhnis jnl kbhsshkns k` puaehm k``hmhjes jnl

tcdhr d``dmt kn mhthzdns. Js tcd mkbbunhty hs tcdhr bjhn suaodmt k` mknmdrn, tcdhr

hnvdsthijthkn mknshsts bjhney hn kasdrvhni jnl tcdn prdsdnthni ikvdrnjnmd `jheurds

jnl/kr summdssds js pdrmdhvdl ay bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty. Xdt hn ktcdr mjsds,

BMQ-bhnldl okurnjehsts mrdjtd rkkb `kr mkbbunhty-hnhthjtdl d``krts, bjny k`

wchmc jhb tk `hee tcd ijp ed`t ay puaehm k``hmhjes. Adhni pjrt k` tcd mkbbunhtyjakut wchmc tcdy rdpkrt, tcksd okurnjehsts jrd tcdbsdevds j``dmtdl hn skbd wjys

ay tcksd ikvdrnjnmd wjnts. Ay rdpkrthni tcdb whtc jn hnshldr vhdw, tcdhr ckpd hs

tk trhiidr puaehm k``hmhjes tk tjgd up tcdhr rdspknshahehthds vhs-æ-vhs tcd mhthzdns tcdy

jrd bdjnt tk sdrvd. cd ndxt mcjptdr tjgds by tcdbjthm dxpekrjthkn ùrtcdr tk tcd

suaodmt k` tcd rhicts k` tcd mchel.





9:

Mcjptdr <

Qdpkrthni tcd Qhicts k` tcd Mchel

cdrd hs nk wjy knd mjn lhsmuss mkbbunhty rdpkrthni whtckut mkbhni jmrkss tcd

hssuds tcjt rdejtd tk mchelrdn, shbpey admjusd mchelrdn jrd tcd bhrrkr tcrkuic wchmc

tcd mkbbunhty sdds htsde` jnl hts ùturd. Hn jebkst jee tcd dxjbpeds prkvhldl sk `jr

tk heeustrjtd tcd vjrhkus jspdmts k` BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsb, mchelckkl jnl tcd

rhicts jnl wde`jrd k` tcd mchel mknstjntey jppdjrdl, dhtcdr lhrdmtey kr hnlhrdmtey.

@kr hnstjnmd, tcd rdpkrt jakut ajnjnj pejntjthkns tcjt wdrd ldvjstjtdl ay j lhsdjsdtcdrday puschni bjny mchelrdn kut k` smckke (sdd Hntrklumthkn) bjnjidl tk

ehng tcd `kkl mrhshs lhrdmtey tk tcd rhicts k` tcd mchel, wchest ktcdr rdpkrts cjl

tcksd rhicts hn tcd ajmgirkunl. cd bjrgdt wkbdn hn Nyjwdrj, Augjvu, jnl

tcd skelhdrs‘ whvds wckb tcdy mcjsdl `rkb tcd bjrgdt (sdd sdmthkn =.1), aktc cjl

tcd sjbd jriubdnt? mjtdrhni `kr tcdhr mchelrdn. cd wddphni wkbjn hn Auejwjyk

wcksd mjaajid wjs arutjeey tcrkwn jwjy ay pkehmd (sdd ]dmthkn =.:) wjs ldspdrjtd

admjusd scd mkuel sdd nk ktcdr wjy tk pjy `kr cdr mchelrdn‘s smckke `dds.

Jmmkrlhni tk tcd J`rhmjn Mcjrtdr kn tcd Qhicts jnl Yde`jrd k` tcd Mchel WJMQYMR

jlkptdl hn :886 ay tcd bdbadrs k` tcd Krijnhsjthkn k` J`rhmjn Tnhty, ejtdr rdnjbdl

J`rhmjn Tnhkn, jnl wchmc dntdrdl hntk `krmd kn tcd 18tc Nkvdbadr :888,:39 –jmchel bdjns dvdry cubjn adhni adekw tcd jid k` :3 ydjrs.‘:33 cjt mjtdikry k`

cubjn adhni dnokys spdmhje prktdmthkn ay ejw, wchmc sckuel iujrjntdd tcjt jny

jmthkn tcjt mknmdrns tcd mchel sckuel prhbjrhey mknshldr –tcd adst hntdrdsts k` tcd

mchel.‘:38 cd JMQYM spdmh`hmjeey strdssds –tcd vjeuds k` tcd J`rhmjn mhvhehzjthkn‘

jnl mueturje cdrhtjid js skurmds k` hnsphrjthkn hn ld`hnhni tcd rhicts jnl wde`jrd k`

tcd mchel.:86 Jt tcd sjbd thbd, tcd JMQYM urids stjtds tk lhsmkurjid –jny mustkb,

trjlhthkn, mueturje kr rdehihkus prjmthmd tcjt hs hnmknshstdnt whtc tcd rhicts, luthds

jnl kaehijthkns‘ kutehndl hn ht.:8:

Hn tchs mcjptdr, H prdsdnt skbd k` tcd wjys hn wchmc bkahed mkbbunhty

rdpkrtdrs hn vjrhkus J`rhmjn mkuntrhds jpprkjmcdl hssuds tcjt rdejtdl dxpehmhtey krhbpehmhtey tk tcd rhicts jnl wde`jrd k` tcd mchel. H lk sk ay `hrst dxpkshni wcjt

rdpkrtdrs tcdbsdevds ldphmtdl js vhkejthkns k` tcd rhicts k` tcd mchel. cdn, shnmd

tcd JMQYM suiidsts tcjt ekmje mustkbs jnl trjlhthkns cjvd tcd pktdnthje aktc

tk `kstdr jnl hn`rhnid tcd rhicts jnl wde`jrd k` tcd mchel, H ekkg hntk wjys hn

wchmc rdpkrtdrs pkrtrjydl mchelrdn js vhmthbs k` tcdhr mkbbunhty‘s mustkbs jnl

trjlhthkns. @hnjeey, H `kmus kn rdpkrts tcjt sckw mchelrdn bjnjihni tcdhr `jtd kn

tcdhr kwn kr ushni tcdhr mrdjthvhty tk mejhb tcdhr rhict tk edhsurd jnl rdmrdjthkn kn

knd cjnl,:81 jnl tcd ljnidr tcjt ht jee tkk k`tdn dntjhes kn tcd ktcdr cjnl.



91

<.: Phkejthkns kr Ycjt Jppdjrs ]k

cd thted k` tchs sdmthkn rdèdmts tcd mknùshkn tcjt bjrgs lhsmusshkns jakut

tcd rhicts k` tcd mchel hn knd mueturje mkntdxt aut vhdwdl jnl oulidl `rkb tcd

pdrspdmthvd k` jnktcdr mkntdxt. ]jhl lh``drdntey, js tcd jriubdnt ikds, mdrtjhn

prjmthmds kr shtujthkns mknshldrdl tk ad rhicts vhkejthkns hn j Ydstdrn mkntdxt,

bhict ad mknshldrdl lh``drdntey hn jn J`rhmjn mkntdxt. Hn tcd ejst ldmjlds sdvdrje

J`rhmjn stjtds dbajrgdl kn j prkmdss k` lkbdsthmjthni tcd nkthkn k` tcd rhicts k`

tcd mchel, j okurndy tcjt hnvkevds nkt kney jsshbhejthkn jnl `krbuejthkn, aut jesk

jljptjthkn jnl spdmhjehsjthkn, jbknist ktcdrs.:8= Yched ]ektc-Nhdesdn jnl ktcdrs

jpprkjmcdl tcd rhicts k` tcd mchel `rkb j edije pdrspdmthvd,:8< ktcdr smckejrs jnl

dxpdrts jpprkjmcdl tcdb `rkb j mueturje pdrspdmthvd. @kr hnstjnmd, Jubj Kgwjby

jnl mkeedjiuds kppksdl tcd ckbkidnhsjthkn k` tcd nkthkn k` mchelckkl lkbhnjtdl

ay tcd Ydstdrn njrrjthvd k` tcjt nkthkn. cdy mjeedl `kr tcd hnmeushkn k` –ekmje

njrrjthvds, hnmeulhni ekmje mkbpdthni lhsmkursds jnl nkthkns k` mchelckkl.‘:84

Ycjt dbdrids, tcdn, hs tcjt ldsphtd jee njthknje, rdihknje jnl hntdrnjthknje

hnstrubdnts tcjt cjvd addn put hn pejmd, tcdrd pdrshst buethped hntdrprdtjthkns k`

tcd nkthkn k` mchelckkl, jnl tcdrd`krd, k` tcd rhicts jnl luthds tcjt ik whtc ht.

Yhtc tchs hn bhnl, H bkvd kn tk wcjt tcd rdpkrtdrs prdsdntdl js vhkejthkns k` tcd

rhicts k` tcd mchel, wchmc, hn skbd mjsds, mkuel ktcdrwhsd jppdjr hn j lh``drdnt

mkntdxt.

Kn tcd :9tc Bjy 16:6, Ojmka Buihnh, j jnzjnhjn okurnjehst ajsdl hn tcd

Bjrj Qdihkn, hn nkrtcdrn jnzjnhj, bjld j bkahed rdpkrt thtedl –jnzjnhj? Bktcdr

aurns 9-ydjr-aky kvdr Tijeh WMjssjvj ùùR.‘:80 Bjthgk, tcd aky, wjs cuniry j`tdr

mejss jnl wjntdl tk sjths`y chs cunidr. J pkehmd k``hmdr wck wjs cjnlehni tcdmjsd sjhl tcjt chs WstdpRbktcdr cjl addn hnùrhjtdl ay tcd `jmt tcjt Bjthgk cjl

djtdn whtckut adhni ihvdn, tcjt hs, whtckut cdr jutckrhsjthkn. Js punhscbdnt,

scd tkkg chs rhict cjnl, prkajaey tcd knd Bjthgk cjl usdl tk djt, jnl `krmdl ht

hntk aurnhni mcjrmkje. Jee `hvd `hnidrs k` tcd rhict-cjnl wdrd ajley aurnt. @djrhni

jrrdst, Bjthgk‘s `jtcdr jnl stdpbktcdr rjn jwjy, wched Bjthgk wjs tjgdn tk jn

NIK-run krpcjnjid.

chs rdpkrt hs vdry hnstrumthvd hn jt edjst twk rdspdmts? `hrstey, ht sckwdl ckw `jr

mrudety jijhnst mchelrdn mkuel ik7 sdmknley, ht arkuict tk tcd sur`jmd tcd nkthkn k`

punhscbdnt js pjrt k` tcd nkthkn k` mchelckkl. cd pkehmd k``hmdr sjhl tcd rdjskn

k` tcd punhscbdnt wjs tcjt tcd aky cjl djtdn whtckut adhni ihvdn, wchmc hbpehdltcjt nkrbjeey, mchelrdn cjl tk wjht unthe tcdy wdrd ihvdn, jnl mkuel nkt djt h` nk

knd cjl ihvdn tcdb kr jutckrhsdl tcdb tk djt. cd sked prkaedb cdrd jppdjrdl

tk ad tcd lhsprkpkrthknjtd njturd k` tcd punhscbdnt. H` ht cjl addn j sejp kr j

spjnghni, ht wkuel cjvd addn j lh``drdnt stkry, jn krlhnjry tchni nkt wkrtcy k`

nkthni, edt jeknd rdpkrthni. Xdt, tcd stdpbktcdr‘s jtthtuld bhict ad hntdrprdtdl js

rdèdmthni j trjubjthm shtujthkn tcjt Bjthgk cjl dnlurdl `kr ydjrs.

Bkrd hbpkrtjnt, pdrcjps, hs wcjt Kgwjby jnl mkeedjiuds mjeedl tcd ekss k`

tcd nkthkn k` tcd rhicts k` tcd mchel tcrkuic trjnsejthkn. rjnsejthkn cdrd rd`drs

aktc tk tcd mkrrdspknlhni wkrls kr dxprdsshkns hn j lh``drdnt ejniujid, aut jesk

tk tcd mknmdpts tcd wkrls kr dxprdsshkns rdèdmt. Hn tcd Euijnlj ejniujid `krhnstjnmd Wspkgdn hn TijnljR, –mchel rhict‘ hs trjnsejtdl js Dlldbad , j wkrl tcjt



9=

rd`drs tk –mchelrdn‘s `rddlkb/ehadrty tk lk wcjtdvdr tcdy wjnt‘ hn tcd ekmje mueturjemkntdxt.:89 Mchelrdn lkhni wcjtdvdr tcdy pedjsd, `kr hnstjnmd djthni whtckut adhni

ihvdn, hs `jr `rkb rdèdmthni tcd rhicts k` tcd mchel. J shbhejr rdèdmthkn mjn jppey

tk tcd Ghnyjrwjnlj ejniujid Wspkgdn hn Qwjnlj jnl djstdrn LQ. MknikR, wcdrd

tcd tdrb –rhicts‘ hs trjnsejtdl ay uaurdnijnzhrj . Ehtdrjeey, tchs bdjns –skbdtchni

tcjt jeekws yku tk ik adyknl tcd pjtc.‘ Ht jesk mkntjhns hn htsde` tcd mknmdpts k`

–jutckrhsjthkn‘ kr –pdrbhsshkn.‘ cd hldj k` –pjtc‘ suiidsts tcjt skbdknd kr tcd

mkbbunhty cjs trjmdl tcd bkst jpprkprhjtd wjy `rkb pkhnt J tk pkhnt A. ]k,

ikhni –adyknl tcd pjtc‘, hbpehds prhkr jutckrhsjthkn, jnl jutckrhsjthkn hbpehds kn

hts turn jutckrhty. Cdnmd tcd pktdnthje mknùshkn kr ekss k` bdjnhni hn trjnsejthkn,

js djmc mueturd arhnis tcd nkthkn ajmg tk hts kwn mkntdxt. Ychest tcd rdpkrt lhsmussdl jakvd sckwdl hn j aejtjnt wjy Bjthgk‘s bhs`krtund

jnl ed`t nk lkuat jakut tcd –mueprht‘, ktcdr rdpkrts jakut tcd rhicts jnl wde`jrd k`

tcd mchel ldphmtdl bkrd mkbpedx shtujthkns. @kr hnstjnmd, ]jebj ]jhl‘s 1nl Juiust

16:6 rdpkrt thtedl –_jnzhajr? Mchelrdn ardjg rkmgs `kr bkndy,‘ ldsmrhadl j mjsd

k` mchel ejakur kn tcd hsejnl k` _jnzhajr, wchmc wjs ousth`hdl ay tcd k`tdn mhtdl

jriubdnt k` survhvje.:83 @djturhni ::-ydjr-kel ]jehb Kbjr, tcd rdpkrt sckwdl ckw

mchelrdn arkgd rkmgs jee ljy ekni jnl `jhedl tk jttdnl jny `krb k` dlumjthkn. Knd

bktcdr sjhl tcjt scd gndw k` `hvd mchelrdn wck cjl lhdl wchest ardjghni tcd rkmgs

tk katjhn irjvde. Ehgd ]jehb, tcd bktcdr, tkk, ldshinjtdl pkvdrty js tcd mueprht.

Ycdtcdr jpprkvdl kr tkedrjtdl, tchs wjs mchel ejakur, jt edjst h` knd ekkgs jt ht `rkb

www.ykutuad.mkb/wjtmc;v2gtcH4xN=z`Z

J sdvdn ydjr aky cjs addn ajley aurndl ay cdr stdp bktcdr j`tdr djthni sbjee `hsc (sjejlhnd ) hn tcdNkrtcdrn hn Nkrtcdrn \jnzjnhj. Vkehmd hn \jrhbd cjvd hldnth`hdl tcd aky js Bjthgk Bwhtj, j nursdry puphejt Jajhnjnk prhbjry smckke.–\cd wkbjn admkbd uncjppy jnl aurndl rhict cjnl k` tcd ghl ay ushni mcjrmkje stkvd shbpey admjusdcd jtd sbjee `hsc wcdn cd jrrhvdl ckbd `rkb smckke hn tcd j`tdr nkkn‘, \jrhbd spdmhje zknd rdihknjepkehmd mkbbjnldr jsshstjnt mkbbhsshkndr k` pkehmd(JMV) Mknstjnthnd Bjsjwd sjys ydstdrljy.

@hiurd 3? 9-ydjr-kel Bjthgk sckwhni tcd cjnl aurnt ay chs bktcdr.



9<

j edije pdrspdmthvd. cd JMQYM ld`hnds mchel ejakur js –jee `krbs k` dmknkbhm

dxpekhtjthkn‘ jnl –jny wkrg tcjt hs ehgdey tk ad cjzjrlkus kr tk hntdr`drd whtc tcd

mchel‘s pcyshmje, bdntje, sphrhtuje, bkrje, kr skmhje ldvdekpbdnt.‘:88

cd sjbd –pkvdrty‘ jnl –survhvje‘ jriubdnts mjbd ajmg hn tcd rdpkrt ay Ijstkn

Buniubwj thtedl –Ikbj? Zude skrt pkur eds dn`jnts-trjvjheedurs ;‘166

WIkbj? Ycjtekt `kr mchel ejakurdrs;R. Knd aky wjs sckwn puschni j ekmjeey bjld wkkldn

ahmymed ekjldl whtc lkzdns k` akxds, wchmc cd ejtdr cjl tk unekjl chbsde`. cjt

aky sjhl cd whscdl cd mkuel ik tk smckke, j euxury cd cjl ̀ krikttdn shnmd tcd ldjtc

k` chs pjrdnts. Jnktcdr knd spdnt chs ljys wjschni trumgs, jnl adehdvdl ht wjs j

tdbpkrjry shtujthkn tcjt wkuel knmd dnjaed chb tk rdsubd chs dlumjthkn `rkb tcd

shxtc `krb, wcdrd cd cjl stkppdl.

Jee tcd dxjbpeds prkvhldl sk `jr whtc rdijrls tk tcd rhicts k` tcd mchel, dspdmhjeey

tcdhr vhkejthkns, cjl j pcyshmje jspdmt hn tcdb, hn tcjt mchelrdn‘s pcyshmje hntdirhty

jnl ldvdekpbdnt wdrd jt stjgd lud tk lkbdsthm vhkednmd kr tk skbd `krbs k`

mchel ejakur. cd BMQ-hnsphrdl rdpkrts jeekw tcd ldtdmthkn k` ktcdr `krbs k`vhkednmd tcjt j``dmt bjhney mchelrdn dbkthknjeey jnl psymckekihmjeey. @kr hnstjnmd,

Vjue Bugcu`h‘s rdpkrt thtedl –Ehbpkpk? Mchelrdn sckmgdl j`tdr `jbhey trjidly,‘16:

ldsmrhadl j trjihm shtujthkn hn wchmc twk mchelrdn Wshx jnl :0R tkidtcdr whtc tcdhr

:8 ydjr kel shstdr `kunl tcdbsdevds whtndsshni tcdhr `jtcdr ghee tcdhr bktcdr ad`krd

cjnihni chbsde`. ]ckt hn Bjbjhej vheejid hn tcd Ehbpkpk prkvhnmd hn ]kutc J`rhmj,

tchs rdpkrt sckwdl nk shnied pcyshmje jmt k` vhkednmd jijhnst mchelrdn, aut suiidstdl

tcjt bumc cjrb wjs lknd kn tcdhr dbkthknje jnl psymckekihmje ldvdekpbdnt.

chs burldr jnl suhmhld rdpkrt arhnis tk bhnl knd tcjt hs thtedl –Gjbpjej?

Mk-whvds `hict, puaehm wjtmcds,‘161 wchmc H lhsmussdl hn ]dmthkn 1.= `rkb jn dtchmje

pdrspdmthvd. Hn tcjt rdpkrt twk mk-whvds `kuict hn puaehm tk prkvd wck, jbknisttcdb, wjs j adttdr bktcdr. Jbknist tcd spdmtjtkrs wdrd bjny mchelrdn, hnmeulhni

tcksd k` tcd aeddlhni, njgdl-tkrsk bktcdrs wck wdrd `hicthni. Kgdeek @jtche, tcd

rdpkrtdr, mcksd tcd –puaehm krldr‘ pdrspdmthvd, aut mkuel jesk cjvd mcksdn tk `kmus

kn tcd hbpjmt k` sumc smdnds kn mchelrdn‘s dbkthknje ldvdekpbdnt. k usd knmd

jijhn tcd hnlhidnkus gnkwedlid jriubdnt, knd mkuel sjy tcjt tcksd mchelrdn wdrd

ehgdey tk hbhtjtd tcdhr bktcdrs, wchmc hs tcd hldj adchnl tcd Euk WGdnyjR prkvdra

tcjt sjys tcjt –wcjtdvdr j mchel sjys, tcdy cjvd cdjrl jt ckbd, wcjtdvdr j mchel

lkds, tcdy cjvd sddn jt ckbd,‘16= wchmc hs jesk mkn`hrbdl ay j Qwjnljn prkvdra

tcjt –j bktcdr wck stdjes wched mjrryhni j ajay kn cdr ajmg hnvhtds tcd ejttdr lk

tcd sjbd ejtdr.‘16<

cd cdjetc jspdmt jesk jppdjrs hn j nubadr k` rdpkrts, wcdrday tcd pkvdrty jnl

survhvje jriubdnts dbdrid knmd jijhn js tcd bjhn bkthvd tk ousth`y mchel ejakur. Hn

Jmmrj, Icjnj jnl Gjbpjej, Tijnlj, tcd sk-mjeedl –smrjp aushndss‘ sddbdl tk ad tcd

`jvkrhtd trjld hn wchmc mchelrdn dnijidl. @rjnmhsmj Nuvkr bjld j sdrhds k` rdpkrts

`rkb Jiakiaekschd, j suaura k` Jmmrj, wcdrd jee skrts k` wjstds wdrd lubpdl. Hn

knd rdpkrt thtedl –Jmmrj? Okscuj‘s ljy hn smrjp aushndss,‘164 Nuvkr sckwdl wcjt tcd

ljy hn tcd eh`d k` j smrjp-aushndss mchel ekkgdl ehgd? :<-ydjr-kel Gkok Okscuj wkgd

up jt 4 j.b. jnl wjegdl tk tcd lubphni shtd wcdrd cd aurnt dedmtrknhm ldvhmds tk

dxtrjmt mkppdr whrd, jeubhnub jnl ktcdr –prdmhkus‘ bdtjes (@hiurd 8). Jee tchs wjs

lknd whtckut j bjsg tk prktdmt chb `rkb tcd aejmg sbkgd jnl whtckut iekvds



94

tk prktdmt chs cjnls. Hn j ljy, cd bjnjidl tk sdee mkeedmtdl bdtjes wkrtc 3 tk

8 Icjnjhjn Mdlhs Wº T]$ 8R. Okscuj‘s ljy dnldl jrkunl 3 p.b. wcdn cd tcdn

mehbadl kntk tcd rkk` k` j auhelhni tk seddp.

J shbhejr shtujthkn wjs sckwn hn tcd rdpkrt thtedl –Gjbpjej? ]mrjp idndrjtds

mjsc hn seub,‘160

ay Hsbjde Jshhbwd Bustjpcj hn Ghsdnyh seub, Gjbpjej, Tijnlj.Chs `kmus wjs kn :1-ydjr-kel ]sdbwjnij Ojvheej, wck wjs vdry cjppy jnl sjths`hdl

jakut wcjt cd wjs lkhni. Cd sjhl chs aushndss wjs tk lhsbjnted kel `rhlid

mkbprdsskrs tk dxtrjmt mkppdr whrd jnl sdee ht. Ojvheej prkuley sckwdl j bktkrahgd

cd cjl bjnjidl tk auy chbsde` j`tdr tcrdd ydjrs hn tcjt trjld, tk wchmc cd cjl jesk

hntrklumdl chs ykunidr arktcdr. J smrjp ldjedr wck wjs hntdrvhdwdl sjhl cd pjhl

wdee jnl hbbdlhjtdey, jnl wjs ekkghni `kr bkrd suppehdrs, js tcd ldbjnl `rkb tcd

ckd jnl bjmcdtd `jmtkrhds wjs chic.

cd pkwdr k` tcdsd rdpkrts jnl bjny ktcdrs kn tchs suaodmt rdshlds bjhney hn

knd tchni? mchelrdn wdrd lkhni ljnidrkus wkrg unprktdmtdl, ydt tcdy wdrd bjghni

bkndy jnl djrnhni j ehvhni. Okscuj djrndl jrkunl T]$ 8 j ljy, wchmc tcdkrdthmjeeyspdjghni pejmdl chb jakvd tcd pkvdrty ehnd. Ojvheej sjw chbsde` jerdjly hn tcd

bhlled mejss, whtc j bktkrahgd jnl j sdmknl ardjl-whnndr Wykunidr arktcdrR. Xdt,

kn j ljhey ajshs, Okscuj wjs hncjehni aejmg sbkgd, tcd njturd k` wchmc cd hinkrdl.

Cd wjs cjnlehni, ajrdcjnldl, jee skrts k` bdtjes whtckut gnkwhni wcjt typd k`

sghn lhsdjsds tcdy bjy mjusd. Ojvheej jnl chs arktcdr cjl admkbd –spdmhjehsts‘ k` kel

www.ykutuad.mkb/wjtmc;v2=hg<Qq3-w4T

\cd eh`d‘s k` bjny mchelrdn tcd jids k` :< ydjrs jnl adekw hn tcd smrjp yjrl hn Jiakiaekschd, j suaurak` Jmmrj, cjs nktchni ikkl tk wrhtd ckbd jakut. Gkok Okscuj, j :< ydjrs jnl j smckke lrkpkut hs nkdxmdpthkn.Ht wjs Ydlndsljy bkrnhni, js usuje hn tcd eh`d k` Okscuj, js cd ikds jakut hn sdjrmc `kr smrjps jspjrt k` chs ljhey jmthvhthds. Cd sjhl, cd wjgds up jrkunl 4jb jnl stjrts chs ljhey jmthvhthds, skbdthbdswhtckut ardjg`jst kr sckwdr.

@hiurd 8? Gkok Okscuj, j smrjp aushndss mchel hn Jmmrj, Icjnj.



90

`rhlid mkbprdsskrs, aut tcdy hinkrdl wcjt cjrb tcd ijs tcdy mkntjhndl mkuel mjusd

tk tcdhr cdjetc. Ychest tcdsd rdpkrts sckwdl, hn jn unjbahiukus wjy, tcjt mchelrdn

wdrd adhni aktc dxpksdl tk cjzjrlkus wkrg jnl dxpekhtdl dmknkbhmjeey Way tcd

hnlustry tcjt uethbjtdey usdl tcksd mcdjp bdtjesR, tcdy pksdl, jt tcd sjbd thbd,

j sdrhkus lhedbbj? rdbkvhni tcjt WljnidrkusR skurmd k` hnmkbd wkuel ldprhvdmchelrdn k` tcdhr hnmkbd, whtckut k``drhni tcdb j adttdr jetdrnjthvd.

Tnehgd Okscuj, Ojvheej jnl chs arktcdr, tcd rkmg-ardjghni mchelrdn hn _jnzhajr,

jnl tcd Ikbj euiijid-trjnspkrtdr kr trumg wjscdr, bjny mchelrdn hn jrhbd,

Nkrtcdrn jnzjnhj, wdrd eumghdr tk jttdnl smckke. Ckwdvdr, skbd k` tcdb wdrd

rdpkrtdl tk ad wkrghni kn tcd tdjmcdrs‘ `jrbs hnstdjl k` jttdnlhni mejssds. Hn chs

rdpkrt thtedl –jnzjnhj? puphes wkrg kn tdjmcdrs‘ `jrbs,‘169 Ojmka Buihnh sckwdl

ihres jnl akys hn smckke unh`krb theehni tcd skhe ushni ckds. Knd ihre, :< ydjrs

kel, sjhl whtc pdrmdpthaed jnidr, tcjt skbdthbds tcdy stjydl kn tcd `jrb `rkb

bkrnhni unthe 1 p.b., runnhni tcd rhsg k` adhni ahttdn ay snjgds. Knd aky, nhnd

ydjrs kel, jlldl tcjt chs tdjmcdr usdl tk sdnl tcdb tk tcd ausc tk `dtmc `hrdwkkl, wchmc tcdy wkuel mjrry kn tcdhr cdjl tk tcd tdjmcdr‘s ckbd. Kavhkusey, wcjt

wjs suppksdl tk ad j rhict tk dlumjthkn dnldl up adhni j `krb k` dmknkbhm jnl

cjzjrlkus dxpekhtjthkn k` mchelrdn. cjt shtujthkn cjl addn tjghni pejmd `kr ydjrs,

aut stkppdl skkn j`tdr tcd rdpkrt wjs puaehscdl. cd okurnjehst ejtdr rdpkrtdl tcjt

tcd Lhstrhmt‘s dlumjthknje k``hmhjes, wck cjl sddn tcd rdpkrt knehnd, prkodmtdl ht

puaehmey jt tcd smckke hn qudsthkn, tcdrday mknùshni tcd tdjmcdrs jnl tcd prhnmhpje,

wck, js punhscbdnt, wjs trjns`drrdl `rkb tcjt smckke tk jnktcdr knd, `jr jwjy.

Bkst k` tcd hssuds chicehictdl hn tcd rdpkrts rdèdmt tcd mkbpedxhty k` tcd

nkthkn k` tcd rhicts k` tcd mchel, hn vjrhkus ekmje mkntdxts. cd BMQ jpprkjmc

cdeps mjpturd tcjt mkbpedxhty, mknndmthni `kr hnstjnmd tcd nkthkn k` mchelckkl jnltcjt k` punhscbdnt, kr tcjt k` –survhvje.‘ Ht dnjaedl rdpkrtdrs, wck wdrd gnkwn tk

tcd suaodmts jnl tcd dnvhrknbdnt jakut wchmc tcdy wdrd rdpkrthni, tk mjpturd tcd

vhdws jnl tckuicts nkt kney k` tcd mchelrdn, aut jesk k` jluets, hn tcd bkst njturje

wjy. cd rdsuet wjs tcjt wcjt tcd akttkb tckuict dbdridl jt tcd dnl k` djmc

rdpkrt, prkvhlhni pkehmy jnl ldmhshkn bjgdrs whtc vjeujaed hn`krbjthkn tcjt mkuel

iuhld tcdhr jmthkns jnl cdep bjgd tcdb d``hmhdnt jnl d``dmthvd. cd ndxt sdmthkn

dxpekrds tcd rhicts jnl wde`jrd k` tcd mchel js mknèhmthni whtc, kr tjghni jlvjntjid

k` ekmje nkthkns k` pjrdnt-mchel rdejthknschps, jnl k` mustkbs jnl trjlhthkns.

<.1 Mchelrdn, Vjrdntje Qdspknshahehty jnl Mustkbs

Hn bkst J`rhmjn mueturds, tcd nkthkn k` rdspdmt ̀ kr pjrdnts jnl keldr pdkped hs j sjmrdl

knd. cd JMQYM kutehnds aktc tcd luthds k` tcd mchel jnl tcd rdspknshahehthds k`

pjrdnts hn j wjy tcjt pejmds jaskeutd rdspdmt `kr pjrdnts jnl keldr pdkped jt tcd

mdntrd k` tcdhr uparhnihni. cd vdry `hrst luty k` tcd mchel hs –tk wkrg `kr tcd

mkcdshkn k` tcd `jbhey, tk rdspdmt chs pjrdnts, supdrhkrs jnl deldrs jt jee thbds jnl tk

jsshst tcdb hn mjsd k` nddl.‘ WDbpcjshs jlldlR163 Js `kr pjrdntje rdspknshahehthds,

tcdy hnmeuld dnsurhni tcd adst hntdrdsts k` tcd mchel, tk sdmurd mknlhthkns k` ehvhni



99

ndmdssjry tk tcd mchel‘s ldvdekpbdnt, jnl –tk dnsurd tcjt lkbdsthm lhsmhpehnd hs

jlbhnhstdrdl whtc cubjnhty jnl hn j bjnndr mknshstdnt whtc tcd hncdrdnt lhinhty

k` tcd mchel.‘168

cdsd prhnmhpeds jrd rkktdl hn mustkbs jnl trjlhthkns hn vjrhkus pjrts k` J`rhmj

jnl cjvd addn mkldl hntk sjyhnis, jljids, jnl prkvdras. Jbknist tcd Euk/Eycyhjk` Gdnyj, `kr hnstjnmd, tcd hldj k` lhsmhpehnhni mchelrdn hs mkldl hn tcd `keekwhni

prkvdra? –yku bust strdtmc tcd sghn wched ht hs sthee `rdsc‘ kr – Wyku bustR bkel tcd

mejy wched ht hs sthee wdt.‘1:6 cd Ajijnlj k` Tijnlj Wjnl tcd QwjnljnsR dxprdss tcd

sjbd hldj sjyhni? –yku bust scjpd/adnl j arjnmc wched ht hs sthee `rdsc.‘ 1:: Jnktcdr

prkvdra hn Qwjnlj strdssds tcd jaskeutd rdspdmt k` mchelrdn tkwjrls tcdhr pjrdnts,

sjyhni? –H` yku rdùsd tk kady ykur `jtcdr jnl bktcdr yku whee cjvd jn un`krtunjtd

dnl,‘1:1 jn hldj tcjt j Ghswjcheh prkvdra rdnldrs sjyhni tcjt h` knd rdùsds tk kady

tcd deldrs, knd whee ardjg knd‘s edis.1:= chs sdmthkn rdvkevds jrkunl tcd hntdrsdmthkn

adtwddn tcd luthds k` tcd mchel jnl pjrdntje rdspknshahehthds, lhsmusshni wjys

hn wchmc mkbbunhty bkahed rdpkrtdrs jpprkjmcdl tcjt hntdrsdmthkn hn tcdhrrdpkrthni.

Hn j rdpkrt thtedl –Jmmrj? Nkt oust adiihni aut aushndss,‘1:< Icjnjhjn rdpkrtdr

Gdstdr Jaurjb `kmusdl kn nkbjlhm pdkped cd prdsdntdl js mkbhni `rkb Nhidr

jnl ktcdr Nkrtc J`rhmjn mkuntrhds. cd rdpkrtdr wjs lhsbjydl tk lhsmkvdr tcjt

wchest pjrdnts wkuel sht hn tcd scjld jekni tcd strddt, tcdhr mchelrdn wkuel ad mrhss-

mrksshni tcd bjhn strddts k` Jmmrj, adiihni kr phmg-pkmgdthni jnl runnhni tcd rhsg

k` adhni gnkmgdl lkwn ay pjsshni vdchmeds. Knd rdshldnt sjhl jutckrhthds sckuel

`hnl j skeuthkn tk tcjt. cd kney tchni tcjt knd bktcdr wcksd mchel wjs adiihni

kn tcd strddt mkuel sjy kn mjbdrj jnl sbhehniey wjs tcjt tcdy wdrd cuniry jnl

nddldl bkndy. Ycjt tchs rdpkrt sckwdl hs tcjt hn tcjt pjrthmuejr irkup, adiihni wjs

trjlhthknjeey j tjsg `kr mchelrdn. Ckwdvdr, shnmd tcd rdpkrt mknshldrdl tcd shtujthkn

`rkb tcd pdrspdmthvd k` tcd mkbpejhnhni mkbbunhty rjtcdr tcjn knd k` tcd adiihni

mkbbunhty, ht wkuel ad hbpksshaed tk gnkw tcd hns jnl kuts, tcd wcys jnl ckws,

k` tcjt trjlhthkn. Jn BMQ-bhnldl rdpkrtdr `rkb whtchn tcd ejttdr mkbbunhty

mkuel cjvd prdsdntdl tcd ktcdr shld k` tcd stkry. Ycjtdvdr tcd mjsd, j shtujthkn

hn wchmc ykuni mchelrdn djrn bkndy hn rhsgy wjys wchest jluets jrd rdsthni hn

tcd scjld mkntrjlhmts tcd prhnmhpeds k` pjrdntje rdspknshahehthds kutehndl hn tcd

JMQYM.

Qdpkrthni tchs thbd dnthrdey jakut chs kwn mkbbunhty, Gdstdr Jaurjb dxpksdlj shtujthkn jebkst shbhejr tk tcd knd k` adiihni mchelrdn jnl rdsthni pjrdnts. Hn

j rdpkrt cd thtedl –Jmmrj? Mchel ejakur pdrshsts ldsphtd ejws,‘1:4 :1-ydjr-kel Ldnhs

Gwjbdc tkel chs stkry? chs `jtcdr tkel chb tcjt cd sckuel mkeedmt ruaadrs jnl sdee

tcdb tk put bkndy tkidtcdr tk pjy `kr chs kwn smckke `dds. Djmc ljy, cd bjnjidl

tk idt jakut : Icjnjhjn Mdlh WºT]$ :R. Gwjbdc wdnt tk smckke `kr kney j `dw

ljys, jnl wkuel spdnl tcd rdbjhnldr k` tcd wddg puschni chs twk-wcdde mjrt

pjmgdl whtc ruaadrs (@hiurd :6).

k tcd nkrtc, hn jbjed, Vsjeb Bjrg Zujk wjs wkrghni kn j stkry jakut

`kktajee jcdjl k` tcd ]kutc J`rhmj 16:6 Ykrel Mup, wcdn cd rdjehsdl tcjt bjny k`

tcd mchelrdn wck wkuel mkbd tk pejy wkuel ̀ hrst lk skbd cjrl ejakur tk djrn skbd



93

bkndy. Hn knd vheejid mjeedl Gjejrhij, Zujk sckwdl mchelrdn wddlhni jeknishld j

rkjl. Cd hntdrvhdwdl knd k` tcdb, j aky jidl dhict, wck sjhl tcjt chs pjrdnts wdrdckbd, wched cd wjs wddlhni tk djrn bkndy `kr chs smckke `dds. cd aky ckpdl tk

ejtdr admkbd j skelhdr.1:0

Jee tcdsd rdpkrts tdee us knd hbpkrtjnt tchni, njbdey tcjt tcd BMQ jpprkjmc

cdeps unbjsg jausd k`, kr ekmje pdrmdpthkns k`, pjrdntje rdspknshahehthds. Ychest jee

hntdrnjthknje edije hnstrubdnts prktdmthni mchelrdn sthpuejtd tcjt pjrdnts cjvd tcd

rdspknshahehty tk prkvhld `kr tcdhr mchelrdn `hnjnmhjeey kr ktcdrwhsd, tcdsd rdpkrts

dxpksdl mjsds k` ykuni mchelrdn tjghni rhsgs tk prkvhld ̀ kr tcdbsdevds jnl/kr tcdhr

pjrdnts. k tchs pkhnt H sckuel jll tcd nkthkn k` jaskeutd kadlhdnmd `kr pjrdnts

tcjt aktc tcd JMQYM jnl ekmje mustkbs jlvkmjtd. Tnehgd Okscuj jnl Ojvheej wck

okhndl tcd smrjp aushndss shbpey tk survhvd, tcd adiihni jnl tcd wddlhni mchelrdnjs wdee js ruaadr-mkeedmthni Gwjbdc, wdrd suasthtuthni `kr tcdhr pjrdnts, wck wdrd

jee prdsdntdl js rdejxhni dhtcdr hn tcd scjld kr jt ckbd, wchest tcd mchelrdn wdrd

dnijihni hntk dxpekhtjthvd ejakur.

Mustkbs jrd dvdn strknidr wcdn ht mkbds tk lkbdsthm mckrds, js tjsgs jrd

trjlhthknjeey lhvhldl adtwddn pjrdnts jnl mchelrdn, jnl whtchn tcd ejttdr mjtdikry,

adtwddn akys jnl ihres.1:9 Hn cdr rdpkrt thtedl –Ikbj? Eds dn`jnts surdxpekhtès pjreds pjrdnts ‘1:3 WIkbj? Vjrdnts kvdr-dxpekht mchelrdnR, Eumhd Ahnlu bjnjidl tk

mjpturd aktc wcjt tcd pjrdnts jnl tcd mchelrdn tckuict jakut cdjvy lkbdsthm

mckrds trjlhthknjeey rdsdrvdl `kr mchelrdn. :6-ydjr-kel Irjmd cjl tk `dtmc 46 ehtrds

k` wjtdr ad`krd ikhni tk smckke hn tcd bkrnhni jnl jnktcdr 46 ehtrds j`tdr smckke

www.ykutuad.mkb/wjtmc;v2M9K9npSVAH<

Jmmkrlhni tk tcd Mchelrdn Jmt, :883 (JM\ 406), j mchel hs jny akly unldr tcd jid k` dhictddn ydjrs.\cd JM\ ùrtcdr dxpejhns wcy tcjt pdrskn hs j mchel jnl wcy cd kr scd bust nkt dnijid hn mdrtjhnjmthvhthds. Jmthvhthds spdet kut ay tchs JM\ js cjzjrlkus hnmeulds ikhni tk sdj, wkrghni hn bhnhnimkbpjnhds, mjrryhni cdjvy ekjls jbkni ktcdrs.

@hiurd :6? :1-ydjr-kel Ldnhs Gwjbdc puschni j mjrt pjmgdl whtc ruaadrs.





36

bkst pejmds, mchelrdn cjvd nk mckhmd aut tk turn wcjt tcdhr hbbdlhjtd dnvhrknbdnt

k``drs tcdb hntk pejyhni jnl rdmrdjthkn `jmhehthds. Hn tchs sdmthkn, H dxpekrd skbd

k` tcd rdmurrhni tkphms tcjt bkahed rdpkrtdrs mkvdrdl, chicehicthni aktc mchelrdn‘s

mrdjthvhty jnl tcd ljnidrs k` tcd hbprkvhsdl rdmrdjthkn `jmhehthds.

Ghadrj, tcd Njhrkah seub wchmc hs sjhl tk ad tcd ejridst hn J`rhmj, k``drs jnhntdrdsthni heeustrjthkn k` wjys hn wchmc Gdnyjn jutckrhthds jrd tryhni tk k``dr j

mknlumhvd spjmd `kr mchelrdn tk pejy. Adrye Kbunyj, j Ghadrj-ajsdl rdpkrtdr bjld

j sdrhds k` rdpkrts jakut tcd jbahthkus prkodmt tk rdekmjtd Ghadrj rdshldnts tk ndw,

bkldrn ̀ ejts, whtc jee ajshm ̀ jmhehthds. Knd k` tcdb `kmusdl kn mchelrdn jnl tcd ndw

spjmds tcdy cjl `kr pejy. htedl –Gdnyj? @krbdr Ghadrj ghls wjnt pejyhni jrdj,‘ 11<

tcd rdpkrt sckwdl tcrdd shtujthkns? W:R jn uncdjetcy jnl unsj`d dnvhrknbdnt hn

Ghadrj wcdrd tcd rdekmjtdl mchelrdn usdl tk pejy, jnl tcus wcdrd mchelrdn, wck

wdrd sthee tcdrd, pejydl7 W1R j ejrid, medjn, pjvdl jrdj adtwddn mdbdnt-aekmg èjts

whtc ykuni mchelrdn okyùeey sghpphni7 jnl W=R keldr mchelrdn, jbknist wckb wjs

:0-ydjr-kel Ldnhs, wck cjl nk spjmd wcdrd tcdy mkuel pejy `kktajee. Hn tchs ejstmjsd, Ldnhs jnl chs `rhdnls wdrd cjppy tk cjvd bkvdl tk tcd èjts, aut wdrd edss sk

wcdn tcdy cjl tk wjeg ajmg tk tcdhr `krbdr pejyhni jrdj hn tcd seub.

]kbd mchelrdn hn Jmmrj, Icjnj, wdrd dvdn bkrd mrdjthvd hn tcdhr sdjrmc k`

pejyhni jrdjs. Hn j rdpkrt thtedl –Mjpd-Mkjst? Ghls turn iuttdr hntk stjlhub,‘114

Dlwjrl Jgejld scdl skbd ehict kn wjys hn wchmc mchelrdn bjnjidl tk pejy `kktajee

jnl tk jttrjmt `jns. Tshni bkrd kr edss j `hvd bdtdr ejrid iuttdr js j pejyhni irkunl,

tcdy pejydl whtckut akkts, whtc tcd ajee runnhni dvdry nkw jnl tcdn hntk aejmghsc

wjtdr rhict hn tcd bhlled k` tcd iuttdr. cd runnhni wjtdr lhvhldl tcd pejyhni

irkunl hntk twk cjevds, `krmhni tcd pejydrs tk oubp kvdr tcjt sbjeedr iuttdr whtchn

tcd ahiidr knd. k lhsthniuhsc tcd pejydrs k` djmc tdjb, tcksd hn knd tdjb pjhntdltcdhr `jmds wchtd. J spkrts prdsdntdr wck cjppdndl tk ad tcdrd jt tcd sjbd thbd js

tcd rdpkrtdr sjhl ekmje jutckrhthds sckuel lk tcdhr adst tk k``dr tcksd mchelrdn adttdr

pejyhni ̀ jmhehthds.

]kbd k` tcd mchelrdn hn Bjsvhnik, ]kutcdrn _hbajawd, jrd dqujeey hnnkvjthvd

wcdn ht mkbds tk prjmthmhni tcd spkrt jmthvhty tcjt tcdy ekvd. Yheskn Bjpksj bjld

j rdpkrt thtedl –Bjsvhnik? Yd ekvd iyb, aut ejmg `jmhehthds-Akys,‘110 hn wchmc cd

dxpksdl wjys hn wchmc mchelrdn hn tcd Bumcdgd suaura k` Bjsvhnik cjl `kunl

j wjy tk lk jmrkajthms hn j sjnl-mkvdrdl kpdn spjmd, ushni jbknist ktcdr tchnis,

kel tyrds. cd rdpkrtdr sckwdl tcdb oubphni kn tcd hbprkvhsdl –sprhniakjrl‘

suppkrtdl ay stknds, jnl bjghni `krwjrl sjetks hn j spdmtjmuejr wjy (@hiurd ::).cd tcrdd mchelrdn wck wdrd hntdrvhdwdl sjhl tcdy jee dnokydl iybnjsthms aut

ldpekrdl tcd ejmg k` jpprkprhjtd `jmhehthds. cd rdpkrt sckwdl aktc ckw hnidnhkus

tcd mchelrdn mkuel ad hn mrdjthni tcdhr kwn pejyhni jrdj, aut jt tcd sjbd thbd

puscdl tk wknldr jakut wcjt wkuel cjppdn h` tcd suppkrthni stknds bkvdl jpjrt,

h` tcd hrkn whrds hn tcd kel tyrd wkuel mkbd kut, kr shbpey h` tcd iybnjsts wkuel

jmmhldntey `jee lkwn hn j ajl pkshthkn kn tcd cjrl irkunl.

Ycjt jppdjrs cdrd hs tcjt tcd Ghadrj keldr mchelrdn, tcd Mjpd-Mkjst iuttdr

`kktajeedrs, jnl tcd Bjsvhnik jmrkajts wdrd djidr tk dnijid hn spkrthni jmthvhthds

k` tcdhr mckhmd, aut mkuel nkt lk sk hn j sj`d wjy. cksd rdpkrts pejmdl mchelrdn

jt tcd mdntrd, js tcdy wdrd tcd knds tk `hnl skeuthkns, skbd k` wchmc wdrd mrdjthvd,



3:

tk bddt tcdhr nddl tk pejy. Tnehgd tcd tcrdd rdpkrtdrs wck lhl nkt dbpcjshsd tcd

ljnidrs k` tcd pejyhni dnvhrknbdnt, skbd ktcdr rdpkrtdrs strdssdl oust tcd rhsgstcjt tcksd WhnnkvjthvdR skeuthkns prdsdntdl.

@kr hnstjnmd, ]kutc J`rhmjn rdpkrtdr ]hbpchwd Iwhoj‘s rdpkrt thtedl –]kutc

J`rhmj? Qhsgy ijbds tk sckw yku‘rd j aky,‘119 strdssdl tcd `jmt tcjt lud tk pddr

prdssurd, mchelrdn vdnturdl `jr `rkb ckbd tk `hsc hn j knd-bdtdr lddp rhvdr ndjr

Okcjnndsauri. Hn lkhni sk, tcdy dxpksdl tcdbsdevds tk jalumthkn, lrui jausd jnl

lrkwnhni, tk bdnthkn aut j `dw cjzjrls. Ljedn, knd aky jt tcd rhvdr, sjhl? –Yd

mjtmc `rkis jnl mrjas. Yd ekvd lkhni ht. Ht‘s ùn,‘ jnl wcdn tcd rdpkrtdr jsgdl chb

wcdtcdr tcd dnvhrknbdnt wjs sj`d, cd rdpehdl? –Xds ht‘s sj`d admjusd wd bjgd ht sj`d

`kr us.‘ cd pkhnt tcjt tcd rdpkrtdr wjntdl tk bjgd cdrd wjs tcjt tcd njturje pddr

prdssurd jbknist mchelrdn puscdl tcdb tk mcjeednid djmc ktcdr, jnl hn lkhni sk,tk tjgd rhsgs tcjt mkuel ad jvkhldl h` tcdy wdrd k``drdl adttdr pejyhni `jmhehthds.

Ljnidrs jnl cjzjrls jrd jesk prdsdnt hn rurje jrdjs, wcdrd mchelrdn `hnl wjys tk

mrdjtd pejyhni dnvhrknbdnts tcdbsdevds, whtckut jnl dvdn `jr jwjy `rkb jluets.

Nodrh Bdrdsj‘s rdpkrt thtedl –Gdnyj? cd mkkghni ijbd jnl hts ljnidrs,‘113 `djturdl

mchelrdn jidl shx jnl adekw hbhtjthni tcd mkkghni smdnds tcdy sjw dvdryljy jt

ckbd. cksd mchelrdn `rkb Tiunoj mkeedmtdl thns jnl turndl tcdb hntk mkkghni

pkts. cdy lhl tcjt `jr `rkb ckbd, admjusd, js knd aky sjhl, jluets wkuel adjt

tcdb. cd bjhn hssud wjs tcjt tcd vdry ykuni knds aurndl tcdhr `hnidrs jnl mkuel

nkt rdmdhvd jny cdep. cd rdpkrt sckwdl j mchel k` twk ydjrs k` jid mryhni cjrl,

wchest tcd rdst k` tcd irkup wjs ausy –mkkghni.‘ Adshlds hnoury, tcd rdpkrtdr jesk

www.ykutuad.mkb/wjtmc;v2uAekTHtv@gk

J irkup k` ykuni akys `rkb Bumcdgd suaura k` Bjsvhnik, _hbajawd, jrd ushni kel tyrds jssprhniakjrls tk lk jmrkajthm bkvds. \cdhr ekvd `kr iybnjsthm cjvd bjld tcdb tk ad hnnkvjthvd js tcdrdjrd nk iybs jrkunl tcd suaura . J`tdr j ljy jt smckke tcd akys wkuel irkup up tk lk tcdhr bkvds whtcirdjt dxdmuthkn.

@hiurd ::? Mchel jmrkajts hn Bjsvhnik, _hbajawd.



31

sckwdl mchelrdn djthni tcd `kkl tcjt tcdy cjl mkkgdl, wchmc hbpehdl chic rhsg k`

lhsdjsds lud tk tcd ejmg k` cyihdnd whtc tcd utdnshes adhni usdl aut jesk whtc unldr

mkkgdl `kkl, jbknist ktcdr cjzjrls.

Ktcdr spdmhje mjsds sckw mchelrdn dnijihni hn pdr`krbhni mueturje jmthvhthds

sumc js ljnmhni, shnihni, jnl tcd ehgd. Ckwdvdr, tcd rdpkrt ay Ojmka Buihnh thtedl–jnzjnhj? 8 ydjr krpcjn struiieds tk `ddl `jbhey,‘118 rdvdjedl j spdmhje rdjskn wcy

j mchel wkuel dnijid hn j mueturje jmthvhty. kidtcdr whtc j aehnl jrthst, nhnd-ydjr-

kel Dbbjnude Bjrwj `rkb jrhbd, jnzjnhj, pdr`krbdl bushm whtc trjlhthknje

hnstrubdnts tk bjgd bkndy. Bjrwj wjs hn tcd tchrl ydjr k` prhbjry smckke jnl

mkuel djrn adtwddn 16,666 jnl <6,666 jnzjnhjn ]cheehnis WºT]$ :4 ” T]$ =6R

pdr bkntc `rkb chs puaehm pdr`krbjnmds hn mdrdbknhds, wdllhnis, jnl ktcdr

puaehm ijtcdrhnis.

Cdr bktcdr wjs vdry prkul, js Bjrwj cjl rdpejmdl chs ldmdjsdl `jtcdr. Cdr

`kur mchelrdn, hnmeulhni Bjrwj, mkuel survhvd whtc tcd T]$ :4 ” T]$ =6 cd

djrndl dvdry bkntc. Ycjt wd cjvd hn tchs rdpkrt hs kavhkusey nkt j mchel tryhnitk dnoky chs rhicts tk dxdrmhsd mueturje jmthvhthds, aut j mchel turnhni chs tjednts

hntk j aushndss. chs mjsd hs mcjeednihni dspdmhjeey wcdn mknshldrdl shld ay shld

whtc tcksd k` pjrdnts dxpekhthni tcdhr mchelrdn lhsmussdl hn tcd prdvhkus sdmthkn.

cd bjhn qudsthkn wkuel ad wcdtcdr Bjrwj wjs adhni j``dmtdl dhtcdr pcyshmjeey

Wdxcjusthkn, cunidr, dtm.R kr hntdeedmtujeey Wd.i., mknmdntrjthni bkrd kn sdmurhni

tcd ljhey ardjl tcjn kn smckke wkrgR. cd rdpkrt sddbdl tk prdsdnt Bjrwj js j aky

wknldr, wck bjnjidl tk lk tchnis tcjt cd wjs dxpdmtdl tk lk lurhni jluetckkl.

Hn bjny k` tcd rdpkrts lhsmussdl hn tchs sdmthkn, knd rdjehsds tcjt mchelrdn wdrd

lkhni njturje tchnis, tcjt hs, tcksd jmthvhthds hn wchmc tcdy wdrd dxpdmtdl tk dnijid

jt tcdhr jid. Xdt, lkhni tcksd njturje tchnis bdjnt hn bkst mjsds dxpkshni tcdbsdevdstk rhsgs jnl cjzjrls j``dmthni dhtcdr tcdhr pcyshmje hntdirhty kr tcdhr cdjetc. ]ckt hn

tcd njturje dnvhrknbdnt hn wchmc tcd mchelrdn pejydl kn j ljhey ajshs jnl sckwhni

tcd ljnidrs k` tcjt dnvhrknbdnt, tcdsd rdpkrts jesk rjhsdl ikvdrnjnmd hssuds aktc

jt njthknje jnl ekmje edvdes. Vuaehm k``hmhjes cjl tcd luty tk dnsurd tcjt wcjtdvdr

cjppdns hs hn tcd adst hntdrdst k` tcd mchel. Vejyhni jnl rdmrdjthkn ld`hnhtdey adhni

hn tcd adst hntdrdsts k` tcd mchel, ht `keekws tcjt tcd shtujthkns dxpksdl hn bkst k`

tcdsd rdpkrts wdrd skbdckw shins k` ikvdrnjnmd `jheurd, jt edjst hn tcjt pjrthmuejr

rdspdmt. Ckwdvdr, js tcd rdpkrt jakut tcd bkndy-djrnhni mchel jrthst suiidstdl,

tchnis jrd bkrd mkbpedx tcjn tcdy jppdjr jt `hrst shict. Hn tchs pjrthmuejr mjsd,

mueturje jmthvhthds wdrd j skurmd k` hnmkbd, rjtcdr tcjn j skurmd k` edhsurd, `kr tcdmchel.

Mknmeushkn

chs mcjptdr cjs sckwn skbd k` tcd pksshahehthds tcjt BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsb

k``drs tk mjpturd hssuds rdejthni tk tcd rhicts jnl wde`jrd k` tcd mchel. Hn j wjy,

rhict vhkejthkns kr tcksd tcjt bhict jppdjr sk hn ktcdr pejmds, jrd arkuict tk ehict

tjghni hntk jmmkunt ekmje mhrmubstjnmds jnl pdrmdpthkns k` mchelckkl. Mchel

ejakur dbdridl hn bjny rdpkrts jnl bjny k` hts `jmdts wdrd sckwn. Hn jebkst jee

mjsds, tcd bjhn rdjskn ousth`yhni mchel ejakur wjs pkvdrty, wchmc puscdl mchelrdn



3=

tk `hnl tcdbsdevds hn j survhvje pkshthkn jnl tk jmt jmmkrlhniey. Vjrjlkxhmjeey,

mknshldrdl `rkb jn BMQ pdrspdmthvd, tcjt hs, whtc tcd hnshldr vhdw jt tcd mdntrd,

skbd mchel ejakur shtujthkns sddbdl tk k``dr dnokybdnt `kr mchelrdn wck mkuel

prhld tcdbsdevds whtc hnmkbds jakvd tcd dxtrdbd-pkvdrty ehnd. Jt tcd sjbd thbd,

ckwdvdr, ht jppdjrdl tcjt mchelrdn wdrd dxpkshni tcdbsdevds tk cjzjrls, tcd cjrbùenjturd k` wchmc tcdy hinkrdl.

chs mcjptdr cjs dqujeey chicehictdl tcd mknèhmts tcjt k`tdn mcjrjmtdrhsd tcd

–pjrdntje rdspknshahehty ” mchelrdn‘s luty tk kady ” jnl tcd rhicts k` tcd mchel‘

trhjnied. Hn tchs trhjnied, wcdrd j mdrtjhn ajejnmd hs dxpdmtdl, tcd rhicts k` tcd mchel

sddbdl tk ad kvdrwcdebdl ay tcd ktcdr twk shlds k` tcd trhjnied. cd rdsuet, js

tcd rdpkrts lhsmussdl hn sdmthkn <.1 heeustrjtd, wjs tcjt mchelrdn wkuel ad dxpekhtdl

dmknkbhmjeey jnl pcyshmjeey, wchmc wkuel j``dmt tcdhr dlumjthkn, jbknist ktcdr

tchnis. cdsd BMQ-hnsphrdl rdpkrts lhl nkt prdsdnt j aejmg-jnl-wchtd shtujthkn,

js djmc mkbbunhty cjl hts kwn mknmdpthkn k` tcd nkthkn k` mchelckkl jnl prkpdr

uparhnihni.@hnjeey, tchs mcjptdr cjs prdsdntdl jnl lhsmussdl BMQ-hnsphrdl rdpkrts tcjt

sckwdl mchelrdn hn tcdhr pejyhni jnl edhsurd dnvhrknbdnts, aktc tcksd tcdy mrdjtdl

kn tcdhr kwn jnl tcksd tcjt puaehm k``hmhjes ldshindl `kr tcdb. Hn bkst rdpkrts ht

jppdjrdl tcjt tcd ejttdr wdrd rjtcdr ̀ dw jnl ̀ jr adtwddn. Hn bkst mjsds mchelrdn usdl

tcdhr mrdjthvd jnl hnnkvjthvd sdnsd tk ldshin tcdhr kwn pejyhni dnvhrknbdnts, kr tk

turn dxhsthni jrdjs hntk skbdtchni `kr tcdhr kwn jlvjntjid. cd bjhn hssud cdrd wjs

tcjt ldshinhni tcksd jrdjs ay tcdbsdevds, kr lkhni tcksd njturje edhsurd jmthvhthds

wcdrd tcdy mkuel, dntjhedl ljnidrs tk tcdhr cdjetc jnl pcyshmje hntdirhty, jbknist

ktcdrs. Jee hn jee, ht sddbs tcjt BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsb k``drs j ndw pdrspdmthvd

tk rdpkrthni mchel-rdejtdl hssuds, wchmc sk `jr cjl addn bkstey jpprkjmcdl `rkb jtkp-lkwn pdrspdmthvd, hinkrhni tcd vhdws jnl vkhmds `rkb tcd akttkb. Hn tcd ndxt

mcjptdr, H lk j shbhejr dxdrmhsd, aut tchs thbd `kmushni kn dnvhrknbdntje hssuds jnl

wjys hn wchmc BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsb cdeps tk rdpkrt tcdb.





34

Mcjptdr 4

Dnvhrknbdntje Qdpkrthni

Hn tcd ejst twk ldmjlds kr sk, tcd dnvhrknbdnt cjs ekni addn kn tcd jidnlj k` tcksd

hnvkevdl hn pkehthms, lhpekbjmy, hntdrnjthknje ldvdekpbdnt mk-kpdrjthkn, jmjldbhj

jnl aushndss, tk bdnthkn aut j `dw sdmtkrs. chs hntdrdst hn tcd dnvhrknbdnt hs

bjhney bkthvjtdl ay tcd hnmrdjshni `djr tcjt tcd njturje ajejnmd kn wchmc tcd

dnthrd dmkekihmje systdb hs ajsdl hs adhni ekst, bjhney lud tk cubjn jmthkn.

Bkst ehtdrjturd cjs addn kn tcd jnnkunmdl iekkby ùturd tcjt jwjhts cubjnhtyh` nktchni hs lknd nkw tk rdvdrsd tcd shtujthkn, jnl kn pksshaed mjusds k` tcjt

cubjn-mjusdl bhsajejnmd.1=6 Pdry ehtted cjs addn sjhl kr wrhttdn tk dxpejhn wcjt

knd sckuel unldrstjnl ay –dnvhrknbdnt,‘ j mknmdpt wcksd bdjnhni hs k`tdn tjgdn

`kr irjntdl.

Hn idndrje tdrbs, dnvhrknbdnt rd`drs tk –tcd jhr, wjtdr jnl ejnl hn kr kn wchmc

pdkped, jnhbjes jnl pejnts ehvd.‘1=: Dnmymekpdlhj Arhtjnnhmj prkvhlds bkrd ldtjhes,

suiidsthni tcjt dnvhrknbdnt mknshsts k` –tcd mkbpedx k` pcyshmje, mcdbhmje, jnl

ahkthm `jmtkrs (js mehbjtd, skhe, jnl ehvhni tchnis) tcjt jmt upkn jn krijnhsb kr jn

dmkekihmje mkbbunhty jnl uethbjtdey ldtdrbhnd hts `krb jnl survhvje.‘1=1 cdsd

twk sckrt ld`hnhthkns tdee us tcrdd hbpkrtjnt tchnis? `hrstey, tcjt ejnl, jhr jnl wjtdrjppdjr js k``drhni j ehvhni kr survhvje `rjbdwkrg `kr krijnhsbs Wcubjns, jnhbjes,

pejntsR7 sdmknley, tcjt tcd ehvhni `rjbdwkrg hnèudnmds tcd eh`d kr survhvje k` tcksd

krijnhsbs. cd tchrl pkhnt hs ldlumtdl `rkb tcd prdvhkus twk, njbdey tcjt tcksd

krijnhsbs‘ cjrbùe jmthkn jijhnst tcdhr ehvhni kr survhvje `rjbdwkrg j``dmts tcd

eh`d kr survhvje k` tcksd vdry krijnhsbs. Ckwdvdr, shnmd kney cubjns mjn tjgd

mknsmhkus jmthkns, tchs tchrl pkhnt sckuel ad ehbhtdl tk kney cubjns.

Hn tchs mcjptdr, H dxpekrd jnl lhsmuss wjys hn wchmc bkahed mkbbunhty

rdpkrtdrs mkvdrdl suaodmts tcjt rdejtdl lhrdmtey kr hnlhrdmtey tk tcd dnvhrknbdnt.

cdsd hnmeuldl tcksd sckwhni dnvhrknbdntje pcdnkbdnj jnl tcdhr hbpjmt kn

mkbbunhty eh`d jnl ehvdehckkl, jnl cubjn jmthkns hn `jvkur, kr tk tcd ldtrhbdnt,k` tcd prdsdrvjthkn k` tcd dnvhrknbdnt. cd ejst sdmthkn lhsmussds jnl jnjeysds tcd

mkvdrjid k` tkphms rdejthni tk mehbjtd mcjnid jnl jriuds tcjt tcd BMQ jpprkjmc

prdsdnts tcd mcjnmd tk ekkg jt iekaje wjrbhni ̀ rkb j edss aurdjumrjthm jnl smhdnth`hm

pdrspdmthvd.

4.: Njturd Vrktdmthkn jnl Ldstrumthkn

Hn chs pjpdr thtedl –cd Qcdtkrhm jnl Qdjehty k` Njturd Vrktdmthkn? kwjrl j Ndw

Lhsmkursd,‘ Ckeey Lkrdbus suiidstdl tcjt –njturd cjs ekni addn vhdwdl nkt kney

js tcd `kunljthkn k` cubjn suashstdnmd, aut jesk js j skurmd k` dmknkbhmjeey



30

hbpkrtjnt rdskurmds.‘1== Ht ikds whtckut sjyhni tcjt tcd `kunljthkn k` knd‘s

suashstdnmd jnl tcd skurmd k` knd‘s dmknkbhm rdskurmds jrd prhbkrlhje `kr tcd vdry

survhvje k` cubjn adhnis. Ckwdvdr, tchnis jrd nkt js shbped js tcdy bhict jppdjr

jt `hrst shict, dspdmhjeey jbknist tcd bdbadrs k` mkbbunhthds hn bjrihnjehsdl

jrdjs hn J`rhmj. Js tchs sdmthkn sckws, tcd vdry `jmt k` tryhni tk prktdmt knd‘s skurmdk` hnmkbd bhict edjl tk tcd ldstrumthkn k` pjrt k` tcd njturd. Hn ktcdr mjsds,

prktdmthni njturd hs dssdnthjeey j bjttdr k` lkhni aushndss. Xdt hn ktcdr mjsds, tcd

vdry `jmt tcjt njturje mjtjstrkpcds kr hrrdiuejrhthds kmmur bdjns j ndw skurmd k`

hnmkbd `kr bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty.

Edt‘s mknshldr Oksdpc Jrkn‘s :6tc Ound 1668 rdpkrt thtedl –jnzjnhj? Vdjsjnts

upsdt js phis ldstrky mrkps,‘1=< hn wchmc prktdmthkn jnl ldstrumthkn k` njturd

wdrd ehngdl hn j vdry hntdrdsthni wjy. chs rdpkrt wjs sckt hn j bjhzd pejntjthkn

wcdrd `jrbdrs ndjr Jruscj Njthknje Vjrg wdrd auhelhni bjgdsch`t cuts tk prktdmt

tcdbsdevds jijhnst rjhn wchest tcdy iujrldl tcdhr pejntjthkns. Iujrlhni pejntjthkns

jt nhict wjs nkt j usuje jmthvhty, aut wjs rjtcdr prkbptdl ay `rdqudnt nhicteyhnvjshkns ay whel phis jnl bkngdys `rkb tcd pjrg. cksd jnhbjes cjl jerdjly

ljbjidl bjhzd pejntjthkns, jnl pdjsjnts cjl ldmhldl tk ghee tcksd tcjt wkuel

vdnturd hntk tcdhr `jrbs jijhn.

chs rdpkrt hs jakut ldstrumthkn jt twk edvdes? kn knd cjnl, ldstrumthkn k`

bjhzd pejntjthkns ay whel phis jnl bkngdys, jnl kn tcd ktcdr, –ldstrumthkn‘ k` phis

jnl bkngdys ay `jrbdrs. Ckwdvdr, tcd ejttdr ldstrumthkn wjs lknd hn tcd njbd k`

prktdmthkn, js tcd `jrbdrs‘ jhb wjs nkt tk ghee tcd jnhbjes `kr tcd sjgd k` gheehni

tcdb, aut rjtcdr dnsurhni tcjt skbd bjhzd wdrd ed`t unthe cjrvdst thbd. Bjn-

jnhbje mknèhmts jrd skbdthbds hn tcd bjhnstrdjb ndws, aut knd rjrdey mjpturds

wcjt tcd akttkb tchngs jnl lkds tk dnsurd tcjt jnhbjes lk nkt kvdrwcdeb tcdb.Knmd jijhn, tcd rdpkrt jakut whel phis jnl bkngdys mkuel ad mrhthmhsdl `kr

`jhehni tk dxpejhn wcy tcd jnhbjes wdrd tchs thbd vdnturhni kutshld tcd prktdmtdl

jrdj. cd sjbd jriubdnts prkvhldl hn prdvhkus sdmthkns jnl mcjptdrs rdbjhn

vjehl. cd dmkekihst jnl zkkekihst jrd `jr jwjy hn tcd mjphtje mhty, jnl dvdn h` tcdy

wdrd ndjrdr, tcdy wkuel bkst prkajaey rdodmt j mhthzdn okurnjehst‘s rdqudst `kr jn

hntdrvhdw. Cdnmd tcd nddl `kr j mkbpedbdntjry jtthtuld adtwddn mhthzdn okurnjehsts

jnl mknvdnthknje okurnjehsts, js tcd `krbdr cjvd jmmdss tk tcd hnshldr vhdw wched

tcd ejttdr cjvd adttdr jmmdss tk k``hmhje jnl dxpdrt skurmds.

Ckwdvdr, nkt jee njturd ldstrumthkn rdpkrts `djturdl bjn-jnhbje mknèhmts.

]kbd k` tcdb wdrd ajsdl kn trjlhthknje prjmthmds ehgd ausc `hrd. Hn bjny J`rhmjnmkuntrhds, aurnhni tcd ausc prhkr tk j `jrbhni sdjskn hs tcd bkst njturje tchni,

jnl jmtujeey pjrt k` tcd `jrbhni prkmdss. Ausc `hrd ldstrkys aktc tcd skhes jnl

vdidtjthkn, aut `kr bkst `jrbdrs, ht mknsthtutds tcd adst wjy tk `drthehsd tcd skhe. Hn

knd rdpkrt thtedl –Gdnyj? Ausc `hrd js skhe `drthehzdr‘1=4 ay Vdrhs Yjhrhbu, tcd hldj

k` ausc `hrd js j `drthehsdr hs prjhsdl. Jmmkrlhni tk tcd rdpkrtdr, ausc `hrds cdepdl

`jrbdrs tk hnmrdjsd tcdhr prklumthvhty, jn jriubdnt scd suppkrtdl ay sckwhni j

irddn, jnl wdee-ekkghni bjhzd pejntjthkn.

Lurhni chs rdsdjrmc jakut ausc `hrds hn Adnhn, Okcn Ckuic jsgdl vheejidrs wcy

tcdy wkuel aurn tcd ausc jnl edjrnt `rkb tcdb tcjt tcd jmthvhty W:R cjl jewjys

addn lknd Wtcus, j bjttdr k` trjlhthknR7 W1R cdepdl tcdb medjr tcd ejnl ̀ kr hnstjnmd



39

dnjaehni tcdb tk idt rhl k` skricub stjegs tcjt lhl nkt djshey ldmjy Wtcus, prjmthmje

rdjsknsR7 W=R cdepdl cuntdrs èusc ijbd `rkb tcd ausc Wtcus, dmknkbhm rdjsknsR7jbknist ktcdr rdjskns W:6 hn tktjeR.1=0 @rkb tchs pdrspdmthvd, knd unldrstjnls tcd

rdpkrtdr‘s pkshthvd jpprkjmc tk ausc `hrd hn tcd mkbbunhty admjusd, js jn BMQ-

bhnldl okurnjehst, scd prkvhldl tcd tckuicts jnl vhdws k` cdr mkbbunhty jakut

tcjt njturd ldstrumthkn pcdnkbdnkn. Ajsdl kn tcdsd tckuicts, dnvhrknbdntjehsts

jnl njturd prdsdrvjthkn jutckrhthds cjl bjtdrhje kn wchmc tk ajsd tcdhr jwjrdndss

mjbpjhins.

Hn jbjed, Icjnj, cunthni hs knd k` tcd rdjskns wcy pdkped aurn auscds.

Hn j rdpkrt thtedl –Icjnj? Aurnhni ausc tk mjtmc oust rjts,‘1=9 Vsjeb Bjrg Zujk

`keekwdl rjt cuntdrs js tcdy sdt `hrd kn lrhdl irjss tk mcjsd rjts kut k` ht (@hiurd

:1). Cd sckwdl èjbds mknsubhni tcd ausc kn knd cjnl, jnl ykuni cuntdrs`krbhni j mcjhn jnl wjhthni `kr èddhni rjts kn tcd ktcdr. Knd ykuni bjn sjhl

cd dxmeushvdey aurnt auscds whtckut kwndrs. cd rjts tcjt tcdy mjuict wdrd djtdn

jnl/kr skel jt tcd ekmje bjrgdt. Jnktcdr ykuni bjn sjhl cd cjl nk mckhmd aut tk

dnijid hn rjt cunthni, js tcdrd wdrd nk ktcdr okas jvjhejaed.

Tnehgd Yjhrhbu wck jlkptdl jn jpprkvhni tknd jakut ausc `hrds hn cdr

mkbbunhty hn Bdru, Gdnyj, Zujk sddbdl tk cjvd jlkptdl j mrhthmje stjnmd hn

rdejthkn tk tcd cuntdrs‘ bdtckls. cd thted htsde` suiidsts tcjt aurnhni auscds `kr oust rjts sckuel nkt ousth`y tcd ljbjids mjusdl ay tcd ausc `hrds. Dvdn tcd jnswdr

prkvhldl ay knd hntdrvhdwdd tcjt tcdy wdrd nkt vdnturhni hntk pdkped‘s ejnl,

suiidsts tcjt tcd rdpkrtdr cjl WmrhthmjeeyR jsgdl jakut tcd dxtdnt k` ausc-`hrd-ajsdl

www.ykutuad.mkb/wjtmc;v2Gh`gzsgQqwH

Knd k` tcd shins k` tcd Cjrbjttjn hs lryndss. Lry ehps, lry irjssds, lrhdl up wdees, strdjbs jnl rhvdrs.Ausc `hrd hs rjbpjnt lurhni tchs sdjskn. ]kbdthbds, stknds gnkmghni jijhnst djmc ktcdr mjusd tcd `hrd.]kbdthbds tkk, ed`t kvdr mhijrdttds lhspksdl k`` hnlhsmrhbhnjtdey mjn mjusd ausc `hrd. Aut bkst ausc`hrds jrd hntdnthknje. Vdkped lk ht tk cunt ijbd.

@hiurd :1? Ausc rd eht ay rjt cuntdrs hn \jbjed, Icjnj.





38

Knd mjnnkt lhsmuss tchs rdpkrt whtckut rd`drrhni tk tcd –ausc `hrd `kr skhe

`drthehty‘ rdpkrt ay tcd sjbd rdpkrtdr jnl hn tcd sjbd jrdj. Hn tcjt rdpkrt, ausc `hrds

wdrd prjhsdl js bjghni skhes bkrd `drthed, wchest hn rdjehty ausc `hrds rjtcdr ldstrky

njturd. Hn tchs jnth-drkshkn lrjhn-lhiihni rdpkrt, tcd sjbd `drthehsjthkn jriubdnt

wjs put `krwjrl. Aktc rdpkrts jrd jakut mkbbunhty-hnhthjtdl jmthvhthds whtc lhrdmthbpjmt kn njturd. cd adehd` jt tcd mkbbunhty edvde hn aktc rdpkrts wjs tcjt

tcd twk jmthvhthds wdrd adnd`hmhje `kr njturd jnl `kr tcd mkbbunhty wcksd ejnl

wjs adehdvdl tk ad bjld bkrd prklumthvd. Mknshldrdl shld ay shld, tcdsd rdpkrts

jrd vdry hnstrumthvd `kr dnvhrknbdntje mjbpjhindrs jnl pkehmy bjgdrs, admjusd

tcdy prkvhldl j mkntrjlhmtkry unldrstjnlhni k` ckw njturd wkrgs jbknist tcd

bdbadrs k` tcjt pjrthmuejr mkbbunhty. Hn aktc mjsds, tcd jhb wjs tk dnrhmc tcd

skhes, nkt tk cjrb tcdb. Xdt, knd tdmcnhqud usdl tk tcjt dnl wjs njturd-un`rhdnley,

wched tcd ktcdr wjs njturd-`rhdnley.

Kn cdr shld, Adrye Kbunyj ̀ rkb tcd seub k` Ghadrj hn Njhrkah, Gdnyj, bjld j

sdrhds k` rdpkrts rdèdmthni skbd k` tcd wjys hn wchmc cdr mkbbunhty cjl dnijidlhnlhrdmtey hn njturd prktdmthkn jmthvhthds. Knd k` tcdb hs thtedl –Gdnyj? Ghadrj

ldvdekps kwn rdndwjaed dndriy.‘1<: cjt rdpkrt hs jakut tcd GhaEhict WGhadrj

EhictR ejbp prkodmt run ay Ghadrj Mkbbunhty Xkutc Vrkirjb WGMXVR. cd

rdpkrt stjrtdl whtc tcd sthee whldey usdl gdrksdnd ejbp whtc j meksd-up kn hts èjbd

jnl ùbds, ad`krd turnhni tk ]unljy Yymeh``d, j bdbadr k` tcd prkodmt tdjb, wck

dxpejhndl ckw tcd ejbp wkrgdl? tcd systdb wjs ckusdl hn j wkkldn mjsd, whtc

kn knd shld j skejr pjnde jnl kn tcd ktcdr j ckeldr whtc rdmcjridjaed JJ ajttdrhds

www.ykutuad.mkb/wjtmc;v2P@TuXY[OHjX

\cd seub k` Ghadrj, hn Njhrkah, Gdnyj whee `kridt pjrj``hn-pkwdr ejbps hn tcd mkbhnis bkntcs js tcdseub cjs mkbd kut whtc hts kwn pejns tk ldvdekp jnl usd rdndwjaed skejr dndriy tk ehict lwdeehnis.

@hiurd :=? Ekmjeey ldshindl ejbp hn tcd seub k` Ghadrj, Njhrkah.



86

(@hiurd :=). Lurhni tcd ljy, tcd skejr pjnde wjs dxpksdl tk sunehict tk rdmcjrid tcd

ajttdrhds mknndmtdl tk j sbjee auea tcjt prkvhldl ehict lurhni tcd nhict.

Ychest tcd rdpkrtdr medjrey tkkg jn dnvhrknbdntje stjnmd whtc j strkni strdss

kn tcd medjn dndriy jspdmt, tcd prkodmt mk-krlhnjtkr Dehsjadtc Kthdnk, wck wjs

jesk j bdbadr k` tcd mkbbunhty, sddbdl tk strdss tcd cdjetc jspdmt. @kr cdr,jee tcd ejbps hn usd jt tcjt thbd hn Ghadrj prklumdl ùbds tcjt wdrd nkt ikkl

`kr cdjetc. @rkb cdr pdrspdmthvd, ht wjs kavhkusey `kr tcjt cdjetc-rdejtdl rdjskn

tcjt tcd GhaEhict prkodmt cjl addn ejunmcdl. Ehgd tcd mjsd k` tcd rdpkrtdr wck

bjld tcd sjnl lhiihni stkry jnl wck dnldl up ehnghni dnvhrknbdnt tk ehvdehckkl

jnl ikvdrnjnmd, tcd GhaEhict rdpkrt prdsdntdl twk mkbbunhty pdrspdmthvds?

tcd rdpkrtdr‘s dnvhrknbdntje pdrspdmthvd jnl tcd mkbbunhty prkodmt‘s cdjetc

pdrspdmthvd. Tnehgd tcd rdpkrts jakut lhrdmt jmthkns hn tcd prdvhkus pjrjirjpcs, tchs

knd sckwdl jmthkns tcjt mkntrhautdl tk njturd prktdmthkn hn jn hnlhrdmt `jschkn.

cd mkbbunhty wjs nkt mknsmhkusey dnijihni hn njturd prktdmthkn hn j lhrdmt wjy,

aut wjs nkndtcdedss ikhni hn tcjt lhrdmthkn ay aktc ldshinhni jnl ushni j njturd-`rhdnley ejbp.

Dvdn tckuic tcd aushndss shld k` tcd rdpkrt jakut GhaEhict ejbps wjs nkt

chicehictdl, ht wjs hbpehdl tcjt tcd prkodmt wkuel idndrjtd skbd prk`ht, js tcd

ejbps wdrd `kr sjed rjtcdr tcjn `kr `rdd lhstrhauthkn. Ktcdr rdpkrts cjvd bkrd

dxpehmhtey dejakrjtdl kn tcd ehng adtwddn njturd prktdmthkn, wcdtcdr lhrdmt kr

hnlhrdmt, whtc skbd typds k` aushndss. @kr hnstjnmd, Vdrhs Yjhrhbu bjld j rdpkrt

thtedl –Gdnyj? Ckw busdub iujrl turndl trdd pejntdr‘1<1 jnl `djturdl jn kel bjn

mjeedl Okcn Bjrjou, wck kwndl j prkspdrkus trdd jnl èkur sddlehni aushndss.

Bjrjou, j `krbdr busdub iujrl, cjl 96,666 sddlehnis rdprdsdnthni 09 spdmhds k`

trdds jnl èkwdrs jt tcd thbd tcd rdpkrt wjs bjld, jnl wjs vdry prkul tk sjy tcjtcd wjs bjghni j prk`ht `rkb ht. Knd k` chs jsskmhjtds tkkg tcd rdpkrtdr kn j tkur

jnl dxpejhndl wjys hn wchmc tcdy prktdmtdl sddlehnis jijhnst lhsdjsds.

Ehgd Bjrjou, j <6-ydjr-kel whlkw mjeedl Irjmd Nyknod `rkb Tiunoj, Gdnyj,

cjl dnijidl hn sddlehni aushndss tk sustjhn cdr `jbhey `hnjnmhjeey. Hn j rdpkrt thtedl

–Gdnyj? Ykbjn mcjbphkns trdd pejnthni,‘1<= scd tkel Nodrh Bdrdsj tcjt scd cjl sk

`jr bjnjidl tk gddp cdr mchelrdn hn smckke, aut wjs wkrghni cjrl tk dnsurd tcjt

tcdy rdjmcdl mkeedid. Nyknod‘s wkrg mknshstdl hn mkeedmthni sddlehnis hn j ndjray

`krdst jnl rd-pejnthni tcdb hn j spdmhjeey prdpjrdl skhe bhxdl whtc krijnhm bjnurd.

Knmd tcd sddlehnis wdrd rdjly, scd wkuel sdee ht dhtcdr kn tcd spkt kr jt tcd Tiunoj

bjrgdt `kr j prhmd adtwddn 4 jnl 166 Gdnyjn ]cheehnis WT]$ 6.60 ” T]$ 1.=Rldpdnlhni kn tcd spdmhds. Pdry hntdrdsthniey, Nyknod mknshldrdl cdr jmthvhty aktc

js j aushndss jnl js jn d``hmhdnt pkvdrty-jeedvhjthkn jmthvhty. Jt knd pkhnt scd sjhl?

–H hnvhtd `jbhehds tk cjvd sbjee trdd nursdrhds hn tcd mkbpkunl. Ht cjs WidndrjtdsR

bkndy. Lkn‘t sht ajmg jnl sjy yku jrd j bjbj jnl WtcjtR yku mjn‘t bjgd ht. Xku

mjn bjgd ht.‘

Hn tchs jnl tcd prdvhkus rdpkrt, tcd rdpkrtdrs mcksd tcd aushndss pdrspdmthvd

rjtcdr tcjn jn dxpehmhtey dnvhrknbdntje knd. Nkndtcdedss, h` knd prkmddls ay

ldlumthkn, tcd prk`ht tcjt Bjrjou jnl Nyknod prkuley dvkgdl bdjnt mknshldrjaed

nubadrs k` skel, jnl tcus pejntdl, sddlehnis, wchmc mkntrhautdl tk rd`krdstjthkn.

Ht hs hbpkrtjnt tk unldrehnd tcdsd sdmknljry lhbdnshkns tcjt BMQ-hnsphrdl



8:

okurnjehsb cdeps tk arhni kut. Yd cjvd rdjehsdl tcjt tcd sjnl-lhiihni stkry tcjt wjs

jpprkjmcdl `rkb jn dnvhrknbdntje pdrspdmthvd, edl tk twk sdmknljry lhbdnshkns,

njbdey dmknkbhm ehvdehckkl jnl ikvdrnjnmd. Yd cjvd jesk pkhntdl kut tcjt tcd

bjhn pdrspdmthvd k` tcd GhaEhict rdpkrt wjs dnvhrknbdntje, whtc cdjetc jnl, tk j

edssdr dxtdnt, aushndss, js sdmknljry lhbdnshkns.Hn Xusu` Bjedeh‘s rdpkrt thtedl –Ghawdzh? urnhni lrkuict hntk aushndss,‘ 1<< tcd

aushndss lhbdnshkn jppdjrdl js tcd bjhn jnied k` mkvdrjid, jnl jmtujeey ed`t nk

rkkb `kr njturd prktdmthkn wchmc tcd vhdwdr cjs tk ldtdmt hn tcd ajmgirkunl.

cd rdpkrt hs shtujtdl jt tcd cdhict k` tcd 1668 prkeknidl lrkuict hn Gdnyj, tcd

knd tk wchmc H rd`dr hn bkrd ldptc hn tcd ejst sdmthkn k` tchs mcjptdr. Jt tcd thbd

Bjedeh bjld tcd rdpkrt, tcd mjtted cjl nk irddn pjsturds jnybkrd jnl kwndrs wck

cjl nkt `jmdl j shbhejr lrkuict ad`krd, wdrd ed`t whtc nk jetdrnjthvd. ]ulldney,

tcd hldj k` sdeehni cjy dbdridl. 4:-ydjr-kel Jinds Buksyk stjrtdl sdeehni cjy hn

tcd Gjbau bjrgdt hn tcd Ghawdzh lhstrhmt (@hiurd :<). ]cd sjhl scd cjl addn hn

aushndss `kr kney twk bkntcs jt tcd thbd tcd rdpkrt wjs bjld, jnl mkuel bjgd4,666 Gdnyjn ]cheehni WT]$ 43R j wddg.

Kavhkusey, tcd aushndss lhbdnshkn lkbhnjtdl tchs stkry, aut jee jekni knd

sbdees njturd prktdmthkn. Cubjns cjl nk wjy tk hnèudnmd wdjtcdr hrrdiuejrhthds

tk tcdhr jlvjntjid, aut gndw pjrt k` tcd njturd, njbdey mjtted, mkuel ad sjvdl.

]jvhni tcjt pjrt k` njturd mjeedl –mjtted‘ wjs jnktcdr `krb k` njturd prktdmthkn tcjt

www.ykutuad.mkb/wjtmc;v2@SdJYdrikpD

Mjtted cjvd nk irddn pjsturds jnybkrd hn bkst pejmds hn Gdnyj, dspdmhjeey hn Ghawdzh, wcdrd irddnpejnts cjvd admkbd rjrd lud tk lrkuict. Yched mjtted kwndrs jrd wkrrhdl, ktcdr pdkped, dspdmhjeeywkbdn, cjvd tjgdn jlvjntjid k` tcd shtujthkn tk mkeedmt stjeg jnl sdee ht tk mjtted kwndrs. Ht cjs admkbdj akkbhni aushndss.

@hiurd :<? Pheejidr sdeehni cjy lurhni unprdmdldntdl lrkuict.



81

jeekwdl rdjmchni twk ikjes jt knmd? J skurmd k` suashstdnmd wjs rdsmudl, jnl tcjt

rdsmud kpdrjthkn wjs hn htsde` j skurmd k` hnmkbd.

Hn sckrt, BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsb k``drs j ndw wjy k` scdllhni tcd ehict

kn njturd prktdmthkn jnl njturd ldstrumthkn jt tcd edvde k` mkbbunhthds. Ay

`kmushni kn wcjt tcd mkbbunhty tchngs jakut, jnl lkds whtc, njturd, BMQ-bhnldl rdpkrtdrs dnl up whtc stkrhds tcjt bhx tcdhr kwn sdnthbdnts k` survhvje,

tcdhr ehvdehckkl, jnl tcdhr ekmjeey ldshindl skeuthkns. Hn skbd mjsds, mkntrjlhmthkns

jppdjr adtwddn wcjt tcd mkbbunhty tchngs jnl wcjt hs idndrjeey tckuict tk ad

njturd-`rhdnley. BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsb cjs jesk prkvdn tk k``dr j wjy tk rdpkrt

njturd-rdejtdl hssuds nkt skedey `rkb jn dnvhrknbdntje pdrspdmthvd, aut jesk `rkb

ktcdr sdmknljry pdrspdmthvds tcjt dbdrid ̀ rkb hntdrvhdws whtc tcd bdbadrs k` tcd

mkbbunhty. cd ndxt sdmthkn dxpekrds BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsb jnl hts mkvdrjid

k` hssuds rdejthni tk wjstd bjnjidbdnt jnl pkeeuthkn.

4.1 Yjstds jnl Vkeeuthkn

cd dnvhrknbdnt js –tcd `kunljthkn k` cubjn suashstdnmd, aut jesk js j skurmd k`

dmknkbhmjeey hbpkrtjnt rdskurmds,‘ hs jesk tcd pejmd tcjt rdmdhvds wcjtdvdr rdbjhns

j`tdr tcksd rdskurmds cjvd addn, kr jrd adhni, dxpekhtdl. k put tcd nkthkns k` wjstd

jnl pkeeuthkn hn shbped tdrbs, edt‘s mknshldr skbd mknmrdtd dxjbpeds. Lrhnghni

wjtdr hs knd k` tcksd rdskurmds cubjns katjhn `rkb njturd. k mknsdrvd ht, pejsthm

aktteds kr mkntjhndrs jrd nddldl. Knmd wjtdr cjs addn mknsubdl, tcd pejsthm aktted

admkbds j wjstd. cd sjbd hs trud `kr tcd spjrd mjr pjrts tcjt jrd ld`dmthvd, ̀ kr ̀ kkl

htdbs tcjt wdrd nkt, jnl mjn nk eknidr ad, mknsubdl, `kr tcd wjtdr tcjt èkws jwjy

j`tdr j sckwdr jnl j`tdr wjschni lhscds, `kr tcd hnlustrhje suastjnmds tcjt jrd usdlhn bjnu`jmturhni kaodmts aut jrd dvjmujtdl jt knd pkhnt, dtm.

]kbd k` tcdsd wjstds jrd krijnhm Wd.i., `kkl wjstdsR jnl mjn ldmkbpksd jnl ad

pjrt k` tcd dnvhrknbdnt whtckut jny ljbjid, wchest ktcdrs Wd.i., pejsthm mkntjhndrsR

dhtcdr rdbjhn hntjmt `kr j vdry ekni pdrhkl kr mjusd skbd bhsajejnmd kr ljbjid tk

tcd dnvhrknbdnt. cd pcdnkbdnkn mjeedl pkeeuthkn mjn j``dmt jhr, skhe, jnl wjtdr,

wchmc jrd tcd bjhn dnvhrknbdntje mkbpkndnts kn wchmc cubjn suashstdnmd jnl

survhvje hs ajsdl. Hn tchs sdmthkn, H wjnt tk dxpekrd tcksd BMQ-hnsphrdl rdpkrts tcjt

mkvdrdl tcd nkthkns k` wjstd jnl pkeeuthkn, dspdmhjeey wjys hn wchmc mkbbunhty

bdbadrs pkshthkndl tcdbsdevds hn rdejthkn tk tcdsd twk nkthkns. H stjrt whtc mjsds

k` wjstd jnl pkeeuthkn js adhni pjrt k` ekmje ehvdehckkls ad`krd mknshldrhni tcksdhn wchmc wjstd jnl pkeeuthkn mknsthtutd j skurmd k` hnmkbd. Hn tcd dnl, H `kmus

kn tcksd rdpkrts hn wchmc wjstd jnl pkeeuthkn wdrd dxpehmhtey ldphmtdl js putthni

pdkped‘s ehvds hn ljnidr.

Hn j rdpkrt thtedl –Ikbj? Ej Vejid lu Vduped ldvhdnt un ejvd-jutk‘ 1<4 WIkbj? Vejid

lu Vduped nkw mjr-wjschni pkhntR, Bjiiuy Gjgued ldsmrhadl j vdry hntdrdsthni

shtujthkn hn wchmc wjstd jnl pkeeuthkn pejydl j shinh`hmjnt rked. ]cd kpdndl tcd

rdpkrt whtc j smdnd k` mchelrdn `dtmchni wjtdr `rkb tcd Ejgd Ghvu, wchmc wjs tcd

skurmd k` wjtdr `kr bkst rdshldnts, ad`krd sckwhni jee ktcdr pkeeuthni aut hnmkbd-

idndrjthni jmthvhthds tcjt wdrd tjghni pejmd kn tcd sckrds k` tcd ejgd. Xkuni bdn

wdrd wjschni vdchmeds ushni mcdbhmjes7 wkbdn wdrd medjnhni sbjee `hsc mjeedl



8=

]jbajzj ad`krd tjghni tcdb tk tcd bjrgdt7 ydt ktcdr bktcdrs wdrd wjschni mektcds

(@hiurd :4). Jee tcd wjtdr usdl hn tcksd jmthvhthds wjs `dtmcdl `rkb tcd ejgd, wcdrd

ht uethbjtdey rdturndl aut tchs thbd whtc jee tcd mcdbhmjes Wskjp, bktkr khe, dtm.R

usdl hn tcd vjrhkus wjschni jmthvhthds.

cd rdpkrtdr kavhkusey tkkg j lhsjpprkvhni jtthtuld jnl, hnstdjl k` chicehicthni wjys hn wchmc ykuni bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty bjnjidl tk djrn skbd bkndy, kr

wjys hn wchmc bktcdrs djrndl bkndy `rkb tcd `hsc trjld, scd wjntdl tk sckw ckw

ljnidrkus tcksd jmthvhthds wdrd tk puaehm cdjetc. ]cd hntdrvhdwdl j ekmje lhspdnsjry

nursd wck tkel cdr tcjt scd rdmdhvdl :6 tk :4 mjsds k` lhjrrckdj pdr bkntc, wchmc

tcd nursd aejbdl kn tcd mknsubpthkn k` pkeeutdl wjtdr. cdn, tcd mchd` k` Hbah

ndhicakurckkl, wck wjs rdspknshaed `kr tcjt pjrt k` tcd adjmc, jlbhttdl adhni

hnmjpjaed k` stkpphni tcksd jmthvhthds. Ycdndvdr cd trhdl tk lk sk cd `jhedl, js

pdkped wkuel mkbd ajmg tcd ndxt ljy. Jt tcd dnl, tcd rdpkrtdr sckwdl skbd pdkped

lhshn`dmthni tcdhr wjtdr whtc mcekrhnd ad`krd tjghni ht ckbd.

chs rdpkrt pksdl j mcjeednihni lhedbbj. Kn knd cjnl, pdkped nddldl tkdjrn skbd bkndy dhtcdr ay wjschni mjrs kr ay prkmdsshni `hsc ad`krd sdeehni tcdb,

kr desd ay sjvhni thbd jnl dndriy Way mkbhni tk wjsc jt tcd adjmc rjtcdr tcjn

`dtmchni odrry mjn j`tdr odrry mjnR. Xdt, ay lkhni tcjt, tcksd pdkped wdrd sekwey

aut surdey pkeeuthni tcd sjbd wjtdr tcdy wkuel lrhng jnl tcjt wkuel ad usdl

tk mkkg tcdhr `kkl, wchmc bjld ht jn dnledss vhmhkus mhrmed. cd pkwdredssndss

k` tcd ndhicakurckkl mchd` hs jesk hntdrdsthni, js ht mkuel ad hntdrprdtdl nkt js j

mkn`dsshkn k` pkwdredssndss aut rjtcdr js ekyjety tk tcd mkbbunhty tk wchmc cd

www.ykutuad.mkb/wjtmc;v2]Ewns39a3g3

Ju ejm Ghvu, æ ej pejid lu pduped eds cjahtjnts lds qujrthdrs j``dmtès pjr ej mjrdnmd l‘dju vhdnndnts‘jpprkvhshknndr dn dju pktjaed ldvdnud rjrd ldpuhs un mdrtjhn tdbps æ Ikbj. Nèjnbkhns, e‘usjid ldmdttd pejid ldvhdnt ld peus dn peus un ljnidr pkur ej pkpuejthkn ld Ikbj.

@hiurd :4? Xkuni bdn wjschni vdchmeds kn j adjmc hn Ikbj, LQ. Mknik.



8<

adeknidl. Hn ktcdr wkrls, `krmhni pdkped tk stkp tcd sked jmthvhthds tcjt dnjaedl

tcdb tk `ddl tcdhr `jbhehds whtckut k``drhni jn jetdrnjthvd wkuel ad jijhnst tcd

hntdrdsts k` chs kwn mkbbunhty.

Hn tcd ejst jnjeyshs, tcdn, tchs rdpkrt `kmusdl bjhney kn wjstd Wusdl wjtdr

bhxdl whtc mcdbhmjesR jnl kn tcd pkeeuthkn tcdy mjusdl knmd hn tcd ejgd, autcjl jt tcd sjbd thbd ktcdr hbpkrtjnt lhbdnshkns. Cdjetc `kr hnstjnmd dbdridl

js j prdkmmupjthkn dbjnjthni `rkb tcd wjstd-pkeeuthkn mkbahnjthkn. Jetckuic

nkt bdnthkndl, dmknkbhm ehvdehckkls ckvdrdl jee jekni tcd ehnd, js tcd mjusd k`

pkeeuthkn wjs prdsdntdl js pdkped‘s sked skurmd k` hnmkbd. @hnjeey, ikvdrnjnmd ̀ jheurd

trjnsphrdl hn tcd ajmgirkunl, js puaehm k``hmhjes sddbdl mkbpedtdey jasdnt `rkb

tcd idndrje phmturd, wchest njturd prktdmthkn jnl puaehm cdjetc wdrd jt stjgd.

Ht hs hbpkrtjnt tk nktd cdrd tcjt tcd rdpkrtdr lhl nkt hntdrvhdw jny k` tcd pdkped

hnvkevdl hn tcd hnmkbd-idndrjthni aut wjtdr-pkeeuthni jmthvhthds, wchest scd wjs

suppksdl tk vkhmd tcdhr pdrspdmthvd. By kphnhkn cdrd cjs twk mkbpkndnts? `hrstey,

adhni hnhthjeey j mknvdnthknje okurnjehst, tcd rdpkrtdr sddbdl tk cjvd usdl cdr rdèdxk` ikhni ̀ hrst tk tcd k``hmhje skurmds, njbdey tcd nursd jnl tcd ndhicakurckkl mchd`

Wjetckuic tcd ejttdr wjs jesk j bdbadr k` tcd mkbbunhtyR. ]dmknley, ihvdn cdr

mcksdn jnied k` mkvdrjid, njbdey knd k` lhsjpprkajthkn, scd `det tcjt tcd stjnljrl

twk bhnutd ednitc wkuel nkt edjvd cdr dnkuic rkkb `kr jllhthknje twk kr bkrd

hntdrvhdws. ]cd bhict tcdn cjvd ldmhldl tk usd cdr kasdrvjthkn jnl hnshldr

gnkwedlid jakut tcd jmthvhthds, jnl tk `jvkur k``hmhje skurmds tcjt ajmgdl cdr

lhsjpprkvhni stjnmd. Jt tcd dnl, wd sthee cjl wcjt tcd akttkb lhl, jnl hbpehmhtey

wcjt tcdy tckuict jakut wcjt tcdy lhl.

cd shtujthkn ldsmrhadl hn j rdpkrt thtedl –Njhrkah? Lubphni shtd admkbds `drthed

`jrb‘1<0 ay Adrye Kbunyj hs edss mkbpedx, aut dqujeey rdèdmtdl knd wjy hn wchmcekmje mkbbunhty bdbadrs bjnjidl tk hntdrjmt whtc njturd tk tcdhr jlvjntjid.

J mkbbunhty-ajsdl irkup mjeedl Ghadrj Xkutc Qd`krb ]de`-Cdep Irkup medjndl

j `krbdr lubphni shtd jnl turndl ht hntk j –`drthed `jrb‘ tcjt suppehdl tcd seub

bjrgdt whtc `rdsc vdidtjaeds. cd jhb k` tcd irkup, js hts sdmrdtjry sjhl, wjs tk

cdep seub ykutcs ad sde`-rdehjnt. cd rdpkrtdr sckwdl j ykuni bjn mutthni mjaajid

`rkb chs `jrb `kr j mehdnt wck prd`drrdl tk auy lhrdmtey `rkb tcd `jrb Wrjtcdr tcjn

jt tcd bjrgdtR.

Hn mkntrjst whtc tcd prdvhkus rdpkrt jnl hts lhsjpprkvhni tknd, tchs knd wjs

bjrgdl ay dntcushjsb jee jekni. Ychest kpdnhni tcd rdpkrt, tcd rdpkrtdr k``drdl jn

kvdrvhdw k` tcd ijrldn jnl mkbbdntdl sjyhni? –Js adjuthùe js ht ekkgs, ht wjs knmdj lubphni shtd.‘ chs hnhthje mkbbdnt wjs `keekwdl ay tcd d``krts bjld ay tcd

mkbbunhty tk idt rhl k` skbdtchni ndijthvd, tcd lubphni shtd, ay turnhni ht hntk

skbdtchni pkshthvd, j `drthed `jrb. cd rdpkrt suiidstdl tcjt bkndy `keekwdl tcd

hnhthjthvd? vdidtjaeds wdrd lhspejydl jt tcd bjrgdt, jnl mehdnts wdrd dvdn mkbhni tk

`dtmc tcdb `rkb tcd `jrb.

chs rdpkrt mkuel ad hntdrprdtdl hn twk wjys? `hrstey, ht mkuel ad pdrmdhvdl js

j sde`-mknirjtuejtkry rdpkrt, wcdrday tcd mkbbunhty tkel tcd wkrel tcjt ht cjl

lknd skbdtchni irdjt ay rdbkvhni tcd ljnidrkus lubphni shtd jnl suppeyhni tcd

bjrgdt whtc vdidtjaeds. cjt hs wcjt tcjt pjrthmuejr mkbbunhty wjs tchnghni jakut

htsde` jnl hts d``krts jt tcjt bkbdnt. ]dmknley, tcd rdpkrt mkuel ad mknshldrdl `rkb





80

Knd mjn dvdn ik ùrtcdr jnl sjy tcjt ktcdr hssuds unldrehndl bkst k` tcdsd

rdpkrts. cd mjr wjscdrs jnl tcd `hsc prkmdsskrs wdnt tk lk tcdhr hnmkbd-idndrjthni

jmthvhthds jt tcd adjmc admjusd tcdy cjl nk ktcdr pejmd tcjt cjl jpprkprhjtd ̀ jmhehthds

tk prkvhld tcdb whtc wjtdr jnl tk rdmymed usdl knd. cd seub ykutcs medjndl tcd

lubphni shtd, bkst prkajaey admjusd tcdy cjl nk ktcdr ejnl tk dxpekht hn tcdvhmhnhty. cd sjbd wjs trud whtc tcd `jrbdr ndjr tcd Njhrkah Qhvdr, wck wjs j`rjhl

k` adhni mcjsdl kut.

Hn tcd ejst jnjeyshs, tcdn, knd mjn mkn`hldntey sjy tcjt BMQ-bhnldl okurnjehsts

bjld ht pksshaed tk mknshldr wjstd jnl pkeeuthkn nkt oust ̀ kr tcd sjgd k` mknshldrhni

tcdb, aut ay mrdjthni mknndmthkns adtwddn tcdb jnl ktcdr hssuds `jmhni bdbadrs

k` tcd mkbbunhty. Knmd jijhn, knd rdjehsds tcjt BMQ-bhnldl okurnjehsts cjvd nk

knd shnied pjtc tk `keekw hn tcdhr rdpkrthni. cd sked sjmrdl prhnmhped hs tk gddp

wcjt tcd akttkb tchngs jt tcd mdntrd. Ycjt tcd rdpkrtdr lkds whtc ht ldpdnls

kn tcdhr kwn gnkwedlid, vhdws, jnl mrdjthvhty. cd rdpkrtdr bhict dbarjmd tcd

dntcushjsb dxprdssdl ay tcdhr mkbbunhty, kr dxprdss tcdhr smdpthmhsb wchest jt tcdsjbd thbd vkhmhni tcd mkbbunhty‘s dntcushjsb.

4.= Ld-aurdjumrjthshni Mehbjtd Mcjnid

Knd pkpuejr tkphm tcjt cjs lkbhnjtdl lhsmusshkns jakut tcd dnvhrknbdnt hn tcd

ejst twk ldmjlds kr sk hs iekaje wjrbhni, j pcdnkbdnkn tcjt cjs addn aejbdl

js mjushni mehbjtd mcjnid. Mehbjtd mcjnid, hts mjusds jnl hts mknsdqudnmds cjvd

lhvhldl tcd smhdnth`hm mkbbunhty, jnl j mknsdnsus hs `jr `rkb rdjmcdl. Adshlds,

tcd smhdnmd adchnl mehbjtd mcjnid hs nkt jmmdsshaed tk tcd ejy puaehm, js kney

tcd hnhthjtdl sddb tk unldrstjnl wcjt mjusds ht, jnl tk wchmc mknsdqudnmds htedjls. Hn hts rdpkrt thtedl –Mehbjtd Mcjnid 1669? cd Vcyshmje ]mhdnmd Ajshs,‘ tcd

Hntdrikvdrnbdntje Vjnde kn Mehbjtd Mcjnid WHVMMR nktdl tcjt mehbjtd mcjnid wjs

lud tk –mcjnids hn tcd jtbkspcdrhm jaunljnmd k` irddnckusd ijsds jnl jdrkskes, hn

skejr rjlhjthkn jnl hn ejnl sur`jmd prkpdrthds WtcjtR jetdr tcd dndriy ajejnmd k` tcd

mehbjtd systdb.‘1<3 cd rdpkrt pkhntdl kut tcjt mknmdntrjthkns k` mjrakn lhkxhld,

bdtcjnd jnl nhtrkus kxhld cjl hnmrdjsdl bjrgdley tk tcd dxtdnt k` dxmddlhni prd-

hnlustrhje vjeuds.

cd J`rhmjn Okurnjehsb smckejrs wck bdt hn ]kutc J`rhmj hn 16:: tk rdèdmt

upkn tcd mcjeednid k` mehbjtd mcjnid ̀ kr okurnjehsb hn J`rhmj, mknvdridl hn sjyhni

tcjt okurnjehsts Wehgd tcd ejy puaehmR lhl nkt ̀ ueey unldrstjnl tcd smhdnmd k` mehbjtdmcjnid,1<8 wchmc puscdl tcdb tk pjy edss jttdnthkn tk tcjt suaodmt. H` okurnjehsts

tcdbsdevds sthee nddl tk ùeey unldrstjnl tcd smhdnmd adchnl mehbjtd mcjnid, ht

`keekws tcjt tcd mkbbunhty htsde` jnl hts bdbadrs wck jrd jn hbpkrtjnt skurmd

k` tcd BMQ-bhnldl okurnjehst jrd dvdn bkrd hinkrjnt k` tcjt smhdnmd. Adshlds

smhdnth`hm unldrstjnlhni k` mehbjtd mcjnid, ktcdr rdjskns cjvd addn bdnthkndl

tk dxpejhn wcy ndws bdlhj kutedts lk nkt mkvdr ndws rdejthni tk mehbjtd mcjnid.

@hrstey, tcdy lk nkt –sdee‘ js tcdy k`tdn ejmg sdnsjthknjehsb jnl ktcdr trjlhthknje

`djturds tcjt jttrjmt julhdnmds.146 ]dmknley, tcdy k`tdn edjl tk mknèhmts k` hntdrdsts

wcdrday ndws bdlhj `hrbs jrd mjuict hn adtwddn jnl ed`t whtc nk mckhmd aut tk

sghp tcksd stkrhds.14:



89

Js tchs sdmthkn sckws, tcd BMQ-bhnldl okurnjehst cjs tcd jlvjntjid tcjt nk

ùee unldrstjnlhni k` tcd smhdnmd adchnl mehbjtd mcjnid hs rdquhrdl, js tcd nddldl

unldrstjnlhni hs knd k` tcd d``dmts Wkr tcksd mknshldrdl skR k` tcjt dnvhrknbdntje

pcdnkbdnkn, jnl k` tcd jmthkns tcjt tcd mkbbunhty tjgds tk prdvdnt kr jiirjvjtd

ht. Hn ktcdr wkrls, tcd BMQ-bhnldl okurnjehst mkeedmts hn`krbjthkn jnl pjmgjidsht `rkb tcd mkbbunhty‘s pdrspdmthvd jnl hnvhtds vhdwdrs, hnmeulhni smhdnthsts, tk

hntdrprdt tcjt hn`krbjthkn hn knd wjy kr jnktcdr.

cd rdpkrt thtedl –Hshkek? Mjtted mjnnkt rdshst lrkuict jny bkrd‘, 141 ay Gdnyjn

rdpkrtdr Jlcd Lhlj, hs knd dxjbped tcjt hnvhtds dxpdrts jnl tcksd gnkwedlidjaed

hn mehbjtkekiy tk lrjw tcdhr mknmeushkns. Kn knd cjnl, tcd rdpkrt sckwdl ckw

dxtrdbd lrkuict tcrdjtdndl pjstkrjehsts‘ ehvdehckkl, js tcdhr mjtted mkuel nkt dvdn

wjeg tk tcd rdbjhnhni wjtdr pkhnts, edt jeknd tk tcd mjtted bjrgdt (@hiurd :0).

Kn tcd ktcdr cjnl, tcd rdpkrt hn`krbdl tcjt tcd ikvdrnbdnt k` Gdnyj cjl tjgdn

dbdridnmy bdjsurds ay bjsshvdey auyhni wdjg mjtted jnl trjnspkrthni tcdb ay

trumg tk tcd mjtted bjrgdt. cd bjhn ndws hn tchs rdpkrt wjs tcd ikvdrnbdnt‘sjmthkn tk rdsmud pjstkrjehsts hn Hshkek, aut hn tcd ajmgirkunl, knd ldtdmts tcjt

lrkuict, jn dnvhrknbdntje pcdnkbdnkn tcjt j``dmts mjtted‘s survhvje jnl tk j irdjt

dxtdnt, cubjns‘ ehvdehckkl, wjs kbnhprdsdnt hn tchs rdpkrt.

Ht hs hbpkrtjnt tk nktd cdrd tcjt tcd rdpkrtdr rd`rjhndl `rkb spdmuejthni jakut

tcd mjusd k` dxtrdbd lrkuict. Ckwdvdr, ihvdn tcjt tcd ikvdrnbdnt bdjsurd wjs

prdsdntdl js unprdmdldntdl, jnl shnmd tcd rdpkrtdr wjs nkt rdbhnlhni k` jny prdvhkus

lrkuict shbhejr tk tcd knd cd rdpkrtdl jakut, ht mkuel ad sjhl tcjt skbdtchni cjl

mcjnidl hn tcd wdjtcdr pjttdrn. chs jssubpthkn wjs mkb`krtdl ay tcd jlvhmd k`

tcd puaehm k``hmhje hn mcjrid k` ehvdstkmg prklumthkn tk j``dmtdl pjstkrjehsts, tcjt

tcdy sckuel gddp tcd bkndy unthe tcd ndxt rjhns mjbd. chs ldmejrjthkn adtrjydljn kavhkus unmdrtjhnty js tk wcdn tcd ndxt rjhns wkuel mkbd.

]dvdrje bkntcs j`tdr tcd lrkuict-j``dmtdl mjtted rdpkrt, tcd sjbd rdpkrtdr, wck

wjs j bdbadr k` tcd Hshkek pjstkrjehst mkbbunhty, bjld twk `keekw-up rdpkrts

tcjt sckwdl tcjt tcd pjstkrjehsts‘ eh`d wjs mkbpedtdey tjghni jnktcdr lhrdmthkn. cd

`hrst knd thtedl –Gdnyj? Vjstkrjehsts dnijid hn jirhmueturd,‘14= wjs jakut pjstkrjehsts

hnvdsthni hn `jrbhni, prkajaey ushni tcd bkndy tcdy cjl mkeedmtdl j`tdr sdeehni

tcdhr mjtted tk ikvdrnbdnt. Knd pjstkrjehst sjhl tcjt tcd prkeknidl lrkuict tcjt

cjl gheedl bkst k` tcdhr mjtted cjl prkbptdl tcdb tk lhvdrsh`y tcdhr skurmds k`

hnmkbd. Js tcd rdpkrt wjs adhni bjld, pjstkrjehsts wdrd cjrvdsthni. cd sdmknl

rdpkrt thtedl –Gdnyj? Vjstkrjehsts turn tk `hsc `jrbhni,‘14< mkn`hrbdl tcd trdnl tcjtpjstkrjehsts cjl rdnkunmdl tktje ldpdnldnmd kn mjtted. Yhtc j tktje k` 46 thejphj

`hsc, tcdy lui j nubadr k` pkkes, jnl wdrd hntdnlhni tk dxpjnl tcjt hnhthjthvd.

cdsd tcrdd rdpkrts `rkb jnl jakut Hshkek pjstkrjehst mkbbunhthds mkuel

ad ihvdn bjny ldsmrhpthkns ldpdnlhni kn wcdrd knd puts tcd strdss. cdy wdrd

ld`hnhtdey jakut dmknkbhm ehvdehckkl, js tcd pjstkrjehsts‘ sked skurmd k` hnmkbd

sddbdl tk ad hn odkpjrly. cdy mdrtjhney tkumcdl upkn WikklR ikvdrnjnmd, js tcd

ikvdrnbdnt tkkg hts rdspknshahehty hn jmthni swh`tey hn tcd hntdrdsts k` hts mhthzdns

hn nddl. cdy jrd lkuatedss dnvhrknbdntje rdpkrts, js tcd mcjnid hn wdjtcdr

pjttdrn wjs aejbdl `kr tcd mjtjstrkpcd. Ycdtcdr tcjt mcjnid k` pjttdrn wjs tcd

rdsuet k` mehbjtd mcjnid hs jnktcdr lhsmusshkn adyknl tcd smkpd k` BMQ-hnsphrdl





88

Jnktcdr knd thtedl –Ghehbjnojrk? Ejst iejmhdr aekmgs `jeehni jpjrt‘149 wjs

dvdn bkrd lrjbjthm whtc meksd-ups k` tcd oust `jeedn aekmgs tcjt stjrtdl bdethni

hbbdlhjtdey. Bjdlj adijn chs stkry sjyhni tcjt tcd ahi mrjmg cjl cjppdndl tcdprdvhkus bkntc. Ycdn cd rdturndl, cd `kunl tcjt tcd mrjmg cjl arkgdn hntk

sbjeedr aekmgs, wchmc wdrd kn tcdhr turn bdethni (@hiurd :3). chs nk-hntdrvhdw

rdpkrt dnldl whtc Bjdlj sjyhni? –Ht whee ad sjl, wcdn tchs iejmhdr hs iknd.‘ cd

ndws cdrd wjs kavhkusey tcjt knd ahi phdmd cjl arkgdn `rkb tcd rdbjhnhni hmd

mjp. cd rdpkrtdr‘s mkbbdnt suiidstdl tcjt cd, ehgd chs mkbbunhty, cjl dxpdmtdl

tcjt tcd arkgdn pjrt wkuel stjy hntjmt. cd rdpkrtdr rdjehsdl whtc sjlndss tcjt

mrjmghni wjs oust tcd adihnnhni k` j prkmdss tcjt wkuel dnl whtc tcd mkbpedtd

lhsjppdjrjnmd k` tcd `jeedn phdmd, jnl ejtdr kn, k` tcd dnthrd hmd mjp.

]jlndss mjbd ajmg hn jnktcdr rdpkrt thtedl –Ghehbjnojrk iuhlds pkwdredss js hmd

bdets,‘143

hn wchmc tcd rdpkrtdr hntdrvhdwdl twk iuhlds wck wdrd whtc chb ndjrtcd tkp k` Ghehbjnojrk. Knd k` tcdb cjl cdjrl `rkb Jbdrhmjn rdsdjrmcdrs, wckb

cd cjl jmmkbpjnhdl hn 166<, tcjt tcd hmd mjp wkuel lhsjppdjr hn :4 ydjrs. @kr

chb, tcd hmd wkuel nkt wjht tcjt ekni. Cd wjs j`rjhl tcjt tkurhsts wkuel nkt mkbd

ajmg, js bkst k` tcksd cd iuhldl wdrd hntdrdstdl hn mehbahni whtc chgds hn tcd hmd.

–Ht whee ad vdry sjl wcdn tchs iejmhdr cjs lhsjppdjrdl,‘ cd sjhl. Ckwdvdr, cd cjl

skbd ckpd, js cd tckuict tcjt tkurhsts wck cjl addn tcdrd ad`krd wkuel rdturn tk

lhsmkvdr wcjt tcd hmdedss Ghehbjnojrk tkp wkuel ekkg ehgd.

cdsd rdpkrts jakut tcd bdethni k` tcd Ghehbjnojrk hmd mjp rdvdje twk

hntdrdsthni jspdmts k` BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsb? `hrstey, j lhsjstdr jttrhautdl tk

mehbjtd mcjnid wjs lhsmussdl ay tcksd wck hinkrdl tcd smhdnmd adchnl ht, aut

www.ykutuad.mkb/wjtmc;v2:z[ny9:aQkT

@kr ydjrs nkw, tcd adjuthùe Ghehbjnojrk iejmhdrs cjvd addn irjlujeey bdethni, tk tcd dxtdnt k` prdlhmthnihts tktje lhsjppdjrjnmd hn j ldmjld kr twk.

@hiurd :9? Ghehbjnojrk hmd mjp mrjmg.



:66

wck gndw dvdrytchni jakut wcjt tcd bdethni k` tcd hmd mjp wkuel bdjn `kr tcdhr

hnmkbds. cd iuhlds jnl tcd rdpkrtdr strdssdl tcd –sjl‘ shtujthkn hn wchmc tcdy

wkuel `hnl tcdbsdevds wcdn tcd hmd mjp hs mkbpedtdey iknd. ]dmknley, adyknl tcdekss k` hnmkbd jnl tcd unmdrtjhnty tcjt ikds whtc ht, knd sdds j strkni dbkthknje

jttjmcbdnt tk Ghehbjnojrk. chs wjs rdèdmtdl hn tcd bhxturd k` ckpd jnl `djr tcjt

tcd rdpkrtdr dxprdssdl wcdn cd rdturndl tk tcd tkp kney tk rdjehsd tcjt tcd `jeedn

mrjmg cjl stjrtdl bdethni j`tdr ardjghni hntk phdmds. cd sjbd bhxturd k` ckpd

jnl `djr wjs kasdrvdl jbknist tcd iuhlds, wck tckuict tcjt tcd ndw ekkg k` tcdhr

Bkunt wkuel ad dqujeey jttrjmthvd.

chs sdmthkn cjs chicehictdl kney twk jspdmts k` mehbjtd mcjnid Wkr wcjt mkuel

ad mknshldrdl skR. Tnehgd bkst rdpkrts hn bjhnstrdjb okurnjehsb, BMQ-hnsphrdl

okurnjehsb bjnjids tk ardjg, kr jt edjst tk hinkrd, tcd smhdnth`hm ajrrhdrs tcjt dhtcdr

prdvdnt okurnjehsts `rkb vdnturhni hntk rdpkrthni jakut tcjt suaodmt, kr prkbpttcdb tk wjht `kr bjokr dvdnts Wmkn`drdnmds, bddthnis, wkrgsckps, (hntdr)njthknje

ljy k`…R tk rdpkrt kn ht.148 Js Jejn @hnejy wrktd, lud tk tcd `jmt tcjt ndwsrkkbs

jrd ajsdl hn mhthds `jr `rkb rurje mkbbunhthds, wcdrd tcd bkst jlvdrsd d``dmts k`

mehbjtd mcjnid jrd `det Wtchng k` tcd lrkuict-wdjgdndl mjtted hn HshkekR, okurnjehsts

`jmd j `rjbhni prkaedb, js tcdy jrd k`tdn hnmehndl tk rdpkrt `rkb tcd vjntjid pkhnt

k` phty.106

Hn mkntrjst, js tchs sdmthkn cjs sckwn, BMQ-bhnldl okurnjehsts tdnl tk mckksd

tcdhr jnied k` mkvdrjid hn sumc j wjy tcjt tcd bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty tdee tcd

stkry, dxprdss tcdhr `djr jnl tcdhr ckpds, jnl prdsdnt tcd hnhthjthvds tcjt tcdy tjgd

tk skevd hssuds `jmhni tcdb. Qdpkrthni jakut mehbjtd mcjnid hn tchs wjy hs bjghni

cttp?//www.ykutuad.mkb/wjtmc;v2ZhVBiqdQ1i6

Jahsjd Bjdlj, Pkhmdsk`J`rhmj bkahed rdpkrtdr hn Jruscj, \jnzjnhj (:< Bjrmc 1668)-\cd ejst aekmgs k`hmd kn tcd tkp k` Ghehbjnojrk jrd irjlujeey ldtjmchni tcdbsdevds jnl `jeehni lkwn, tcdrday quhmgdnhnitcd bdethni prkmdss k` tcd edidnljry iejmhdr k` J`rhmj‘s chicdst bkuntjhn.

@hiurd :3? Ghehbjnojrk hmd mjp bdethni.



:6:

tcjt mkbpedx jnl jebkst aurdjumrjthm mknmdpt jmmdsshaed tk tcd ejy puaehm kn knd

cjnl, jnl ihvhni ht j mknmrdtd `jmd ay sckwhni wcjt ht bdjns tk ekmje mkbbunhthds,

kn tcd ktcdr.

Mknmeushkn

Hn tchs `hnje mcjptdr ldlhmjtdl tk tcdbjthm jnjeyshs tcrdd suaodmts wdrd lhsmussdl,

jee k` wchmc rdejtd tk tcd dnvhrknbdnt. Ht kpdndl whtc rdpkrts tcjt ekkgdl jt njturd

`rkb tcd prktdmthkn-ldstrumthkn pdrspdmthvd, tk pkhnt kut tcjt tcd shtujthkn bhict

ad mkbpedx hn bjny mjsds. Njturd adhni aktc tcd `kunljthkn k` suashstdnmd `kr

aktc cubjns jnl jnhbjes, ht hs nkt jewjys djsy tk prktdmt cubjns‘ skurmds k`

suashstdnmd, dspdmhjeey wcdn jnhbjes mejhb tcksd vdry skurmds ̀ kr tcdhr kwn survhvje.

chs mcjptdr cjs sckwn wjys hn wchmc BMQ-bhnldl rdpkrtdrs mkvdrdl tcjt hssud

`rkb tcd pdrspdmthvd k` tcd mkbbunhthds tk wchmc tcdy adeknidl. Hn jllhthkn, ht

cjs jppdjrdl tcjt tjeghni jakut njturd prktdmthkn jnl ldstrumthkn mjn cjrley adpksshaed h` knd hinkrds ekmje trjlhthkns jnl mueturje kr dmknkbhm jmthvhthds.

H cjvd jesk mknshldrdl tcksd dnvhrknbdntje rdpkrts tcjt kptdl `kr tcd wjstd

jnl pkeeuthkn pdrspdmthvd. Yjstd hs unjvkhljaed hn jny skmhdty aut tcd wjys

hn wchmc mkbbunhthds cjnled tcdhr wjstd, kr tcksd tcjt cjppdn tk ad kn tcdhr

tdrrhtkry jrd lh``drdnt. Hn tchs mcjptdr, H lhsmussdl tcksd rdpkrts tcjt pkrtrjydl tcd

wjstd jnl pkeeuthkn hssud js j lhedbbj, js tcd vdry `jmt k` pkeeuthni mknsthtutdl

j skurmd k` hnmkbd `kr skbd bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty. Hn ktcdr mjsds, BMQ-

bhnldl okurnjehsts prdsdntdl ekmje mkbbunhty hnhthjthvds nkt kney tk medjn tcdhr

dnvhrknbdnt, aut jesk tk idndrjtd hnmkbd ay dxpekhthni tcd rdmkvdrdl ejnl. H cjvd

strdssdl tcjt wchest skbd rdpkrtdrs wkuel scjrd tcd mkbbunhty‘s dntcushjsb hntcksd hnhthjthvds, ktcdrs wkuel kpt `kr j bkrd smdpthmje tknd.

@hnjeey, H jnjeysdl tcd rdpkrts tcjt wdrd bjld jakut mehbjtd mcjnid, j mknmdpt

tcjt sddbdl tk bjgd sdnsd bjhney tk smhdnthsts jnl pkehmy bjgdrs, wchest ht bdjnt

vdry ehtted aktc tk okurnjehsts jnl bdbadrs k` mkbbunhthds hn bjrihnjehsdl jrdjs. J

`dw dxjbpeds cjvd sckwn wjys hn wchmc BMQ-bhnldl okurnjehsts jpprkjmcdl tcjt

mkbpedx suaodmt, ay ihvhni tcd pcdnkbdnkn k` mehbjtd mcjnid j mknmrdtd cubjn

`jmd. Ht jppdjrdl tcjt tcd smhdnth`hm unldrstjnlhni k` mehbjtd mcjnid wjs k` ehtted

hbpkrtjnmd mkbpjrdl tk tcd d``dmts Wkr tcksd pdrmdhvdl skR k` tcjt pcdnkbdnkn

kn pdkped‘s ehvdehckkl. Bkrdkvdr, ht cjs dbdridl tcjt mkntrjry tk phty-tjhntdl

rdpkrts tcjt knd k`tdn rdjls kr sdds hn mknvdnthknje okurnjehsb, BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsb `kmusdl nkt kney kn mjtjstrkpcds, aut jesk kn ekmjeey hnhthjtdl jttdbpts

jt skeuthkns.







:6<

dnmkurjidl tk èkurhsc jnl dvdn tk hntdrjmt. Hn tcjt ejnlsmjpd, okurnjehsb wkuel

ùeey jnl bkrd d``hmhdntey pejy hts rked js bdlhjtkr k` tcd puaehm spcdrd, wcdrd tcd

akttkb wkuel ad hnvkevdl hn ldajtds jnl lhsmusshkns jakut hssuds tcjt tkumc upkn

tcdhr ehvds jnl ehvdehckkl.

cd sdmknl idndrje mknmeushkn hs tcjt BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsb hs `jr `rkb pdr`dmt, oust ehgd mknvdnthknje okurnjehsb hs. Ht jttdbpts tk `hee knd ijp, aut hn lkhni skht mrdjtds j ndw knd . Hn bjny mjsds, hssuds rdejthni tk hnmkbpedtdndss, ejmg k` skbd

gdy ldtjhes, dtchms, jbknist ktcdrs, jrhsd. Ckwdvdr, tcdsd hssuds jrd nkt j spdmh`hmhty

k` BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsb, js mknvdnthknje okurnjehsb, tkk, su``drs `rkb tcdb.

Ht hs cdrd tcjt tcd nddl `kr aktc pddr jnl prk`dsshknje mkjmchni mkuel ad vjeujaed,

js ht wkuel dnjaed tcdsd ndw typds k` okurnjehsts tk hbprkvd whtc djmc jnl dvdry

ndw bkahed rdpkrt tcdy bjgd. Ay prk`dsshknje mkjmchni H bdjn `ddlajmg jnl

suiidsthkns ̀ kr hbprkvdbdnt tcjt prk`dsshknjeey trjhndl okurnjehsts wkuel prkvhld

tk tcdhr mhthzdn mkuntdrpjrts.

Js H bdnthkndl skbdwcdrd hn mcjptdr twk, tcd BMQ jpprkjmc jppehds tkaktc mhthzdn jnl prk`dsshknje okurnjehsb. cd bkahed rdpkrts tcjt H lhsmussdl hn

tchs akkg wdrd bjld ay rdpkrtdrs adeknihni tk aktc mjtdikrhds. Dvdn tckuic tcd

uethbjtd jhb hs tcd sjbd, mjpturhni wcjt tcd akttkb tchngs, tcd wjy hn wchmc

tcjt jhb hs rdjmcdl hs lh``drdnt. chs edjls tk by tchrl idndrje mknmeushkn tcjt

prk`dsshknje okurnjehsts wck dbarjmd tcd BMQ jpprkjmc tdnl tk gddp bjny k` tcdhr–kel‘ rdèdxds, wchmc jrd nkt k`tdn kasdrvdl jbknist mhthzdn okurnjehsts . Hn bkst rdpkrts

ay prk`dsshknje okurnjehsts, k``hmhjes jnl dxpdrts rdmdhvd j prkbhndnt pejmd, wched

tcd tdnldnmy jbknist mhthzdn okurnjehsts hs nkt tk hnmeuld tcdb jetkidtcdr. Js H

dxpejhndl tcrkuickut tchs akkg (sdd jesk mcjeednids adekw), k``hmhje jutckrhthds

jrd nkt jewjys jmmdsshaed tk mhthzdn okurnjehsts lud tk bkstey tcd lddpey rkktdladehd` tcjt okurnjehsb hs jn dxmeushvd rdjeb k` prk`dsshknje okurnjehsts. Vrk`dsshknje

okurnjehsts wdrd jesk gddn kn dnquhrhni hntk ldtjhes, hn prkvhlhni stjthsthms jnl

pdrmdntjids, wchest mhthzdn okurnjehsts tdnldl tk ad tkk idndrje admjusd, knmd jijhn,

k` tcd ejmg k` jmmdss tk skurmds k` hn`krbjthkn.

Ht cjs jesk jppdjrdl hn bjny rdpkrts tcjt rdpkrtdrs dhtcdr dbarjmdl kr

lhsjpprkvdl wcjt tcd akttkb tckuict. chs kasdrvjthkn tjgds bd tk by `kurtc

idndrje mknmeushkn tcjt ldsphtd tcdhr ldpdnldnmd kn tcd mkbbunhty, hts vjeuds, jnlhts hntdrdsts, BMQ-bhnldl okurnjehsts sthee cjvd rkkb tk bjgd tcdhr oulibdnt whtckutjehdnjthni tcdhr mkbbunhthds . chs mknmeushkn arhnis hn j vdry hbpkrtjnt nujnmd tk

tcd rdejthknschps adtwddn tcd rdpkrtdr jnl tcd mkbbunhty tcjt H lhsmussdl hn tcdhntrklumthkn jnl hn ]dmthkn :.:. J ldlumthkn ̀ rkb tcksd sdmthkns k` tcd akkg mkuel

ad tcjt wcjtdvdr tcd rdpkrtdr rdpkrts sckuel ad hn tcd hntdrdst k` tcd mkbbunhty.

cd nujnmd tcjt tchs mknmeushkn hs arhnihni hs tcjt skbd hssuds lk nkt edjl tk

mknsdnsus hn tcd mkbbunhty. H` tcd rdpkrtdr hs jbknist tcksd wck lhsjpprkvd knd

prjmthmd, ndw kr kel, cd kr scd sthee mjpturds wcjt ktcdr bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty

tchng aut whtc j lhsjpprkvhni, smdpthmje tknd. H` cd kr scd ùeey jirdds whtc tcd

prjmthmd, tcd rdpkrt hs bjld whtc jn jpprkvhni, dntcushjsthm tknd.

Ldsphtd tcd ijps tcjt ht k`tdn edjvds kpdn, BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsb cjs j

bjokr jlvjntjid k` nkt adhni cdel ckstjid ay dlhtkrhje ehnds lhmtjtdl `rkb jakvd.

Hn bjhnstrdjb okurnjehsb, dlhtkrs k`tdn hbpksd j pdrspdmthvd tcjt rdspknls tk wcjt



:64

tcdy tchng tcdhr tjridt julhdnmd dxpdmts.101 Kn tcd mkntrjry, jnl tcjt hs by `h`tc

idndrje mknmeushkn, tcjngs tk tcd ̀ rddlkb tcdy dnoky tk mckksd knd kr bjny pdrspdmthvdstcdy lddb tk ad tcd bkst rdedvjnt `rkb tcd vjntjid pkhnt k` tcdhr mkbbunhthds, BMQ-bhnldl okurnjehsts mkbd kut whtc bueth-lhbdnshknje rdpkrts tcjt pejmd knd pjrthmuejr

hssud hn j wda k` ktcdr hssuds . chs bueth-lhbdnshknje mcjrjmtdr hs dssdnthje ̀ kr tcksdkutshld tcd mkbbunhty wck wjnt tk unldrstjnl wcy tchnis cjppdn tcd wjy

tcdy lk. @kr hnstjnmd, jn dnvhrknbdntje rdpkrt dnls up sckwhni ikvdrnjnmd jnl

aushndss lhbdnshkns k` ld`krdstjthkn. ]hbhejrey, j `kkl sdmurhty rdpkrt dnls up

tjeghni jakut prhbjry smckke lrkpkuts jnl jasdntddhsb, js wdee js mrdjthvd, ekmjeey

ldshindl skeuthkns tk kvdrmkbd tcjt mjtjstrkpcd.

cd ejst idndrje mknmeushkn tcjt H wjnt tk lrjw rdejtds tk tcd mjpjmhty tk

shbpeh`y jnl ihvd j `jmd tk aurdjumrjthm mknmdpts tcjt rhni nk adee hn tcd bhnls

k` bkst bdbadrs k` mkbbunhthds hn bjrihnjehsdl jrdjs. cjt mknmeushkn hs tcjt

tcd gnkwedlid k` tcd mkbbunhty jnl hts vjeuds dnjaed BMQ-bhnldl okurnjehsts tk ld-

aurdjumrjthsd jnl ihvd j mknmrdtd ̀ jmd tk jastrjmt mknmdpts . Mknmdpts sumc js ikvdrnjnmdbdjn vdry ehtted hn bjny ekmje mkbbunhthds wcdrd ikvdrnjnmd `jheurds kr summdssds

kmmur kn j ljhey ajshs. cd rhicts k` tcd mchel js kutehndl hn hntdrnjthknje edije

hnstrubdnts jrd knd tchni, jnl ekmje mknmdpthkns k` tcksd rhicts jrd jnktcdr tchni.

Mehbjtd mcjnid, js mrumhje js ht bhict jppdjr, lkds nkt prkvkgd tcd sjbd wkrrhds

jbknist tcksd wck hinkrd wcjt ht hs js ht lkds jbknist tcksd wck unldrstjnl ht.

BMQ-bhnldl okurnjehsts bjnjid tk mhrmubvdnt tcd jastrjmt mcjrjmtdr k` tcksd

mknmdpts, jt wchmc tcdy ekkg `rkb whtchn tcd mkbbunhthds hn jn d``krt tk ihvd

tcdb j mknmrdtd bdjnhni.

0.1 @jmhni Mcjeednids

Tnthe tchs pkhnt, jee H cjvd wrhttdn hs jakut tcd mknmdpt k` Bkahed Mkbbunhty

Qdpkrthni jnl hts jppehmjthkn hn skbd mkuntrhds hn J`rhmj. H cjvd j `ddehni tcjt

stkpphni jt tchs pkhnt whtckut hn`krbhni tcd rdjldr jakut tcd ktcdr shld k` tcd

mkhn wkuel ad un`jhr kn by pjrt. cd shx ydjrs k` dxpdrhbdnts W1669-16:=R tcjt H

mkvdrdl hn tchs akkg cjvd jesk cdepdl ldtdmt wcdrd tchnis mkuel ldvhjtd `rkb tcd

hnhthje pejns kr ik wrkni. Hn tcd ndxt `dw pjrjirjpcs, H bjgd j arhd` kvdrvhdw k`

tcd mcjeednids tcd PKJB@ Bkahed Qdpkrthni Vrkirjbbd `jmdl, sk tcjt tcksd wck

jrd tdbptdl tk dbarjmd tchs ndw mknmdpt mjn jnthmhpjtd tcdb.

cd `hrst mcjeednid hs psymckekihmje jnl cjs tk lk whtc tcd jmmdptjnmd k` mhthzdn okurnjehsts kn knd cjnl, jnl whtc tcd hldj tcjt bkahed pcknds, rjtcdr tcjn ahi

mjbdrjs jnl julhk rdmkrldrs mjn lk tcd oka, kn tcd ktcdr. Knd Icjnjhjn prk`dsshknje

okurnjehst wck wjs hnvkevdl hn tcd prkirjbbd knmd tkel bd tcjt chs mkeedjiuds,

wck jmmusdl chb k` ldirjlhni tcdhr prk`dsshkn ay ushni nkn-prk`dsshknje tkkes,

cjl vdrajeey jssjuetdl chb jt j prdss mkn`drdnmd hn Jmmrj. cd hnmhldnt tkkg pejmd

hn 1663, wcdn =I pcknds wdrd jt tcdhr pdjg. cd okurnjehst tkkg chs thbd tk

dxpejhn tk tcd mkeedjiuds tcjt chs pcknd jeekwdl chb tk lk bumc k` wcjt tcdy lhl

whtc prk`dsshknje tkkes. Cd arkwsdl whtc chs pcknd kn tcd Yda tk sckw wcjt cd

cjl jmchdvdl whtc tcd pcknd tcjt cd wjs ckelhni, wchmc prkbptdl jpkekihds `rkb

chs mkeedjiuds. Murrdntey, tchs typd k` hnmhldnt hs unehgdey tk tjgd pejmd, js bjny





:69

mkvdrjid, wcdrd bkst k` tcd ijps wkuel ad `heedl aktc `rkb tcd tkp jnl `rkb tcd

akttkb. Ht mjn dvdn mkntrhautd tk whnnhni ajmg lhsdnmcjntdl bdbadrs k` tcd

julhdnmd wck jrd thrdl k` tcd dxmeushvdey dehthst jpprkjmc k` tcd hnlustry.

Ehngdl tk tcjt hs tcd mcjeednid rdejtdl tk tcd eh`dspjn k` tcd bkahed pcknd. Bkst

k` tcd bkahed pcknds usdl hn tcd PKBJ@ prkirjbbd mkuel nkt rdshst bkrd tcjntcrdd tk `kur ydjrs. Bjny k` tcksd purmcjsdl ekmjeey jnl wcksd krhihn mkuel nkt

ad jmmurjtdey trjmdl cjl jn dvdn sckrtdr eh`dspjn. @kr skbd, tcd tdedpcknd wkuel

vharjtd jnl tcd ajttdry admkbd vdry ckt –js h` tcd pcknd wjnts tk dxpekld‘, js knd

Gdnyjn rdpkrtdr tkel bd. Ktcdrs wkuel mkbpedtdey `rddzd jnl rdùsd tk rdspknl

tk tcd rdpkrtdrs‘ mkbbjnls. cdsd prkaedbs jrd k`tdn skevdl dhtcdr ay rdpjhrhni

tcd pcknd ekmjeey kr ay rdpejmhni ht, wchmc puts skbd prdssurd kn tcd aulidt.

Ckwdvdr, ht hs nkt surd tcjt `krbdr trjhndds whee hnvdst hn rdpjhrs kr hn ndw pcknds,

unedss tcdy sdd j `hnjnmhje hnmdnthvd. chs mcjeednid arhnis us ajmg tk tcd prdvhkus

knd, js mknndmthni BMQ-bhnldl okurnjehsts tk tcd hnlustry wkuel bjgd tcdb

pjrt k` tcd aushndss bklde k` tcd bdlhj ckusd hn wchmc tcdy wkuel ad jsskmhjtdl.Hn ktcdr wkrls, h` tcd pcknd cdeps tcd ndws kutedt idndrjtd skbd hnmkbd, ht whee ad

rdpejmdl wcdn tcd nddl jrhsds.

Ckwdvdr, shnmd tcd aushndss njturd k` okurnjehsb cjs j strkni hbpjmt kn tcd

prjmthmd k` okurnjehsb (sdd sdmthkn 1.:.), j ndw prkaedb wkuel jrhsd `rkb tcd

mknvdridnmd adtwddn BMQ-bhnldl okurnjehsts jnl tcd dstjaehscdl ndws bdlhj

hnlustry. cd qudsthkn wkuel ad? Knmd BMQ-bhnldl okurnjehsts ldpdnl kn tcd

ndws bdlhj hnlustry, whee tcdy sthee ad jaed tk dnoky tcdhr `rddlkb, tcd knd tcjt

jeekws tcdb tk jmmkrl prhbjmy tk tcd mkbbunhty jnl tk prklumd bueth-lhbdnshknje

rdpkrts; cdrd wkuel ad bumc tk ijhn kn tcd pjrt k` tcd hnlustry, h` tcdy mkuel

gddp tcjt `rddlkb. Hn tcd lhihtje drj, tcd summdss k` bdlhj aushndss ldpdnls nktskedey kn tcd qujehty k` tcd mkntdnt, aut jesk kn tcd scddr jbkunts k` mkntdnts knd

cjs kn j ihvdn wdashtd. Cjvhni j ndws shtd tcjt cjs j vjrhdty k` rdpkrts jnl vhdws

`rkb vjrhkus pjrts k` tcd mkuntry, jnl j lh``drdnt pdrspdmthvd wkuel mknsthtutd jn

hnnkvjthkn ehgdey tk hnmrdjsd tcd julhdnmd.

Hn jllhthkn, tcd irdjt nubadr k` rdpkrts, skbd ikkl, skbd edss ikkl, wkuel

pejmd tcd ndws bdlhj hnlustry hn tcd –Ekni jhe‘ aushndss ekihm tcjt cjs bjld tcd

`krtund k` bjny iekaje mkbpjnhds Wd.i.? Jbjzkn, Jpped whtc hts hunds sdrvhmdR.

cd Ekni jhe jpprkjmc hntdirjtds aktc tcd nkthkn k` –chts,‘ tcksd bdlhj prklumts

lddbdl k` chic qujehty jnl idndrjeey bjld ay prk`dsshknjes, jnl tcd nkthkn k`

–nhmcd,‘ h.d., tcksd sbjee aut bjny irkups whtchn tcd puaehm whtc spdmh`hm hntdrdsts.Mcrhs Jnldrskn, wck mkhndl tcjt dxprdsshkn jnl dejakrjtdl upkn ht, wrktd tcjt

–chts jrd irdjt, aut nhmcds jrd dbdrihni js tcd ahi ndw bjrgdt.‘109 cd mknvdridnmd

H jb suiidsthni cdrd wkuel bjgd ht pksshaed `kr ndws kutedts tk k``dr cht ndws

rdpkrts bjld ay prk`dsshknje okurnjehsts, jeknishld nhmcd rdpkrts, h.d., tcksd tcjt lk

nkt ndmdssjrhey rdspdmt tcd rueds k` tcd bjrgdt aut cjvd tcd pktdnthje tk jttrjmt jnl

dnehictdn sbjee aut bjny irkups k` rdjldrs jnl vhdwdrs.103

Hn sckrt, tcrdd pkhnts dbdrid `rkb wcjt H cjvd oust lhsmussdl? @hrstey, tcd

dxpdrhbdnts mknlumtdl hn dhict J`rhmjn mkuntrhds cjvd sckwn j irdjt pktdnthje

`kr BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsb, wchmc hs subbjrhsdl ay tcd shx idndrje mknmeushkns

bdnthkndl jakvd. ]dmknley, wched mknlumthni tcksd dxpdrhbdnts bjny kastjmeds



:63

jnl mcjeednids jrksd, sekwhni lkwn kr chnldrhni tcd ùee hbpedbdntjthkn k`

tcd dxpdrhbdnts. chrley, bjny k` tcksd mcjeednids jrd tdbpkrjry jnl jrd ehgdey

tk lhsjppdjr skkn, wchest ktcdrs nddl bdlhub- tk ekni-tdrb mk-krlhnjtdl jnl

mknmdrtdl d``krts hnvkevhni buethped jmtkrs whtchn jnl whtckut tcd ndws bdlhj

hnlustry.Hn tcd ndxt twk sdmthkns, H bkvd jwjy `rkb okurnjehsb tk kpdn lhsmusshkns

jnl rdèdmthkns jakut wjys hn wchmc tcd BMQ jpprkjmc mkuel ad jppehdl tk

jlvkmjmy jnl jmthvhsb, jnl tk ldvdekpbdnt-prkodmt mkbbunhmjthkns. Lhsmusshkns

hn tcdsd twk sdmthkns jrd bkstey spdmuejthvd admjusd tcdy jrd nkt ajsdl kn jny

prhkr dxpdrhbdnts. cdy jrd kney bdjnt tk trhiidr ùrtcdr rdèdmthkn ajsdl kn tcd

okurnjehsthm dxpdrhdnmds lhsmussdl hn tchs akkg.

0.= Jlvkmjmy & Jmthvhsb

Jlvkmjmy jnl jmthvhsb jrd twk jrdjs k` mkbbunhmjthkn hn wchmc rdpkrthni pejys jnhbpkrtjnt rked. @rkb tchs pkhnt k` vhdw, rdpkrthni mknshsts hn ijtcdrhni hn`krbjthkn

`keekwhni tcd ldbjnls jnl jttrhautds k` jlvkmjmy jnl jmthvhsb. Tnehgd okurnjehsb,

wchmc cjs ldvdekpdl mknvdnthkns jnl stjnljrls (sdd sdmthkn 1.:), jlvkmjmy jnl

jmthvhsb lk nkt cjvd medjrey ld`hndl mknvdnthkns. Ckwdvdr, j `dw mkbbkn jspdmts

rdejthni tk mkbbunhmjthkn mjn ad pkhntdl kut jnl lhsmussdl arhdèy. By stjrthni

pkhnt hs tcjt jlvkmjmy jnl jmthvhsb jrd meksd tk knd jnktcdr hn j wjy H dxpejhn j

`dw pjrjirjpcs lkwn. k bjgd surd tcjt tcdy jrd nkt mknùsdl, H lhsmuss jlvkmjmy

`hrst ad`krd `kmushni kn jmthvhsb shbpey admjusd tcd ejttdr hntdirjtds tk j irdjt

ldirdd bjny jspdmts k` jlvkmjmy. Ht sckuel ad rdbdbadrdl tcjt tcd lhsmusshkn k`

tcdsd twk mknmdpts hs mknlumtdl `rkb tcd rdpkrthni vjntjid pkhnt, shnmd tcd jhbhs tk pjvd tcd wjy tk ùrtcdr lhsmusshkns kn jlvkmjmy jnl jmthvhsb `rkb jn BMQ

pdrspdmthvd.

Okcn Ljey ldlhmjtdl jn dnthrd akkg kn tcd prjmthmd k` jlvkmjmy, wchmc cd

arhdèy ldsmrhadl js j wjy k` –Mcjbphknhni Hldjs & Hnèudnmhni Ktcdrs‘. Hn tcjt

akkg, Ljey prkvhldl j vdry cdepùe, mknmhsd ld`hnhthkn k` jlvkmjmy, wchmc, js cd

wrktd, mknshsts hn –pdrsujlhni pdkped wck bjttdr tk mjrd jakut ykur hssud‘. Cd

wrktd?

Ht hs jakut idtthni ehstdndl tk, adhni jt tcd tjaed wcdn ldmhshkns jrd bjld, adhnicdjrl ay pdkped wck bjgd ldmhshkns. Ht hs jakut `jmhni jnl kvdrmkbhni rdshstjnmd.Ht hs jakut spdjghni jnl wrhthni hn mkbpdeehni wjys tcjt bjgd ldmhshkn bjgdrswjnt tk jlkpt ykur hldjs.108

crdd dedbdnts jppdjr tk ad mdntrje tk tcd jlvkmjmy-mdntrdl mkbbunhmjthkn

prkmdss? W:R –jn hssud‘ kr –hldj,‘ W1R–pdrsujshkn‘ k` ldmhshkn bjgdrs wckb knd wjnts

tk pusc hntk j mdrtjhn lhrdmthkn, jnl W=R –mkbbunhmjthkn tdmcnhquds,‘ tcjt cjvd tk

ad mkbpdeehni h` tcd jlvkmjmy mjbpjhin hs tk ad summdssùe. Hn ktcdr wkrls, jny

jlvkmjmy mjbpjhin kr d``krt cjs jn kaodmt Wjn hssud kr hldjR, j ikje WmknvhnmhniR jnl j

tjridt irkup Wldmhshkn bjgdrsR jnl tcd bdjns tk rdjmc tcjt tjridt WmkbbunhmjthknR.

Jt tchs stjid H lk nkt ik hntk ldtjhe tk dxpejhn tcd mkbbunhmjthkn tdmcnhquds. Ht



:68

whee kney su``hmd tk strdss tcjt ht hs tcd mkbbunhmjthkn jspdmt k` jlvkmjmy tcjt

hnvkevds rdpkrthni.

Ycjt lkds tcd jakvd bdjn hn tdrbs k` Bkahed Mkbbunhty Qdpkrthni; Ajsdl

kn lhsmusshkns jakut BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsb, knd mjn sjy tcjt BMQ-hnsphrdl

jlvkmjmy mkbbunhmjthkn hs jakut `heehni tcd ijp ed`t ay tcd bjhnstrdjb prjmthmdk` tcjt typd k` mkbbunhmjthkn. Hn `heehni tcjt ijp, ht strhvds tk mjpturd jnl tcdn

mkbbunhmjtd wcjt tcd akttkb tchngs jakut tcd kaodmt k` jlvkmjmy. J `dw rdpkrts

bjld ay bkahed rdpkrtdrs hn tcd `rjbdwkrg k` tcd PKJB@ prkirjbbd njvhijtdl

adtwddn jlvkmjmy jnl okurnjehsb, jnl jeekwdl ̀ kr bjghni skbd hnhthje kasdrvjthkns

jakut BMQ-hnsphrdl jlvkmjmy.

H cjvd jerdjly bdnthkndl knd rdpkrt thtedl –Tiunoj? Bktkrmymed jmmhldnts

hnmrdjsd‘196 `rkb j ikvdrnjnmd pdrspdmthvd (sdmthkn =.1.), aut tchs rdpkrt mkuel jesk

ad mknshldrdl `rkb tcd pdrspdmthvd k` jlvkmjmy. cd hssud `jmhni tcd mkbbunhty

wjs jn hnmrdjsdl nubadr k` bktkrahgd jmmhldnts hn tcjt pjrthmuejr mkbbunhty.

Ycjt tcd mkbbunhty tckuict, jnl wchmc tcd rdpkrtdr jbpeh`hdl, wjs tcjt spddlehbhts sckuel ad pejmdl jekni tcd rkjls jnl strddts. cd hntdnldl julhdnmd, knd

tcjt cjl tcd bdjns jnl pkwdr tk skevd tcd hssud, wjs mknvhnmdl ay tcd rdpkrt

tcjt puscdl tcdb tk prkbptey tjgd jmthkn. Knd mkuel jssdrt tcjt tcd zkkb kn

tcd ajnljidl edi k` tcd smckke aky, chs uncjppy `jmd, chs bhsshni smckke `kr ljys,

chs mjee `kr spddl ehbht akjrls, tkidtcdr whtc mckmghni stjthsthms wdrd jee usdùe

hnirdlhdnts tcjt bjld tcd rdpkrt mkbpdeehni jnl mknvhnmhni tk ldmhshkn bjgdrs.

]hbhejrey, tcd rdpkrt thtedl –jnzjnhj? puphes wkrg kn tdjmcdrs‘ `jrbs,‘ 19:

wchmc H jnjeysdl `rkb tcd pdrspdmthvd k` tcd rhicts k` tcd mchel (sdmthkn <.:.) hs

jnktcdr hnstjnmd k` tcd pktdnthje k` BMQ-hnsphrdl jlvkmjmy mkbbunhmjthkn. cd

mkbahnjthkn k` tcd hbjids k` mchelrdn hn smckke unh`krb theehni tcd skhe lurhnimejss thbd kr mjrryhni `hrdwkkl tkidtcdr whtc tcd rdpkrtdr‘s lhsjpprkvhni tknd js

wdee js tcd mjee k` jebkst-mryhni jnl thrdl mchelrdn, ed`t nk mckhmd `kr ldmhshkn

bjgdrs aut cjvhni dbpjtcy. Mknvhnmdl ay tcd rdpkrt, tcd ejttdr dvdntujeey tkkg

lhsmhpehnjry jmthkn.

cdsd jnl bjny ktcdr mjsds sckw tcjt jlvkmjmy mjn tjgd j akttkb-up `krb jnl

edjl tk pjepjaed rdsuets. Tnehgd hts tkp-lkwn mkuntdrpjrt, ht cjs j cuid pktdnthje

tk prdsdnt j mkbpdeehni jmmkunt hn j njturje wjy. cd pkwdr k` tcd bdssjid kwds

bumc tk tcd `jmt tcjt tcd rdpkrtdr, hn j wjy, `jmds tcd sjbd hssud jakut wchmc cd

kr scd jlvkmjtds. Ckwdvdr, jlvkmjthni `rkb whtchn tcd mkbbunhty cjs hts kwn

ehbhts, admjusd hssuds bhict ad dbjnjthni `rkb jidnts kutshld tcd mkbbunhty, jnltcus kutshld tcd rdjmc k` tcd BMQ-bhnldl rdpkrtdr. chs hs wcdrd tcd trjlhthknje

wjy k` lkhni jlvkmjmy admkbds cdepùe. Knd pjtc tk dxpekrd hn tcd ùturd wkuel

tcdn ad `hnlhni wjys mkbbunhthds mkuel tjgd jlvjntjid k` ndw tdmcnkekihds

Wtcd bkahed/sbjrt pcknd jnl tcd YdaR tk dnijid hntk jlvkmjmy mkbbunhmjthkn

rdejthni tk hssuds `jmhni tcdb. cd adst wjy k` lkhni tcjt wkuel ad tk mknshldr

mknvdridnmd adtwddn BMQ-hnsphrdl jlvkmjmy jnl trjlhthknje tkp-lkwn jlvkmjmy

usujeey lknd ay vjrhkus typds k` krijnhsjthkns.

Bkrd mkbpehmjtdl tk arhdèy dxpejhn hs jmthvhsb. Idndrjeey spdjghni, jmthvhsb

rd`drs tk –j lkmtrhnd kr prjmthmd tcjt dbpcjshsds lhrdmt vhikrkus jmthkn dspdmhjeey

hn suppkrt k` kr kppkshthkn tk knd shld k` j mkntrkvdrshje hssud.‘191 Ht hbpehds –tcd



::6

usd k` lhrdmt jnl nkthmdjaed jmthkn tk jmchdvd j rdsuet, usujeey j pkehthmje kr skmhje

knd.‘19= Ehgd jlvkmjmy, jmthvhsb cjs W:R jn kaodmt, njbdey j mkntrkvdrshje hssud jnl

j medjr pkshthkn jakut ht7 W1R j ikje, idndrjeey mcjnids hn pkehmhds rdejthni tk tcd

hssud hn qudsthkn7 jnl W=R bdjns tk jmchdvd kr tk pusc tkwjrls tcjt mcjnid, njbdey

lhrdmt jmthkn.Kavhkusey, jmthvhsb hnvkevds j irdjt ldje k` jlvkmjmy hn tcd sdnsd tcjt

jmthvhsts bust bkahehsd skbd pdkped jnl tcd puaehm kphnhkn ay mknvhnmhni tcdb

tk sybpjtchsd whtc tcdhr mjusd. cd lh``drdnmd rdshlds hn tcd `jmt tcjt jlvkmjmy

stkps jt tcd pdrsujshkn stjid, wcdrday jmthkn hs ed`t tk tcd rdedvjnt ldmhshkn bjgdrs

wckb tcd mjbpjhin tjridts, wched jmthvhsb dssdnthjeey hnvkevds bkahehsjthkn

`keekwdl ay jmthkn mknlumtdl ay tcd sjbd pdkped wck wdrd bkahehsdl.19< Jmthkn

mjn tjgd pejmd pcyshmjeey hn tcd `krb k` prktdst kr ldbknstrjthkn, kr ushni ]B]

W]B] jmthvhsb194R, kr vhj tcd Yda Wmyadrjmthvhsb190 kr cjmgthvhsb199R, kr vhj ktcdr

mcjnndes. cd pdrsujshkn jnl bkahehsjthkn prkmdssds, jnl tcd jmthkn stjid hnvkevds

j irdjt ldje k` rdpkrthni, js jmthvhsts cjvd tk wjid jn –hn`krbjthkn wjr‘ tk ld`dnltcdhr mjusd.

Hn`krbjthkn wjr, js Gdvhn Iheejn jnl mkeedjiuds dxpejhndl, mknshsts k` –struiieds

k` rdprdsdntjthkn jnl hntdrprdtjthkn‘ vhj jee skrts k` bjss bdlhj.193 Hn tcd lhihtje drj,

tcd –wdjpknry‘ hs nk eknidr oust prhnt ndwspjpdrs, pjbpcedts, rjlhk jnl tdedvhshkn,

aut hnmrdjshniey mkbputdrs, bkahed pcknds jnl ktcdr ndw tdmcnkekihds. cd

ajtted`hdel, tkk, hs irjlujeey sch`thni tk myadrspjmd, wcdrd –Jmthvhsts idndrjtd jnl

scjrd sybakehm rdprdsdntjthkns k` bkvdbdnt hldnththds jnl vjeuds tcjt mcjeednid

tcksd k` tcd ejridr mueturd.‘198 cd hn`krbjthkn wjr prhbjrhey jhbs tk sddg pkpuejr

edihthbjmy, j ikje tcjt hs rdjmcdl ay mjrdùeey bjnjihni puaehm pdrmdpthkn. Hn ktcdr

wkrls, tcksd wck wjid kr dnijid hn tcjt wjr nddl tk prkvhld –ndws jnl rdpkrts tcjt ousth`y tcdhr mknlumt.‘136 ]hnmd knd k` tcd bjokr strdnitcs k` tcd BMQ jpprkjmc

hs tk ihvd j mknmrdtd jnl bueth-lhbdnshknje `jmd tk j ihvdn hssud, ht `keekws tcjt ht

wkuel hbbdnsdey akkst jmthvhsts‘ pdrmdpthkn bjnjidbdnt jnl edihthbjmy-sddghni

d``krts, ay `ddlhni tcd puaehm whtc bkahed rdpkrts `rkb ekmje mkbbunhthds.

cd rdmdnt turbkhe hn tcd Jrja wkrel cjs sckwn ckw hnlhspdnshaed hbjids,

dspdmhjeey vhldks, cjvd admkbd hn puschni knd‘s mjusd `krwjrl. Hn unhshj, 13:

Diypt131 jnl dvdn Bkrkmmk,13= jnl ktcdr Jrja njthkns, jmthvhsts bjsshvdey bjld

jnl puaehscdl kn wdashtds jnl skmhje bdlhj vhldk hbjids tk ldnkunmd wcjt tcdy

pdrmdhvdl js mjsds k` hnousthmd. H` knd mknshldrs meksdey tcksd vhldk hbjids bjld

ay jmthvhsts, knd rdjehsds twk hbpkrtjnt tchnis? `hrstey, tcksd vhldk hbjids jrd k`tdnrjw `kktjids tcjt sckw knd pjrthmuejr hnmhldnt Wh.d., pkehmd undtchmje adcjvhkur,

j akba aejstR, whtckut ndmdssjrhey mrdjthni j njrrjthvd jrkunl ht. cdsd hbjids

jrd hnmrdjshniey bjghni tcdhr wjy kntk tdedvhshkn wcdrd tcdy jrd luaadl –jmthvhst

vhldk.‘ ]dmknley, tcksd hbjids jrd k`tdn prklumdl ay jmthvhst irkups kr mhvhe skmhdty

krijnhsjthkns tcjt mejhb tk jmt kn adcje` k` tcd akttkb, wched tcdhr bdbadrs k`tdn

tdnl tk adekni tk uppdr hnmkbd edvdes.13< Js strdssdl hn sdmthkn :.< jakut arhlihni

tchnghni jnl sjyhni, tcd lhstjnmd adtwddn jmthvhst irkups kr mhvhe skmhdty irkups

jnl tcd akttkb j``dmts wcjt tcd mjbdrj mjpturds jnl jttrhautds tk tcd akttkb.



:::

H` tcd hldj tcjt hs adhni ld`dnldl kr kppksdl j``dmts tcd akttkb, ht `keekws tcjt

tcd BMQ-jpprkjmc tk jmthvhst vhldk bjghni wkuel ad adnd`hmhje tk tcd mjbpjhin.

]kbd ndws rdpkrts bjld ay bkahed rdpkrtdrs mkuel trhiidr skbd rdèdmthkn kn wjys

hn wchmc tcd BMQ jpprkjmc mkuel hnsphrd jmthvhst mkbbunhmjthkn hn jt edjst twk

wjys. Hn tcd `hrst pejmd, ht cjs tcd pktdnthje tk ijtcdr hldjs tcjt ihvd j mknmrdtd `jmdtk tcd hssud adhni ldnkunmdl kr tcd hldj adhni ld`dnldl, tcdrday mkntrhauthni tk

bkahehsjthkn. chs –bdlhjtdl bkahehsjthkn,‘134 cjs tcd jlvjntjid k` arhnihni up

vjrhkus mknmdrns `rkb tcd akttkb, aut jesk jnl bkst hbpkrtjntey, tcd vjrhkus

buethped lhbdnshkns tcdy bhict cjvd. Hn tcd sdmknl pejmd, ht cjs irdjt pktdnthje tk

jbpeh`y tcd mkbbunhty‘s vkhmd knmd bkahehsjthkn cjs addn jmchdvdl.

Edt bd tjgd twk dxjbpeds `rkb Auejwjyk, _hbajawd tk heeustrjtd by pkhnt. H

sckuel `hrst sjy tcjt tcdsd rdpkrts wdrd nkt bjld prhbjrhey `kr jmthvhsb purpksds.

Nkndtcdedss, tcdy prkvhld skbd hldjs jakut ckw jmthvhsts mkuel tjgd jlvjntjid

k` tcd BMQ jpprkjmc. Hn j rdpkrt thtedl –_hbajawd? Qdshldnts rdshst prd-pjhl

wjtdr systdb,‘130 Nktcjnlk Bpkù, j okurnjehst jt j ekmje rjlhk, bjld j rdpkrt hn wchmc tcd rdshldnts k` tcd ldnsdey pkpuejtdl suaura k` Mkwlrjy Vjrg sjhl tcdy

wkuel kppksd jt jee mkst tcd jnnkunmdl prd-pjhl wjtdr systdb. Knd rdshldnt sjhl

tcjt j`tdr `hvd ydjrs k` cjvhni nk wjtdr jt jee, tcdy lhl nkt wjnt tk cjvd wjtdr

kney js ekni js tcdy cjl bkndy. Kn chs pjrt, j ekmje Mkunmhe bdbadr sjhl ht

wjs j bjttdr k` bhs-mkbbunhmjthkn whtckut prkvhlhni bkrd ldtjhes. chs rdpkrt

mkuel djshey ad mknshldrdl js jn jmthvhst vhldk jhbhni tk auhel bkbdntub jrkunl

tcjt mkbbunhty‘s rdshstjnmd jnl tk bkahehsd dvdn bkrd rdshldnts jijhnst tcd Mhty

Mkunmhe‘s pkehmy. Ht mkuel ad pjrt k` j sdrhds k` shbhejr vhldks, djmc jttdbpthni tk

bkahehsd bkrd bdbadrs k` tcd mkbbunhty.

Hn jllhthkn tk bkahehsjthkn vhldks, tcdrd jrd tcksd tcjt jbpeh`y mkbbunhtyjmthkns knmd bkahehsjthkn cjs addn jmchdvdl. cd rdpkrt thtedl –Auejwjyk? Vkwdr

kutjids `rustrjtd rdshldnts‘139 ay Pjedrhd Bjtsjulzj hs j ikkl heeustrjthkn hn tchs

rdspdmt. cd rdpkrt sckwdl cunlrdls k` rdshldnts prktdsthni hn `rknt k` tcd

_hbajawd Dedmtrhmhty ]uppey Jutckrhty W_D]JR jijhnst `rdqudnt pkwdr kutjids

kn knd cjnl, jnl jijhnst chic ahees `kr nkn-ldehvdrdl dedmtrhmhty, kn tcd ktcdr.

cd rdpkrtdr zkkbdl hn kn j ahee sckwhni T]$ 1,<83.6= wchest sjyhni tcjt tcd

jvdrjid wjid hn tcd jrdj wjs jrkunl T]$ 166. Qdshldnts wdrd ̀ urhkus admjusd tcdy

hinkrdl ckw tcd jbkunts wdrd mjemuejtdl jnl ckw tcdy wkuel pjy sumc dxkrahtjnt

jbkunts.

Ychest mkbbdnthni, tcd rdpkrtdr bjld meksd-ups k` akjrls whtc prktdstkrs‘mkbpejhnts. ]cd jesk hntdrvhdwdl prktdstkrs, skbd k` wckb mjeedl upkn tcd Mhty

Mkunmhe tk tjgd kvdr _D]J. Mknshldrdl `rkb jn jmthvhst pdrspdmthvd, tchs rdpkrt

pkwdrùeey rdejydl jnl jbpeh`hdl tcd mkbbunhty‘s rdshstjnmd tk wcjt ht mknshldrdl

un`jhr jnl unoust. Yhtckut sumc mkvdrjid tcjt ijvd prhbjmy tk vkhmds `rkb tcd

mkbbunhty, sumc jmthkns wkuel bkst prkajaey ik unnkthmdl kutshld tcd vdry

lhstrhmt wcdrd tcdy tkkg pejmd.

]hnmd jee tcdsd rdpkrts wdrd nkt pjrt k` jn jmthvhst kr jn jlvkmjmy mjbpjhin

aut rjtcdr ndws rdpkrts tcjt cjppdndl tk cjvd skbd `djturds k` jmthvhst jnl

jlvkmjmy vhldks, H mjnnkt ùrtcdr dejakrjtd kn BMQ-hnsphrdl jmthvhst jnl

jlvkmjmy mkbbunhmjthkn whtckut dnijihni hntk dvdn bkrd spdmuejthkns. k





::=

chs qudsthkn rdèdmtdl skbd rdshstjnmd kn wchmc tcd lkmubdntjry ùrtcdr

dejakrjtdl hn bkrd ldtjhe. Qdspknlhni tk tcjt qudsthkn, j WGdnyjnR bdbadr k` tcd

prkodmt tdjb sjhl? –cdy sckuel `keekw wcjt wd jrd jlvhshni tcdb, admjusd wd jrddxpdrts hn ldvdekpbdnt.‘ cdn jnktcdr bdbadr k` tcd mkbbunhty, mjeedl @rjnmhs

Kbknlh, wckb tcd suathteds hntrklumdl js j TN Mkbbunhty Qdprdsdntjthvdhntdrvdndl tk sjy? –Xku rdjehsd tchs hs j vdry mkntdnthkus hssud, admjusd ht hnvkevds

rdbkvhni pdkped `rkb tcdhr sdttedbdnts.‘ cd jnswdr `rkb tcd sjbd ldvdekpbdnt

dxpdrt wjs? –… yku cjvd tk dlumjtd tcdb, tk dlumjtd tcd rdshldnts wck lk nkt

unldrstjnl, tcjt wcjtdvdr hs adhni lknd hs `kr tcd adnd`ht k` tcd rdshldnts k`

tchs jrdj.‘ Jt tcd dnl k` tcd bddthni jnl wchest wjeghni ckbd, Kbknlh rdjehsdl

tcjt –WYcdnR H ik tcdrd Wtk tcd bddthniR H jb jn k``hmhje WTN Mkbbunhty

QdprdsdntjthvdR, Wwched wcdnR H mkbd ajmg cdrd, H jb j mkbbkn bjn.‘

cd prkodmt wjs ejunmcdl jnl dxdmuthkn hs sthee unldrwjy js H wrhtd. Ajsdl

kn tcd typd k` dxmcjnid adtwddn tcd prkodmt tdjb jnl tcd mkbbunhty tcjt tkkg

pejmd hn tcjt bddthni, knd mjn suspdmt tcjt suasdqudnt mkbbunhmjthkn rdejthnitk tcd prkodmt `keekwdl tcd sjbd pjttdrn, wcdrday tcd dxpdrt lhl tcd oka, wchest

tcd mkbbunhty jnl hts rdprdsdntjthvds cjl tk trust tcd tdjb jnl `keekw hts mckhmds

jnl hnstrumthkns. cd BMQ jpprkjmc tk prkodmt-rdejtdl mkbbunhmjthkn mkuel

cdep mcjnid tchs wjy k` mkbbunhmjthni ay dnjaehni tcd mkbbunhty jnl hts

rdprdsdntjthvds tk vkhmd tcdhr mknmdrns jt vjrhkus stjids hnmeulhni nddl jssdssbdnt,

pejnnhni, bknhtkrhni jnl dvjeujthkn. Hn ktcdr wkrls, mkbbunhty bdbadrs Wehgd

KbknlhR sckuel nkt `hnl tcdbsdevds hn j shtujthkn wcdrd tcdy cjvd tk mdjsd tk ad

mkbbkn bdn. cdy sckuel ad jaed tk arhni tcd mkbbkn bjn‘s mknmdrns tk tcd

puaehm spjmd jnl ad jaed tk ihvd tcdb j mknmrdtd `jmd.

Hn tchs rdspdmt, tcd dxpdrt‘s gnkwedlid, kr –tdmcnhmje dxpdrthsd‘ kr –aurhdl‘gnkwedlid js Bhmcde @kumjuet wkuel mjee ht,18< jnl tcd akttkb‘s gnkwedlid kr

wcjt @kumjuet mjeedl –suaouijtdl gnkwedlids,‘ –hn`drhkr gnkwedlids `rkb adekw,‘

–unqujeh`hdl kr dvdn lhsqujeh`hdl gnkwedlids,‘184 wkuel mkbpedbdnt djmc ktcdr,

jnl dvdn ad hn mkbpdththkn. @kumjuet mkntdnldl tcjt tcksd hn`drhkr gnkwedlids

`rkb adekw cjvd bjld mrhthqud pksshaed hn lhsmhpehnds ehgd bdlhmhnd, wchmc usdl

tk bjrihnjehsd –tcd gnkwedlid k` tcd psymchjtrhsdl, tcd pjthdnt, tcd nursd, tcd

lkmtkr…, tcd gnkwedlid k` tcd ldehnqudnt.‘180 Js @kumjuet suiidstdl, tcjt ekmje,

pjrthmuejr, rdihknje jnl lh``drdnthje gnkwedlid ldrhvdl tcdhr pkwdr –skedey `rkb tcd

`jmt tcjt ht hs lh``drdnt `rkb jee tcd gnkwedlids tcjt surrkunl ht.‘189

Ht hs tcjt bjrihnjehsdl gnkwedlid jnl pjrthmuejrey hts hncdrdnt pkwdr tcjttcd BMQ jpprkjmc sckuel cdep hntdirjtdl hntk bknhtkrhni jnl dvjeujthkn

prjmthmds whtchn ldvdekpbdnt prkodmts. Bknhtkrhni jnl dvjeujthkn, tcd `kmus k`

tchs `hnje sdmthkn, cjvd k`tdn addn mknshldrdl js adhni rdejtdl tk knd jnktcdr.

Xdt, tcdy mknsthtutd twk lh``drdnt jmthvhthds tcjt mjn dvdn ad mknlumtdl sdpjrjtdey.

Bknhtkrhni rd`drs tk

J mknthnuhni ̀ unmthkn tcjt usds systdbjthm mkeedmthkn k` ljtj kn spdmhdl hnlhmjtkrstk prkvhld bjnjidbdnt jnl tcd bjhn stjgdckeldrs k` jn knikhni ldvdekpbdnthntdrvdnthkn whtc hnlhmjthkns k` tcd dxtdnt k` prkirdss jnl jmchdvdbdnt k` kaodmthvds

jnl prkirdss hn tcd usd k` jeekmjtdl ùnls.

183



::<

Js `kr dvjeujthkn, ht hs dxpejhndl js j –systdbjthm jnl kaodmthvd jssdssbdnt k` jn

kn-ikhni kr mkbpedtdl prkodmt, prkirjbbd kr pkehmy, hts ldshin, hbpedbdntjthkn jnl

rdsuets.‘ cd bjhn jhb hs –tk ldtdrbhnd tcd rdedvjnmd jnl ùe`heebdnt k` kaodmthvds,

ldvdekpbdnt d``hmhdnmy, d``dmthvdndss, hbpjmt jnl sustjhnjahehty,‘ ay prkvhlhni

hn`krbjthkn mkeedmtdl `keekwhni j sdt k` stjnljrls tcjt dnsurds tcjt ht hs mrdlhaed jnlusdùe. cjt hn`krbjthkn hs prhbjrhey bdjnt tk dnjaed –tcd hnmkrpkrjthkn k` edsskns

edjrndl hntk tcd ldmhshkn-bjghni prkmdss k` aktc rdmhphdnts jnl lknkrs.‘188

Mknshldrdl `rkb tcd –rdpkrthni‘ pdrspdmthvd tcjt H kutehndl hn sdmthkn :.=,

Bknhtkrhni jnl Dvjeujthkn WB&DR mkuel ad dxpejhndl js mknshsthni hn ijtcdrhni

hn`krbjthkn jakut tcd prkirdss jnl jmchdvdbdnts k` j prkodmt, tjghni hntk jmmkunt

j sdt k` rdquhrdbdnts jnl stjnljrls. Js wd nktdl whtc rdijrls tk okurnjehsb, bjny

jmtkrs jnl `jmtkrs jesk pejy j rked tcjt k`tdn hntdr`drds whtc tcd B&D prkmdss,

puschni tk chicehict mdrtjhn jspdmts wchest edjvhni skbd ktcdrs kut. Yheehjb

Djstdrey cjs mrhthmhsdl murrdnt B&D bdtckls admjusd tcdy jppdjrdl tk chb bkrd

js –sde`-dvjeujthkn‘ dxdrmhsds tcjn jnytchni desd. Cd lhsjirddl jakut tcd hldj tcjttcd pdkped wck dvjeujtd jrd tcd sjbd wck hbpedbdnt tcd prkodmts.=66 Chs pkhnt hs

tcjt dvjeujtkrs, wcdtcdr prkodmt stj`` kr dxtdrnje mknsuetjnts –cjvd hnmdnthvds nkt

tk ldvhjtd tkk `jr `rkb tcd pjrty ehnd k` jhl Vejnndrs.‘=6: Knd skeuthkn Djstdrey

suiidstdl hs tk ihvd bkrd pkwdr tk tcd akttkb sk tcjt adnd`hmhjrhds mjn ckel jhl

jidnmhds jmmkuntjaed jnl pkhnt kut wcjt wkrgs jnl wcjt lkdsn‘t `rkb tcdhr kwn

pdrspdmthvds.=61

Djstdrey‘s mrhthmhsb k` dvjeujthkn bdtckls hs pjrt k` chs ejridr mrhthmhsb k` wcjt

cd mjeedl tcd –Ahi Vejn‘ jpprkjmc tcjt cjs bjrgdl ldvdekpbdnt prkodmts `kr ldmjlds.

Cd ajshmjeey aejbdl pejnndrs `kr sthmghni tk tcdhr ahi jnl k`tdn rhihl pejns jnl

`kr trjmhni tcd pjtc tcjt prkodmts sckuel `keekw tkwjrls j mdrtjhn prd-ldtdrbhndlikje.=6= Hn lkhni tcjt, tcdy rjrdey hinkrd tk jljpt tk ekmje mknlhthkns, tk tjgd hntk

jmmkunt tcd gnkwedlid k`, jnl tcd rdjehty jt, tcd akttkb, jnl `jvkur kutshldrs‘

skeuthkns tk tcd ldtrhbdnt k` hnshldrs‘, ckbdirkwn skeuthkns.=6< Phdwdl `rkb tchs

–Ahi Vejn‘ pdrspdmthvd, tcd B&D prkmdss hs cdjvhey hnèudnmdl ay tcd prd-sdt ikjes

jnl tcd prd-trjmdl pjtc, js tcd prkirdss jnl jmchdvdbdnts jrd bdjsurdl jijhnst

tcd prd-sdt ikjes jnl tcd prd-trjmdl pjtc. cd adst wjy, Djstdrey suiidstdl, hs tk

dbarjmd tcd –]djrmcdr‘ sphrht, ajsdl kn tcd hldj tcjt –cd rhict pejn hs tk cjvd nk

pejn,‘=64 wchmc edjvds rkkb tk dxpekrd jny kppkrtunhthds tcjt mkuel cdep rdehdvd

tcd su``drhni k` tcd pkkr, jnl tk tdst vjrhkus pjtcs sk tcjt tcksd tcjt wkrg mjn ad

jlkptdl.k jmchdvd tcjt, `ddlajmg `rkb tcd akttkb hs mrumhje, jnl tchs hs wcdrd BMQ-

hnsphrdl B&D mkuel irdjtey cdep. Ehgd BMQ-hnsphrdl okurnjehsb, wchmc bjnjids

tk mkvdr ndvdr- kr rjrdey-mkvdrdl ndws jnl tk prdsdnt ht hn j bueth-lhbdnshknje

wjy, BMQ-hnsphrdl B&D mkuel pktdnthjeey cdep arhni kut tcksd prkirdssds jnl

jmchdvdbdnts, aut jesk `jheurds, kbhsshkns jnl ldvhjthkns tcjt `jee kutshld tcd prd-

ldtdrbhndl stjnljrls jnl rdquhrdbdnts.

Edt bd ihvd knd mknmrdtd dxjbped k` wcjt H bdjn. Hn hts d``krt tk sekw lkwn

tcd CHP pjnldbhm hn Ikbj, LQ Mknik, jn CHP-mkntrke krijnhsjthkn lhstrhautdl

mknlkbs `kr `rdd tk wckdvdr mjbd tk hts ghksgs tk mkeedmt tcdb. Xkuni bdn jnl

wkbdn, hnmeulhni bjny unhvdrshty stuldnts, bjsshvdey jnl `rdqudntey rdpkrtdl



::4

tk tcd ghksgs tk mkeedmt js bjny mknlkbs js tcdy mkuel. cd rdpkrt thtedl –Ikbj?Mknlkb mkbbd mhrjid bkhns mcdr‘ =60 WIkbj? Mknlkb js mcdjp sckd-schnhni wjxR,

rdvdjedl j shtujthkn tcjt kney skbdknd `rkb whtchn tcd mkbbunhty, dnokyhni hts

ùee trust, mkuel ldtdmt. Xkuni bdn tkel tcd rdpkrtdr tcjt tcdy ruaadl tcdhr sckds

whtc tcd hnndr pjrt k` tcd mknlkb, wcksd euarhmjnt lhl j adttdr oka tcjn usuje,aut dxpdnshvd sckd-schnhni wjx. Xkuni wkbdn, kn tcdhr shld, usdl tcd mknlkb

euarhmjnt js akly ekthkn jnl prjhsdl ht `kr hts hbprdsshvd `jmd mjrd. Ht wkuel nkt

ad jstknhschni tk sdd B&D rdpkrts ay tcd krijnhsjthkn hn qudsthkn prjhshni ekmje

ykutcs `kr tcdhr strkni CHP-jwjrdndss.

Bjny ktcdr ndws rdpkrts prdsdntdl ldvdekpbdnt prkodmts js tcdy wdrd adhni

ejunmcdl, jnl ed`t j `ddehni tcjt BMQ-hnsphrdl B&D mkuel mkntrhautd tk tcd

jssdssbdnt k` tcd prkirdss jnl jmchdvdbdnts `rkb j mkbbunhty pdrspdmthvd. cksd

rdpkrts hnmeuld –Ikbj? = bheehkns ld bkusthqujhrds lhstrhauèds ‘=69 WIkbj? = bheehkns

bksquhtk ndts lhstrhautdlR (Ydrd tcdy hbbdlhjtdey skel;=63 Ydrd tcdy cjnledl

prkpdrey;)7 –]kejr mkkghni rdjmcds nkrtcdrn jnzjnhj,‘=68 wchmc rdpkrtdl tcd ndwstcjt Iekaje Qdskurmds Jeehjnmd jnzjnhj, j ekmje NIK, cjl stjrtdl trjhnhni jnl

dquhpphni wkbdn hn skejr mkkgs tk stkp ld`krdstjthkn (Ckw lkds ht j``dmt tcksd

wck ehvdl kn mcjrmkje kr wkkl sdeehni; Ckw hs ht j``dmthni smckke pdr`krbjnmd js

mchelrdn nk eknidr cjvd tk ik tk `dtmc `hrdwkkl; Dtm.)7 jnl bjny ktcdrs.

Ktcdr ndws rdpkrts skbdckw dvjeujtdl prkodmts tcjt cjl addn mkbpedtdl. cd

twk rdpkrts jakut pjthdnts adhni rdtjhndl jnl adhni usdl js `rdd ejakur hn Ikbj

(sdd sdmthkn =.1) mkuel ad hntdrprdtdl js jn dvjeujthkn k` tcd dbdridnmy bdlhmje jhl

prkodmts tcjt skbdckw hntrklumdl tcd mueturd k` `rdd bdlhmje mjrd jnl knd k` chic

sjejrhds. Bkrd dxpehmhtey, tcd rdpkrt thtedl –_hbajawd? Njturd rdmejbjthkn prkodmt

turns skur‘ dvjeujtdl j njturd prktdmthkn prkodmt tcjt dnldl up hn j lhsjstdr `krtcd mkbbunhty hn j vheejid mjeedl Mchvh ndjr Bjsvhnik.=:6 J ekmje NIK pejntdl

knd spdmhje pejnt kn tcd ajngs k` tcd Mcdnldavu Ljb hn jn d``krt tk prdvdnt

skhe drkshkn. Yhtchn j `dw ydjrs, tcd pejnt hnvjldl tcd ljb `rkb wcdrd `jrbdrs

hrrhijtdl tcdhr `jrbs jnl wcdrd tcdy tkkg tcdhr mjtted tk lrhng. Pheejidrs aejbdl

tcjt pejnt `kr mkntjhnhni j pkhskn tcjt gheedl tcdhr mjtted jnl `kr cjvhni arkuict j

ldstrumthvd pdst tcjt rjvjidl vdidtjaeds jnl ktcdr pejnts.

chs rdpkrt, wchmc wjs bkrd okurnjehsthm tcjn jn dvjeujthkn rdpkrt sckwdl

tcd bueth-lhbdnshknje mcjrjmtdr tcjt tcd BMQ jpprkjmc mkuel arhni tk dxhsthni

B&D prjmthmds. Ht hs trud tcjt tcd ikje k` prdvdnthni skhe drkshkn cjl addn rdjmcdl,

aut hn jmchdvhni tcjt ikje, cdjvy jnl ekni-tdrb ljbjids wdrd hbpksdl tk tcdmkbbunhty wcksd ehvdehckkl wjs hn odkpjrly. Jnktcdr rdpkrt thtedl –jnzjnhj?

Ghls stjnl adchnl ldsgs tk edjrn‘=:: okurnjehsthmjeey dvjeujtdl j ldsg-lhstrhauthkn

prkodmt, mkbhni tk tcd kasdrvjthkn tcjt jee tcd mchelrdn cjl ldsgs, hnlddl, aut

mkuel nkt sht jt tcdb js tcdy wdrd tkk chic `kr tcdhr jid. cksd ldsgs wdrd rjtcdr

usdl js tjaeds, wchmc mchelrdn usdl wchest stjnlhni, j shtujthkn wchmc tdjmcdrs cdel

rdspknshaed `kr ajl cjnlwrhthni jbknist tcdhr puphes.

Knmd jijhn, knd pjtc tcjt nddls dxpekrjthkn hs jsskmhjthni mkbbunhthds tk tcd

mkbbunhmjthkn prkmdss tcjt tjgds pejmd jrkunl ldvdekpbdnt prkodmts. cd sjbd

kasdrvjthkns bjld whtc rdijrls tk okurnjehsb jnl tk jmthvhsb jnl jlvkmjmy jrd

vjehl hn ldvdekpbdnt prkodmts. cd dxpdrts cjvd j mdrtjhn prk`dsshknje jpprkjmc,



::0

`keekw mdrtjhn prk`dsshknjeey ldshindl jnl tdstdl bdtckls, wchmc pusc tcdb hn

knd lhrdmthkn jnl prdvdnt tcdb ̀ rkb ekkghni hn ktcdr pksshaed, aut nkt prdsmrhadl,

lhrdmthkns. Mknstjnt BMQ-hnsphrdl B&D mkbbunhmjthkn cjs tcd pktdnthje tk

idndrjtd bdlhj mkntdnts tcjt mkuel irdjtey cdep ejridr mkbbunhmjthkn jmthvhthds

jrkunl tcd prkodmt. Hn tcd `hrst pejmd, tcd prkodmt jnl tcd krijnhsjthknWsR adchnl ht wkuel ijhn bkrd puaehmhty, js ndwswkrtcy stkrhds jrd ehgdey tk ad –phmgdl‘ kr auhet

upkn ay bjhnstrdjb bdlhj.

]dmknley, tcd krijnhsjthkn‘s ndwsedttdr jnl skmhje ndtwkrghni shtds‘ pjids wkuel

hnmeuld irjssrkkts mkntdnts tcjt wkuel ihvd j akttkb-up pdrmdpthkn k` tcd prkodmt.

chrley, ̀ unlrjhsdrs jnl bjnjidrs wkuel cjvd j whld rjnid k` rdjly-bjld bjtdrhje

tk usd wchest sckwhni tcd hbpjmt k` mkbpedtdl kr sthee-hn-prkirdss prkodmts tk tcdhr

pjrtndrs jnl pktdnthje ̀ unlhni krijnhsjthkns.=:1 cdsd typds k` rdpkrts wkuel trjmg

prkodmt hbpjmts jnl `jheurds jnl hntrklumd bkrd trjnspjrdnmy jnl vhshahehty hn

prkodmt hbpedbdntjthkn, whtc tcd akttkb ùe`heehni tcd wjtmclki ùnmthkn.

@kr surd, ht hs nkt pksshaed tk ik hn jee lhrdmthkns jt tcd sjbd thbd. cdrd`krd, hths ndmdssjry jnl adnd`hmhje tk hntdirjtd tcd mkbbunhty, wchmc ekkgs jt tcd prkirdss

jnl jmchdvdbdnts `rkb tcd akttkb. Hn tdrbs k` ijps, tcd dxpdrts k`tdn edjvd tcd ijp

k` –wcjt tcd akttkb tchngs‘ kpdn Wtcd Ikkl @krtund lkmubdntjry prkvhldl skbd

hntdrdsthni meuds hn tchs rdspdmtR, wcdrdjs BMQ-hnsphrdl B&D wkuel bkst ehgdey

`hee tcjt ijp wchest edjvhni tcd ijp k` –dxpdrt gnkwedlid‘ kpdn. cd mknvdridnmd k`

dxpdrt B&D jnl BMQ-hnsphrdl B&D wkuel dnjaed tcd akttkb tk bknhtkr tcdhr

kwn jmthvhthds jnl tcksd k` tcd prkodmt stj``,=:= jnl wkuel jll ndw lhbdnshkns

tk tcd ejridr jpprkjmc gnkwn js Vjrthmhpjtkry B&D, =:< wcdrday pjrthmhpjthkn

lkds nkt bdjn jttdnlhni bddthnis jnl mknvdyhni dxpdrts‘ vhdws, aut rjtcdr ùeey

dnijihni hntk, jnl hnèudnmhni, ldmhshkn bjghni.





::3

Arkwn, H., Mjodd, _., Ljvhds, L., & ]cjun, ]. (166=). –Mdee pcknd ajnghni? prdlhmtkrs k`

jlkpthkn hn ]kutc J`rhmj ” jn dxpekrjtkry stuly‘. Hntdrnjthknje Okurnje k` Hn`krbjthkn Bjnjidbdnt , 1=, =3:-=8<.

Arkwndee, A. (:846). cd Cubjn Mkbbunhty? Hts Vchekskpcy jnl Vrjmthmd `kr j hbd k`

Mrhshs . Ndw Xkrg? Cjrpdr & Arktcdrs Vuaehscdrs.

Aruhon, B. ld, Arhngbjn, H, & Nyjbnokc, @. (16:=). –Hntrklumthkn? Bkahed bjrihns jnl

tcd lynjbhms k` mkbbunhmjthkn‘. Hn Aruhon, B. ld, Arhngbjn, H., & Nyjbnokc, @.

(Dls.), ]hldFYjys? Bkahed bjrihns jnl tcd lynjbhms k` mkbbunhmjthkn hn J`rhmj (pp.

:-:0). Edhldn? Ejnijj & J`rhmj ]tulhds Mdntrd.

Aruns, J. (1663). –cd Jmthvd Julhdnmd? rjns`krbhni Okurnjehsb `rkb Ijtdgddphni tk

Ijtdwjtmchni‘. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//snura.hn`k/`heds/cd%16Jmthvd%16Julhdnmd.

pl`

Aruns, J. (W1664R 1668). Ijtdwjtmchni? Mkeejakrjthvd Knehnd Ndws Vrklumthkn. Ndw Xkrg?

Vdtdr Ejni.Aruns, J. (1668). Aekis , Yhghpdlhj, ]dmknl Eh`d, jnl Adyknl? @rkb Vrklumthkn tk Vrklusjid .

Ndw Xkrg? Vdtdr Ejni.

Aumghnicjb, L. (1669). Adyknl dmcnkekiy? Mchelrdn‘s Edjrnhni hn tcd Jid k` LhihtjeMueturd . Mjbarhlid? Vkehty.

Auhos, G. (16::). Okurnjehsthdgd gwjehtdht hn cdt mrkssbdlhjed tholpdrg . cd Cjiud? Akkb

Edbbj uhtidvdrs. ]dmknl Dlhthkn.

Aurgdy, ]. (:88=). Vdkped @hrst? J Iuhld tk ]de`-Qdehjnt Vjrthmhpjtkry Qurje Ldvdekpbdnt .Eknlkn? _dl Akkgs.

Mjbndr, I., & ]oðaekb, D. (1668). Mjn tcd summdss k` B-VD]J ad rdpdjtdl; J rdvhdw k` tcdhbpedbdntjthkns hn Gdnyj jnl jnzjnhj . Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.bkahedjmthvd.kri/

rdsdjrmc/mjn-summdss-b-pdsj-ad-rdpdjtdl-rdvhdw-hbpedbdntjthkns-gdnyj-jnl-tjnzjnhj

Mjrdy, O. (W:838R 1668). Mkbbunhmjthkn js Mueturd? Dssjys kn Bdlhj jnl ]kmhdty. Ndw Xkrg?

Qkutedlid, Qdvhsdl Dlhthkn.

Mjry, E. (:896). –Hntrklumthkn‘. Hn Mjry, E.(Dl.), Mkbbunhty Ldvdekpbdnt js j Vrkmdss (pp.

:-0). Mkeubahj? Tnhvdrshty k` Bhsskurh Vrdss.

Mjstdees, B. (1668). Mkbbunhmjthkn Vkwdr . Kx`krl? Kx`krl Tnhvdrshty Vrdss.

Mjstdees, B., @drnênldz-Jrlãvke, B., Zhu, O. E., & ]dy, J. (1669). Bkahed Mkbbunhmjthknjnl ]kmhdty? J Iekaje Vdrspdmthvd . Mjbarhlid? cd BH Vrdss.

Mcjumcjrl, V. (W:840R :896). Ed ejnijid dt ej pdnsèd ” ―Zud sjhs-od;‒ N¿083. Vjrhs? VT@.

Dhictc Dlhthkn.

Meuvdr, E., Arjy, Q., & Ljwds, J. (1669). –Bknhtkrhni tcd wkrst `krbs k` mchel ejakur,

trj``hmghni jnl mchel mkbbdrmhje sdxuje dxpekhtjthkn‘. Hn Ljwds, J., Arjy, Q., & Bdrwd,

J. vjn ldr (Dls.), Bknhtkrhni Mchel Ydee-Adhni? J ]kutc J`rhmjn Qhicts-Ajsdl Jpprkjmc

(pp. 1<9-103). Mjpd kwn? C]QM Vrdss.

Mkcdn, J. V. (:834). cd ]ybakehm Mknstrumthkn k` Mkbbunhty . Mchmcdstdr? Deehs

Ckrwkkl.





:16

Dleds, V. (1660). @unlrjhshni? Cjnls-Kn jmthms `kr Nknprk`ht Irkups. Ndw Xkrg? BmIrjw-

Chee. ]dmknl Dlhthkn.

Dgdjnyjnwu, N., & Kahjnhiwd, N. (16:1). –cd Nhidrhjn Vrdss, Arkwn Dnvdekpd

]ynlrkbd (AD]) jnl Bdlhj Vrk`dsshknjehsb? cd Bhsshni Ehng‘. Okurnjehsb jnl Bjss

Mkbbunhmjthkn , Pke. 1, Nk. <, Jprhe, 4:<-418.

Dediadedyd, K.]. (1664). –Vrdvjednt Tsd k` Iekaje ]ystdb k` Bkahed Vcknd (I]B) `kr

Mkbbunhmjthkn hn Nhidrhj? J Ardjgtcrkuic hn Hntdrjmthknje Dncjnmdbdnt kr j

Lrjwajmg;‘. Nkrlhm Okurnje k` J`rhmjn ]tulhds , :<, 1, :8=-169.

Dtzk, ]., & Mkeednldr, I. (:= Juiust 16:6). –cd Bkahed Vcknd ―Qdvkeuthkn‒ hn J`rhmj?

Qcdtkrhm kr Qdjehty;‘. J`rhmjn J``jhrs , :-:6.

@jrbjn, O. (16:1). –Chstkrhmhzhni Bkahed Bdlhj? Ekmjthni tcd rjns`krbjthkns k`

Dbaklhdl ]pjmd‘. Hn Jrmdndjux, N., & Gjvkkrh, J. (Dls.), cd Bkahed Bdlhj Qdjldr (pp. 8-11). Ndw Xkrg? Vdtdr Ejni.

@hnejy, J. (16:1). –]ystdbhm mcjeednids tk rdpkrthni mkbpedxhty hn okurnjehsb? CHP/Jhlsjnl mehbjtd mcjnid hn J`rhmj‘. Dmquhl Nkvh? J`rhmjn Okurnjehsb ]tulhds , Pke. ==-:,

:4-14.

@kumjuet, B. (W:889R 166=). ]kmhdty Bust Ad Ld`dnldl . Eknlkn? Vhniuhn Akkgs. Edmturds

jt Mkeedid ld @rjnmd `rkb Ojnujry ” Bjrmc :890.

@rãrd, B.-]. (166=). –E‘ dntdrprhsd bèlhjthqud ju Aurghnj @jsk? krijnhsjthkn dt

`knmthknndbdnt‘. Hn Ajehbj, ., & @rãrd, B.-]., Bèlhjs dt Mkbbunhmjthkns skmhjeds juAurghnj @jsk? Jpprkmcd skmhk-èmknkbhqud ld ej mhrmuejthkn ld e‘hn`krbjthkn (pp. :9-:06).

Vjrhs? E‘ Cjrbjttjn.

@rdul, ]. (W:866R :814). Ed rïvd dt skn hntdrprètjthkn. Vjrhs? Ijeehbjrl.@rdul, ]. (W:868R :839). Mhnq edékns sur ej psymcjnjeysd . Vjrhs? Vjykt.

@rhdnl, M. (1669). –rjlhthkns, Mknvdnthkns, jnl Dtchms‘. Hn @rhdnl, M., & ]hnidr, A. O.

(Dls.), Knehnd Okurnjehsb Dtchms (pp. =-19). Eknlkn? B.D. ]cjrpd.

@ueedr, O. (16:6). Ycjt Hs Cjppdnhni tk Ndws cd Hn`krbjthkn Dxpekshkn jnl tcd Mrhshs hn Okurnjehsb. Mchmjik? cd Tnhvdrshty k` Mchmjik Vrdss.

Ijeehndtth, O. (1663). –Ykrst @krbs k` Mchel Ejakur? J Phdw `rkb Kut k` J`rhmj‘. Hn

]ektc-Nhdesdn, O. (Dl.), Mchelrdn‘s Qhicts hn J`rhmj? J Edije Vdrspdmthvd (pp. =1=-=<:).

Jeldrsckt? Jscijtd.

Ijns, C. (W:898R :836). Ldmhlhni Ycjt‘s Ndws? J ]tuly k` MA] Dvdnhni Ndws, NAM Nhicteyndws, Ndwswddg, jnl hbd . Ndw Xkrg? Phntjid Akkgs.

Iheejn, G., Vhmgdrhee, O., & Ydastdr, @. (1663). Jnth-Yjr Jmthvhsb? Ndw Bdlhj jnl Vrktdsthn tcd Hn`krbjthkn Jid . Ndw Xkrg? Vjeirjvd BjmBheejn.

Iheedtt, I. (:881). Qdprdsdntjthkn, Bdjnhni jnl ckuict . Kx`krl? Mejrdlkn Vrdss.

Iheebkr, L. (1668). –Hntrklumthkn? kwjrl j (Ndw) Bdlhj Ehtdrjmy hn j Bdlhj ]jturjtdl

Ykrel‘. Hn Vjpjmcjrhssh, _. (Dl.), Okurnjehsb jnl Mhthzdnschp? Ndw Jidnljs hnMkbbunhmjthkn (pp. :-::). Ndw Xkrg? Qkutedlid.

Ikiihn, I. (1660). Mdee Vcknd Mueturd? Bkahed dmcnkekiy hn Dvdryljy Eh`d . Eknlkn?Qkutedlid.



:1:

Ikiihn, I. (16::). –cd hnthbjtd turn k` bkahed ndws‘. Hn Bdhged, I., & Qdlldn, I.

(Dls.), Ndws Knehnd? rjns`krbjthkns jnl Mknthnuhthds (pp. 88-::<). Ndw Xkrg? Vjeirjvd

BjmBheejn.

Ikeladri, A. (W1661R 166=). Ahjs? J MA] Hnshldr Dxpksds Ckw tcd Bdlhj Lhstkrt tcd Ndws .

Ndw Xkrg? Vdrdnnhje.

Iudyd, J. (1664). –Ed sdmtdur hn`krbde æ ej pèrhpcèrhd ld ej prdssd sènèijejhsd‘. Hn jurid,

B., & Yhttbjnn, @. (Dls.), Dntrd trjlhthkn krjed dt nkuvdeeds tdmcnkekihds? Kø vknt edsbjss bdlhj ju ]ènèije; (pp. 8=-:6=). Ljgjr? Dnlj.

Iuhot, H., Jrdvjek, B., & ]jejlkrds, G. (:883). –Vjrthmhpjtkry Bknhtkrhni jnl Dvjeujthkn?

rjmghni mcjnid tkidtcdr‘. VEJ Nktds , Hssud =: (pp.13-=0). Eknlkn? HHDL.

Iuslkr`, I. (:88:). Jutk-ahk-irjpchd. Ehinds ld vhd 1 . Vjrhs? Dlhthkns Klhed Ojmka.

Cjcn, C. V., & Ghakrj, E. (1663). –cd lkbdsthmjthkn k` tcd bkahed pcknd? krje skmhdty

jnl ndw HM hn Aurghnj @jsk‘. cd Okurnje k` Bkldrn J`rhmjn ]tulhds , <0, 39-:68.

Cjnskn, ]., Nhmckees, Q., Qjnidr, N., Cjeedijttd, ]., Mkr`dd-Bkrekt, O., Cdrwdhodr, M.,

Mcjtdju, O. (16::). –J iekaje rjnghni k` pkrt mhthds whtc chic dxpksurd tk mehbjtd

dxtrdbds‘. Mehbjthm Mcjnid , :6<, 38-:::.

Cdrbjn, D., & BmMcdsndy, Q. (:889). cd Iekaje Bdlhj? cd Ndw Bhsshknjrhds k`Mkrpkrjtd Mjphtjehsb. Eknlkn? Mjssdee.

Chbknij, M. (1663). –J`rhmjn Mustkbjry Ejw jnl Mchelrdn‘s Qhicts? Hntdrsdmthkns jnl

Lkbjhns hn j Ndw Drj‘. Hn ]ektc-Nhdesdn, O. (Dl.), Mchelrdn‘s Qhicts hn J`rhmj? J EdijeVdrspdmthvd (pp. 9=-86). Jeldrsckt? Jscijtd.

Chrst, B. (16::). Ndws 1.6? Mjn okurnjehsb survhvd tcd Hntdrndt; . Mrkws Ndst? Jeedn &

Tnwhn.

Ckuic, O. (:88=). –Ycy aurn tcd ausc; ]kmhje jpprkjmcds tk ausc-`hrd bjnjidbdnt hn

Ydst J`rhmjn njthknje pjrgs‘. Ahkekihmje Mknsdrvjthkn 04, 1=-13.

Hntdrikvdrnbdntje Vjnde kn Mehbjtd Mcjnid WHVMMR (1669). Mehbjtd Mcjnid 1669? cdVcyshmje ]mhdnmd Ajshs . Idndvj? HVMM ]dmrdtjrhjt.

Ojbds, O., & Pdrstddi, B. (1669). –Bkahed pcknds hn J`rhmj? ckw bumc lk wd rdjeey gnkw;‘.

]kmhje Hnlhmjtkrs Qdsdjrmc, 3<, ::9-:10.

Oknds, O., & ]jetdr, E. (16:1). Lhihtje Okurnjehsb. Eknlkn? ]JID.

Oknds, N. (16:1). –‒]dxhni up‒ dnvhrknbdntje hssuds? Dxpekrhni bdlhj dmk-dtchms, jlvkmjmyjnl okurnjehsb hn j ]kutc J`rhmjn mkntdxt‘. Dmquhl Nkvh? J`rhmjn Okurnjehsb ]tulhds ,Pke. ==-:, 10-<=.

Gjrjijnhs, O. (1669). –Vrdsdntjthkn‘. Hn Gjrjijnhs, O. (Dl.), ]trumturds k` Vjrthmhpjthkn hnLhihtje Mueturd (pp. 3-:0). Ndw Xkrg? ]kmhje ]mhdnmd Qdsdjrmc Mkunmhe.

Gjskbj, @. (:88<j). –cd Nddl `kr Okurnjehsb Dtchms hn J`rhmj‘. Hn Gjskbj, @. (Dl.),

Okurnjehsb Dtchms hn J`rhmj (pp. =-1:). Njhrkah? DMMD.

Gjskbj, @. (:88<a). –Jn Hntrklumthkn tk Okurnjehsb Dtchmje Qdjsknhni hn J`rhmj‘. Hn

Gjskbj, @. (Dl.), Okurnjehsb Dtchms hn J`rhmj (pp. 11-=9). Njhrkah? DMMD.



:11

Gjskbj, @. (:880). – cd @kunljthkn k` J`rhmjn Dtchms (J`rhdtchms) jnl tcd Vrk`dsshknje

Vrjmthmd k` Okurnjehsb? cd Mjsd `kr ]kmhdty-Mdntrdl Bdlhj Bkrjehty‘. J`rhmj BdlhjQdvhdw :6-=, 8=-::0.

Gjskbj, @. (1661). Mkbbunhty Qjlhk? Hts Bjnjidbdnt jnl Krijnhsjthkn hn _jbahj . Eusjgj?

_jbahj Hnldpdnldnt Bdlhj Jsskmhjthkn.

Gjykld, O. (16::). –Okurnjehsb Dtchms hn Nhidrhj‘. Hn Ksk, E., & Vjtd, T. (Dls.), Bjss Bdlhj jnl ]kmhdty hn Nhidrhj (pp.:<:-:44). Ejiks? Bjetckusd Vrdss.

Gksghndn, H. G. (1669). Bkahed Buethbdlhj hn Jmthkn. Eknlkn? rjnsjmthkn Vuaehscdrs.

Gktcjrh, T., & Bhnkiud, B. (1661). –Mrhthmje Vdrspdmthvds kn Ldvdekpbdnt? Jn

Hntrklumthkn‘. Hn Gktcjrh, T., & Bhnkiud, B. (Dls.), Ldvdekpbdnt cdkry jnl Vrjmthmd?Mrhthmje Vdrspdmthvds (pp. :-:4). Ckunlbhees? Vjeirjvd.

Gkvjmc, A., & Qksdnsthde, . (W166:R 1669). cd Dedbdnts k` Okurnjehsb? Ycjt Ndwspdkped]ckuel Gnkw jnl tcd Vuaehm ]ckuel Dxpdmt . Ndw Xkrg? crdd Qhvdrs Vrdss.

Grdutz, M. (16:6). –Bkahed jmthvhsb hn J`rhmj? ùturd trdnls jnl sk`twjrd ldvdekpbdnts‘.

Hn Dghnd, ]. (Dl.), ]B] Tprhshni? Bkahed Vcknd Jmthvhsb hn J`rhmj (pp. :9-=:). Mjpd

kwn? Vjbajzugj Vrdss.

Grõidr, @. (166<). Aejmg, Ychtd jnl Irdy? Dtchms hn ]kutc J`rhmjn Okurnjehsb. Mjpd kwn?

Lkuaed ]tkrdy Akkgs.

Gshgds, L. (16:=). –Hrrupthkn lu myadrjmthvhsbd ljns e‘ dspjmd puaehm? mjs lu Bjrkm‘. Hn

Njojr, ]. (Dl.), Ed myadrjmthvhsbd ju Bjicrda dt ljns ed bknld jrjad (pp. :99-:31).

Vjrhs? Gjrtcjej.

Ehdvrkuw, E. (16::). Jetdrnjthvd jnl Jmthvhst Ndw Bdlhj . Mjbarhlid? Vkehty Vrdss.

Ehni, Q. (166<). cd Bkahed Mknndmthkn? cd Mdee Vcknd‘s Hbpjmt kn ]kmhdty . Jbstdrljb?

Bkrijn Gju`bjnn Vuaehscdrs.

Eugueunij, P. D. (16:1). –cd mcjeednids k` okurnjehsb dtchms hn tcd Ldbkmrjthm Qdpuaehm

k` Mknik‘. Dmquhl Nkvh? J`rhmjn Okurnjehsb ]tulhds , ==-=, 06-9=.

BjmHvdr, Q. (W:810 ” :846R :896). Kn Mkbbunhty, ]kmhdty jnl Vkwdr? ]dedmtdl Yrhthnis .Mchmjik? cd Tnhvdrshty k` Mchmjik Vrdss.

BmNjhr, A. (1664). –Ycjt hs okurnjehsb;‘. Hn Auric, C. ld (Dl.), Bjghni Okurnjehsts?Lhvdrsd bkldes, iekaje hssuds (pp. 14-<=). Eknlkn? Qkutedlid.

Bdrrhtt, L. (16:6). –Ycjt Mhthzdn Okurnjehsb Mjn Edjrn `rkb Vuaehm Okurnjehsb‘. HnQksdnadrry, O., & Okcn HHH, A. ]t. (Dls.), Vuaehm Okurnjehsb 1.6? cd Vrkbhsd jnl Qdjehtyk` j Mhthzdn-Dnijidl Vrdss (pp. 1:-=:). Ndw Xkrg? Qkutedlid.

Bkdbdgj, J. J. (:889). –Mkbbunjehsthm ]kmhdthds? Mkbbunhty jnl ]de`-Qdspdmt js

J`rhmjn Pjeuds‘. Hn Mcrhsthjns, M., & rjadr, B. (Dls.), Mkbbunhmjthkn Dtchms jnlTnhvdrsje Pjeuds (pp. :96-:8=). ckusjnl Kjgs? ]jid Vuaehmjthkns.

Bkekny, . (1663). –Qunnhni kut k` mrdlht? tcd ehbhtjthkns k` bkahed tdedpckny hn j

jnzjnhjn jirhmueturje bjrgdthni systdb‘. Okurnje k` Bkldrn J`rhmjn ]tulhds , <0, <,

0=9-043.



:1=

Bkrjwmzynsgh, K., & Bhsmhknd, I. (1663). –Dxpekrhni rust hn Bkahed Ajnghni

rjnsjmthkns? cd Mjsd k` B-Vdsj hn Gdnyj‘. ]kmhje Lhbdnshkns k` Hn`krbjthkn jnlMkbbunhmjthkn dmcnkekiy Vkehmy , Pke. 131, 139-183. Hntdrnjthknje @dldrjthkn `kr

Hn`krbjthkn Vrkmdsshni.

Bkyk, L. (1668). Ldjl Jhl? Ycy Jhl Hs Nkt Ykrghni jnl Ckw cdrd Hs j Adttdr Yjy `kr J`rhmj . Ndw Xkrg? @jrrjr, ]trjus jnl Ihrkux.

Bulcjh, K. @. (16::). –Hbbdlhjmy jnl kpdnndss hn j lhihtje J`rhmj? Ndtwkrgdl-mknvdridnt

okurnjehsbs hn Gdnyj‘. Okurnjehsb :1(0), 09<-08:.

Burlkmg, I. V. (:8<8). ]kmhje ]trumturd . Ndw Xkrg? cd BjmBheejn Mkbpjny.

Bwjnzj, M. (166:). –Okurnjehsb Dtchms Mjsd ]tuly -Edsktck? Dtchms jnl Okurnjehst Ijtd-

Gddphni‘. Hn Tgpjah, M. (Dl.), Cjnlakkg kn Okurnjehsb Dtchms? J`rhmjn Mjsd ]tulhds (pp. :64-::<). Yhnlckdg? Bdlhj Hnsthtutd k` ]kutcdrn J`rhmj.

Njthknje Mkunmhe `kr Ejw Qdpkrthni (166:). Mchelrdn Jmt Nk 3. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//

www.jmer.hn`k/hbjids/stkrhds/upekjldr/Vuaehmjthkn[`heds/Jmts/Gdnyj[Mchelrdns[Jmt[Nk[3[k`[166:.pl`

Ndirkpkntd, N. (:884). Adhni Lhihtje . Eknlkn? Cklldr jnl ]tkuictkn.

Ngwh, Y. (16:=). –@rkb `kkt bdssdnidrs tk mdee pcknds? Mkbbunhmjthkn hn Gkb,

Mjbdrkkn‘. Hn Aruhon, B. ld, Arhngbjn, H., & Nyjbnokc, @. (Dls.), ]hldFYjys? Bkahed bjrihns jnl tcd lynjbhms k` mkbbunhmjthkn hn J`rhmj (pp. ::=-:13). Edhldn?

Ejnijj & J`rhmj ]tulhds Mdntrd.

Nyjbnokc, @. (1664). J`rhmj‘s Bdlhj, Ldbkmrjmy jnl tcd Vkehthms k` Adeknihni . Eknlkn? _dl

Akkgs.

Nyjnmckij, ]., Bumckgh, @., & Kiuej, V. (16:6). –Hntrklumthkn‘. Hn Nyjnmckij, ].,Bumckgh, @., & Kiuej, V. (Dls.), Ikvdrnjnmd hn J`rhmj? Chstkrhmje jnl MkntdbpkrjryVdrspdmthvds (pp. xh-xvh). Njhrkah, MTDJ Vrdss.

Kgwjby, J., Niutugu, D., & Bucjnih, J. (16::). cd Qked k` Gnkwedlid jnl Mueturd hnMchel Mjrd hn J`rhmj? J ]kmhkekihmje ]tuly k` ]dvdrje Dtcnhm Irkups hn Gdnyj jnl Tijnlj .Edwhstkn? cd Dlwhn Bdeedn Vrdss.

Krijnhsjthkn `kr Dmknkbhm Mk-kpdrjthkn jnl Ldvdekpbdnt WKDMLR (1661).

Dvjeujthkn jnl Jhl D``dmthvdndss? Iekssjry k` Gdy drbs hn Dvjeujthkn jnl Qdsuets Ajsdl Bjnjidbdnt.

Kvdrlhog, Q. (:889). Ld bytcd vjn ld –dedgtrknhsmcd sndewdi‘? Pjn gjrrdnpjl tkt sndewdi, ldkntwhggdehni vjn cdt dedgtrknhsmc wdidnndt . Jbstdrljb? Kttk Mrjbwhnmgde.

Qksdeek, B. (:883). Ldmehnhni tcd ]tdrdktypd? Dtcnhmhty jnl Qdprdsdntjthkn hn @rdnmc Mueturds .Cjnkvdr? Tnhvdrshty Vrdss k` Ndw Dniejnl.

Qustkn, ]. (16:1). –Mjeehni Jcdjl? Mhndbjthm Hbjihnjthkns k` Bkahed Bdlhj‘s Mrhthmje

J``krljnmds‘. Hn Jrmdndjux, N., & Gjvkkrh, J. (Dls.), cd Bkahed Bdlhj Qdjldr (pp.

1=-=8). Ndw Xkrg? Vdtdr Ejni.

Qy`d, L., & Bdnshni, L. (16:6), –Mhthzdn Okurnjehsb hn j Chstkrhmje @rjbd‘. Hn Qksdnadrry,

O., & Okcn HHH, A. ]t. (Dls.), Vuaehm Okurnjehsb 1.6? cd Vrkbhsd jnl Qdjehty k` j Mhthzdn-

Dnijidl Vrdss (pp. =1-<<). Ndw Xkrg? Qkutedlid.





:14

Pdic, ]. (166=). –Mejssh`yhni @krbs k` Knehnd Jmthvhsb? cd Mjsd k` Myadrprktdsts jijhnst

tcd Ykrel Ajng‘. Hn BmMjuicdy, B., & Jydrs, B. (Dls.), Myadrjmthvhsb? Knehnd Jmthvhsb hn cdkry jnl Vrjmthmd (pp. 9:-84). Eknlkn? Qkutedlid.

Phtje Yjvd Mknsuethni (= Kmtkadr 16::). drjns`krb J`rhmj? Cdjetc ]dmtkr ]tuly. ]dmtkr

Jssdssbdnt jnl Kppkrtunhthds `kr HM . Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vhtjewjvd.mkb/pl`/16:1/Qdjldrs-Lhidst-Cdjetc.pl`>

Pyiktsgy, E. (W:8=<R :830). ckuict jnl Ejniujid . Mjbarhlid? cd BH Vrdss.

Yjssdrbjn, C. (16:1). –cd mcjeednid k` mehbjtd mcjnid `kr okurnjehsb hn J`rhmj‘. DmquhlNkvh? J`rhmjn Okurnjehsb ]tulhds , Pke. ==-:, :-1.

Ydstdr, @. (:83<). Ld idùnlddrld tcdkrhd-adnjldrhni? Ddn strjtdihd vkkr gwjehtjthd` knldrzkdg .Nhobdidn? ]kmhkekihsmc Hnsthtuut.

\P Qdpkrts, Ndwspjpdr jrthmeds & Lkmubdntjrhds JMJV (::tc Juiust 16:=). –Ed bhnhstrd Mcrhstkpcd Ijzjb Adtty shind æ Vrdtkrhj dn J`rhqud

lu ]ul un jmmkrl mjlrd ld lktjthkn dn èquhpdbdnts ld ej stjthkn ld rjlhklh`ùshkn

njthknjed‘. JMJV. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb ? cttp?//www.jmjp-m`.hn`k/Ed-bhnhstrd-Mcrhstkpcd-

Ijzjb-Adtty-shind-j-Vrdtkrhj-dn-J`rhqud-lu-]ul-un-jmmkrl-mjlrd-ld-lktjthkn-dn-

dquhpdbdnts-ld-ej[j4<80.ctbe

Jldrk, A. (:0tc Nkvdbadr 16:6). –Nkghj N3 nkw jvjhejaed hn Gdnyj‘.

Hndwsj`rhmj.mkb . Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.htndwsj`rhmj.

mkb/16:6/::/nkghj-n3-nkw-jvjhejaed-hn-gdnyj

Ajljwh, _. (:4tc ]dptdbadr 16:6). –Nhidr `jmhni mjtjstrkpchm cunidr mrhshs‘. AAM Ndws

J`rhmj . Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.aam.mk.ug/ndws/wkrel-j`rhmj-::=:16:8

Aruiuhãrd, V. (19tc ]dptdbadr 16:1). –_hbajawdjns èusc tkhedts hn unhskn tk medjr

sdwdrs‘. @rjnmd 1< Wcd KasdrvdrsR. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//kasdrvdrs.`rjnmd1<.mkb/

mkntdnt/16:16819-zhbajawdjns-èusc-tkhedts-unhskn-medjr-sdwdrs-wjtdr-sckrtjid-

lrkuict-auejwjyk-ljb-rdsdrvkhr-ruaahsc-trjsc

Aurrkws, V. (1:st Ouey 16:=). –Chic-Dnl ]bjrtpcknd Akkb Dnlhni js Vrhmd Lrkp Chts

Jpped‘. Aekkbadri.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.aekkbadri.mkb/ndws/16:=-69-

1:/chic-dnl-sbjrtpcknd-akkb-dnlhni-js-prhmd-lrkp-chts-jpped.ctbe

Irjzhjnk, L. (14tc Ojnujry 16:=). –Cujwdh hs nkw tcd wkrel‘s tchrl ejridst sbjrtpcknd

vdnlkr, aut sthee `jr adchnl ]jbsuni jnl Jpped‘. AIQ.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//air.mkb/16:=/6:/14/sbjrtpcknd-bjrgdt-scjrd-q<-16:1-=60=88/

Bjsvhnihsd, Y. (4tc Ldmdbadr 16::). –_hb Jirhm sdt tk Ik Tp‘. Ljhey Ndws , p. :1.

Ngurunzhzj, ]. (3tc @darujry 16:6). –Lrui ldjedr jrrdstdl hn Gjrknih‘. cd Ndw hbds .Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.ndwthbds.mk.rw/ndws/hnldx.pcp;h2:<:04&j2140<4

Qdadnd, A. (1<tc Bjy 16:=). –Mdntrj`rhqud? und suavdnthkn ld 14 bheehkns @M@J pkur

eds bèlhjs prhvès‘. JMJV . Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.okurnjeldajniuh.mkb/jrthmed.

pcp;jhl2<043

Qddl, A. (11nl Ouey 16:=). –Lrkpphni sbjrtpcknd prhmds mkuel edjl tk ―hnlustrywhld mjrnjid‒‘.

AIQ.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//air.mkb/16:=/69/11/sbjrtpcknd-jsp-lrkp-jnjeyshs/



:10

QE Nhduws (:st Ojnujry 16::). –Drhg Bkutcjjn tdrui njjr Cjëth‘. QE Nhduws .Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.rte.ne/%13/jmtudde/rtenhduws/%18/mkbpkndnts/jmtudde/

rtenhduws/16::/6:[ojnujrh/:1/vdrrhoghnisknldrldedn/drhg[bkutcjjn[tdrui[njjr[

cjht.xbe

]hlikblè (3tc Jprhe 16:=). –Jssjsshnjt l‘ un mkbbdréjnt æ Gkbahsshrh? Ed ndvdu ld ejvhmthbd, mk-jutdur prdsubd lu mrhbd‘. ]hlwjyj N¿9=8:, p. 1:.

]kdst, E. vjn, & Edvhnd, O. (16:6). Ikkl @krtund . Lkmubdntjry.

Bkahed Qdpkrts

Jaurjb, G. (::tc Ojnujry 16:6). –Jmmrj? Nkt oust adiihni aut aushndss‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2<=<3

Jaurjb, G. (:st Bjrmc 16:6). –Jmmrj? Mchel ejakur pdrshsts ldsphtd ejws‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.

mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2<==6 Jgejld, D. (4tc Ojnujry 16:6). –Mjpd-Mkjst? Ghls turn iuttdr hntk stjlhub‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.

mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2<6:0

Jrkn, O. (:6tc Ound 1668). –jnzjnhj? Vdjsjnts upsdt js phis ldstrky mrkps‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2=::6

Adej, L. (:3tc Ouey 1663). –Lkujej? pdkped wjnt gheedr `jmtkry rdekmjthkn‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2<001

Ahnlu, E. (:=tc @darujry 16:=). –Augjvu? Eds `dbbds lds bhehtjhrds ju bjrmcè ld

Nyjwdrj‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2:9:1

Ahnlu, E. (16tc Kmtkadr 16:6). –Ikbj? Eds dn`jnts surdxpekhtès pjr eds pjrdnts‘.Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p24:<=

Lhlj, J. (9tc ]dptdbadr 1668). –Hshkek? Mjtted mjnnkt rdshst lrkuict jny bkrd‘.

Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2133<

Lhlj, J. (:=tc Jprhe 16:6). –Gdnyj? Vjstkrjehsts dnijid hn jirhmueturd‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p213=<

Lhlj, J. (:3tc Juiust 16:6). –Gdnyj? Vjstkrjehsts turn tk ̀ hsc ̀ jrbhni‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p213=1

@jtche, K. (18tc Bjrmc 16::). –Gjbpjej? Mk-whvds `hict, puaehm wjtmcds‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2<<80

Iwhoj, ]. (:=tc Bjy 16::). –]kutc J`rhmj? Qhsgy ijbds tk sckw yku‘rd j aky‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2=961

Gjgued, B. (1=rl ]dptdbadr 16::). –Nkrl-Ghvu? Ajnjndrjhds rjvjièds pjr und bjejlhd‘.

Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2941

Gjgued, B. (:1tc Nkvdbadr 16:1). –Ikbj? Eds cjahtjnts ldbjnldnt un mjbhkn pkur

èvjmudr eds lèmcdts‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.

mkb/;p2:434

Gjgued, B. (11nl Ound 16:1). –Ikbj? Ej Vejid lu Vduped ldvhdnt un ejvd-jutk‘.

Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2:13:





:13

Bbjteh, J. (9tc @darujry 16::). –Okcjnndsauri? Kelhd cdeps ghls mrkss rkjl‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2=03:

Bbjteh, J. (3 @darujry 16::). –Okcjnndsauri? Ghls mjn nkw mrkss sj`dey‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2=098

Bpkù, N. (11nl Ojnujry 16:1). –_hbajawd? Qdshldnts rdshst prd-pjhl wjtdr systdb‘.

Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2<1:

Buihnh, O. (:9tc Bjy 16:6). –jnzjnhj? Bktcdr aurns 9-ydjr-aky kvdr Tijeh‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2==83

Buihnh, O. (10tc Bjy 16::). –jnzjnhj? puphes wkrg kn tdjmcdrs‘ `jrbs‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2=<:0

Buihnh, O. (=6tc Juiust 16:6). –jnzjnhj? Ghls hn cjrl ejakur lurhni smckke thbd‘.

Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2==31

Buihnh, O. (19tc Ouey 16::). –jnzjnhj? Qdehdvd ghls k` cdrlhni-Vjstkr‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2=<1=

Buihnh, O. (16tc Jprhe 16:6). –jnzjnhj? 8 ydjr krpcjn struiieds tk `ddl `jbhey‘.

Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2==<0

Buihnh, O. (:9tc Juiust 16:6). –]kejr mkkghni rdjmcds nkrtcdrn jnzjnhj‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2=<==

Buihnh, O. (:1tc Juiust 16::). –jnzjnhj? Ghls stjnl adchnl ldsgs tk edjrn‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2==3<

Bugcu`h, V. (:9tc ]dptdbadr 16:6). –Ehbpkpk? Mchelrdn sckmgdl j`tdr `jbhey trjidly‘.

Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2=081Buniubwj, I. (:st Ouey 16::). –Ikbj? Zude skrt pkur eds dn`jnts-trjvjheedurs;‘.

Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p24=3

Buniubwj, I. (1:st Bjrmc 16:1). –Ikbj? = bheehkns ld bkusthqujhrds lhstrhauèds‘.

Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2::8<

Buniubwj, I.(9tc Juiust 16:=). –Ikbj? Ej pkpuejthkn sd rèokuht ld ej mknstrumthkn lds

pkuadeeds puaehquds‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.

mkb/;p24141

Buniubwj, I. (3tc Juiust 16:=). –Ikbj? B]@ lknnd lds skhns irjtuhts jux lèpejmès ld

iudrrd‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p24149

Bustjpcj, H. J. (11nl Ound 16::). –Gjbpjej? Vrhmds ik lkwn `keekwhni seub rdmymehni‘.

Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2<4<1

Bustjpcj, H. J. (0tc Ouey 16::). –Gjbpjej? ]mrjp idndrjtds mjsc hn seub‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2<4<0

Njnj, L. (:<tc Juiust 1663). –Icjnj? Cjwgdrs turn wjrldns‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2=896

Nsjpu, D. (18tc Ound 16::). –Ikbj? Eds pjthdnts pjydnt pjr ed trjvjhe‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p24::8







:=:

Nktds

Hntrklumthkn

: Gjskbj, @. (1661). Mkbbunhty Qjlhk? Hts Bjnjidbdnt jnl Krijnhsjthkn hn _jbahj . Eusjgj? _jbahjHnldpdnldnt Bdlhj Jsskmhjthkn, pp. 3-8.

1 Hahl., p. 1=.

= Hahl., pp. 3-8.< Hahl., p. <=.

4 Hahl., pp. <=-<<.0 Hahl., pp. 1<-14.9 Js mkuntry Bjnjidr `kr Aurghnj @jsk jt tcd Cjiud-ajsdl Hntdrnjthknje Hnsthtutd `kr Mkbbunhmjthkn

jnl Ldvdekpbdnt, tcd NIK tcjt prkvhldl tcd hnhthje ùnlhni `kr Qjlhk Vji Ej Xhrh , H wkrgdl meksdeyjnl kn bjny kmmjshkns Whn 16:1 & 16:=R whtc tcd rjlhk‘s stjst jnl bjnjidbdnt jnl jttdnldl skbd

k` tcd Ehstdndrs‘ Meua lhsmusshkns.3 Hn tcd LQ Mknik, `kr hnstjnmd, wcdrd sjejrhds jrd dhtcdr nkn-dxhstdnt kr vdry ekw, prjmthmds sumc js

mkupjid , tcjt hs, ih`ts kr bkndy kstdrdl tk j okurnjehst `kr `jvkurjaed mkvdrjid k` knd‘s jmthvhthds, jrdkrlhnjry jnl pjrt k` tcd prk`dsshkn. Js Phmgy Deknik Euguejnij (16:1, p. 04) wrktd, –tchs mkupjididndrjeey sdrvds tk rdpejmd tcd okurnjehst‘s nkn-dxhstdnt sjejry, wcdrdjs desdwcdrd ht suppedbdnts jn

hnsumhdnt sjejry‘. Js sumc, tcus, mkupjid hs –systdbjthm, rdmurrdnt, rdmkinhsdl jnl jmmdptdl‘ (p. 03).Hn Nhidrhj, js Dgdjnyjnwu jnl Kahjnhiwd (16:1, p. 4:0) wrktd, tcd Arkwn Dnvdekpd ]ynlrkbdcjs addn pjrt okurnjehsb `kr ldmjlds ldsphtd hts drmd mrhthmhsb ay smckejrs. \d Arkwn Dnvdekpd ,ehgd tcd Mkupjid hn LQM, hs –j `krb k` hnlumhni wrhtdrs jnl dlhtkrs whtc njnmhje irjthmjthkn tkhnfiudnmd tcdhr wrhthnis hn `jvkur k` tcd ihvdrs. \jt pcdnkbdnkn hs sk whldsprdjl tcjt –j okurnjehst

bhict jmmdpt ht whtckut gnkwhni tcjt cd/scd cjs jmtujeey jmmdptdl j arhad tcjt mjn bjgd chb/cdrmkbprkbhsd okurnjehsthm prhnmhpeds kr dxpdmtdl dtchmje stjnljrls. ]hbhejr prjmthmds jrd kasdrvdl hn

Aurghnj @jsk, wcdrd tcd ikbak , h.d., tcd njnmhje mkbpdnsjthkn tcjt okurnjehsts rdmdhvd `rkb tcdpdrskn kr krijnhsjthkn wcksd jmthvhthds tcdy mkvdrdl, hs mkbbkn murrdnmy (@rãrd, 166=, pp. 0:-01).

8 Jtdnij, . (16:1). –Mjbdrkkn‘s prhvjtd ljhey prdss? Hn sdjrmc k` j vhjaed dmknkbhm bklde‘. DmquhlNkvh? J`rhmjn Okurnjehsb ]tulhds , ==-=, pp. :=-18, p. :3.

:6 Hahl .:: Oknds, O. (16:1). –―]dxhni up‒ dnvhrknbdntje hssuds? Dxpekrhni bdlhj dmk-dtchms, jlvkmjmy jnl

okurnjehsb hn j ]kutc J`rhmjn mkntdxt‘. Dmquhl Nkvh? J`rhmjn Okurnjehsb ]tulhds , Pke. ==-:, pp. 10-<=,

p. =1. Jesk sdd Euguejnij (16:1, p. 04)7 @rãrd (166=, pp. 0:-01).:1 Ajljwh, _. (:4tc ]dptdbadr 16:6). –Nhidr `jmhni mjtjstrkpchm cunidr mrhshs‘. AAM Ndws J`rhmj .

Qdtrhdvdl 3tc Bjrmc 16:1 `rkb? cttp?//www.aam.mk.ug/ndws/wkrel-j`rhmj-::=:16:8.

:= Gjgued, B. (1=rl ]dptdbard 16::). –Nkrl-Ghvu? Ajnjndrjhds rjvjièds pjr und bjejlhd‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl 3tc Bjrmc 16:1 `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2941. TcjghNdws.ndt hs j

prkodmt suppkrtdl ay tcd Hnsthtutd `kr Yjr jnl Vdjmd Qdpkrthni. Ht jhbs tk trjhn wkbdn hn NkrtcGhvu, hn tcd Ldbkmrjthm Qdpuaehm k` tcd Mknik, kn ckw tk prklumd buethbdlhj mkntdnts jakut hssuds

rdejthni tk wkbdn‘s rhicts, jbkni ktcdr tkphms. Hn Bjy 16:: tdn rdpkrtdrs wdrd trjhndl hn bkahedmkbbunhty rdpkrthni ay Pkhmds k` J`rhmj Bdlhj @kunljthkn, j Lutmc bdlhj trjhnhni krijnhsjthkn.

:< @kr skmhkekihst Cdradrt Ijns (W:898R :836, p. xhv), –skmhkekiy jnl okurnjehsb jrd shbhejr‘, shnmd tcdyaktc rdpkrt jakut skmhdty ushni skbd dbphrhmje bdtckls, tckuic whtc lhstdrdnt jhbs, ldjlehnds, jnljulhdnmds (Jesk sdd pp. 8= & =69).

:4 Bkrd jakut –hnshldr‘s vhdw‘ hn Mrdswdee (1669, p. =8)7 ]hevdrbjn (:88=, p. ::)7 Ydstdr (:83<, p. 40)7jnl ]prjledy (:836, pp. < & 49).

:0 ]hevdrbjn, L. (:88=). Hntdrprdthni Zujehtjthvd Ljtj? Bdtckls `kr Jnjeyshni jeg, dxt jnl Hntdrjmthkn.Eknlkn? ]JID, p. ::.

:9 ]kmhkekihst @rdl Ydstdr (:83<, p. 40) bjgds tcd gnkwedlid k` tcd ejniujid jn dssdnthje mknlhthkn

h` knd cjs tk mjpturd jn hnshldr‘s vhdw. Hn ktcdr wkrls, knd bust edjrn tk dxprdss kndsde` ushnitcd mkbbunhty‘s vdraje jnl nkn-vdraje ejniujid, jnl tcrkuic hts wjys k` adcjvhni jnl dxprdsshni

dbkthkns.:3 Akurlhdu, V. (W:831R :88:). Ejnijid dt pkuvkhr sybakehqud . Vjrhs? Dlhthkns @jyjrl, pp. 3< &

:6=-:6<.



:=1

:8 Iudyd, J. (1664). –Ed sdmtdur hn`krbde æ ej pèrhpcèrhd ld ej prdssd sènèijejhsd‘. Hn jurid, B. &

Yhttbjnn, @. (Dls.), Dntrd trjlhthkn krjed dt nkuvdeeds tdmcnkekihds? Kø vknt eds bjss bdlhj ju ]ènèije; (pp. 8=-:6=). Ljgjr? Dnlj, pp. 84, 89 & 88.

16 Ajrtcds, Q. (:836). Ej mcjbard mejhrd? Nktd sur ej pcktkirjpchd . Vjrhs? Ijeehbjrl ]duhe, pp. 1<-19.

1: ]thdiedr, A. & Ldrrhlj, O. (W:88=R 1661). Dmckirjpchds k` dedvhshkn. @hebdl Hntdrvhdws. Mjbarhlid?Vkehty, p. 9:.

11 Aruhon, B. ld, Nyjbnokc, @., & Arhngbjn, H. (Dls.) (1668). Bkahed pcknds? tcd ndw tjeghni lrubsk` dvdryljy J`rhmj . Ajbdnlj? Ejnijj Qdsdjrmc jnl Vuaehschni Mkbbkn Hnhthjthvd Irkup. Jesk sdd

Cjcn & Ghakrj (1663, p. :61).1= ]dd? Arkwn dt je . (166=)7 Bkrjwmzynsgh & Bhsmhknd (1663)7 Mjbndr & ]oðaekb (1668).1< ]dd? Bkekny (1663)7 Dediadedyd (1664).

14 Vrhzds hnmeuld? Cknkrdd ̀ kr tcd Ydaay Jwjrls 1663, tcd Ykrel ]ubbht Jwjrl 1668 hn tcd mjtdikry–d-Hnmeushkn & Vjrthmhpjthkn‘, jnl Ldutsmcd Ydeed‘s Adst k` tcd Aekis WAKAR 1668.

10 ]dd `kr hnstjnmd Ikiihn (16::), Bulcjh (16::), Grdutz (16:6).

Mcjptdr :

19 ]dbaãnd, ]. (W:804R :891). \d Bkndy Krldr whtc Ychtd Idndshs. Eknlkn ? Cdhndbjnn, p. 99.

13 Hahl., p. 3:.18 Jrhstkted (W=46 A.M.R :883). Nhmkbjmcdjn Dtchms . Bhnkdej? Lkvdr Vuaehmjthkns, Hnm., p. 1.

=6 @kr hnstjnmd? BjmHvdr (W:810-:846R :896) & ðnnhds (W:8=4R :8<<).=: @kr hnstjnmd? Burlkmg (:8<8).

=1 @kr hnstjnmd? Ldwdy (W:819R :88:).== Hn :849, `kr hnstjnmd, tcd Mkeknhje Kmd WTnhtdl GhnilkbR krijnhsdl j mkn`drdnmd tk lhsmuss

tcd mknmdpt k` Mkbbunhty Ldvdekpbdnt. \d mkn`drdnmd rdsuetdl hn tcd akkg thtedl MkbbunhtyLdvdekpbdnt? J Cjnlakkg (:843), hn wchmc tcd mknmdpt k` mkbbunhty hs lhsmussdl hn skbd ldtjhe.

=< Arkwndee, A. (:846). \d Cubjn Mkbbunhty? hts Vchekskpcy jnl Vrjmthmd `kr j hbd k` Mrhshs . Ndw

Xkrg? Cjrpdr & Arktcdrs Vuaehscdrs, p. :84.=4 Mjry, E. (W:8=0R :896). –Hntrklumthkn‘. Hn Mjry, E. (Dl.), Mkbbunhty Ldvdekpbdnt js j Vrkmdss (pp.

:-0). Mkeubahj? Tnhvdrshty k` Bhsskurh Vrdss, p. 1. ]dd shbhejr ldnhthkns hn BjmHvdr (W:810-:846R:896, pp. 18-=6), Burlkmg (:8<8, pp. 98-36), Ldwdy (W:819R :88:, p. :4:).

=0 Aruhon, B. ld, Arhngbjn, H., & Nyjbnokc, @. (16:=). –Hntrklumthkn? Bkahed bjrihns jnl tcdlynjbhms k` mkbbunhmjthkn‘. Hn Aruhon, B. ld, Arhngbjn, H., & Nyjbnokc, @. (Dls.), ]hldFYjys?

Bkahed bjrihns jnl tcd lynjbhms k` mkbbunhmjthkn hn J`rhmj (pp. :-:0). Edhldn? Ejnijj & J`rhmj

]tulhds Mdntrd, p. 3.=9 @kr bkrd hn`krbjthkn jakut tcd skmhkekihmje tcdkry k` mkbbunhty, sdd ðnnhds (W:8=4R :8<<, pp.

8-=3).=3 Burlkmg, I. V. (:8<8). ]kmhje ]trumturd . Ndw Xkrg? \d BjmBheejn Mkbpjny, p. 31.=8 ðnnhds, @. (W:8=4R :8<<). Mkbbunjutè dt skmhètè? Mjtèikrhds `knljbdntjeds ld ej skmhkekihd purd . Vjrhs?

VT@, p. 16.<6 Arkwndee (:846, p. 16:).

<: Hahl., p. :88.<1 ]dd? Ldwdy (W:819R :88:, pp. =8-<6).<= Arkwndee (:846, p. 16:).

<< ðnnhds (W:8=4R :8<<, p. 16).<4 BjmHvdr, Q. (W:810-:846R :896). Kn Mkbbunhty, ]kmhdty jnl Vkwdr? ]dedmtdl Yrhthnis . Mchmjik? \d

Tnhvdrshty k` Mchmjik Vrdss. Dlhtdl whtc jn hntrklumthkn ay Edkn Arjbskn, p. =9.<0 Hahl., p. :1=.

<9 Hahl .7 jesk sdd Ldwdy (W:819R :88:, p. :48).<3 Ldwdy (W:819R :88:, p. :4=).<8 Burlkmg (:8<8, p. 3=).

46 Mjstdees, B. (1668). Mkbbunhmjthkn Vkwdr. Kx`krl? Kx`krl Tnhvdrshty Vrdss, p. ::.4: Jt tcjt thbd H wjs wkrghni `kr \d Cjiud-ajsdl Hntdrnjthknje Hnsthtutd `kr Mkbbunhmjthkn jnl

Ldvdekpbdnt js mkuntry prkirjbbd bjnjidr `kr Aurghnj @jsk.41 ]dd `kr hnstjnmd? Ngwh (16:=, pp. :14-:10), & ]deh (16:=, pp. 13-18).4= ]dbaãnd (W:804R :891, p. 31).



:==

4< Lrhde, C. vjn (166<). –Hnedhlhni‘. Hn Lrhde, C. vjn (Dl.), Addelmuetuur (pp. ::-:<). Jbstdrljb?

Akkb, pp. ::-:17 jesk sdd? Pjn Lrhde (:888, pp. :0-:9 & 11)7 Kvdrlhog (:889, p. 86)7 Pjn Lhomg(1661, pp. <1-<<)7 ]tdpcdns (:883, p. :6:).

44 Ehni, Q. (166<). \d Bkahed Mknndmthkn? \d Mdee Vcknd‘s Hbpjmt kn ]kmhdty . Jbstdrljb? Bkrijn

Gju`bjnn Vuaehscdrs, pp. 13-=6.40 @urtcdr rdjlhnis kn tcd jlkpthkn/lkbdsthmjthkn k` bkahed pcknd jnl ktcdr ndw bdlhj tdmcnkekihds?

Ld Aruhon dt je . (16:=, pp. < & :1)7 Mjstdees dt je . (1669, pp. =8, :19 & 1<0)7 Nyjbnokc (1664, pp.<, =8-<6 & 8:, 81-8=)7 Aumghnicjb (1669, p. vhhh)7 Gjrjijnhs (1669, p. 8).

49 Qustkn, ]. (16:1). –Mjeehni Jcdjl? Mhndbjthm Hbjihnjthkns k` Bkahed Bdlhj‘s Mrhthmje Jstkrljnmds‘.Hn Jrmdndjux, N., & Gjvkkrh, J. (Dls.), \d Bkahed Bdlhj Qdjldr (pp. 1=-=8). Ndw Xkrg? Vdtdr Ejni,p. 14.

43 Dtzk, ]., & Mkeednldr, I. (:=tc Juiust 16:6). –\d Bkahed Vcknd ―Qdvkeuthkn‒ hn J`rhmj? Qcdtkrhmkr Qdjehty‘. J`rhmjn Jstjhrs, :-:6, p. 17 jesk sdd Ojbds jnl Pdrstddi (1669, p. :16).

48 Grdutz, M. (16:6). –Bkahed jmthvhsb hn J`rhmj? ùturd trdnls jnl sk`twjrd ldvdekpbdnts‘. Hn Dghnd,]. (Dl.), ]B] Tprhshni? Bkahed Vcknd Jmthvhsb hn J`rhmj (pp. :9-=:). Mjpd kwn? Vjbjzugj Vrdss, p.:9.

06 Lutt, V., Mcdd, M., Bjijecíds, O.N., ]dajsthík, A., ]hevj, O.N. lj, & Pjedntd, V. (Jprhe 1660). \dHbpjmt k` Bkahed dedpckny hn jnzjnhj . DBLM, p. :17 jesk sdd ]mktt dt je . (166<, p. :)7 Lknndr

(1660, p. :3)7 Ojbds jnl Pdrstddi (1669, pp. ::3-::8).0: Mjstdees jnl mkeedjiuds (1669, p. 1<4) ldsmrhadl tcd Bkahed Ndtwkrg ]kmhdty js rdsuethni `rkb tcd

`jmt tcjt –bkahed ldvhmds cjvd admkbd bjss-mknsubdr prklumts, wkvdn hntk tcd mkbbunhmjthvdprjmthmds k` cunlrdls k` bheehkns k` pdkped dvdrywcdrd hn tcd wkrel.‘ \d Bkahed Ndtwkrg ]kmhdtyhs tcd dxpjnshkn k` tcd Ndtwkrg ]kmhdty, js ht hnmeulds prdvhkusey dxmeuldl cunlrdls k` bheehkns hn

ldvdekphni mkuntrhds, wcksd tdmcnkekiy k` mckhmd hs nkt tcd bkahed pcknd.01 ]deh, L. (16:=). –Bkahehtè dt bkydns ld mkbbunhmjthkn ju Iudrj‘. Hn Aruhon, B. ld, Arhngbjn, H.,

& Nyjbnokc, @. (Dls.), ]hldFYjys? Bkahed bjrihns jnl tcd lynjbhms k` mkbbunhmjthkn hn J`rhmj (pp.:9-=4). Edhldn? Ejnijj & J`rhmj ]tulhds Mdntrd, pp. 13-18.

0= ]dd Bkekny (1663)7 Dediadedyd (1664).0< Bkekny, . (1663). –Qunnhni kut k` mrdlht? tcd ehbhtjthkns k` bkahed tdedpckny hn j jnzjnhjn

jirhmueturje bjrgdthni systdb‘. Okurnje k` Bkldrn J`rhmjn ]tulhds , <0-<, 0=9-043, p. 0<4.

04 ]dd `kr hnstjnmd ]jnd jnl rjkrd (1668, pp. :69-::3).

00 ]dd `kr hnstjnmd Phtje Yjvd Mknsuethni (16::).09 ]dd Arkwn dt je . (166=)7 Bkrjwmzynsgh jnl Bhsmhknd (1663)7 Mjbndr jnl ]oðaekb (1668)03 Mjstdees dt je . (1669, p. 9) cjvd dsthbjtdl tcd jlkpthkn prkmdss jt jakut tdn ydjrs.08 Mjrdy, O. (W:838R 1668). Mkbbunhmjthkn js Mueturd? Dssjys kn Bdlhj jnl ]kmhdty. Ndw Xkrg? Qkutedlid.

Qdvhsdl Dlhthkn, pp. :40-:497 jesk sdd Ikiihn (1660, p. :8).96 ]tdhnakmg, L. (1664). \d Bkahed rdvkeuthkn? \d Bjghni k` Bkahed ]drvhmds Ykrelwhld . Eknlkn?

Gkijn Vjid, pp. < & =0.9: Ikiihn, I. (1660). Mdee Vcknd Mueturd? Bkahed dmcnkekiy hn Dvdryljy Eh`d . Eknlkn? Qkutedlid, p.

16.91 @jrbjn, O. (16:1). –Chstkrhmhzhni Bkahed Bdlhj? Ekmjthni tcd rjns`krbjthkns k` Dbaklhdl ]pjmd‘.

Hn Jrmdndjux, N., & Gjvkkrh, J. (Dls.), \d Bkahed Bdlhj Qdjldr (pp. 8-11). Ndw Xkrg? Vdtdr Ejni,

p. :4.9= Ikiihn (1660, p. 3).

9< Hahl ., p. 16.94 ]tdhnakmg (1664, pp. 1 & =4).90 Ikiihn (1660, p. =:). Jesk sdd ]tdhnakmg (1664, pp. =0-=9).

99 Ikiihn (1660, pp. =:-=1). Jesk sdd ]tdhnakmg (1664, p. =9).93 Ikiihn (1660, p. ==). Jesk sdd Gksghndn (1669, pp. = & :=).

98 ]tdhnakmg (1664, pp. 39 & 86).36 Hahl., p. =9. ]dd jesk Jldrk, A. (:0tc Nkvdbadr 16:6). –Nkghj N3 nkw jvjhejaed hn

Gdnyj‘. Hndwsj`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl =:st Ouey 16:= `rkb cttp?//www.htndwsj`rhmj.mkb/16:6/::/nkghj-n3-nkw-jvjhejaed-hn-gdnyj/

3: @kr j ldtjhedl chstkry k` tcd bkahed pcknd jnl sdrvhmds rdjl ]tdhnakmg (1664).

31 Jrmdndjux, N., & Gjvkkrh, J. (16:1). –Hntrklumthkn? Bjpphni Bkahed Bdlhj‘. Hn Jrmdndjux, N., &Gjvkkrh, J. (Dls.), \d Bkahed Bdlhj Qdjldr (pp. :-3). Ndw Xkrg? Vdtdr Ejni, p. 1.

3= Hahl .



:=<

3< ]tdhnakmg (1664, p. :0=).

34 Gksghndn, H.G. (1669). Bkahed Buethbdlhj hn Jmthkn. Eknlkn? rjnsjmthkn Vuaehscdrs, p. 9.30 Qustkn (16:1, p. 10).39 Ikiihn, I. (16::). –\d hnthbjtd turn k` bkahed ndws‘. Hn Bdhged, I., & Qdlldn, I. (Dls.), Ndws

Knehnd? rjns`krbjthkns jnl Mknthnuhthds (pp. 88-::<). Ndw Xkrg? Vjeirjvd BjmBheejn, p. :66.33 Gksghndn (1669, p. =6).

38 Hahl . p. 01.86 ]dd Irjzhjnk (16:=), Qddl (16:=), jnl Aurrkws (16:=).

8: ]tkvjee, O.I. (166<). Yda Okurnjehsb? Vrjmthmd jnl Vrkbhsd k` j Ndw Bdlhub. Akstkn? Vdjrskn, p.41.

81 Hahl .8= BmNjhr, A. (1664). –Ycjt hs okurnjehsb;‘. Hn Auric, C. ld (Dl.), Bjghni Okurnjehst s? Lhvdrsd bkldes ,

iekaje hssuds (pp. 14-<=). Eknlkn? Qkutedlid, p. =4.

8< ]ckdbjgdr, V., & Pks, . (1668). Ijtdgddphni \dkry . Ndw Xkrg? Qkutedlid, p. 14.84 Hahl .80 ]mculskn, B. (:884). \d Vkwdr k` Ndws. Mjbarhlid? Cjrvjrl Tnhvdrshty Vrdss, p. 80.

89 Jt tcd twk bjhn ijtds k` tcd P ]tjthkn‘s mkbpkunl knd rdjls? –QA ju mkdur lds irjnlsèvèndbdnts‘ .

83 Ijns, C. (W:898R :836). Ldmhlhni Ycjt‘s Ndws? J ]tuly k` MA] Dvdnhni Ndws, NAM Nhictey ndws,Ndwswddg, jnl hbd . Ndw Xkrg? Phntjid Akkgs, p. :14.

88 Pyiktsgy, E. (W:8=<R :830). \kuict jnl Ejniujid . Mjbarhlid? \d BH Vrdss, p. 14:.:66 Iheedtt, I. (:881). Qdprdsdntjthkn, Bdjnhni jnl \kuict . Kx`krl? Mejrdlkn Vrdss, p. 0.:6: @rdul, ]. (W:866R :814). Ed rïvd dt skn hntdrprètjthkn. Vjrhs? Ijeehbjrl, pp. 89-:66. Jesk sdd @rdul

(W:868R :839, pp. =0 & <6).:61 ]tdaahni, ]. (W:8=8R :841). \hnghni tk ]kbd Vurpksd . Eknlkn? \d Ychtd`rhjrs Vrdss, p. =6.

:6= Hahl., p. 1:.:6< ]jntjyjnj, I. (W:864R :84<). \d Eh`d k` Qdjskn kr tcd Vcjsds k` Cubjn Vrkirdss . Ndw Xkrg? Mcjreds

]mrhandr‘ ]kns, p. 1<.:64 ]tdaahni (W:8=8R :841, p. 13).:60 Pyiktsgy (W:8=<R :830, p. 146).

:69 Hahl., p. :3:.

:63 Hahl., p. :3=. @kr ldtjhedl lhsmusshkn jakut tcd hnndr spddmc, rdjl ]kgkekv (W:803R :891). JedgsjnlrNhgkejdvhmc ]kgkekv ldndl hnndr spddmc js bdjnhni –skunledss, bdntje spddmc, jrhshni jt tcd hnstjnt

wd tchng jakut skbdtchni, pejn kr skevd prkaedbs hn kur bhnl, rdmjee akkgs rdjl kr mknvdrsjthknscdjrl, rdjl jnl wrhtd shedntey. … Hnndr spddmc hs nktchni aut spddmc tk kndsde`…‘ (p. :). Jmmkrlhni

tk psymckpcyshkekihst Vjue Mcjumcjrl (W:840R :896, p. 0), tcd hnndr spddmc dnjaeds jnl `jmhehtjtdscubjn tckuict, wched kutdr kr kvdrt spddmc dnjaeds jnl `jmhehtjtds mkbbunhmjthkn whtc ktcdr

cubjns.:68 Pyiktsgy (W:8=<R :830, p. 14:).

::6 Hahl .::: Hahl., p. 141.::1 Akmg, G. (:884). –]dntdnmd Vrklumthkn? @rkb Bhnl tk Bkutc‘. Hn Bheedr, O., & Dhbjs, V. (Dls.),

]pddmc, Ejniujid jnl Mkbbunhmjthkn (pp. :3:-1:0). ]jn Lhdik? Jmjldbhm Vrdss, pp. :3<7 :307:39-:33.

::= ]kgkekv, J.N. (W:803R :891). Hnndr ]pddmc jnl \kuict . Ndw Xkrg? Vednub Vrdss, p. =.::< Iuslkr`, I. (:88:). Jutk-ahk-irjpchd. Ehinds ld vhd 1 . Vjrhs? Dlhthkns Klhed Ojmka, p. 8<.::4 QE Nhduws (:st Ojnujry 16::).–Drhg Bkutcjjn tdrui njjr Cjëth‘. Qdtrhdvdl 11nl Bjrmc 16:: `rkb

cttp?//www.rte.ne/%13/jmtudde/rtenhduws/%18/mkbpkndnts/jmtudde/rtenhduws/16::/6:[ojnujrh/:1/vdrrhoghnisknldrldedn/drhg[bkutcjjn[tdrui[njjr[cjht.xbe

::0 Krhihnje tdxt? – pkurqukh pjs dn aejnm; Nkn, nkn, nkn, hmh m‘ dst mkbbd éj, m‘ dst nktrd mueturd. Adjumkupld mkuedurs... sh mdttd mjbhknndttd n‘ dst pjs vrjhbdnt okehd, kn pdut lhrd he nd `jut pjs ej bkntdr ku vkyjidrjvdm.‘

::9 Krhihnje tdxt? –Nkus nd vhvkns pjs trãs ahdn hmh. Nkus nd trkuvkns ld dc dc… Kn nd trkuvd rhdn hmh, od vduxlhrd .‘

::3 Hn tchs rdpkrt `kr hnstjnmd? cttp?//www.rte.ne/mkbpkndnts/jmtudde/rtenhduws/bhBdlhj/16:6/wddg:=/\u11.ckd-rtenhduws-hn-cjhth-wdrgt:.xbe (Qdtrhdvdl 1<tc Bjrmc 16::).





:=0

:<8 Hahl., p. =.

:46 Hahl., p. 1. Jesk sdd Hahl ., pp. 0-9 & :<-:4.:4: Gjskbj, @. (:88<j). –\d Nddl `kr Okurnjehsb Dtchms hn J`rhmj‘. Hn Gjskbj, @. (Dl.), Okurnje hsb Dtchms

hn J`rhmj (pp. =-1:). Njhrkah? DMMD, p. 4.

:41 Lurgcdhb (:849, p. 1).:4= ]dd ̀ kr hnstjnmd Ngurunzhzj, ]. (3tc @darujry 16:6). –Lrui ldjedr jrrdstdl hn Gjrknih‘.

\d Ndw hbds .

Qdtrhdvdl 10tc Ound 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.ndwthbds.mk.rw/ndws/hnldx.pcp;h2:<:04&j2140<4.:4< ]dd `kr hnstjnmd ]hlikblè (3tc Jprhe 16:=). –Jssjsshnjt l‘ un mkbbdréjnt æ Gkbahsshrh? Ed ndvdu ld

ej vhmthbd, mk-jutdur prdsubd lu mrhbd‘. ]hlwjyj N¿9=8:, p. 1:.:44 \dsd `kur pkhnts jrd ajsdl, jbknist ktcdr skurmds, kn ]bhtc (W:83=R :888, pp. 19-=6)7 Gjykld

(16::, pp. :<9-:<3)7 HMJ]J Mkld k` Mknlumt `kr Arkjlmjstdrs (Grõidr, 166<, pp. 140-10<)7 ]kutc

J`rhmj‘s Vrdss Mkld k` Vrk`dsshknje Mknlumt (Grõidr, 166<, pp. 104-103).:40 @rhdnl, M. (1669). –rjlhthkns, Mknvdnthkns, jnl Dtchms‘. Hn @rhdnl, M., & ]hnidr, A. O. (Dls.), Knehnd

Okurnjehsb Dtchms (pp. =-19). Eknlkn? B.D. ]cjrpd, p. :0.:49 @jtche, K. (18tc Bjrmc 16::). –Gjbpjej? Mk-whvds ict, puaehm wjtmcds‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl 10tc Ound 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2<<80.

:43 Qksdeek, B. (:883). Ldmehnhni tcd ]tdrdktypd? Dtcnhmhty jnl Qdprdsdntjthkn hn @rdnmc Mueturds . Cjvkndr?Tnhvdrshty Vrdss k` Ndw Dniejnl, p. =3.

:48 Gjskbj, @. (:88<a). –Jn Hntrklumthkn tk Okurnjehsb Dtchmje Qdjsknhni hn J`rhmj‘. Hn Gjskbj, @.(Dl.), Okurnjehsb Dtchms hn J`rhmj (pp. 11-=9). Njhrkah? DMMD, pp. 10-19.

:06 Gjskbj (:88<j, p. 3). @kr bkrd lhsmusshkns jakut tchs suaodmt, dspdmhjeey tcd mrhthmhsb jakut skbdk` hts jspdmts, sdd? Nyjbnokc (1664, pp. 19-13, 8:, 81-8=, 89)7 jnl Bkdbdgj (:889, pp. :91-:9=,:94, :36).

:0: Gjskbj, @. (:880). –\d @kunljthkn k` J`rhmjn Dtchms (J`rhdtchms) jnl tcd Vrk`dsshknje Vrjmthmd k` Okurnje hsb? \d Mjsd `kr ]kmhdty-Mdntrdl Bdlhj Bkrjehty‘. J`rhmj Bdlhj Qdvhdw :6-=, 8=-::0, pp.

:61-:6=.:01 Hahl ., p. :6<.

Mcjptdr =

:0= Bjahzj, N. (:4tc ]dptdbadr 16::). –Auejwjyk? ]trddt vdnlkrs uncjppy jakut Mhty Mkunmhe‘s bkvd‘.

Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl :st Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p24::1.:0< Arjttkn, B. (16:1). –\d Ldbkmrjmy-Ikvdrnjnmd Mknndmthkn‘. Hn Eust, D., & Nldiwj, ]. (Dls.),

Ikvdrnhni J`rhmj‘s Mcjnihni ]kmhdthds? Lynjbhms k` Qd`krbs (pp. :8-<=). Eknlkn? Eynnd Qhdnndr

Vuaehscdrs, p. 16.:04 Nyjnmckij, ]., Bumckgh, @., & Kiuej, V. (16:6). –Hntrklumthkn‘. Hn Nyjnmckij, ]., Bumckgh, @., &

Kiuej, V. (Dls.), Ikvdrnjnmd hn J`rhmj? Chstkrhmje jnl Mkntdbpkrjry Vdrspdmthvds (pp. xh-xvh). Njhrkah?MTDJ Vrdss, p. xh.

:00 Hahl .:09 Arjttkn (16:1, pp. 1:-11). @kr hn-ldptc lhsmusshkns jakut ikvdrnjnmd hn J`rhmj sdd? Nyjnmckij dt je.

(Dls.) (16:6)7 ]jbj & Niuydn (Dls.) (1663)7 Eust & Nldiwj (Dls.) (16:1)7 Lhkp (Dl.) (16:=).

:03 Adej, L. (:3tc Ouey 1663). –Lkujej? pdkped wjnt gheedr `jmtkry rdekmjthkn‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl:st Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2<001.

:08 ]dd shbhejr lhedbbjs hn Oknds (16:1, p. ==).

:96 Ahnlu, E. (:=tc @darujry 16:=). –Augjvu? Eds `dbbds lds bhehtjhrds ju bjrmcè ld Nyjwdrj‘.Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl :st Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2:9:1.

:9: Gkvjmc, A., & Qksdnsthde, . (W166:R 1669). \d Dedbdnts k` Okurnjehsb? Ycjt Ndwspdkped ]ckuelGnkw jnl tcd Vuaehm ]ckuel Dxpdmt . Ndw Xkrg? \rdd Qhvdrs Vrdss, pp. :<1-:<=. @kr bkrd lhsmusshkns

jakut tcd wjtmclki ùnmthkn k` okurnje hsb sdd? ]mculskn (1663, p. :4)7 Arkdrtods (1660, p. <9)7 jnlIjns (W:898R :836, pp. 181-18=).

:91 Nsjpu, D. (18tc Ound 16::). –Ikbj? Eds pjthdnts pjydnt pjr ed trjvjhe‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl

1nl Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p24::8.:9= Qjbjzjnh, I. (:1tc Ouey 16::). –Ikbj? Dntrd ej `jmturd dt e‘jmmkumcdbdnt‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl 1nl Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2440.:9< Buniubwj, I. (3 Juiust 16:=). –Ikbj? B]@ lknnd lds skhns irjtuhts jux lèpejmès ld iudrrd‘.

Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl 3tc Juiust 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p24149.

:94 Gjgued, B. (:1tc Nkvdbadr 16:1). –Ikbj? Eds cjahtjnts ldbjnldnt un mjbhkn pkur èvjmudr edslèmcdts‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl 1nl Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2:434.



:=9

:90 Njnj, L. (:<tc Juiust 1663). –Icjnj? Cjwgdrs turn wjrldns‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl 1nl Ouey

16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2=896.:99 Bdrdssj, N. (:=tc Kmtkadr 16:6). –Tiunoj? Bktkr mymed jmmhldnts hnmrdjsd‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl 1nl Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p214<6.

:93 JMJV (::tc Juiust 16:=). –Ed bhnhstrd Mcrhstkpcd Ijzjb Adtty shind æ Vrdtkrhj dn J`rhqud lu]ul un jmmkrl mjlrd ld lktjthkn dn èquhpdbdnts ld ej stjthkn ld rjlhklhstushkn njthknjed‘.

JMJV .

Qdtrhdvdl :1tc Juiust 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.jmjp-m`.hn`k/Ed-bhnhstrd-Mcrhstkpcd-Ijzjb-Adtty-shind-j-Vrdtkrhj-dn-J`rhqud-lu-]ul-un-jmmkrl-mjlrd-ld-lktjthkn-dn-dquhpdbdnts-ld-ej[j4<80.

ctbe.:98 Buniubwj, I. (9tc Juiust 16:=). –Ikbj? Ej pkpuejthkn sd rèokuht ld ej mknstrumthkn lds

pkuadeeds puaehquds‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl 3tc Juiust 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.

mkb/;p24141.:36 Bjedeh, X. (::tc Bjy 16:6). –Bkbajsj? Ekmjes dnoky ldmrhbhnjehzdl whnd‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl =rl Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p210=8.:3: Bdrdssj, N. (19tc Ouey 16:6). –Gdnyj? Vkehmd jrrdst Mcjnijj ardwdrs‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl

=rl Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p214<1.

:31 Gkvjmc & Qksdnsthde (W166:R 1669, pp. :<1-:<=).:3= Nuvkr, N. (:1tc Jprhe 16:1). –Icjnj? Pheejid tjgds dlumjthkn hn kwn cjnls‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl =rl Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2<146.:3< Bjedeh, X. (:st Ound 16:6). –Gdnyj? Pheejidrs stjrt prhvjtd smckke‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl =rl

Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2196=.:34 Bbjteh, J. (9tc @darujry 16::). –Okcjnndsauri? Kelhd cdeps ghls mrkss rkjl‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl =rl Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2=03:.

:30 Bbjteh, J. (3tc @darujry 16::). –Okcjnndsauri? Ghls mjn nkw mrkss sj`dey‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.Qdtrhdvdl =rl Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2=098.

Mcjptdr <

:39 J`rhmjn Tnhkn W`krbdrey Krijnhsjthkn k` J`rhmjn TnhtyR (:886). J`rhmjn Mcjrtdr kn tcd Qhicts jnlYde`jrd k` tcd Mchel WJMQYMR. Dntdrdl hntk `krmd 18tc Nkvdbadr :888. Qdtrhdvdl 4tc Ouey 16:=`rkb? cttp?//ju.hnt/dn/shtds/ld`juet/eds/. H prd`dr tk usd tcd JMQYM rjtcdr tcd Tnhtdl Njthkns‘

Mknvdnthkn `kr tcd Qhicts k` tcd Mchel , admjusd H jb `kmushni kn tcd J`rhmjn mkntdxt hn wchmc tcdbkahed rdpkrts H jb jnjeyshni wdrd bjld.

:33 J`rhmjn Tnhkn, JMQYM ” Jrthmed 1.

:38 Hahl ., Jrthmed <, Vjrjirjpc :.:86 Hahl., Vrdjbaed.

:8: Hahl ., Jrthmed :, Vjrjirjpc =.:81 Hahl ., Jrthmed :1, Vjrjirjpc :.:8= ]ektc-Nhdesdn, O. (1663). –Lkbdsthmjthkn k` Mchelrdn‘s Qhicts hn Njthknje Edije ]ystdbs hn J`rhmjn

Mkntdxt? Vrkirdss jnl Vrkspdmts‘. Hn ]ektc-Nhdesdn, O. (Dl.), Mchelrdn‘s Qhicts hn J`rhmj? J EdijeVdrspdmthvd (pp. 4=-91). Jeldrsckt? Jscijtd, p. 4=.

:8< \hs vkeubd prdsdnts jn hn-ldptc edije lhsmusshkn jakut tcd rhicts k` tcd mchel? ]ektc-Nhdesdn, O. WDl.R(1663). Mchelrdn‘s Qhicts hn J`rhmj? J Edije Vdrspdmthvd . Jeldrsckt? Jscijtd.

:84 Kgwjby, J., Niutugu, D., & Bucjnih, J. (16::). \d Qked k` Gnkwedlid jnl Mueturd hn Mchel Mjrdhn J`rhmj? J ]kmhkekihmje ]tuly k` ]dvdrje Dtcnhm Irkups hn Gdnyj jnl Tijnlj . Edwhstkn? \d DlwhnBdeedn Vrdss, p. =.

:80 Buihnh, O. (:9tc Bjy 16:6). –jnzjnhj? Bktcdr aurns 9-ydjr-aky kvdr Tijeh‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.Qdtrhdvdl 10tc Ound 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2==83.

:89 Kgwjby dt je . (16::, p. :6:).:83 ]jhl, ]. (1nl Juiust 16:6). –_jnzhajr? Mchelrdn ardjg rkmgs `kr bkndy‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl

4tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2=1=<.

:88 J`rhmjn Tnhkn, JMQYM ” Jrthmed :4, Vjrjirjpc :. @kr bkrd lhsmusshkns jakut mchel ejakur rdjl?Ijeehndtth (1663) & Meuvdr dt je. (1669).

166 Buniubwj, I. (:st Ouey 16::). –Ikbj? Zude skrt pkur eds dn`jnts-trjvjheedurs;‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.Qdtrhdvdl 4tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p24=3.

16: Bugcu, V. (:9tc ]dptdbadr 16:6). –Ehbpkpk? Mchelrdn sckmgdl j`tdr `jbhey trjidly‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl :6tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2=081.



:=3

161 @jtche, K. (18 Bjrmc 16::). –Gjbpjej? Mk-whvds ict, puaehm wjtmcds‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl

10tc Ound 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2<<80.16= Kgwjby dt je . (16::, p. 81).16< Krhihnje prkvdra? Twhaj jcdtsd jaj jawhrhzj uwk bu buiknik.164 Nuvkr, @. (:<tc Jprhe 16::). –Jmmrj? Okscuj‘s ljy hn smrjp aushndss‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl 4tc

Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2<1:1.

160 Bustjpcj, H. J. (0tc Ouey 16::). –Gjbpjej? ]mrjp idndrjtds mjsc hn seub‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl4tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2<4<0.

169 Buihnh, O. (10tc Bjy 16::). –jnzjnhj? puphes wkrg kn tdjmcdrs‘ `jrbs‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl4tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2=<:0. Jesk sdd Buihnh‘s (=6tc Juiust 16:6)rdpkrt thtedl –jnzjnhj? Ghls hn cjrl ejakur lurhni smckke thbd‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl 8tc Ouey

16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2==31.163 J`rhmjn Tnhkn, JMQYM ” Jrthmed =:j. \hs luty hs ehtdrjeey rdpdjtdl hn tcd Gdnyj‘s Mchelrdn Jmt

(166:) hn ]dmthkn 1:a. Qdtrhdvdl :<tc Juiust 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.jmer.hn`k/hbjids/stkrhds/upekjldr/Vuaehmjthkn[eds/Jmts/Gdnyj[Mchelrdns[Jmt[Nk[3[k`[166:.pl`.

168 J`rhmjn Tnhkn, JMQYM , Jrthmed 16, pjrjirjpc :j, a, m.

1:6 Kgwjby dt je . (16::, p. 81).1:: Hahl .

1:1 Krhihnje prkvdra? Yjnij gubvhrj sk nj nykgk ugubvhrj hodrh .1:= Krhihnje prkvdra? Jshydshghj ej bguu cuvunohgj biuu.

1:< Jaurjb, G. (::tc Ojnujry 16:6). –Jmmrj? Nkt oust adiihni aut aushndss‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl3tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2<=<3.

1:4 Jaurjb, G. (:st Bjrmc 16:6). –Jmmrj? Mchel ejakur pdrshsts ldsphtd ejws‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl

3tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2<==6.1:0 Zujk, V. B. (=6tc Ound 16:6). –jbjed ghls adtwddn ejakur jnl `kktajee‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl 8tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2<=8=.1:9 Hn tcdhr stuly k` hnlhidnkus gnkwedlid jnl tcd nkthkn k` mchelckkl hn Tijnlj jnl Gdnyj,

Kgwjby jnl mkeedjiuds (16::, p. 3<) pkhntdl kut tcjt –Mchelckkl hs jesk idnldrdl, jnl idnldr-rkedstdrdktyphni hn skmhjehsjthkn bdjns tcjt akys jnl ihres dxpdrhdnmd mchelckkl hn lhsthnmtey lhstdrdnt

wjys.‘

1:3 Ahnlu, E. (16tc Kmtkadr 16:6). –Ikbj? Eds dn`jnts surdxpekhtès pjr eds pjrdnts‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl 8tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p24:<=.1:8 Kgwjby dt je . (16::, p. 81).116 Buihnh, O. (19tc Ouey 16::). –jnzjnhj? Qdehdvd ghls k` cdrlhni-Vjstkr‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl

8tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2=<1=.

11: ]ektc-Nhdesdn (1663, p. 44).111 Chbknij, M. (1663). –J`rhmjn Mustkbjry Ejw jnl Mch elrdn‘s Qhicts? Hntdrsdmthkns jnl Lkbjhns

hn j Ndw Drj‘. Hn ]ektc-Nhdesdn, O. (Dl.), Mchelrdn‘s Qhicts hn J`rhmj? J Edije Vdrspdmthvd (pp. 9=-86). Jeldrsckt? Jscijtd, p. 36.

11= J`rhmjn Tnhkn, JMQYM ” Jrthmed :1, Vjrjirjpc :.11< Kbunyj, A. (14tc @darujry 16:6). –Gdnyj? @krbdr Ghadrj ghls wjnt pejyhni jrdj‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.

mkb. Qdtrhdvdl :6tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2:3<:.

114 Jgejld, D. (4tc Ojnujry 16:6). –Mjpd-Mkjst? Ghls turn iuttdr hntk stjlhub‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.Qdtrhdvdl :6tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2<6:0.

110 Bjpksj, Y. (0tc @darujry 16::). –Bjsvhnik? Yd ekvd iyb, aut ejmg `jmhehthds-Akys‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl :6tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2006.

119 Iwhoj, ]. (:=tc Bjy 16::). –]kutc J`rhmj? Qhsgy ijbds tk sckw yku‘rd j aky‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl :6tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2=961.113 Bdrdsj, N. (:8tc ]dptdbadr 16::). –Gdnyj? \d mkkghni ijbd jnl hts ljnidrs‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl :6tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p21448. Jesk sdd? Bdrdsj, N. (=rl]dptdbadr 16::). –Tiunoj? Ljnidr pjrt k` ghls‘ pejy‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl :6tc Ouey 16:=

`rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p21<88.118 Buihnh, O. (16tc Jprhe 16:6). –jnzjnhj? 8 ydjr krpcjn struiieds tk `ddl `jbhey‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl :6tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2==<0.



:=8

Mcjptdr 4

1=6 @kr hnstjnmd, knd jrthmed thtedl –Mehbjtd mcjnid jnl mkjstje m hthds? tcd mjsd k` Bkbajsj, Gdnyj,‘

hn`krbdl tcjt tcd sdjpkrt jnl mhty k` Bkbajsj wdrd jt rhsg k` adhni suabdridl ay sdj wjtdrs, wcksdedvde wjs irjlujeey rhshni (Jwukr dt je ., 1663, p. 1==). Jnktcdr jrthmed thtedl –J iekaje rjnghni k` pkrt

mhthds whtc chic dxpksurd tk mehbjtd dxtrdbds,‘ tkel j shbhejr stkry, jllhni tcjt :=0 pkrts wdrd jt rhsgk` adhni suabdridl (Cjnskn dt je., 16::).

1=: Mjbarhlid Jlvjnmdl Edjrndr‘s Lhmthknjry , p. <9:.

1=1 Dnmymekpdlhj Arhtjnnhmj Tethbjtd Qd`drdnmd ]uhtd WMkbputdr-ajsdlR.1== Lkrdbus, C. (1666). –\d Qcdtkrhm jnl Qdjehty k` Njturd Vrktdmthkn? kwjrl j Ndw Lhsmkursd‘. 49

Yjsc. & Edd E. Qdv. ::, p. :0.1=< Jrkn, J. (:6tc Ound 1668). –jnzjnhj? Vdjsjnts upsdt js phis ldstrky mrkps‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl 11nl Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2=::6.1=4 Yjhrhbu, V. (1<tc ]dptdbadr 1668). –Gdnyj? Ausc rd js skhe `drthehsdr‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl

11nl Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2:33=.

1=0 Ckuic, O. (:88=). –Ycy aurn tcd ausc; skmhje jpprkjmcds tk ausc-rd bjnjidbdnt hn Ydst J`rhmjnnjthknje pjrgs‘. Ahkekihmje Mknsdrvjthkn, 04, 1=-13, pp. 1<-14.

1=9 Zujk, V.B. (:st @darujry 16:6). –Icjnj? Aurnhni ausc tk mjtmc oust rjts‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.Qdtrhdvdl 11nl Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2<=00.

1=3 Zujk, V.B. (:6tc Ojnujry 16:6). –Icjnj? Ausc rds jesk cjrbùe `kr hn`rjstrumturd‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl 11nl Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2<=03.

1=8 Bjedeh, X. (=rl Bjy 16:6). –Bkbajsj? ]djrmc `kr sjnl ldstrkys njturd‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl

11nl Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2103=.1<6 Yjhrhbu, V. (:3tc ]dptdbadr 1668). –Gdnyj? Vrktdmthni skhes jijhnst drkshkn‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl 11nl Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2:8<<.1<: Kbunyj, A. (:=tc Jprhe 16:6). –Gdnyj? Ghadrj ldvdekps kwn rdndwjaed dndriy‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl 11nl Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2:341.

1<1 Yjhrhbu, V. (10tc Kmtkadr 1668). –Gdnyj? Ckw busdub iujrl turndl trdd pejntdr‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl 11nl Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2:860.

1<= Bdrdsj, N. (:0tc Bjy 16:6). –Gdnyj? Ykbjn mcjbphkns trdd pejnthni‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl11nl Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2149:.

1<< Bjedeh, X. (8tc Kmtkadr 1668). –Ghawdzh? urnhni lrkuict hntk aushndss‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl11nl Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p21084.1<4 Gjgued, B. (11nl Ound 16:1). –Ikbj? Ej Vejid lu Vduped ldvhdnt un ejvd-jutk‘ Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl 1=rl Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2:13:.1<0 Kbunyj, A. (:6tc Bjrmc 16:6). –Njhrkah? Lubphni shtd admkbds `drthed `jrb‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl 1=rl Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2:3=1.1<9 Kbknlh, N. (13tc @darujry 1668). –Njhrkah? @jrbhni hn pkeeutdl suauras‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl 1=rl Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p21:8<.

1<3 Hntdrikvdrnbdntje Vjnde kn Mehbjtd Mcjnid WHVMMR (1669). Mehbjtd Mcjnid 1669? \d Vcyshmje]mhdnmd Ajshs . Idndvj? HVMM ]dmrdtjrhjt, p. 1.

1<8 Yjssdrbjn, C. (16:1). –\d mcjeednid k` mehbjtd mcjnid `kr okurnjehsb hn J`rhmj‘. Dmquhl Nkvh? J`rhmjn Okurnjehsb ]tulhds , Pke. ==-:, :-1, p. :. Jesk sdd @hnejy (16:1, pp. :9-:3).

146 Oknds (16:1, p. =<).

14: Hahl . p. ==.141 Lhlj, J. (9tc ]dptdbadr 1668). –Hshkek? Mjtted mjnnkt rdshst lrkuict jny bkrd‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl :1tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2133<.14= Lhlj, J. (:=tc Jprhe 16:6). –Gdnyj? Vjstkrjehsts dnijid hn jirhmueturd‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl

:1tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p213=<.14< Lhlj, J. (:3tc Juiust 16:6). –Gdnyj? Vjstkrjehsts turn tk sc `jrbhni‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl

:1tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p213=1.

144 Bjahzj, N. (18tc Ound 16:1). –_hbajawd? Lrkuict edjvds nk mckhmd aut sdee mjtted‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl :1tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2:143.

140 Bjdlj, J. (:3tc Ound 16:6). –Ghehbjnojrk jnl hts wkrryhni hmd mrjmgs‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl:1tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2843.

149 Bjdlj, J. (:<tc Bjrmc 1668). –Ghehbjnojrk? Ejst iejmhdr aekmgs `jeehni jpjrt‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.Qdtrhdvdl :1tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2:6=1.



:<6

143 Bjdlj, J. (:0tc @darujry 1668). –Ghehbjnojrk iuhlds pkwdredss js hmd bdets‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl :1tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2806.148 ]tulhds jakut tcd mkvdrjid k` mehbjtd mcjnid ndws ay ]kutc J`rhmjn ndwspjpdrs, cjvd sckwn tcjt

edjlhni ndwspjpdrs k`tdn rdey kn spddmcds ay ikvdrnbdnt kmhjes, wkrgsckps, puaehm edmturds,

mkn`drdnmds, jbkni ktcdr dvdnts, `kr tcdhr rdpkrthni (Oknds, 16:1, p. =:).106 @hnejy, J. (16:1). –]ystdbhm mcjeednids tk rdpkrthni mkbpedxhty hn okurnjehsb? CHP/Jhls jnl mehbjtd

mcjnid hn J`rhmj‘. Dmquhl Nkvh? J`rhmjn Okurnjehsb ]tulhds , Pke. ==-:, pp. :4-14, p. 16.

Mcjptdr 0

10: Bjsvhnihsd, Y. (4tc Ldmdbadr 16::). –_hb Jirhm sdt tk Ik Tp‘. Ljhey Ndws , p. :1.101 Mrksady Bwjnzj (166:, p. :63) quktdl j okurnjehst `rkb Edsktck wkrghni `kr j `krdhin bdlhj kutedt

wck cjl tk jlkpt tcd –lhstkrtdl jnieds‘ hbpksdl ay tcd kutedt. Cd sjhl? –H` H lk nkt ljnmd tk tcdhr

tund, tcdy whee nkt puaehsc kr arkjlmjst by stkry. H eksd tcd jmmkbpjnyhni mkbpdnsjthkn.‘ Jesk sddGkvjmc jnl Qksdnsthde (W166:R 1669, p. 1=<)7 Ijns (W:898R :836, pp. 34 & 89).

10= Aruiuhãrd, V. (19tc ]dptdbadr 16:1). –_hbajawdjns fiusc tkhedts hn unhskn tk medjr sdwdrs‘.@rjnmd 1< W\d KasdrvdrsR. Qdtrhdvdl 1<tc Ldmdbadr 16:= `rkb? cttp?//kasdrvdrs.`rjnmd1<.

mkb/mkntdnt/16:16819-zhbajawdjns-fiusc-tkhedts-unhskn-medjr-sdwdrs-wjtdr-sckrtjid-lrkuict-

auejwjyk-ljb-rdsdrvkhr-ruaahsc-trjsc.10< @kr bkrd lhsmusshkns jakut tcd njnmhje shtujthkn k` ndws bdlhj krijnhsjthkns jnl tcdhr hbpjmt k`

tcd prjmthmd k` okurnjehsb rdjl? Gjskbj (:88<j, p. :8)7 @rãrd (166=, p. 8:)7 Eugueunij (16:1, pp.01-0=).

104 Qdadnd, A. (1<tc Bjy 16:=). –Mdntrj`rhqud? und suavdnthkn ld 14 bheehkns @M@J pkur edsbèlhjs prhvès‘. JMJV . Qdtrhdvdl =6tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.okurnjeldajniuh.mkb/jrthmed.pcp;jhl2<043.

100 @rãrd (166=, pp. 01-0=). Hn skbd mkuntrhds, ehgd tcd LQ Mknik Wsdd Eugueunij (16:1), p. 0=R, tcdjbkunts pedlidl ay tcd ikvdrnbdnt jrd nkt lhsaursdl kr jrd usdl tk suppkrt tcd prk-ikvdrnbdnt

prdss.109 Jnldrskn, M. (1660). \d Ekni jhe? Ycy tcd @uturd k` Aushndss Hs ]deehni Edss `kr Bkrd . Ndw Xkrg?

Cypdrhkn, pp. 3-8.103 Hn chs akkg Adhni Lhihtje (:884), Nhmckejs Ndirkpkntd prkpcdshdl jakut tcd Ekni jhe ekihm tcjt

wkuel hbpksd htsde` whtc tcd mkbhni k` tcd Yda. Cd wrktd, jbknist ktcdr tchnis, tcjt –kn-ldbjnlhn`krbjthkn whee lkbhnjtd lhihtje eh`d. Yd whee jsg dxpehmhtey jnl hbpehmhtey `kr wcjt wd wjnt, wcdn

wd wjnt ht‘ (p. :08), ad`krd jllhni tcjt –bdlhj mkbpjnhds whee ad tcrkwhni ahiidr lhmd tkbkrrkw

tcjn tcdy lk tkljy. Aut tcdrd whee jesk ad sbjeedr pejydrs, tcrkwhni sbjeedr lhmd, idtthni pjrt k` tcdjulhdnmd scjrd ‘ (pp. :96-:9:. Dbpcjshs jlldlR.

108 Ljey, O. (16::). Jlvkmjmy? Mcjbphknhni Hldjs & Hnfiudnmhni Ktcdr s . Ndw Cjvdn? Xjed TnhvdrshtyVrdss, p. :4.

196 Bdrdssj (:=tc Kmtkadr 16:6).

19: Buihnh (10tc Bjy 16::). Jesk sdd Buihnh (=6tc Juiust 16:6).191 Dnmymekpdlhj Arhtjnnhmj Tethbjtd Qd`drdnmd ]uhtd WMkbputdr-ajsdl ” vdrshkn?

16:6.66.66.666666666R.19= Mjbarhlid Jlvjnmdl Edjrndr‘s Lhmthknjry. =rl Dlhthkn (Mjbarhlid? Mjbarhlid Tnhvdrshty Vrdss,W:884R

1663), p. :4.

19< Edjc Ehdvrkuw (16::, p. :4<) mkntdnldl tcjt bkahehsjthkn hs tcd bkst hbpkrtjnt jspdmt k` jny skmhjebkvdbdnt. Ht hs tcd dedbdnt tcjt bjgds jny bkvdbdnt j bkvdbdnt.

194 Bkrd kn ]B] jmthvhsb hn Dghnd, ]. WDl.R (16:6). ]B] Tprhshni? Bkahed Vcknd Jmthvhsb hn J`rhmj .Mjpd kwn? Vjbajzugj Vrdss.

190 Bkrd kn myadrjmthvhsb hn Njojr, ]. WDl.R (16:=). Ed myadrjmthvhsbd ju Bjicrda dt ljns ed bknld jrjad .Vjrhs? Gjrtcjej7 BmMjuicdy, B., & Jydrs, B. WDls.R (166=). Myadrjmthvhsb? Knehnd Jmthvhsb hn \dkryjnl Vrjmthmd . Eknlkn? Qkutedlid.

199 Bkrd kn cjmgthvhsb hn Pdic, ]. (166=). –Mejssh`yhni @krbs k` Knehnd Jmthvhsb? \d Mjsd k`Myadrprktdsts jijhnst tcd Ykrel Ajng‘. Hn BmMjuicdy, B., & Jydrs, B. (Dls.), Myadrjmthvhsb?Knehnd Jmthvhsb hn \dkry jnl Vrjmthmd (pp.9:-84). Eknlkn? Qkutedlid.

193 Iheejn, G. dt je . (1663). Jnth-Yjr Jmthvh sb? Ndw Bdlhj jnl Vrktds t hn tcd Hn`krbjthkn Jid . Ndw Xkrg?Vjeirjvd BjmBheejn, p. :8.



:<:

198 Ehdvrkuw, E. (16::). Jetdrnjthvd jnl Jmthvhs t Ndw Bdlhj . Mjbarhlid? Vkehty Vrdss, p. :44.

136 Hahl., p. 1=.13: ]dd Ldnhdue (16:=).131 ]dd Gshgds (16:=).

13= ]dd Mkeejlk (16:=).13< Oknds (16:1, p. 19).

134 Ehdvrkuw (16::, p. :46).130 Bpkù, B. (11nl Ojnujry 16:1). –_hbajawd? Qdshldnts rdshst prd-pjhl wjtdr systdb‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.

mkb. Qdtrhdvdl 1<tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2<1:.139 Bjtsjulzj, P. (9tc Nkvdbadr 16::). –Auejwjyk? Vkwdr kutjids `rustrjtd rdshldnts‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.

mkb. Qdtrhdvdl 1<tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p24:8:.

133 @kr ldtjhedl lhsmusshkns jakut tcd bdjnhnis k` ldvdekpbdnt sdd Jejn (1666, pp.=-<3)7 Gktcjrh jnlBhnkiud (1661, pp. :-:4).

138 ]dd `kr hnstjnmd ]jmcs (1664).186 ]dd `kr hnstjnmd Djstdrey (1660).18: ]dd `kr hnstjnmd Bkyk (1668).

181 ]dd `kr hnstjnmd Ajndrodd jnl Lufik (16::).18= ]kdst, E. vjn, & Edvhnd, O. (16:6). Ikkl @krtund . Bkrd kn tcd lkmubdntjry kn cttp?//www.pas.

kri/pkv/ikkl`krtund/18< @kumjuet, B. (W:889R 166=). ]kmhdty Bust Ad Ld`dnldl . Eknlkn? Vdniuhn Akkgs, p. 8.

184 Hahl., pp. 9-3.180 Hahl .189 Hahl .183 Krijnhsjthkn `kr Dmknkbhm Mk-kpdrjthkn jnl Ldvdekpbdnt WKDMLR (1661). Dvjeujthkn jnl Jhl

Dstdmthvdndss? Iekssjry k` Gdy drbs hn Dvjeujthkn jnl Qdsuets Ajsdl Bjnjidbdnt , pp. 19-13.

188 Hahl., pp. 1:-11.=66 Djstdr ey, Y. (1660). \d Ychtd Bjn‘s Aurldn? Ycy tcd Ydst‘s Dstkrts tk Jhl tcd Qdst Cjvd Lknd sk Bumc

Hee jnl sk Ehtted Ikkl . Ndw Xkrg? Vdniuhn Akkgs, p. :8=.=6: Hahl . pp. 164-160.=61 Hahl . p. 160.

=6= Hahl ., pp. ::7 11-1=7 1<7 jbknist ktcdrs.

=6< Hahl., pp. 4-0.=64 Hahl., p. 4.=60 Gjgued, B. (18tc @darujry 16:1). –Ikbj? Mknlkb mkbbd mhrjid bkhns mcdr‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl 14tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p299=.

=69 Buniubwj, I. (1:st Bjrmc 16:1). –Ikbj? = bheehkns ld bkusthqujhrds lhstrhauèds‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. Qdtrhdvdl 14tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2::8<.

=63 Bjny jutckrs cjvd lkuatdl tcd dmhdnmy k` `rdd lhstrhauthkn k` adl ndts jnl pkhntdl kut mjsds wcdrd tcdy dnldl up kn tcd aejmg bjrgdt (d.i.? Djstdr ey, 1660, p. :=) kr wdrd nkt usdl jetkidtcdr

(d.i.? Ajndrodd & Lufikt, 16::, p. <1), kr mjusdl cjrb tk ekmje sbjee aushndssds (d.i.? Bkyk, 1668,p. <<).

=68 Buihnh, O. (:9tc Juiust 16:6). –]kejr mkkghni rdjmcds nkrtcdrn jnzjnhj‘.Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl 14tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2=<==.=:6 Bjpksj, Y. (19tc @darujry 16:1). –_hbajawd? Njturd rdmejbjthkn prkodmt turns skur‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.

mkb. Qdtrhdvdl 14tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p200<.=:: Buihnh, O. (:1tc Juiust 16::). –jnzjnhj? Ghls stjnl adchnl ldsgs tk edjrn‘. Pkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

Qdtrhdvdl 14tc Ouey 16:= `rkb? cttp?//www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb/;p2==3<.

=:1 @kr bkrd lhsmusshkns jakut bdlhj prklumthkn `kr ùnlrjhshni purpksds sdd Dleds (1660), dspdmhjeeypp. 198, 18< & =66-=6=.

=:= Aurgdy, ]. (:88=). Vdkped @hrst? J Iuhld tk ]de`-Qdehjnt Vjrthmhpjtkry Qurje Ldvdekpbdnt . Eknlkn? _dlAkkgs, pp. :13-:18.

=:< @kr bkrd lhsmusshkns jakut Vjrthmhpjtkry B&D ]dd? Iuhot dt je . (:883).





:<=

Jppdnlhx

cd Pkhmds k` J`rhmj Bdlhj@kunljthkn

Jt tcd dnl k` 1669, tcd Pkhmds k` J`rhmj Bdlhj @kunljthkn (PkJB@) puaehscdl j

sdrhds k` bkahed vhldk rdpkrts kn tcd dedmthkns `rkb jee kvdr tcd mkuntry hn Gdnyj.

Hn jee k` tcdsd vhldk rdpkrts, pdkped mkbpejhndl jakut tcd krijnhsjthkn k` tcd

upmkbhni dedmthkns jnl pdkped dxprdssdl tcdhr wkrrhds jakut wcjt wjs tk mkbd. J`tdr tcd dedmthkns, hn Ojnujry 1663, tcd rhkts arkgd kut (js wjs prdlhmtdl hn tcd

rdpkrts) jnl tcd PkJB@ stj`` rdjehsdl tcd pkwdr k` bkahed rdpkrthni. J bkahed

rdpkrt lkds nkt kney rdèdmt tcd kphnhkn k` tcd pdkped hn j mkbbunhty. Hn skbd

mjsds, j sdrhds k` bkahed rdpkrts mjn ad jn djrey wjrnhni `kr upmkbhni unrdst.

chs mknmeushkn wjs knd k` tcd kutmkbds k` tcd `hrst bkahed rdpkrthni prkodmt

tcd Pkhmds k` J`rhmj Bdlhj @kunljthkn hnhthjtdl. Vhb ld Yht `kunldl tchs nkn-

prk`ht `kunljthkn hn 1660. kidtcdr wht chs stj`` bdbadrs Kehvhdr Nyhruauijrj

jnl Cdnrh Jjeldrs, cd suasdqudntey stjrtdl j `hrst sdrhds k` trjhnhni prkirjbs aktc

hn Ydst J`rhmj jnl hn Djst J`rhmj. cd ajshm sdt-up wjs shbped? prkvhld ykuni

J`rhmjns whtc j bkahed tdedpcknd, ihvd tcdb `jmd tk `jmd trjhnhni jnl mkjmc tcdbkn-ehnd ckw tk hbprkvd tcdhr vhldks jnl ckw tk admkbd j bkahed mkbbunhty

rdpkrtdr. cdhr bkahed rdpkrts wdrd puaehscdl kn www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb. chs

shtd hs `rddey jmmdsshaed.

cd tdjb gndw `rkb tcd adihnnhni tcjt j okurnjehsthm jpprkjmc jnl strkni

mkbbunhmjthkn wdrd js mrumhje tk tcd summdss k` tcd prkodmt js tcd tdmcnhmje

sghees. J prk`hed `kr hntdnldl pjrthmhpjnts wjs bjld? cd pjrthmhpjnts sckuel ad

jidl adtwddn 16 jnl =6, cjvd j sdmknljry dlumjthkn jnl j prkvdn j``hnhty whtc

okurnjehsb. Lurhni tcd shx-bkntc trjhnhni mkursd, tcdy nddldl ekmje suppkrt tk

skevd prjmthmje prkaedbs js j cjbpdrhni tdedpcknd jnl tk idt jlvjnmd pjybdnts

`kr trjvdes dtm. J ekmje bjnjidr wjs jppkhntdl hn skbd mkuntrhds kr tcd pjrthmhpjnts wdrd suppkrtdl ay j ekmje pjrtndr krijnhsjthkn. Jn jeubnh prkirjb prkvhldl tcd

summdssùe pjrthmhpjnts whtc j pksshahehty tk mknthnud tk hbprkvd tcdhr sghees jnl tk

bjrgdt tcdbsdevds js okurnjehsts.

@rkb tcd dnl k` 1669 thee 16:<, cd Pkhmds k` J`rhmj Bkahed Qdpkrthni Vrkirjb

cjs krijnhsdl :0 bkahed rdpkrthni prkodmts hn dhict J`rhmjn mkuntrhds? Icjnj,

Mjbdrkun, Gdnyj, Tijnlj, jnzjnhj, cd Ldbkmrjthm Qdpuaehm k` Mknik, ]kutc

J`rhmj jnl _hbajawd. Kvdr :66 ykuni J`rhmjns cjvd addn summdssùeey trjhndl hn

bjghni bkahed rdpkrts. Jakut =6 pdrmdnt k` tcdb mknthnudl tcdhr mjrddr hn tcd

bdlhj j`tdr tcd trjhnhni. Bkst k` tcd ktcdrs `kunl tcdhr wjy hn ktcdr lhrdmthkns,

ushni tcdhr jmquhrdl sghees.



:<<

cd PkJB@ mknthnuds tk rdjehsd bkahed rdpkrt prkirjbs. Ht whee jesk mknthnud

tk puaehsc tcd bkst strhghni mkbbunhty rdpkrts kn www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb.

]hnmd 16::, tcd Pkhmds k` J`rhmj bdlhj @kunljthkn cjs addn ekkghni `kr

wjys tk rdhn`krmd tcd sustjhnjahehty k` hts jmthvhthds. chs cjs rdsuetdl hn j prkodmt

mjeedl Mkbbunhty Bdlhj Ckusds. J phekt wjs stjrtdl hn 16:6 hn Njhrkah jnl hn16:: tcd Njhrkah Mkbbunhty Bdlhj Ckusd Etl wjs `krbjeey dstjaehscdl? j ùee-

aekwn bdlhj ckusd whtc rkkts hn tcd seubs k` Njhrkah. Hts kaodmthvd hs tk ihvd j

mcjnmd tk tcd edss prhvhedidl ykuni Gdnyjns `rkb tcd bjny seubs hn Njhrkah tk

pursud j mjrddr hn tcd bdlhj. cd PkJB@ trjhns tcd stj`` bdbadrs nkt kney hn

rdpkrthni jnl `heb bjghni sghees aut ikds ùrtcdr. cdy jrd jesk trjhndl tk idndrjtd

jn hnmkbd. chs jpprkjmc jeekws tcd bdlhj ckusd tk admkbd hnldpdnldnt `rkb

spknskrs. ]tj`` bdbadrs jrd k``drdl tcd mcjnmd tk admkbd scjrdckeldr. Knd k` tcd

prklumthkns hs mjeedl tcd J`rhmjn ]eub Okurnje jnl mjn ad sddn kn cttp?//www.

j`rhmjnseubokurnje.mkb

Cdnrh Jjeldrs

Vrkirjb Bjnjidr

Pkhmds k` J`rhmj Bdlhj @kunljthkn

Ouehjnjstrjjt =6, 16:1 D] Cjjredb, tcd Ndtcdrejnls

de.? 66=:(6) 1= 4<13=00

www.vkjb`.kri

www.vkhmdsk`j`rhmj.mkb

www.j`rhmjnseubokurnje.mkb









Jebkst dvdryknd hn J`rhmj gnkws j bkahed pcknd, tcd bkst whldsprdjl mkbbunhmjthkntdmcnkekiy kn tcd mknthndnt. \cjt tdmcnkekiy stjrtdl js j vkhmd-kney tkke ad`krd hntdirjthni

ktcdr ùnmthkns sumc js bdssjihni, skunl jnl hbjid rdmkrlhni jnl bjny ktcdrs. \chs akkg hs

jakut wjys hn wchmc skbd k` tcksd ndw ùnmthkns jrd ihvhni j ndw `jmd tk tcd del jnl prjmthmd

k` okurnjehsb. \cjt del cjs `kr ekni addn lkbhnjtdl ay prk`dsshknjeey trjhndl okurnjehsts, aut

tcd trdnl sdt hn bkthkn ay tcd jrrhvje k` tcd Ykrel Yhld Yda jnl tcd bkahed pcknd, jbkni ktcdr

tdmcnkekihds, hs tcjt krlhnjry pdkped, hnmeulhni bdbadrs k` ekmje mkbbunhthds hn bjrihnjehsdl

jrdjs, jrd hnmrdjshniey lkhni okurnjehsb.

Hn tchs akkg, tcd jutckr prdsdnts wcjt cd mjees tcd Bkahed Mkbbunhty Qdpkrthni jpprkjmc ajsdl

kn j shx ydjr trjhnhni dxpdrhbdnt hn wchmc cd wjs hnvkevdl js trjhndr jnl mkjmc hn dhict J`rhmjn

Bkahed Mkbbunhty Qdpkrthni

Documents

Nyirubugara 2014 - Mobile Community Reporting - eBook