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O T T F F S S E __. What comes next?. 9. I V E. I X. EVEN. IGHT. NINE. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. O T T F F S S E __. N E. W O. H R E E. O U R. It’s EASY if you know the PATTERN! (Just like Punnett Squares). PROBABILITY & PUNNETT SQUARES 11-2. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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O T T F F S S E __
What comes next?
O T T F F S S E __
It’s EASY if you know the PATTERN!(Just like Punnett Squares)
NE
WO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
HREE
OUR
IVE
IX
EVEN
IGHT
9NINE
PROBABILITY & PUNNETT SQUARES
11-2
Go to Section:
Tossing Coins
If you toss a coin, what is the probability of getting heads? Tails? If you toss a coin 10 times, how many heads and how many tails would you expect to get? Working with a partner, have one person toss a coin
ten times while the other person tallies the results on a sheet of paper. Then, switch tasks to produce a separate tally of the second set of 10 tosses.
Section 11-2
Interest Grabber
Interest Grabber Answers
1. Assuming that you expect 5 heads and 5 tails in 10 tosses, how do the results of your tosses compare? How about the results of your partner’s tosses? How close was each set of results to what was expected?
2. Add your results to those of your partner to produce a total of 20 tosses. Assuming that you expect 10 heads and 10 tails in 20 tosses, how close are these results to what was expected?
3. If you compiled the results for the whole class, what results would you expect?
4. How do the expected results differ from the observed results?
Results will vary, but should be close to 5 heads and 5 tails.
The results for 20 tosses may be closer to the predicted 10 heads and 10 tails.
The results for the entire class should be even closer to the number predicted by the rules of probability.
The observed results are usually slightly different from the expected results.
It can be written as a:
Fraction ____
Percent ____
Ratio ____
____________________is the __________ that a
particular _________________
PROBABILITY
1/4
25%
1:3
likelihoodevent will occur
COIN FLIPThere are 2 possible
outcomes:
HEADS TAILS
http://www.arborsci.com/CoolStuff/CoinFlip.jpg
The chance the coin will land on either one is:
____ ____ ____
Alleles segregate randomly just like a coin flip. . . So can use probability to predict outcomes of genetic crosses.
1/2 50% 1:1
PROBABILITIES_____ outcomes ______ affect _________ones
_____________works ______ in ___________ a ________ number of events.
If last coin flip was heads… there is still a 50/50 chance the next flip will be heads too.
The more flips. . . The closer results will be to
the expected 50:50 average.
PAST DON’T FUTURE
Probability best predictinglarge
DOMINANT/RECESSIVE_____________ allele is represented by a
____________ letter.(usually the first letter of the trait)
____________ allele is represented by the SAME_________________ letter.
EX: Tall = ______
Short =______
capital
lower-case
T
t NOT S for short
Dominant
Recessive
HOMOZYGOUSHETEROZYGOUS
When both alleles in the pair are the _______, the organism is _______________ or __________
EX: ____ or ___
When both alleles in the pair are _____________, the organism is
_________________ or _____________
Ex: ____
HETEROZYGOUS HYBRID
HOMOZYGOUS PURESAME
TT tt
DIFFERENT
Tt
PHENOTYPE/GENOTYPE
The ________________ of an organism is its _____________
The ____________of an organism is
its _____________
GENOTYPE
PHENOTYPE
genetic makeup
appearance
MAKING A CROSS for only a __________ trait =____________________
A Punnett square for a MONOHYBRID CROSS looks like this:
MONOHYBRID CROSSONE GENE
PUNNETT SQUARESare used to show possible offspring
from a cross between 2 parents
_______________ go at top and on left side
Boxes show _______________________________
T T
T
t
possible offspring combinations
Parent alleles
1. ___________ what _________________ are2. ________correct__________ square __________3. ______ possible_______________________4. ______ boxes with _____________________5. Determine ____________of_____________& ____________
STEPS FOR MAKING CROSSES
Figure out parent allelesChoose Punnett sizePut in parent gametesFill in offspring combinations probabilities phenotypes
genotypes
IN PEA PLANTS
Tall is dominant over short
TALL = ____
SHORT = ____T
tLET’S MAKE A CROSS!
PURE TALL PURE SHORTX
PURE TALL parentWhat are the parent alleles?
T T _________
T T
HOMOZYGOUS
What gametes can it make?
PURE SHORT parent What are the parent alleles?
t t _________
t t
HOMOZYGOUS
What gametes can it make?
GENOTYPE _____ PHENOTYPE _______
_____ of the offspring
____ %
___/4
will be
T T
t
t
T t T t
T t T t
Tt TALL
ALL
100
4
HYBRID TALL parent What are the parent alleles?
T t _________
T t
HETEROZYGOUS
What gametes can it make?
GENOTYPES
¼ = _____
½ = _____
¼ = _____
T t
T
t
T T T t
T t t t
PHENOTYPES ____ or ____% _________ ____ or ____% _________
TT
75
Tt
tt
3/41/4 SHORT
TALL
25
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for a MONOHYBRID CROSS
Tall = ____ Round seeds = ___
Short = ____ Wrinkled seeds = ___
T
tR
r
Homozygous Tall parent =
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
T T
T T
PURE wrinkled parent =
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
rr
r r
Heterozygous Round parent =
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
R r
R r
Hybrid Tall parent =
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
Tt
T t
