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Working Group 2 Policy Research for Industrial Development and Recycling Mechanism for Sound Resource Circulation in Michikazu Kojima Shozo Sakata Naomi Hatsukano Asia Resource Circulation Policy Research Workshop Bangkok 2012 1 Objectives Understanding and evaluating recycling of GMS countries. Proposal for developing recycling industries and cooperation for GMS countries. Examine possible contribution of Japan’s recycling industries to promote sound resource circulation. Information gathering for indicators related to development of good recycling business. 2

Objectives · 2017-08-30 · Development and Recycling Mechanism for Sound Resource Circulation in Michikazu Kojima Shozo Sakata Naomi Hatsukano Asia Resource Circulation Policy Research

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Page 1: Objectives · 2017-08-30 · Development and Recycling Mechanism for Sound Resource Circulation in Michikazu Kojima Shozo Sakata Naomi Hatsukano Asia Resource Circulation Policy Research

Working Group 2Policy Research for Industrial 

Development and Recycling Mechanism for Sound Resource Circulation in 

Michikazu Kojima

Shozo Sakata

Naomi Hatsukano

Asia Resource Circulation Policy Research Workshop Bangkok 2012

1

Objectives

• Understanding and evaluating recycling of GMS countries.

• Proposal for developing recycling industries and cooperation for GMS countries.

• Examine possible contribution of Japan’s recycling industries to promote sound resource circulation.

• Information gathering for indicators related to development of good recycling business.

2

Page 2: Objectives · 2017-08-30 · Development and Recycling Mechanism for Sound Resource Circulation in Michikazu Kojima Shozo Sakata Naomi Hatsukano Asia Resource Circulation Policy Research

Schedule of WG2

• November 2012 –March 2013

– Field survey to 3 GMS countries

– Visiting recycling industries in the region

– Start to understand situation of transboundarymovement of scraps in the region

– Provide progress in the WS and examine institution framework to develop sound recyclers

3

ECONOMIC STATUS OF GMS REGION

4

Page 3: Objectives · 2017-08-30 · Development and Recycling Mechanism for Sound Resource Circulation in Michikazu Kojima Shozo Sakata Naomi Hatsukano Asia Resource Circulation Policy Research

 ‐

 50.0

 100.0

 150.0

 200.0

 250.0

 300.0

 350.0

 400.0

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Billion US dollars

GDP (current prices)

Cambodia Lao Myanmar Thailand Vietnam

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000

Myanmar

Cambodia

Lao

Vietnam

India

Indonesia

Thailand

China

US dollars

GDP per capita (PPP) comparison as of 2011

Nay Pyi Taw

Bangkok

Phnom Penh

Vientiane

Hanoi

(Source) Data by World Bank and UNESCAP

Cambodia Lao PDR Myanmar Thailand Viet Nam Total

14.3 6.3 48.3 69.5 87.8 226.2

Population as of 2011  (million)

Hanoi

Kunming

Bangkok

Ho Chi Minh City

Danang

Nanning

“Economic Corridors”

Haiphong

Sihanoukville

Mawlamyaing

Chiangrai

JinghongNorth‐south corridors

East‐west corridor

Southern corridor

Southern sub corridor

6

・Economic Corridors

・With support of Asian Development Bank and other donors, GMS countries have plan to investment in infrastructure  and to promote economic activities in “Economic Corridors”.

Page 4: Objectives · 2017-08-30 · Development and Recycling Mechanism for Sound Resource Circulation in Michikazu Kojima Shozo Sakata Naomi Hatsukano Asia Resource Circulation Policy Research

FINDINGS FROM OUR OBSERVATIONS

7

Recycling business in Vietnam developed since 1990s.

Number and capacity of large‐scale formal recyclers are still limited

Informal recyclers agglomerated in rural areas, forming “recycling villages”

1. Flows of recyclables from Vietnam to China

8

Page 5: Objectives · 2017-08-30 · Development and Recycling Mechanism for Sound Resource Circulation in Michikazu Kojima Shozo Sakata Naomi Hatsukano Asia Resource Circulation Policy Research

Recyclers in “recycling villages”

1. Flows of recyclables from Vietnam to China

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1. Flows of recyclables from Vietnam to China

Major items exported to China

• PET bottle (baled)

• Printed circuit board

• Battery/Lead taken from lead‐acid battery

• Aluminum

10

Page 6: Objectives · 2017-08-30 · Development and Recycling Mechanism for Sound Resource Circulation in Michikazu Kojima Shozo Sakata Naomi Hatsukano Asia Resource Circulation Policy Research

1. Flows of recyclables from Vietnam to China

Major items exported to China

• TV: imported to Vietnam for re‐exportation?

11

Large flow from “recycling villages” to China observed

Chinese traders based in Vietnam (some run workshops)

Machineries introduced by Chinese traders

Export through border gates

1. Flows of recyclables from Vietnam to China

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Page 7: Objectives · 2017-08-30 · Development and Recycling Mechanism for Sound Resource Circulation in Michikazu Kojima Shozo Sakata Naomi Hatsukano Asia Resource Circulation Policy Research

2. Recyclables in Laos and Cambodia taken by neighbors

Vietnamese frequently cross the border by motorcycle to collect recyclables

Junkshop in Huong Hoa District, Vietnam(10km from Viet‐Lao border)

Vietnamese carrying Plastic wastes in Laos

Viet‐Cambodia border gate (Vietnamese side)

13

Vietnamese migrants (from Central region) running junk shops in Laos

In Savannakhet

In Vientiane

2. Recyclables in Laos and Cambodia taken by neighbors

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Page 8: Objectives · 2017-08-30 · Development and Recycling Mechanism for Sound Resource Circulation in Michikazu Kojima Shozo Sakata Naomi Hatsukano Asia Resource Circulation Policy Research

Lao’s recyclables taken by neighbors 

• PET and plastic taken by Chinese, Vietnamese

• Lead‐acid battery taken by Vietnamese

• Printed circuit board taken by Vietnamese

• Aluminum can taken by Vietnamese

• Paper taken by Thai

• Copper taken by Vietnamese

• Lao Government ban exporting iron scrap

2. Recyclables in Laos and Cambodia taken by neighbors

15

Recyclables and second‐hand goods exported from Cambodia to Thailand

2. Recyclables in Laos and Cambodia taken by neighbors

Japanese bicycles carried from Sihanoukvilleport to Thai border  

Used blankets carried to Thai Border

16

Page 9: Objectives · 2017-08-30 · Development and Recycling Mechanism for Sound Resource Circulation in Michikazu Kojima Shozo Sakata Naomi Hatsukano Asia Resource Circulation Policy Research

PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF TRADE STATISTICS

17

Availability and Limitation of data.

• Trade statistics for Vietnam, Thailand and China are available.  We will try to get the data for Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar. 

• Although we have data for Vietnam, Thailand and China, not all of traded recyclable waste  are recorded.  Some of recyclable waste may go through the border as personal effect.  Or some of recyclable waste are smuggled. 

Page 10: Objectives · 2017-08-30 · Development and Recycling Mechanism for Sound Resource Circulation in Michikazu Kojima Shozo Sakata Naomi Hatsukano Asia Resource Circulation Policy Research

Waste Paper 2010

ImportExport

Vietnam Cambodia Laos Thailand  Myanmar China

Vietnam 0 0 733 0 0

Cambodia 3473 28761 O

Laos 0 9569 0

Thailand 1790 0 0 3 120 95

Myanmar 0 426 174

China 519 0 0 1 0

Thailand is the center of paper recycling in GMS region.  Vietnam is also import thousands tons of waste paper from Cambodia and Thailand. 

Waste Plastics 2010

ImportExport

Vietnam Cambodia Laos Thailand  Myanmar China

Vietnam 0 0 0 0 10610

Cambodia 948 0 0 215

Laos 0 0 0

Thailand 16244 32 0 13 0 802116

Myanmar 0 O 321

China 694 0 0 3973 0

China import a lot of waste plastics form Vietnam and Thailand. 

Page 11: Objectives · 2017-08-30 · Development and Recycling Mechanism for Sound Resource Circulation in Michikazu Kojima Shozo Sakata Naomi Hatsukano Asia Resource Circulation Policy Research

Steel Scraps 2010

ImportExport

Vietnam Cambodia Laos Thailand  Myanmar China

Vietnam 0 0 12 0 102

Cambodia 17093 78070 70

Laos 456 0 0

Thailand 7058 0 0 61 0 10527

Myanmar O 767 0

China 55548 0 0 122 35 82112

Cambodia export steel scrap to Vietnam and Thailand. 

Copper Scraps 2010

ImportExport

Vietnam Cambodia Laos Thailand  Myanmar China

Vietnam 0 0 12 0 49

Cambodia 65 1396 0

Laos 10 64 0

Thailand 464 0 5 0 22585

Myanmar 0 0 0

China 984 0 0 229 0 615

Although it is not shown in the table,   Vietnam and Thailand export  1419 tons and 66387 tons  of copper scrap respectively to Japan. 

Page 12: Objectives · 2017-08-30 · Development and Recycling Mechanism for Sound Resource Circulation in Michikazu Kojima Shozo Sakata Naomi Hatsukano Asia Resource Circulation Policy Research

TRADE REGULATION ON HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE WASTE

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Trade Regulation

Basel Convention

Ban Amendment

Other Regulation

Vietnam 1995 Import of Waste is prohibited, except specific type of scraps.

Cambodia 2001 Import of waste plastics is prohibited.

Laos 2010

Thailand 1997

Myanmar License system for importing and exporting all goods (So far, it is not sure that license for importing and exporting recyclable waste has been issued.

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Page 13: Objectives · 2017-08-30 · Development and Recycling Mechanism for Sound Resource Circulation in Michikazu Kojima Shozo Sakata Naomi Hatsukano Asia Resource Circulation Policy Research

RESEARCH QUESTION

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Research Question

• Where are major recycling facilities such as paper mills, furnace for steel production, smelter for non‐ferrous metals, cement industry  and hazardous waste treating facilities with license located in the GMS region.

• Should recycling industries be developed in each country?  Or should recycling center be formulated in GMS?  (transportation cost, economy of scale in recycling plant, fragmentation of production process in the region)

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Page 14: Objectives · 2017-08-30 · Development and Recycling Mechanism for Sound Resource Circulation in Michikazu Kojima Shozo Sakata Naomi Hatsukano Asia Resource Circulation Policy Research

Approach

• To overview current trade flows of recyclable wastes and secondhand goods in GMS region.

• To identify location of existing core recycling facilities such as paper mills, plastic recyclers, steel manufacturers, cement industry and  non‐ferrous smelters, in the region.

• Taking into account characteristics of recyclable waste and related production network, the way of transnational resource circulation in GMS and ideal international collaboration for GMS will be discussed.

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