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Working Group 2Policy Research for Industrial
Development and Recycling Mechanism for Sound Resource Circulation in
Michikazu Kojima
Shozo Sakata
Naomi Hatsukano
Asia Resource Circulation Policy Research Workshop Bangkok 2012
1
Objectives
• Understanding and evaluating recycling of GMS countries.
• Proposal for developing recycling industries and cooperation for GMS countries.
• Examine possible contribution of Japan’s recycling industries to promote sound resource circulation.
• Information gathering for indicators related to development of good recycling business.
2
Schedule of WG2
• November 2012 –March 2013
– Field survey to 3 GMS countries
– Visiting recycling industries in the region
– Start to understand situation of transboundarymovement of scraps in the region
– Provide progress in the WS and examine institution framework to develop sound recyclers
3
ECONOMIC STATUS OF GMS REGION
4
‐
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Billion US dollars
GDP (current prices)
Cambodia Lao Myanmar Thailand Vietnam
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
Myanmar
Cambodia
Lao
Vietnam
India
Indonesia
Thailand
China
US dollars
GDP per capita (PPP) comparison as of 2011
Nay Pyi Taw
Bangkok
Phnom Penh
Vientiane
Hanoi
(Source) Data by World Bank and UNESCAP
Cambodia Lao PDR Myanmar Thailand Viet Nam Total
14.3 6.3 48.3 69.5 87.8 226.2
Population as of 2011 (million)
Hanoi
Kunming
Bangkok
Ho Chi Minh City
Danang
Nanning
“Economic Corridors”
Haiphong
Sihanoukville
Mawlamyaing
Chiangrai
JinghongNorth‐south corridors
East‐west corridor
Southern corridor
Southern sub corridor
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・Economic Corridors
・With support of Asian Development Bank and other donors, GMS countries have plan to investment in infrastructure and to promote economic activities in “Economic Corridors”.
FINDINGS FROM OUR OBSERVATIONS
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Recycling business in Vietnam developed since 1990s.
Number and capacity of large‐scale formal recyclers are still limited
Informal recyclers agglomerated in rural areas, forming “recycling villages”
1. Flows of recyclables from Vietnam to China
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Recyclers in “recycling villages”
1. Flows of recyclables from Vietnam to China
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1. Flows of recyclables from Vietnam to China
Major items exported to China
• PET bottle (baled)
• Printed circuit board
• Battery/Lead taken from lead‐acid battery
• Aluminum
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1. Flows of recyclables from Vietnam to China
Major items exported to China
• TV: imported to Vietnam for re‐exportation?
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Large flow from “recycling villages” to China observed
Chinese traders based in Vietnam (some run workshops)
Machineries introduced by Chinese traders
Export through border gates
1. Flows of recyclables from Vietnam to China
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2. Recyclables in Laos and Cambodia taken by neighbors
Vietnamese frequently cross the border by motorcycle to collect recyclables
Junkshop in Huong Hoa District, Vietnam(10km from Viet‐Lao border)
Vietnamese carrying Plastic wastes in Laos
Viet‐Cambodia border gate (Vietnamese side)
13
Vietnamese migrants (from Central region) running junk shops in Laos
In Savannakhet
In Vientiane
2. Recyclables in Laos and Cambodia taken by neighbors
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Lao’s recyclables taken by neighbors
• PET and plastic taken by Chinese, Vietnamese
• Lead‐acid battery taken by Vietnamese
• Printed circuit board taken by Vietnamese
• Aluminum can taken by Vietnamese
• Paper taken by Thai
• Copper taken by Vietnamese
• Lao Government ban exporting iron scrap
2. Recyclables in Laos and Cambodia taken by neighbors
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Recyclables and second‐hand goods exported from Cambodia to Thailand
2. Recyclables in Laos and Cambodia taken by neighbors
Japanese bicycles carried from Sihanoukvilleport to Thai border
Used blankets carried to Thai Border
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PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF TRADE STATISTICS
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Availability and Limitation of data.
• Trade statistics for Vietnam, Thailand and China are available. We will try to get the data for Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar.
• Although we have data for Vietnam, Thailand and China, not all of traded recyclable waste are recorded. Some of recyclable waste may go through the border as personal effect. Or some of recyclable waste are smuggled.
Waste Paper 2010
ImportExport
Vietnam Cambodia Laos Thailand Myanmar China
Vietnam 0 0 733 0 0
Cambodia 3473 28761 O
Laos 0 9569 0
Thailand 1790 0 0 3 120 95
Myanmar 0 426 174
China 519 0 0 1 0
Thailand is the center of paper recycling in GMS region. Vietnam is also import thousands tons of waste paper from Cambodia and Thailand.
Waste Plastics 2010
ImportExport
Vietnam Cambodia Laos Thailand Myanmar China
Vietnam 0 0 0 0 10610
Cambodia 948 0 0 215
Laos 0 0 0
Thailand 16244 32 0 13 0 802116
Myanmar 0 O 321
China 694 0 0 3973 0
China import a lot of waste plastics form Vietnam and Thailand.
Steel Scraps 2010
ImportExport
Vietnam Cambodia Laos Thailand Myanmar China
Vietnam 0 0 12 0 102
Cambodia 17093 78070 70
Laos 456 0 0
Thailand 7058 0 0 61 0 10527
Myanmar O 767 0
China 55548 0 0 122 35 82112
Cambodia export steel scrap to Vietnam and Thailand.
Copper Scraps 2010
ImportExport
Vietnam Cambodia Laos Thailand Myanmar China
Vietnam 0 0 12 0 49
Cambodia 65 1396 0
Laos 10 64 0
Thailand 464 0 5 0 22585
Myanmar 0 0 0
China 984 0 0 229 0 615
Although it is not shown in the table, Vietnam and Thailand export 1419 tons and 66387 tons of copper scrap respectively to Japan.
TRADE REGULATION ON HAZARDOUS WASTE AND RECYCLABLE WASTE
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Trade Regulation
Basel Convention
Ban Amendment
Other Regulation
Vietnam 1995 Import of Waste is prohibited, except specific type of scraps.
Cambodia 2001 Import of waste plastics is prohibited.
Laos 2010
Thailand 1997
Myanmar License system for importing and exporting all goods (So far, it is not sure that license for importing and exporting recyclable waste has been issued.
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RESEARCH QUESTION
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Research Question
• Where are major recycling facilities such as paper mills, furnace for steel production, smelter for non‐ferrous metals, cement industry and hazardous waste treating facilities with license located in the GMS region.
• Should recycling industries be developed in each country? Or should recycling center be formulated in GMS? (transportation cost, economy of scale in recycling plant, fragmentation of production process in the region)
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Approach
• To overview current trade flows of recyclable wastes and secondhand goods in GMS region.
• To identify location of existing core recycling facilities such as paper mills, plastic recyclers, steel manufacturers, cement industry and non‐ferrous smelters, in the region.
• Taking into account characteristics of recyclable waste and related production network, the way of transnational resource circulation in GMS and ideal international collaboration for GMS will be discussed.
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