http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics

Ocean Accounts

Teerapong Praphotjanaporn.

Statistics Division, ESCAP

http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics

Ocean Science 101

Ecosystems & the Ocean2

The oceanBiophysicalEcosystems

Socio-economicConsumptionAccumulation

AtmosphereClimateWeather

Land & Freshwater

BiophysicalEcosystems +Natural inputs

+Services

-Residuals

-Modification

-Heat

-Acidification

-CO2

+Oxygen

+Water

+Oxygen

-CO2

Impacts:

Climate change

Sea-level rise

Natural disasters

Ecological collapse

Knowns: The ocean is essential.

Known unknowns: How essential?

Unknown unknowns: What if?

http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statisticsEcosystems & the Ocean3

https://oceanaccounts.unescap.org

http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics

SNAOcean economy

Illegal, unreported,unregulated

SEEA

Natural assets & flows Wastes

ExpendituresTaxes & subsidies

SEEA Ecosystems

ExtentConditions

BiodiversityServices & values

Missing

BeneficiariesTechnology

GovernanceManagement

SNA + SEEA + ? = Ocean Accounts

ESCAP Ocean Accounts Partnership4

SNA = System of National Accounts

SEEA = System of Environmental-Economic Accounting

http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics

The OceanA Different kind of “ecosystem”

Ecosystems & the Ocean8

• It’s very large

• Water & species keep moving

• Multi-layer

• All looks the same from a satellite

• Trans-boundary / shared / most outside of national jurisdictions

• Less studied / known / measured

• Interacts with climate, disaster, food…

• Not tested with SEEA

• ESCAP YouTube Video; UN Environment: Ocean Pollution

http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics

Ocean accounts – Map view

National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)SEEA Ecosystem extent- Land Accounts: Terrestrial and Freshwater ecosystem types- Catchment areas- Coastal communities- Coastal infrastructure- Pollution sourcesOcean spatial units- Ocean ecosystem types- Marine protected areas- Fishery, tourism, mining areas- Water quality / temperatureNational statistics- Emissions, effluents, wastes- Assets: fish stock- Supply/use: catch, beneficiariesGovernance- Mandates Analyses- Main sources of land-based pollution (by whom)- Degraded and pristine “Hot spots”- Cost/benefit of rehabilitation and protection- Value of natural inputs (to whom)- Policy options → values at risk- Capture of “rent” (returns on investment)

ESCAP Ocean Accounts Partnership9

EU01 EU02

EU04

EU05

EU10 EU11

EU09

EU07EU06

EU08

http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statisticsEcosystems & the Ocean10

Ocean accounts – Table view

Ocean Assets:

Drivers Ocean Extent Ocean Services Supply (physical)

Specific units % to ocean hectares

Minerals

(T)

Energy

(MToE)

Fish

stocks (T) Service (specific units)

SEEA Air emissions Beginning of period Provisioning

SEEA Effluents1 + additions Regulating and maintenance

SEEA Solid wastes1 - reductions Cultural1. would benefit from spatial disaggregation End of period Abiotic: Minerals, energy, medium for transport

Ocean governance Ocean Conditions Ocean Services Use (physical)

Specific units Specific units

Minerals

(T)

Energy

(MToE)

Fish

stocks (T) Service (specific units)

Policies, plans and regulations Acidification (pH) Provisioning

Institutions Eutrophication (BOD) Regulating and maintenance

Management practices Plastics (T) Cultural

Technologies Carbon3 Abiotic: Minerals, energy, medium for transport

SEEA Protection Expenditures Biodiversity3 4. Disaggregated by coastal/urban/rural, high/low

- research Temperature (°C) income, male/female

- enforcement Accessibility/quality

SEEA Goods and Services 2. Including critical natural capital areas, settlements, coastal Ocean Services Supply (Monetary5)

- technologies infrastructure, protected areas, fishing zones, designated tourist areas, Service (monetary unit)

coral reefs, mangroves, coastal beaches… Provisioning3 As in the SEEA-EEA, Carbon and Biodiversity could be full accounts. Regulating and maintenance

Cultural

Note: This is a stylistic representation of the SEEA-EEA with additional Abiotic: Minerals, energy, medium for transport

components required for including sources of land-based pollution, 6. Would benefit from 5. Only some services can be valued in monetary terms.

abiotic services (such as minerals, energy and medium for transport), disaggregation by

expenditures and governance. This is not as comprehensive as described large/small enterprise and Ocean Services Use (Monetary4)

in the text. Much of the data on flows of land-based pollution, ecosystem linkage to employment by Service (monetary unit)

types, and condition would be derived from detailed maps and beneficiary type. Provisioning

aggregated as shown in the tables for reporting. Regulating and maintenance

Cultural

Abiotic: Minerals, energy, medium for transport

Beneficiary type

SEEA-CF Mineral and Energy

Assets; Aquatic resources

Ecosystem Type

Industry

Industry

Ecosystem Type2

Ecosystem Type2 Ecosystem Type

Beneficiary type4

SNA for some services6

http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics

Regional expert workshop (Aug. 2018)

Remaining research issues…

1. Spatial units & ecosystem classification: Delineate units

2. Ecosystem services: Expand existing classifications

3. Disaster risk & climate change: Establish shared standards

4. Social: Identify communities, artisanal fishers, target groups

5. Economic: Standard definitions & valuation of non-SNA

6. Global data: What is available and how to use it

7. Measuring SDG14: Metadata & new indicators

8. Ocean governance: International, regional and national

9. Modelling: Experience and opportunities

10. Priorities for pilot studies and research

Ecosystems & the Ocean11

http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics

What is the ocean economy?

Ocean Accounts - Services Supply and Use12

Where activity occurs

Who depends on it

Who contributes to it

How to define? Scope (Blue economy,

ocean industry, marine…)

How to value non-SNA benefits?

SEEA: exchange value NOT welfare value

Who benefits?

Large/small; local/global

2. Review

http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics

A working definition (China, KMI…)

Ocean Accounts - Services Supply and Use13

SNASEEA

CFSEEAEEA

Activity accounts Service Supply

Services Use

http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics

Ocean Accounts

Status updates on national pilots

http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics

Activities and timelinesActivity Objectives Timeline

Scoping assessment • Review existing ocean-related policy priorities, concerns, stakeholders, institutional mechanisms; existing data; constraints and opportunities

• Suggest options for the pilot

Jan-May 2019

1st national workshop • Ocean accounts/SEEA training• Review/discuss scoping report• Agree on pilot topic and geographical

area• Develop work plan

Jan-May 2019

Pilot implementation • Conduct the pilot project‐ Technical support from local

consultants and ESCAP

May-Oct 2019

2nd national workshop • Review/discuss pilot results Oct 2019

Regional workshop • Present pilot results• Share lessons learned• Discuss next steps

Nov 2019

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http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics

Thailand

• Lead agency: National Statistical Office

• First workshop held (15 Jan 2019)

• Pilot topic: Sustainable tourism - linkages between tourism, the environment and the ocean• Stage I: TSA-SEEA (water, energy and solid waste accounts)

• Stage II: Mapping land cover, tourism and ecosystem information to identify tourism potentials and sites for conservation

• Stage III: Building scenarios to inform decisions on tourism sustainability

• Geographical scope: five Andaman provinces (PhangNga, Phuket, Krabi, Trang, and Satun)

17

http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics

Malaysia

• Lead agency: Department of Statistics

• First workshop held (4-5 Apr 2019)

• Pilot topic: Living resources in Straits of Malacca• Stage I: Test accounts and change matrix of selected ecosystem

extent and conditions

• Stage II: Test valuation of selected ocean services

• Geographical scope: Straits of Malacca

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Viet Nam

• Lead agency: Institute of Strategy and Policy on Natural Resources and Environment (ISPONRE)

• First workshop held (23-24 Apr 2019)

• Pilot topic: Land-based pollution, tourism and ecosystem impacts• Stage I: Estimating and allocating land-based pollution to

drainage basins

• Stage II: Mapping ecosystems (extent, conditions, services) and designated uses

• Stage III: Estimating impacts of tourism on ecosystems

• Geographical scope: Quang Ninh province

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http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics

Samoa

• Lead agency: Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

• First workshop held (7-8 May 2019)

• Pilot topic: Sustainable tourism - accounting for the environment and selected ocean factors (tbc)• Stage I: Developing a test Tourism Satellite Account (TSA)

• Stage II: TSA-SEEA (water, energy, solid waste and possibly land)

• Geographical scope: national

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China

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• Lead agency: Fourth Institute of Oceanography

• First workshop held (15-16 May 2019)

• Pilot topic: Ecosystem mapping in Beihai Bay• Stage I: Creating change matrix of key ecosystem types

(mangroves, coral reefs, etc.)

• Stage II: Analyzing important ecosystem conditions

• Stage III: Calculating changes in essential ecosystem services

• Geographical scope: Beihai Bay, Guangxi province

http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics

Good news!

• Ocean Accounts don’t need to be complete to be useful

• Growing international interest and support• Special Envoy, Oceans Conference, UNSC, COP23, GEO

• Partnerships, platforms and pathways

• Evidence for good governance; Blue Financing…

• ESCAP support for partnerships for governance & statistics• Horizontal (topic, country) & vertical (international, regional)

• We can learn from each other• Progress on SEEA (capacity & guidance)

• Interest in data and statistics

Ecosystems & the Ocean22

http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics

Take home points

• Ocean Accounts are an extension and adaptation of the SEEA to the ocean and SDG14

• The SNA could provide more detail on the ocean economy

• The SEEA Central Framework could be spatially detailed to give information on• Solid wastes, wastewater, water emissions

• Fish stocks and catch

• Seafloor mineral assets, energy potential

• SEEA Ecosystems needs:• Spatial infrastructure and classification of marine ecosystems

• (Environmental) accountants can save the ocean!

Ecosystems & the Ocean23

http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics

References: The Ocean

European Environment Agency. 2016. Workshop on options for marine ecosystem accounts, March 2016.

GESAMP. 2016. “Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: part two of a global assessment” (Kershaw, P.J., and Rochman, C.M., eds). (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection). Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 93, 220 p. http://www.gesamp.org/data/gesamp/files/file_element/0c50c023936f7ffd16506be330b43c56/rs93e.pdf

IMO (International Maritime Organization). 2012. International Shipping Facts and Figures – Information Resources on Trade, Safety, Security, Environment. http://www.imo.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/ShipsAndShippingFactsAndFigures/TheRoleandImportanceofInternationalShipping/Documents/International%20Shipping%20-%20Facts%20and%20Figures.pdf

Jambeck, J.R. et al. 2015. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 347(6223), pp.768-771.

Mcleod, E. et al. 2011. A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9(10), 552-560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/110004

Neumann, B. et al. 2015. Future coastal population growth and exposure to sea-level rise and coastal flooding-a global assessment. PloS one, 10(3), p.e0118571. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0118571

SANBI. 2013. National ecosystem classification system. Concept note. http://gsdi.geoportal.csir.co.za/projects/national-biodiversity-assessment-of-2018

Sayre R, et al. 2017. A three-dimensional mapping of the ocean based on environmental data. Oceanography. 30(1):90–103.

Sayre R., et al. 2018. A new 30 meter resolution global shoreline vector and associated global islands database for the development of standardized ecological coastal units, Journal of Operational Oceanography, DOI: 10.1080/1755876X.2018.1529714

Spalding, M. D., Fox, H. E., Allen, G. R., Davidson, N., Ferdaña, Z. A., Finlayson, M. A. X., ... & Martin, K. D. (2007). Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. AIBS Bulletin, 57(7), 573-583.

Statistics Canada, 2013. Human Activity and the Environment: Measuring Ecosystem Goods and Services 2013. 16-201-XWE. Ottawa: Government of Canada. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/16-201-x/2013000/aftertoc-aprestdm1-eng.htm

United Nations. 2016. First Global Integrated Marine Assessment. www.un.org/Depts/los/woa

United Nations. nd. UN Atlas of the Oceans. http://www.oceansatlas.org/home/en/

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