Ocean Plastic Turned into an Opportunity in SINTEF, is one ... · Coal savings at10% TSR mill t/y 47,4 6,7 0,2 1,2 1,9 57 Reduced CO2‐emissions at10% TSR** mill t/y 22,3 2,7 0,1

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Technology for a better society

Dr Kåre Helge Karstensen, Palash Kumar Saha, Eirik L. Vigerust, Anneli Alatalo Paulsen, Dr Mehdi Ahmadi and Dr

Christian John Engelsen.

Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research (SINTEF), Norway.

Ocean Plastic Turned into an Opportunity in Circular Economy – OPTOCE

Technology for a better society 2

The Norwegian Foundation for Industrial and Scientific Research, SINTEF, is one of Europe's largest research organisations.

Technology for a better society 3 Technology for a better society

Plastic will be degraded into micro-plastics and constitute a threat to all life in the sea.

Microplastics

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If no effort is made there may be more plastic than fish in the oceans, by weight by 2050.

Plastic instead of fish?


10 rivers are believed to release more than 80% of the global load, 8 of them are in Asia.

Main sources


Release to the Oceans

About 13 million tonnes of plastic leak intoour oceans every year, harming biodiversity, economies and,potentially, our own health.


Improved treatment of plastic waste is needed

International action is key to tackle the most significant sources of plastics litter in the oceans, i.e. insufficient waste management infrastructure in developing countries and emerging economies, especially connected to major world river basins, landfills and industrial sites.

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Evaluate the feasibility of using public private partnerships to collect wastes from polluted hot-spots, barriers in major rivers basins and beach front areas, and to treat the wastes locally.

OPTOCE wants to reduce the flow to the sea


Recycling is the preferred treatment option

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Yangon, 5 September 2019 12

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Manual sorting

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Non-recyclable Plastic Wastes

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Washing

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Shredding

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Heating

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Melting & Cooling

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Granulates

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Low commodity prices is not stimulating recycling 26

Extrusion

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Non-recyclable Plastic Wastes are collected weekly by the Yangon Cleansing Departementand brought to a dumpsite 28

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Out of 6.3 Billion ton plastic waste generated up to 2015, around 9% has been recycled, 12% incinerated while 79% has been "dumped". If continued, 12 Billion ton

plastic waste will be mismanaged by 2050.

Geyer, Jambeck, Law Sci. Adv.

2017;3: e1700782 19 July 2017


Recent research shows that only a tiny fraction is recycled

Recycling can also lead to unintended consequences. PET bottles are readily recycled. However, instead of producing new PET bottles, about 80 per cent of recycled PET is used for fibre production in, for example, the clothing industry.

Fibres are readily lost from these fabricsduring wear and washing, generating a significant source of microplastics in the environment.


How can we improve the treatment of non-recyclable plastic wastes?

Ocean Plastic Turned into an Opportunity in Circular Economy – OPTOCE (2019-2021)

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OPTOCE aims to showcase that the involvement of Resource and Energy Intensive Industries, like cement manufacturing, can increase the treatment capacity for Plastic Wastes.

Their incentive is to recover the energy and replace coal in their production process, a win-win concept and a fundamental pillar in circular economy.

Main Objective


The five partner countries have currently few environmentally sound treatment options but thousands of cement-, steel- and coal fired power plants using billions of tons of coal and emitting more than 30% of the

world GHGs.

Improved waste management

Cost-efficient waste management will reduce pollution, exposure to hazardous chemicals and reduce possible health impacts

Resource Efficiency

Virgin non-renewable fossil fuels and raw materials will be saved improving sustainability!

Emission reduction

Co-processing will reduce allemissions in the long run because the industry will be regulated under another regulatory scheme and thereby improve their overall performance

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Cement production involves heating of crushed limestone, quarts, iron &

alumina in large kilns…

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Clinker is crushed with gypsum and turned into cement.

…by the use of huge amounts of fossil fuels like coal (~400,000,000 t/y)…

…and more than 5,000,000,000 ton of virgin raw materials…

Cement production is energy and resource intensive and accountable for ~5% of man-made CO2

Were 40% is coming from the combustion of coal and 60% from the calcination of limestone (CaCO3)

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Jambeck, J.R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T.R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., Narayan, R., Law, K.L., 2015. ‘Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean’. Science, vol. 347, issue 6223. P. 768-771.

Estimated mismanaged

plastic wastes t/y

Estimated marine debris

contribution t/yCommon Treatment practice

Cement production

(Coal consumption

constitute ~ 20%)

8 820 000 3 530 000 Recycling/ Dumping/MSWI

~2 400 000 000

1 830 000 730 000 Recycling/ Dumping/MSWI ~85 000 000

1 300 000 410 000 Recycling/ Dumping/MSWI ~60 000 000

600 000 240 000 Recycling/ Dumping/MSWI ~300 000 000

460 000 180 000 Recycling/ Dumping/MSWI ~10 000 000

Unit China India Myanmar Thailand Vietnam Sum

Population million 1 386 1 325 54 69 96 2 929

Population close to waterways million 832 > 500 34 48 67 981

Solid waste (SW) generation‐ yearly mill t/y 440 168,4 4,68 27 23 663

Share of Plastic Waste (PW) in SW % 11 8 13 12 12 ‐

PW generation‐ yearly mill t/y 48,1 9,5 0,6 3,28 2,8 64

PW generation‐ daily t/day 131781 25940 1667 8986 7671 176 045

PW Dumped and landfilled mill t/y 32,7 2,5 0,5 10,3 18,4 64

PW Incinerated mill t/y 84,6* 1,14* 0,002* 0,7* ‐ 9

PW Co‐processed mill t/y ‐ 0,25* 0 0,15* 0 ‐

Marine debris (Jambeck et al) mill t/y 1,32‐3,53 0,09‐0,24 0,07‐0,19 0,15‐0,41 0,28‐0,73 1,91‐5,10

Cement production million t/y mill t/y 2370 337 10 60 96,8 2 874

Coal consumption million t/y mill t/y 474 67,4 2 12 19,36 575

Plastic wastes for achieving 10% Thermal Substitution Rate (TSR) mill t/y 56,4 6,7 0,2 1,5 2,4 67

Percent of PW for 10% TSR % 117 71 37 45 85 ‐

Coal savings at 10% TSR mill t/y 47,4 6,7 0,2 1,2 1,9 57

Reduced CO2‐emissions at 10% TSR** mill t/y 22,3 2,7 0,1 0,6 0,9 27

Some indicative figures

Technology for a better

Norway has been using cement kilns

for treatment of their organic

hazardous wastes for almost 30

years…

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>70% of the coal is substituted with various wastes…


Emissionreductionopportunitiesinresourceandenergyintensiveindustry(exceptCCS)

Cement industry is responsible for ~2000 Mt CO2/y or ~8%. Possible reductions through energy efficiency and substitution of:• fossil fuels (≤100%);• raw materials (≤50%)and • cementitious materials (≤80%).

Steel industry is responsible for ~3000 Mt CO2/y or ~7-8%.Possible reductions through energy efficiency, use of scrap iron and substitution of:• fossil fuels (≤20%);.

Coal fired power plants are responsible for ~10 500 Mt CO2/y or ~43%.

Possible reductions through energy efficiency and substitution of:• fossil fuels (≤50%).

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1. Left into the environment

2. Landfills or dumping

3. Incineration (WtE)

4. Various reuse applications

5. Co-processing/energy recovery in local energy-intensive industry

How are non-recyclable plastics dealt with?


Sustainable development, Resource efficiency, Green & Circular Economy and Industrial symbiosis

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Co-processing of wastes in cement kilns versus incineration

Cement kilns Incinerators with generation of electricity/steam

Purpose Industrial production of cement clinker Reduce the volume of organic waste by burning

Circular economy?

Yes; co-processing of wastes replaces coal and raw materials Disputable, basically disposal of wastes

Temperature ranges

1500-2000 0C. Inherent features, e.g. time, temperatures and oxidising conditions are

excellent for waste destruction800-1100 0C

Construction investment

costs

Facilities are already in place and operates at all time. The industry bears the investment and

operation costsExpensive to build, operate and maintain

Cost for waste disposal Usually cost-efficient Varies widely; 10-200 USD/t

Energy utilization efficiency

Approaches 100%.Low energy efficiency, range 15 ~ 25%. Electricity production will not recover the

Construction costs

Waste types versatility

Certain limitations; pre-treatment of the wastes is usually needed

More versatile than CKs, but wet wastes in rainy season makes efficient operation

difficult and will lead to emissions

Production of residues Usually no residues to dispose of

~ 30% of the incinerated waste ends up as residues and need to be disposed of in

landfills

Emissions Will normally be unaffected if properly operated Exit gas have often high concentrations of dioxins and other air-pollutants

Green house gases

Reduces CO2 emissions compared to landfilling and incineration

Building WtE-incinerators will add the number of emission points in a country


OPTOCE aims to carry out limited Pilot Demonstrations in local plants to document the feasibility of Co-processing PW and to prove the concept under various local conditions and circumstances and to cover a range of expected representative scenarios, to uncover limitations with the practice and to provide answers to common perceptions and misunderstandings.

The Pilot Demonstrations need to document the performance, i.e. describe the PW co-processing capacity, environmental performance, cost- and energy efficiency, and the need for pre-treatment and preparation of the PW prior to co-processing, limitations in types and volumes of PW which can be co-processed etc.

The overall aim is to provide a quantitative and qualitative assessment how the involvement of private industry can improve plastic waste management and prevent marine litter in each country.

Purpose of pilot demonstrations


SINTEF has demonstrated and proved that cement kilns can be safely used to destroy hazardous chemicals in many

countries (>100 articles published in International Journals)

Vietnam Toxic insecticides & PCBs

Karstensen et al. Environmental Science and Policy, 9 (6) 2006, ISSN No. 1462-9011.

Sri Lanka PCBs Karstensen et al. Chemosphere, 78 (2010) ISSN: 0045-6535.

China DDT Dahai et al. Science of the Total Environment, 476-477 (2014) 250-257. ISSN No. 0048-9697.

India CFC-gases Environmental Science and Policy, 38 (2014) 237-244. ISSN No. 1462-9011

Basel Convention

HazardousChemicals

ISBN No. UNEP/CHW.10/6/Add.3/Rev.1

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To compare "Conventional" treatment technologies and Co-processing with regards to:

Removal efficiency (to avoid release of microplastics) Cost-efficiency Energy- and resource efficiency - sustainability Environmental performance Technical feasibility Liability

To provide scientific documentation to decision makers to support policy directions for improved treatment of waste-plastics.

Purpose of pilot demonstrations

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Country and priority Plastic waste (PW) problem Problem owner Current treatment

practiceEstimated annual PW

volumes generated (t/y)Potential for Sea

release?

Resource and Energy Intensive Industry to

be involved

China # 1 Floating material in Yangtze river and MSW in Zigui city Society

Started but no performance verification

~ 100 000 Yes, through Yangtze river Huaxin cement Zigui

China # 2 Plastic from paper recycling in Jilin province

Local paper recycling plant, Jilin province

Testing, before this the plastic went to incinerator

~ 7300 Yes, through Song Hua River BBMG Jilin

India SCF/RDF generated from Saligao, Goa

Goa Waste Management Corporation (GWMC)

Sent to cement but there are concerns raised by GWMCOnly 15% of what is generated from Goa is sent for CP, rest is dumped

>15000 but will increase to 100 000 after three other plants are commissioned

Yes, to Arabian Sea‐through rivers such as Mandovi, Zuari rivers and direct leakage points

ACC Wadi, Vasavadutta, JK Bagalkot+ others to be explored with GWMC

India SCF from KRL Facility, Haridwar

KRL, Haridwar Municipal Corporation Dumped ~ 15 000 Yes, through Ganges

RiverACL Rabriyawas, ACC Lakheri

India* Collected non‐recyclable PW from 10 wards of Agra Agra ULB Dumped ~ 3 000 need to recheck

this numberYes, through Yamuna river

ACL Rabriyawas, ACC Lakheri

India* Mined SCF from Ghazipur dumping site, Delhi

Principal Scientific Advisor to GOI/East Delhi Municipal Corporation

Dumped 14 000 000 (stock), pilot quantity TBD

Yes, through Yamuna river

Ultratech Kotputli, ACL Rabriyawas

Myanmar* PW from Kyaiktiyo sorting facility

Township development Committee Dumped Need to assess

Need to assess (but close to a holy Buddhist site)

SCG‐Mawlamyine

Myanmar* Plastic rejects from plastic recycling

Myanmar Plastic Industry Association Dumped Need to assess Yes, through Yangon

river SCG‐Mawlamyine

Thailand Dumpsite plastic waste Society/Municipalities

Dumpsite mining done in some dumpsites

~ 85 000 (treatment at one dumpsite)

Exposed to weather and rainy season –enter ocean through rivers and canals + ground water

INSEE Saraburi cement plant

Vietnam # 1 PW generated from Recycling of paper

Lee & Man, Hau Giang province Sent to Binh Duong 10000‐30000 (from

Lee&Man plant)Yes, through Mekong river

INSEE Hon Chong cement plant in Kien Giang Province

Vietnam # 2 Segregated non‐recyclable plastics from UNDP project

Binh Duong Province, UNDP Landfill

~27 000 (Thủ DầuMột city –capital of Binh Duong)

Waterways like Song Sai Gon and Dong Nai river

INSEE Hon Chong cement plant in KienGiang Province

Thailand has 2500 dumpsites/landfills with an estimated amount of 190 million tons of Plastic Wastes accumulated (Prof. C. Visvanathan, Asian Institute of Technology, 2019).

INSEE Ecocycle is currently doing limited Landfill mining of PW at three dumpsites in Phatthalung, Saraburi and Phisanulokprovince, and use the pre-treated PW as a fuel substitute in their Saraburi cement plant at an estimated TSR of 12 % - the environmental benefits are not documented.

The aim of the Thai demonstration is to investigate the environmental benefits of Landfill mining in more detail and to try to document/estimate how such practice can contribute to reduce the release of PW to the sea – and to estimate the potential of scale up.

Pilot demonstration in Thailand 2020

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~42% Plastic

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Saraburi, Thailand


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Technology for a better society Technology for a better society


China 2020

The aim of the pilot demonstration in Zigui is to investigate and showcase the benefits of collecting waste and floating material from the Yangtze river's, upstream the Three Gorges Dam, as well as MSW from the local town, and using it as a fuel source in the Huaxin cement plant.

It is estimated that plant will be able to co-process around 100 000 ton plastic wastes annually.

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Yangtze river is the biggest in China. Location of Zigui town and the Three Gorges dam


Three Gorges dam in Yangtze river, China


Floating materials upstream the dam is damaging the turbines…what to do?

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Collection, pre-treatment and Co-processing of floating materials at the Zigui cement plant, upstream Three Gorges dam in Yangtze river


Huaxin Zigui cement plant was built in Zigui town in 2009 with capacity of 4000 ton clinker per day

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Capacity is 1500 m3 per day or 200 000 ton per year.


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Co-processing of floating materials might save >60 000 ton of coal per year in the local cement

plant and protect the dam…

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Technology for a better society 89 Technology for a better society

India 2020

Scientific comparison of the performance (cost, energy efficiencies etc.) of treating plastic wastes from Goa in cement plants (located outside Goa) compared to proposed (one or two) WtE facilities in Goa.

In late 2019 and early 2020, the data from Goa Waste Management Company (GWMC) and Cement industries will be collected and analysed. The expected outcome of the study is help GWMC decide on future course of plastic waste management.

SINTEF plans to collaborate with GIZ in their large NAMA project which aims at improving SWM in selected 8 cities, including Panjim, Goa for reducing GHGs..


India 2020/2021

SINTEF will be part of a consortium led by IL&FS Environmental (IEISL) for the Global Request for Proposal titled ‘Waste Mining & Land Recovery of the Ghazipur Dump Site in New Delhi’ under the India’s Waste to Wealth Mission. Ghazipur dumpsite has 14 Mt of legacy waste and aim is to conduct a successful pilot for large scale utilisation/disposal of legacy wastes over a period of 18 months from approval of the project proposal.

SINTEF shall serve as a technical advisor, providing expert inputs on various aspects of Ghazipur dumpsite remediation such as: technical feasibility of utilisation/recovery of waste fractions; international/Asian experience sharing of Dumpsite remediation; options and strategies for managing the Hazardous waste etc.

Source: Businesstoday, India


Haridwar is one of holiest places for Hindus and will host the 2021 Maha Kumbh (religious congregation) which is expected to receive more than 50 million people (city has a population of one million).

KRL waste management site in Haridwar receives 300 tonnes/day of household and commercial wastes from Haridwar (+ some floating materials from Ganga such as clothes, flowers, plastics); Non-recyclable PW is dumped/burnt in open.

The aim of the pilot demonstration in Haridwar is to investigate and showcase the benefits of using segregated combustible fraction in cement kilns. The relevant stakeholders are KRL, Geocycle, Municipal Corporation of Haridwar, Urban Development Directorate and UNEP.

India 2021

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India 2021SINTEF could work in Agra (10 municipal wards around Taj Mahal) in collaboration with Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) and UNEP.

CSE, in their project on 'Mainstreaming circular economy in waste management sector in India', works with waste pickers and civil society organisations for developing integrated SWM system, including collection of Non-recyclable PW. UNEP assists with awareness raising and outreach activities.

SINTEF works closely with the Cement industry looking at feasibility of Co-processing of Non-recyclable PW. SINTEF could contribute with findings of scientific studies to influence the Indian government’s policy framework with respect to incineration and WtE in CSE's platforms such as ‘Centre for Excellence on Circular Economy’ and 'Forum of Cities that Segregate (84 cities)

Source: Reuters Technology for a better society 94

Mumbai 16 March 2019


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Mumbai river channel 16 March 2019



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Vietnam is currently one of largest sources of PW to the sea but has no systematic collection or treatment of non-recyclable PW.

Only one cement plant is practicing Co-processing in Vietnam today, currently replacing approximately 15% of its coal with industrial hazardous wastes.

Paper recycling industry is a large producer of plastic waste, and Vietnams largest paper factory (Lee & Man) produce about 50 000 t/y plastic waste. Today most of this end up in landfills.

The aim of the Vietnam demonstration in 2020 is to investigate the environmental benefits of transporting PW from Lee & Man paper industry to Co-process it as a fuel source at the INSEE Hon Chong plant.

Vietnam 2020

Plastic waste from paper industry

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Location of Vietnams largest paper factory Lee & Man and the INSEE Hon Chong cement plant

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To improve the utilization of domestic waste and plastic waste, UNDP is implementing a model to improve segregation and waste management in five Vietnam cities. As much as possible of the plastic waste is recycled but a large part is non-recyclable.

In collaboration with UNDP, a second OPTOCE pilot in 2020 will investigate the environmental impacts of using Co-processing as a treatment method for the segregated non-recyclable plastic waste from the UNDP project.

The two Vietnam pilots will be done in cooperation with VEA, local DONREs, UNDP, IUCN, WWF, local paper and cement industries and Ho Chi Minh technical University.

Vietnam 2020


There is currently no systematic collection or treatment of non-recyclable PW in Myanmar and no Co-processing in the cement industry. The treatment practice is limited to landfilling/dumping; one Incinerator with WtE is available outside Yangon.

There is a potential of release of PW to the Irrawaddy river and to the Sea.

The aim of the Myanmar activity in 2020 is to raise awareness and to build capacity in industry and among authorities about the potential of involving the cement industry in future Co-processing activities.

Prepare the first draft of the Technical Guidelines for Co-processing in Cement Kilns and conduct the consultation meetings to finalise the Guidelines and Licensing Criteria (preconditions).

Myanmar 2020


Myanmar 2021

If the preconditions are met and the cement companies invest in waste feeding systems in cement kilns, the Project will conduct a pilot demonstration in a feasible cement plant, with non-recyclable plastic wastes from one of the priority areas such as dumpsites in big cities, tourist/religious sites (Kyaiktiyo Hill) and big PW recyclers etc.

Non recyclable PW separated at a MRF near Kyaiktiyo Hill

One of the several PW recycling plants in Mandalay producing plastic ropes

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Irrawaddy river and

location of Pilot areas

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Dumping Site, PatheinTownship, Ayerwaddy Region

Phyar Pon Township, Ayerwaddy Region Near Bago River

Bamaw township, Kachin State

Nan Kyin Dumping Site, Myit Kyi Nar Township, Kachin State

Loikaw City, KayahState

Photos taken by ECD staff across Myanmar


Near Hpa-an City, KayinState

Amarapura Township, Mandalay Region

Near Taungthaman Lake, AmarapuraTownship, Mandalay Region

North Dagon Dumping Site in Yangon

Sittwe Township, Rakhine State

Htein Bin Dumping Site in Yangon

Photos taken by ECD staff across Myanmar- Contd..


North Dagon Dumping Site in Yangon

Shwe Pyi Thar Townhip in Yangon

Thanlwin Township in Yangon

Taunggyi Township, Shan State

Dumping Site in MonywaTownship, Sagaing Region

Near Kine Taw Village, MonywaTownship, Sagaing Region

Photos taken by ECD staff across Myanmar- Contd..

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OPTOCE - Ocean Plastic Turned into an Opportunity in Circular EconomyRationale• ~80% of marine debris comes from land

based sources, i.e. rivers, landfills and industrial sites.

• Asian countries are among the top 20 contributors to marine litter and microplastics; waste treatment capacity is generally inadequate.

Objective• Pilot demonstrations will be conducted

where non-recyclable plastic wastes will be energy-recovered in local energy intensive industry, constituting a win-win concept and a fundamental pillar in circular economy.

• Such practice will increase the treatment capacity for plastics, reduce the need for landfilling and incineration, reduce the consumption of non-renewable fossil fuels and finally reduce the release of GHGs.

• Lessons learned will be shared through a regional multi-stakeholder forum enabling awareness raising, capacity building and efficient replication across the continent.

• Initial partner countries are China, India, Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar, but the final selection will be subject to their Baseline situation and their willingness to engage in the project with own resources. Other countries might be considered.

OPTOCE aims to reduce the release of plastic wastes to the

ocean by involving local energy intensive

industries in waste management and energy recovery.

This will increase the waste treatment capacity in Asian

countries and constitute a sustainable cost-efficient option in integrated waste

management.

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OPTOCE timelines – Two phases


Mapping the willingness to participate in the project among Governmental bodies and Private industry.

Investigating the Baseline situation with regards to Plastic pollution, current treatment practice and the possibility to involve energy intensive industries.

Evaluating feasible Pilot demonstration sites and activities.

Developing MoU/contracts with Scope of work, activities, timelines, budgets, roles and responsibilities.

Identifying supporting partners and synergy with other projects.

Main tasks in the Inception phase of OPTOCE in 2019


The following conditions should be in place at a site in order to be selected as a Pilot Demonstration site:

• A local PW-problem (industry hot-spot, dumpsites, rivers etc.) with sufficient plastic waste to carry out a proper test;

• A regulatory and legal regime in place with industry permits/licences to co-process RDF/PW;

• A feasible plant within a reasonable distance from the PW;• A Public Private Partnership or an entity to collect/transport,

store and pre-treat the PW.

Prerequisite


The following criteria should be fulfilled in order to be selected as a Pilot Demonstration site:

• A plant with equipment for pre-treatment and feeding of PW, and experienced staff.

• A plant with proper process control, stable power and water, and acceptable emissions.

• Acceptable cost for carrying out the Pilot Demonstration (OPTOCE has limited budgets).

• A cement plant with on-line emission monitoring equipment or possibilities for emission sampling and monitoring by third party.

Selection criteria I

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• Sufficient amount of PW in the RDF (if "pure" PW is not available).

• Accessibility of the site, i.e. travel distance, local accommodation etc.

• A high-profile/visible case study solving an imminent problem and creating public attention.

• Willingness to share lessons learned in the Regional Forum.

• Possibility to publish success-stories, i.e. video, news articles etc.

Selection criteria II


Lessons learned from the Pilot demonstrations will be shared through a

regional multi-stakeholder forum enabling awareness raising, south-

south capacity building and replication across the continent.


To provide information and advice about the PW-situation, provide independent monitoring and evaluation of the Pilot Demonstration, review the Project’s progress towards achieving the objectives, contribute to outreach activities, awareness raising and capacity building.

Roles and responsibilities of the Task Force


Is this the way forward ?

The ASEAN countries adopted the Bangkok Declaration in June 2019, with following objectives, amongst others:

Strengthen actions at the national level as well as through collaborative actions among the ASEAN Member States and partners to prevent and significantly reduce marine debris, particularly from land-based activities, including environmentally sound management;

Enhance the multi-stakeholder coordination and cooperation to combat marine debris, including implementing joint actions and partnerships for addressing such a challenge;

Promote private sector engagement and investment in preventing and reducing marine debris, including partnerships between public and private sector through various mechanisms and incentives; and

Strengthen research capacity and application of scientific knowledge to combat marine debris, in particular, to support science-based policy and decision making.

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OPTOCE - Ocean Plastic Turned into an Opportunity in Circular Economy - aims to contribute to achieve an

"OPtical Transparent OCEan"

[email protected]://optoce.no/

https://www.facebook.com/Optoce/https://www.sintef.no/en/

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Documents

Ocean Plastic Turned into an Opportunity in SINTEF, is one ... · Coal savings at10% TSR mill t/y 47,4 6,7 0,2 1,2 1,9 57 Reduced CO2‐emissions at10% TSR** mill t/y 22,3 2,7 0,1