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Oceans and Human HealthOceans and Human Health-- A New ConceptA New Concept
- A New Federal Program- A New Federal Program- A New Research Direction for USM- A New Research Direction for USM
A COSEE Online Institute PresentationA COSEE Online Institute Presentation
Dr. D. Jay GrimesDr. D. Jay Grimes
Topics to Cover
• What is “Ocean Health”
• NOAA’s OHH Efforts
• Ocean Health Research at USM– Vibrio pathogens– Bacteria and the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico
3
What Is “Ocean Health”?• The condition or health of coastal and ocean ecosystems
reflects the ability of those ecosystems to continue to provide goods (e.g., fisheries) and services (e.g., waste treatment, storm protection) and maintain their integrity, diversity, and resiliency. In turn, ecosystem health affects:– Health of marine organisms;– Health of people who are part of and exposed to coastal
ecosystems;– Health of coastal communities which depend upon
ocean/coastal ecosystems for a variety of important ecological services; and
– Health of coastal economies which provide ~60% of the nation’s GDP.
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA
The Big Hairy Questions
How will the oceans affect my health and well-being?
Is the seafood safe to eat and are the waters safe to
swim in or drink?
How will climatechange affectocean health threats?
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA
OHH – A National Priority
• Established the Interagency OHH Program
• Authorized NOAA’s OHH Initiative
• Required a ten-year implementation plan to define goals and priorities for OHH Federal research and application
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA
In Support of America's Ocean and Coasts: In Support of America's Ocean and Coasts: Safe, Healthy and ProductiveSafe, Healthy and Productive
OHHI’s Mission: To improve understanding and management of the ocean, coasts and Great Lakes to enhance benefits to human health and reduce public
health risks.
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA
Understanding the Linkages
NOAA’s OHHI will bring understanding and assessment of the oceans full circle since it evaluates and communicates both the impact of humans on the oceans, as well as the impact of the oceans on human health.
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA
The Health Risks • Seafood-borne Illnesses • Harmful Algal Blooms
• Ocean Pathogens Chemical Contaminants
The Health Benefits• New Drugs and Products• Seafood Health Benefits• Drinking Water• Ecosystem Services• Healthy Economies
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA
Ocean Health Risks and Benefits
OHHI Goals
1. Lead the development of early warning systems to forecast threats and predict long-term risks to human health throughout US coastal and Great Lakes waters.
2. Investigate and optimize health benefits from the sea.
3. Develop a robust OHH community working across disciplines and institutions to improve public health
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA
Desired Outcomes
HEALTHY OCEANS,
HEALTHY ECOSYSTEMS, HEALTHY PEOPLE,
AND HEALTHY ECONOMIES
Slide courtesy of Dr. Paul Sandifer, NOAA
OCEANS AND HUMAN HEALTH AT USM
The Vibrios
• Vibrio cholerae was one of the first bacteria to be isolated in pure culture
• V. cholerae first observed by Pacini in 1854
• 30 years later the German physician Robert Koch reported the first cultivation of this pathogen
Dr. Robert KochDr. D. Jay Grimes
The Vibrios
• Over 70 Vibrio species are now recognized• 24 species are pathogenic for animals and plants• Of these 24, 12 occur in human specimens and 11
are confirmed human pathogens• In general, the human pathogens cause diarrhea or
extra-intestinal infections – usually wound infections• Several species cause diseases in other animals –
both vertebrates (most commonly in fishes - vibriosis) and invertebrates – and in plants – and in corals
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
Isolation of Vibrios
• Enrichment– Alkaline peptone water
• Non-selective – Marine agar 2216– T1N3 agar (1% tryptone and
3% NaCl)• Selective
– Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS)
– Vibrio vulnificus agar (VVA)– Cellobiose-polymixin
B-colistin (CPC+) agar– Chromagar
APW
suc-
suc+
Vv
VVA
TCBS
VVA T1N3
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
Identification of Vibrios
• Classical phenotypic tests
• Biolog®
• Serology – serotyping, FAB
• Alkaline phosphatase-labeled DNA probes
• PCR, rtPCR, qPCR• FISH, RING-FISH
FAB
FISH
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
The Big Three
• Vibrio cholerae– Over 180 defined O antigens (O1 and 179 non-O1)– Serogroup O1 (pandemics)– Serogroup O139 (epidemics) – O1 biogroups are classic and El Tor– Toxigenic and non-toxigenic (cholera toxin or CT)
• Vibrio parahaemolyticus– 13 O antigens and 60 K antigens– Predominate strain is O3:K6 (pandemic)
• Vibrio vulnificus– 7 O antigens with O1 and O4 predominate
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
Vibrio cholerae Pacini 1854
• First Vibrio to be isolated and described• Ubiquitous in estuarine and marine
environments• Temperature and salinity
optima are 25oC and 2-14 ppt
• Commonly associated with marine animals and plants (epizootic and epiphytic)
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
Vibrio cholerae
(Slide courtesy of Drs. Rita Colwell and Constantin de Magney, University of Maryland)
Vibrio parahaemolyticusFujino et al. 1951
• Most common agent of Vibrio disease in humans after V. cholerae
• The most common causes of food borne disease in Japan(ca. 70%)
• Most common cause of seafood-borne disease in U.S.• Causes acute gastroenteritis• Can cause septicemia and wound infection• First Vp pandemic began in 1996, involving three major
serotypes – O3:K6, O4:K68, and O1:K untypeable
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
V. parahaemolyticus Outbreaks
• Historically, U.S. outbreaks were associated with cooked crabs – illness from raw molluscan shellfish had been sporadic
• Now raw oysters are the primary source• Large U.S. outbreaks in 1969, 71, 72, 82, 92, 97, 98, and
2006 • In 1997, Vp from molluscan shellfish caused a large
outbreak in the Pacific Northwest– involved 209 persons & one died from septicemia– isolates belonged to common U.S. serogroups (O1, O4, O5) and
all were TDH+
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
Vibrio vulnificus(Reichelt et al. 1979) Farmer 1980
• Vv causes: – primary septicemia (ingestion
of shellfish)– gastroenteritis (ingestion of
shellfish)?– wound infections (contact)
• Preexisting liver dysfunction or disease greatly increases susceptibility and mortality
• High fatality rate among compromised• Highest fatality rate of any bacterium known (>50%)
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
Vibrio vulnificus
• Virulence factors not well understood• Hemolysins and pathogenicity
– V. vulnificus hemolysin (vvh)– Powerful iron sequestration ability– Capsule and endotoxin– Two genotypes – clinical (C) and environmental (E)
and only C causes disease in humans– Others???
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
V. vulnificus Ecology
• Vv isolated from all U.S. coastal areas• Most prevalent during warm months• Temperature and salinity ranges are above 20oC
and 5-25 ppt• Optima are 30oC and 5-10 ppt• Appears to associate with marine animals• Can become nonculturable with stress
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
Vp Detection by Satellite
• We are predicting the presence of Vp in oysters by using satellite remote sensing
• The RS products we use are temperature and salinity
• Sea surface temperature (SST) is directly measured and salinity is inferred from colored dissolved organic matter(CDOM)
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
RS Platforms
SeaStar carries SeaWiFS• Launched August 1997• 1-km2 pixels, used for color• Global coverage every 2 days
Terra carries MODIS• Launched December 1999• 1-km2 pixels, SST & turbidity• Global coverage every 1-2
days
Two popular NASA satellite RS platforms used by oceanographers are SeaStar and Terra
Terra – the MODIS platform
SeaStar – the SeaWiFS platform
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
Recent Vp Maps that Include Salinity
average log(Vp/g) = -2.05 + 0.097*TWATER + 0.2*SAL - 0.0055*SAL2
SST Salinity
Vp/g
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
Vibrios and Oil
DAPI cells on oil droplets
Vibrio sp. (16S-FISH)
FISH
DAPI cell near oil droplet
DAPI + Vp (16S FISH)
Vp
R/V Pelican
GCRL Microbial Response• Surface water sample
collected 2 miles from the DH site by R/V Pelican on May 14
• Being used to develop methods for our research
Dr. D. Jay Grimes
Vibrios and Oil
GCRL Microbial Response• Surface water sample
collected 2 miles from the DH site by R/V Pelican on May 14
• Being used to develop methods for our research
R/V Pelican
Thank You
Dr. D. Jay GrimesProfessor – Department of Coastal
Sciences, Marine Microbial Ecology
Gulf Coast Research Laboratory
703 East Beach Drive
Ocean Springs, MS 39564
