October 17 (Mon)

ISWAInternational Solid Waste Association

Korea Society ofWaste Management

ISWA World Congress 2011October 17-20, 2011 ┃ EXCO, Daegu, Korea

10:00AM

11:00AM

12:00PM

Room325 (A) Room325(B) Room324 Room323

13:30PM ODA Experiences in MSW Management Controversial Issues in Energies form Wastes Disaster Waste Management Emerging Technologies and Topics in Solid WasteSector 1

Moderator : Hidetoshi Kitawaki Moderator : Bettina Kamuk Moderator : Mark Milke Moderator : Danny D Reible

Junwoo Park [Korea]ODA Experiences in Municipal Solid Waste management

Yong-Seung Yun [Korea]Issues and Prospects of WTE for Better Efficiency

Gil-Jong Oh [Korea]The Status of Flood Waste Treatment and Future PolicyDirection

Kang-In Rhee [Korea]Green Technologies Developed by Frontier R&D Program

Hidetoshi Kitawaki [Japan]Japan’s ODA experiences in solid waste management

Katsuya Kawamoto [Japan]Energy from waste - Technologies and policy

John Skinner [U.S.A]Managing Wastes Produced from Natural Disasters

Danny D Reible [U.S.A]Greening Solid Waste Management Operations

Rachel Goldstein [U.S.A]The Global Methane Initiative and Methane Reductions fromthe Waste

Bettina Kamuk [Denmark]How to get the public’s acceptance when locating a WTEfacility. A case from Copenhagen

Mark Milke [New Zealand]Disaster Waste Management and the ChristchurchExperience

Masaru Tanaka [Japan]Waste to Energy to Solve the Problem of Electric Power CrisisAfter the Great East Japan Earthquake

Badam Delgerbayar [Mongolia]ODA Experiences in Solid Waste Management in Ulaanbaatarcity

Soon-mo Hwang [Korea]Hydrogen Production – Fuel Cell Power Generation by PlasmaGasification of Municipal Solid Waste

Shinich Sakai [Japan]Disaster Waste Management in Japan

Atilio Savino [Argentina]The Waste hierarchy in Developing Countries and the bestavailable technologies

03:30PM

16:00PM Practices and Challenges of 3Rs Recycling of E-Waste Roles of Landfill for Sustainable MSWmanagement Emerging Technologies and Topics in Solid WasteSector 2

Moderator : Stephen Moore Moderator : Jeff Cooper Moderator : Paul H. Brunner Moderator : Antonis Mavropoulos

Woo-jin Choi [Korea]Practices and Challenges of 3Rs’ in Korea

Yong-Chul Jang [Korea]Recycling and Management of Electronic Waste in Korea:recent trends and suggestions for sustainable management

Byung-chul Choi [Korea]Sudokwon Environmental Energy Town Development Plan;Carbon ZERO – Landfill Site

Hang-Sik Shin [Korea]

Seiji Hashimoto [Japan]3Rs and Resource Productivity

Atusshi Terazono [Japan]Material flow, environmental effect and managementmeasures of E-waste in Asia

Toshihiko Matsuto [Japan]Strategy for Environmentally and Socially Acceptable Landfill

Antonis Mavropoulos [Greece]Globalization, megacities and waste management

Hermann Koller [Austria]Managing Packaing Waste in the 21st Century

Bjorn Appelqvist [Sweden]E-waste and Waste Trafficking

Paul H. Brunner [Austria]'Final Sinks' as a Necessary Element of Sustainable WasteManagement

Yasushi MATSUFUJI [Japan]Semiaerobic Landfill System and Co-benefit CDM

Stephen Moore [Australia]Achieving diversion from landfill by mechanical-biologicaltreatment of residual waste to disposal: Sydney case studies.

Mr. Jeff Cooper [England]European E-waste Recycling: is there a common approach?

Luis F. Diaz [U.S.A]SUSTAINABLE LANDFILLING

Nanqi Ren [China]Trends and Perspective on Waste-to-energy in China

18:30PM

Keynote Speech

Luncheon PosterAuditorium, 5F

Coffee breakAuditorium, 5F

Opening ceremonyAuditorium, 5F

Welcome receptionInter-Burgo EXCO Grand Ballroom

Prof. Hiroshi Takatsuki[Japan] - Environmental Education for Waste ReductionMr. Choudhury Rudra Charan Mohanty[India] - Need for Building Partnerships for MovingMr. Charitha Herath[SRI LANKA] - Environment of Sri LankaSu-gil Yang[Korea] -

October 18 (Tue)

ISWAInternational Solid Waste Association

Korea Society ofWaste Management

ISWA World Congress 2011October 17-20, 2011 ┃ EXCO, Daegu, Korea

Room. 320 Room. 321 Room. 322 Room. 323 Room. 324

9:00 AM Advanced Thermal Treatment and Energy Recovery(1)

Converting Waste to Energy(1)

Waste Collection & Transport(1)

Climate Change and Waste Prevention(1)

Practices and Challenges of 3Rs in Metropolis(1)

Chair Person

Dr. Yong-seong Yun,KoreaDr. Katsuya Kawamoto,Japan

Prof.Hang-sik Shin,KoreaProf. Toshihiko Matsuto, Japan

Dr. Kang-In Rhee, KoreaDr. Masahiro Osako, Japan

Prof.Jin-won Park, KoreaDr.John Skinner,U.S.A

Dr.Kee Young Yoo, KoreaProf.Seiji Hashimoto,Japan

[A-1-1]Efstratios Kalogirou [Greece]The Global WTERT Council and WTE in The Republic of Korea

[B-1-1]Manuel Sommer [Austria]Economic evaluation of implementing NIR sorting into amechanical waste treatment plant

[C-1-1]Danny Wille [Belgium]Separate collection in Flanders, A good choice?!

[D-1-1]Lawin Bastian [Japan]Scenario analysis of biogenic waste management for climatechange mitigation: Case studies in Surabaya and Kyoto

[F-1-1]Agamuthu Periathamby [Malaysia]3Rs Practices in Asia and the Pacific Islands

[A-1-2]Jorgen Haukohl [Denmark]Energy and greenhouse gas balances for solid wasteincineration: A case study.

[B-1-2]Sang Yul Kim [Japan]Evaluation of methane fermentation characteristics of organicwastes from industrial complex in Ishikari bay new port ofJapan: Fundamental experiment lipid, protein, andcarbohydrate contents of organic wastes

[C-1-2]Chang-Hwan Jung [Korea]Evaluation of municipal solid waste treatment system usingLCC and LCA

[D-1-2]Chunyang He [Korea]The Performance Study of IGCC Plant with Various ReactionConditions by the Developed Model

[F-1-2]Tomoko Okayama [Japan]Analysis on Food Waste Management in Japan, South Koreaand China

[A-1-3]Francois JENNY [Hong Kong]Fit for purpose Waste to Energy solutions for Asia

[B-1-3]Ji Sun Han [Korea]Inhibitory methane oxidation of methanotrophs intomethanol monitored by qPCR and carbon stable isotope

[C-1-3]Chira Bureecam [Thailand]The determinants of solid waste collection costs in Thailand

[D-1-3]Jenjira Phuriragpitikhon [Thailand]Energy efficiency and reducing GHGs by latex serumpreservation

[F-1-3]Fabricio Soler [Brazil]Brazilian National Policy on Solid Waste

[A-1-4]Daisuke Saku [Japan]Application of the advanced technology to Waste to EnergyPlant in China

[B-1-4]Kee Young Yoo [Korea]Greenhouse Gas Emission of Apartment Complex OrganicWaste On-site Treatment Option to Recover Biogas

[C-1-4]Vivek Agrawal [India]Bin Free City - Making It A Reality!

[D-1-4]Rejab Siti Norbaizura [Japan]Impact of 3R implementation in solid waste managementtowards low-carbon society - case study of Putrajaya Malaysia

[F-1-4]Vella Atienza [Japan]Challenges and Innovative Strategies in Implementing 3R inUrban Cities

10:20 AM

10:40 AM Advanced Thermal Treatment and Energy Recovery(2)

Converting Waste to Energy(2)

Sustainability in Modern Societies Climate Change and Waste Prevention(2)

Practices and Challenges of 3Rs in Metropolis(2)

Chair Person

Dr. Yong-seong Yun,KoreaDr. Efstratios Kalogirou,Greece

Prof. Hang-sik Shin,KoreaDr. Masato Yamada,Japan

Dr. Kang-In Rhee, KoreaDr. Luis F. Diaz, U.S.A

Prof.Jae-young Kim, KoreaMs. Rachel Goldstein, Austria

Dr. Gil-Jong Oh, KoreaProf. Agamuthu Periathamby,Malaysia

[A-2-1]Bettina Kamuk [Denmark]More Energy from Waste –Supplying District Heating from WTE Facilities

[B-2-1]Jung Wook Kim [Korea]Development of Releasable Asbestos Sampler (RAS) for Soilsand Its in situ Application

[C-2-1]Christian Baarlid [Sweden]Urban development and sustainability – a challenge with asuccessful solution

[D-2-1]Chang Min Ahn [Korea]Biomineralization of carbon dioxide on solidified sewagesludge

[F-2-1]Mario Delos Reyes [Philippines]From Open Dumpsite into an Ecological Waste ProcessingFacility: Assessing the Impacts of ISWM in the Municipality ofLos Banos, Laguna Province, Philippines

[A-2-2]Athanasios Bourtsalas [Greece]Waste management in Greece and China and potential forwaste-to-energy

[B-2-2]Petri Kouvo [Finland]Combined engine and ORC-process land fill gas fired powerplant

[C-2-2]Håkan Rylander [Sweden]Low Carbon Emissions and Sustainable Waste Management

[D-2-2]Beh Shiau Hewi [Malaysia]Emission reduction in MSW management using composting

[F-2-2]Jung-Keuk Park [Korea]Experimental study of utilization of exhaust gas from landfillgas fuelled microturbine system for CO2 fertilization

[A-2-3]Hueon Namkung [Korea]Study on characterization of fouling by temperaturedifference of deposit probe under the DTF

[B-2-3]Daegi Kim [Japan]Solid fuel production from Korean MSW after mechanicaltreatment of MBT system employing hydrothermal treatment

[C-2-3]John Skinner [U.S.A]The Road to Sustainable Solid Waste Management in NorthAmerica

[D-2-3]Junya Yano [Japan]Greenhouse gas reduction focused on utilization andtreatment of biomass-based plastics in household waste

[F-2-3]Fauziah Shahul Hamid [Malaysia]Perception on 3R Issues between General Public andStakeholders in Malaysia.

[A-2-4]Young-suk Kim[Korea]Plasma Gasification of Auto Shredder Residues

[B-2-4]Sudhakar Yelda [India]Sustainable Waste Management in Asian Cities – ModifiedLandfill Design

[C-2-4]Manfred Fehr [Brazil]Environmental impact analysis and management in thepublic school context.

[D-2-4]Ankur Gaur [Korea]CO2 capture from LFG using the mixed amine solutions

[F-2-4]Haiyun Xu [China]The development of Municipal Solid Waste Management inChina

12:00 PMLuncheon PosterConvention Hall, 5F

Coffee BreakConvention Hall, 5F

October 18 (Tue)

ISWAInternational Solid Waste Association

Korea Society ofWaste Management

ISWA World Congress 2011October 17-20, 2011 ┃ EXCO, Daegu, Korea

Room. 320 Room. 321 Room. 322 Room. 323 Room. 324

14:00 PM Advanced Thermal Treatment and Energy Recovery(3)

Converting Waste to Energy(3)

Landfilling & Landfills(1)

Advanced Treatment forHazardous Waste

Present and Future State of Waste Management inDeveloping Countries (1)

Chair Person

Prof.Bong-jin Jeon, KoreaDr. Efstratios Kalogirou, Greece

Prof.Heong-suk Park, KoreaMs. Rachel Goldstein,Austria

Prof.Kwansoo Jun, KoreaProf. Yasushi Matsufuji, Japan

Prof.Ja-Kong Koo,KoreaDr. Danny D Reible, U.S.A

Dr. Gwang-im Kim, KoreaMr.Atilio Savino,Argentina

[A-3-1]Asger Danielsen [Denmark]Practical experience in optimization of Combustion withexpert systems from 20 combustion lines on 10 WtE plants inEurope

[B-3-1]Changsik Choi [Korea]Pretreatment technology for biogasification of high watercontent biomass

[C-3-1]Maria Esther Vecino [Spain]Spanish Situation Of Sanitary Landfills And BiologicalTreatment Of Waste

[E-1-1]Chris Salim [Japan]Bagasse fly ash utilization for preparing novel adsorbents:activated carbon and carbon-zeolite composite

[F-3-1]Tim Olaleye [Nigeria]Targetting a Progressive Projectile Movement in WasteManagement of Developing Countries

[A-3-2]Soo Hyun Chung [Korea]Application of De-chlorination Technology for the EfficientTreatment of Municipal Vinyl Waste

[B-3-2]Barry Adock [Hong Kong]NENT Landfill: Natural Gas from Hong Kong`s Waste

[C-3-2] Je-Hyun Nah [Korea]Surface Emission Characteristics of GHG from Cracks andFissures of Landfill Cover Soil Layer

[E-1-2]Benedikt Nowak [Austria]Thermo-chemical heavy metal removal from MSW fly ash:Influence of chloride type and coke addition

[F-3-2]Sudhakar Yedla [India]Innovation in MSW Management – Replication Strategies forDeveloping Cities in Asia

[A-3-3]Henrik Oernebjerg [Denmark]100 % Energy recovery from MSW and full public acceptance- case of the metropolitan of Copenhagen, Denmark

[B-3-3]Mario Delos Reyes [Philippines]From Tragedy to Opportunity: Analysis of the Case StudyAssessment on the Controlled Dumpsite Facility in Payatas,Quezon City, Philippines

[C-3-3]Chijioke Emenike [Malaysia]Landfill use : a potential source of toxicant to aquatic life

[E-1-3]Yong-Chil Seo [Korea]Mercury Emission from Waste Thermal Treatment Facilitiesand Compliance with Emission Regulation

[F-3-3]Yoshitaka Ishikawa [Japan]Characterization of CCPs for utilization and sustainabledevelopment of waste management in Asia

[A-3-4]Hirokazu Kajiwara [Japan]Biomass Power Plant, using Internally Circulating Fluidized-bed Boiler(ICFB) technology

[B-3-4]Soo Koo Lee [Korea]Derived Fuel Technique of Food Wastes by Oil VacuumEvaporation Drying

[C-3-4]Kyung Han Lee [Korea]New Bioreactor technology using double horizontal pipesystem

[E-1-4]Wu-Jang Huang [Taiwan]Current Management Concerns of Municipal Solid WasteIncineration Ashes Wastes in Taiwan

[F-3-4]Ajay Kalamdhad [India]Decentralized composting of institutional wastes

15:20 PM

15:40 PM Advanced Thermal Treatment and Energy Recovery(4)

Organic Waste Landfilling & Landfills(2)

Hazardous Wastes & Materials Present and Future State of Waste Management inDeveloping Countries (2)

Chair Person

Prof.Bong-jin Jeon, KoreaMs. Bettina Kamuk,Denmark

Prof.Heong-suk Park, KoreaDr.Nanqi Ren, China

Prof.Kwansoo Jun, KoreaDr. Luis F. Diaz, U.S.A

Prof.Ja-Kong Koo,KoreaProf. Masaru Tanaka, Japan

Dr. Gwang-im Kim, KoreaMr.Atilio Savino,Argentina

[A-4-1]Ole Hedegaard Madsen [Denmark]A new concept to improve the electrical efficiency based onthe combustion process in the waste fuel bed on a grate

[B-4-1]Afifah Bt Baharuddin [Malaysia]Comparative study on the degradation of sugarcane bagasseand banana stem using vermicomposting by Eudrilluseugeniae

[C-4-1]Mohd Afzanizam M. [Malaysia]Carbon flow from a sanitary landfill in Malaysia

[E-2-1]Jaan Habicht [Estonia]Environmental hazardousness of spent oil shale: a criticalreview

[F-4-1]Benjamin Chan [China]Environmental Solutions for a Chemical Park in ShanghaiChina

[A-4-2]Ho Kim [Korea]Thermal hydrolysis characteristics of dewatered sewagesludge

[B-4-2]Hilman Affandi [Indonesia]Utilizing Acacia mangium bark wastes

[C-4-2]Kyeong Ho Lee [Korea]Flow Dynamics of Landfill Gas at Manifold Station inSUDOKWON Landfill Site

[E-2-2]Duck-Jun Kwon [Korea]Brominated flame retardants and phthalates in dust samples

[F-4-2]Yu-Chi Weng [Japan]An empirical study on the public consciousness and thewillingness to pay regarding the household waste chargingsystems in Taiwan

[A-4-3]Edmund Fleck [Germany]Enhanced use of energy and recycling of rest products inWaste-to-Energy plants

[B-4-3]Shamini Krishnan [Malaysia]Waste to value added product: Bioconversion of sugar canebagasse and leaves via vermicomposting using Africannightcrawlers (Eudrillus Eugeniae)

[C-4-3]Shuichi Nagaoka [Japan]Experimentally-observed settling phenomena of simulatedwastes assuming coastal landfill

[E-2-3]Somjai Karnchanawong [Thailand]Translocation of copper, chromium and arsenic in plant usingcompost produced from co-composting of chicken manureand CCA-treated wood

[F-4-3]Yoon-Lin Chiew [Japan]Evaluation of different technologies for disposing of palm oilwaste using life cycle assessment – A

[A-4-4]In-Hee Hwang [Japan]Subcritical water hydrothermal treatment of scallop waste toproduce liquid fertilizer

[B-4-4]Seung-Whee Rhee [Korea]A Study on Energy Characteristics of Carbonization ResidueDerived from the Swine Manure

[C-4-4]Seongjun Park [Korea]Modeling Bioreactor Landfill with Ex-Situ Sequencing BatchReactor

[E-2-4]Yoshihisa Hamada [Japan]Present State of The Electronic Manifest System for IndustrialWaste Management in Japan

Coffee BreakConvention Hall, 5F

October 19 (Wed)

ISWAInternational Solid Waste Association

Korea Society ofWaste Management

ISWA World Congress 2011October 17-20, 2011 ┃ EXCO, Daegu, Korea

Room. 320 Room. 321 Room. 322 Room. 323 Room. 324

Chair Person

Dr.Seong-gyu Yun, KoreaProf. Stephen Moore, Australia

Dr. Gil-Jong Oh, KoreaProf. Mark Milke, New Zealand

Prof. Jun-woo Park, KoreaDr. Masahiro Osako, Japan

Prof.Myung-chae Jung, KoreaMr. Antonis Mavropoulos, Greece

Prof.Sung-keun Bae Bae, KoreaProf. Chi Sun Poon, HongKong

9:00 AM Innovative Ideas for Recycling(1)

Construction and Demolition Waste Role of NGOs, CBOsand the Private Sector

Waste Policies for Green Growth(1)

[SWAPI Session]Waste Management & Policy

[G-1-1]Sofia Bethani [U.S.A]Turning waste into the commodity of the future

[H-1-1]Wonjun Park [Japan]A study on mix proportion for recycled aggregate concreteconsidering reduction of environmental load

[K-1-1]Mitsuo Yoshida [Japan]Internalization of Informal Sector Activities into FormalUrban Waste Management - Experiences in DevelopingCountries -

[N-1-1]Weine Wiqvist [Sweden]Waste Management creates Welfare

[SWAPI 1-1]Ja-Kong Koo [Korea]Implementation of the green shard growth paradigm ofenvironmental preservation, econmic growth

[G-1-2]Taejin Kang [Korea]A study on comparison of drying performance of Low RankCoal(Indonesia-IBC) between the fixed-bed and fluidized-bedreactor

[H-1-2]Abdullah Mahmud [Indonesia]Properties of Foamed Concrete with Waste Ash as CementReplacement

[K-1-2]Akino Tahir [Japan]Community Involvement in Solid Waste Management inIndonesia: Towards a Greater Participation

[N-1-2]Hernan Carlino [Argentina]Policy framework and methodological approaches for wastemanagement towards climate change mitigation

[SWAPI 1-2]Agamuthu Pariatamby [Malaysia]Policy evolution of Solid Waste Management in Malaysia

Communication and Social Issues Communication and Social Issues[G-1-3]Andreas Bartl [Austria]Textile Waste: Current Developments towards ResourceManagement

[H-1-3]Chi Sun Poon [Hong Kong]Eco-friendly construction products derived from recycled C&Dwastes

[K-1-3]Aida Husna Zahariman [Malaysia]Socio-economic of scavenger in Malaysian landfills.

[N-1-3]Mark Venhoek [Hong Kong]Supporting innovation in waste management

[SWAPI 1-3]Tariq Yousuf [Bangladesh]Clean Dhaka Master Plan:An experience of ODA in MunicipalSolid Waste Management

[G-1-4]Hung Anh Le [Vietnam]Researching the simple solution of composting forminimization fecal coliform in sludge dredged from urbanlakes in Vietnam

[H-1-4]Takeshi Fujiwara [Japan]Characterization of discarding flood waste and simulation ofwaste collection

[K-1-4]Delia Gorgos [Romania]NIMBY vs YIMBY (Green and Public Perception)

[N-1-4]Kazuo Kamura [Japan]Evaluation of landfill sites as potential urban mines

[SWAPI 1-4]Sethy Sour [Cambodia]Solid Waste Management in Preah Sihanouk Municipality

10:20 AM

Chair Person

Dr.Seong-gyu Yun, KoreaMr. Hermann Koller,Austria

Prof. Yong-Chul Jang, KoreaDr.Atsushi Terazono, Japan

Prof. Jun-woo Park, KoreaProf. Hidetoshi Kitawaki, Japan

Dr. Hee-sun Lee, KoreaDr.David Newman, Italy

Prof. Wonjun Lee, KoreaProf. Shinich Sakai, Japan

10:40 AM Innovative Ideas for Recycling(2)

E-Waste ODA Experiences in Municipal Solid WasteManagement

Waste Policies for Green Growth(2)

[SWAPI Session]Waste Management & Climate Change

[G-2-1]Woo Zin Choi [Korea]Development of Advanced Automatic Sorting System forRecycling of Mixed Plastic Wastes

[I-1-1]Sudhakar Yedla [India]Development of Methodology for E-Waste Estimation – AMaterial Flow Approach

[L-1-1]C.N. Van Bergen Henegouw [Netherlands]Transformation Model for Public Waste Management basedon a Dutch Case Study

[N-2-1]Helmut Yabar [Japan]The Application of LCA in Integrated Solid WasteManagement Systems: Case Study in Japan

[SWAPI 2-1]Haruo Matsumura [Japan]Experience on Training System of Industrial WasteManagement to Promote 3Rs in Japan

[G-2-2]Andreas Bartl [Austria]Nonwovens from Tire Fluff as Premium OilAdsorbent

[I-1-2]Tariq Yousuf [Bangladesh]E-Waste Management in Bangladesh: Present trend andfuture implication

[L-1-2]Issei Aoki [Japan]Introduction of Regional Waste Management in the WestBank of Palestine through Japanese Technical Cooperation

[N-2-2]David Robert Newman [Italy]Reducing plastics in the waste stream in Italy

[SWAPI 2-2] Sudhakar Yelda [India]E-Waste Management in India: Issues, Challenges and PolicyResponses

[SWAPI Session] Sustainability in Modern Societies[G-2-3]Walid Maherzi [France]Valorization of dredged marine sediments as reuse materialfor road construction

[SWAPI 3-1]Hsiao Kang Ma [Taiwan]The Mechanism of WEEE Recycling and Treatment in Taiwan

[L-1-3]Junghun Lee [Korea]Flow characteristics of crushed food wastes in householdsewer pipes

[N-2-3]Erik De Baedts [Netherlands]Quantifying CO2 emissions of policy choices in municipalwaste collection, transport and treatment

[SWAPI 2-3]Orawan Siriratpiriya [Thailand]Management of SMEs agro-industrial waste for energyefficiency, GHGs reduction and carbon sink in agriculture

[G-2-4]Gernot Kreindl [Austria]Challenging NIR-sorting of mixed industrial waste fractions inAustria

[SWAPI 3-2]Chi Sun Poon [Hong Kong]Recycling of waste cathode ray tubes glass in Hong Kong

[L-1-4]Lawrence Laryea [Ghana]Effective Partnership Towards Sustainable WasteManagement-Zoomlion`s approach in Ghana

[N-2-4]Timothy Olaleye[Nigeria] Element andImplementation procedures for Green Growth

[SWAPI 2-4]Masato Yamada [Japan]Design of physical input-output table for describing regionalwaste biomass flow

12:00 PM

18:00PMGala Dinner

Hotel Inter-Burgo Convention Hall

Break for Gala Dinner

Closing CeremonyRoom. 324

**After the Closing Ceremony, the lunch will be provided at the Convention Hall, 5F

Coffee BreakConvention Hall, 5F