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Пояснительная записка
Рабочая программа дисциплины ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык предполагает
выполнение обучающимися заочной формы обучения контрольных работ.
Проверку (рецензирование) контрольных работ осуществляет преподаватель
дисциплины. Контрольная работа оценивается по системе «зачтено», «не зачтено».
Цели и задачи контрольной работы
Контрольная работа выполняются каждым обучающимся заочной формы
обучения в соответствии с учебным планом. Выполнение обучающимся
контрольной работы - составная часть учебного процесса, одна из форм
организации и контроля самостоятельной работы обучающегося.
Задачами выполнения контрольной работы являются:
- самостоятельное изучение соответствующей темы (раздела) учебной дисциплины;
- формирование навыка самостоятельной работы по подбору и обработке
литературы, обобщению опубликованных данных и формулированию выводов по
конкретной теме;
- выявление способности выполнять задания по изучаемой дисциплине;
- контроль качества усвоения изученного материала и самостоятельной работы
обучающегося.
Подготовка контрольной работы
Приступая к написанию работы, обучающийся должен изучить дисциплину в
объеме, установленном учебным планом и в соответствии с программой курса.
Обучающийся выполняет одну контрольную работу, состоящую из нескольких
заданий.
Выполнение работы осуществляется поэтапно:
- ознакомление с заданием;
- подбор и изучение литературы, рекомендованной по варианту задания;
- письменное оформление работы.
Требования к оформлению контрольной работы
Работы оформляются одним из двух способов: компьютерным или рукописным.
При оформлении компьютерным способом – работы оформляются на одной
стороне стандартного листа формата А4 (210х297 мм) белой бумаги, текст
3
оформляется шрифтом Times New Roman, кегль шрифта 14 пунктов, межстрочный
интервал – полуторный.
Оформление работы в тетради - на обложку тетради наклеивается титульный
лист, сама работа пишется разборчивым почерком, высота букв и цифр должна
быть не менее 2,5 мм.
Работа должна иметь общую нумерацию страниц. Номер страницы не
ставится на титульном листе.
Для пометок рецензента должны быть оставлены поля шириной 3-4 см.
При выполнении контрольных заданиях в отдельной тетради. На обложке
тетради напишите свою фамилию, инициалы, шифр, адрес, номер контрольного
задания и свой вариант.
Текст задания необходимо переписывать. Задания выполняются в той
последовательности, в которой они даны в пособии.
Порядок представления контрольной работы в образовательное учреждение,
ее проверки, рецензирования и переработки.
Обучающийся сдает домашнюю контрольную работу в срок установленный
преподавателем. При необходимости на полях работ указываются замечания, а по
тексту делаются правки. Домашняя контрольная работа, выполненная небрежно,
неразборчивым почерком, а также не по заданному варианту, возвращается
обучающемуся без проверки с указанием причин.
Кроме замечаний и исправлений, сделанных в тексте и на полях домашней
контрольной работы, пишется рецензия.
Приложение №1
4
Титульный лист домашней контрольной работы
ГБПОУ «Починковский сельскохозяйственный техникум»
Домашняя контрольная работа №______
по дисциплине:_____________________________
Вариант №
обучающегося заочного отделения
группы №, _____________ специальность, курс _________________
ФИО (в родительном падеже)
Дата поступления работы:____________________
Дата проверки работы:_______________________
Отметка о зачете:_____________________
Проверил преподаватель (название дисциплины) ___________
Подпись преподавателя:_______________
Дата _________________________
с. Починки
5
Варианты для контрольной работы №1
№1
I. Переведите текст на русский язык.
Types of Loading As to the manner in which loads are applied or transmitted to a structure of
machine they may be considered as static loads, repeated loads, impact and energy loads.
In static, steady or dead loads are forces that are applied slowly and remain nearly
constant after being applied to the body such as the loads on most buildings or the load
applied to a bar in the usual type of testing machine.
1. Repeated loads are forces that are applied a very large number of times causing a
stress in the material that is continually changing, usually through some definite range.
Such are the loads applied to the connecting rod of an engine is running, the wheel loads
on a railroad rail as a train passes over the rail and similar ones.
2. Impact loads are forces that are applied to the resisting body in a relatively short
period of time. An impact load, in general, is applied by a moving body when it comes in
contact with the resisting body. The force exerted by the moving body and die period
during which it acts in general cannot be determined. For this reason in some problems it
is more satisfactory to calculate the stress and strain produced by an impact load from the
energy delivered to the resisting body by the moving body.
Other Classifications of Loads. -Loads may be classified as distributed loads and
concentrated loads. A distributed load may be uniformly distributed or non-uniformly
distributed. A concentrated load is one whose area of contact with the resisting body is
negligible in comparison with the area of the resisting body.
II. Выпишите из текста предложения с глаголами в
а) the Participle
б) the Gerund
в) the Subjunctive mood.
III. Переведите текст на английский.
Зимние шины не рекомендуется эксплуатировать при температуре выше +5 по
Цельсию. Они мало того, что становятся мягче и буквально «плавятся», но кроме
того еще и не выполняют в полной мере своих функций, устойчивость автомобиля
на дороге при этом становится большим вопросом.
IV Заполните пропуски наречиями some, any, по, по смыслу:
1. ... pupils went to the river ... to the woods.
2. ... of my friends live in Moscow.
3. ... have you ... English dictionaries?
4. Is there ... ink in the inkstand? Yes, there is ...
5. Bring ... chalk, please.
6. There is ... chalk in the box.
7. Is there... milk in the jug? Yes. there is.…
V. Выберите правильный вариант:
6
1.Before you , don't forget to lock the door.
a)-are leaving b)-will leave c)-leave d)-shall leave
2.Please do not speak to anyone before the police .
а)-come b)-are coming c)- ll come d)-came
3.His parents will be very glad if she ______the university.
a)-enter b)-’II enter c)- enters d)- entered
4.When you ______my brother, you ______him.
a)-'II see: - won’t recognize: b)- see won't recognize: c)-saw, recognize; d)-'II see, don't
recognize
5.We won't discuss the matter until the headmaster_______.
a)-'II arrive b)- won't arrive c)- doesn’t arrive d) -arrives
VI. Замените инфинитив в скобках глаголами в Past Simple:
1.That boy (break) my window.
2.I (drive) to work every day last year.
3.Laura (hit) that boy
4.James (keep) the book about films.
5.We (meet) them at the same place every week.
6.You (pul) that there.
7.We (sit) at the same desks.
8.An American (win) Wimbledon last year.
№2
I. Переведите текст на русский язык.
Four-stroke engine The internal combustion engine is a machine that develops power from the
combustion of fuel within a cylinder. The cycle of operation is as follows:
Suction Stroke- Just before the piston reaches the inner dead-centre, a valve,
usually of the "poppet" ty pe, is opened.
On its outward stroke, the piston draws into the cylinder an explosive mixture of
air and fuel vapour.
Shortly before the piston reaches the outer dead-centre, the inlet valve is closed and
the compression stroke begins.
Compression stroke- During this stroke, the w'hole of the gas in the cylinder is
compressed into the free space at the head of the cylinder.
Explosion, or Working Stroke- When the compression stroke is almost complete,
the explosive mixture is ignited by an electric spark or by other suitable means. The gases
reach their maximum pressure almost immediately, and work is done until the piston has
again reached a position just before the outer dead- centre, when a second exhaust valve
is opened.
If the ignition takes place too late, the piston begins its outward journey before the
maximum pressure is developed and power is lost.
7
If, on the other hand, the explosive mixture is ignited too early, the maximum
pressure is reached before the piston has completed its inward journey, and engine is
slowed down or even stopped.
Exhaust Stroke- The burnt gases are driven out in front of the and its return until
the inlet valve again opens, when the cycle is repeated.
II. Выпишите из текста предложения с глаголами в
а) the Participle
б) the Gerund
в) the Subjunctive mood.
III. Переведите текст на английский.
Летняя резина, при приближении температуры воздуха к «нулю» твердеет и
становится абсолютно «дубовой», что существенно повышает вероятность заноса
(даже на относительно сухом покрытии), а также вероятность разрыва колеса при
обычном проколе.
IV Заполните пропуски подходящими артиклями a\ an или the:
1.I wrote to her but... letter never arrived.
2.Britain is ... island.
3.What is . .. name of this village?
4.Jane is ... very nice person. You must meet her.
5.Montreal is ... large city in ... Canada.
6.What is ... largest city in ... Canada?
7."What time is it?" "I don’t know'. I haven't got... watch."
V. Замените неопрделенную форму глагола, данную в скобках,
соответствующими формами в the Future Progressive или the Present Simple:
1.The delegation (to start) for London as soon as they (to receive) their visas.
2.At the travel bureau they (to tell you exactly when the train (to leave)
3.Ask the Smith if it (to take) him long ю make a duplicate of this key.
4.I (not to think) I (to be able to) call on them and (to say) good-bye before I (to go)
abroad.
5.If you (not to want) to climb the tree you can shake it and the apples (to fall) down to
the ground.
6.If I (to go) to Moscow 1 usually (to stay) at my friends.
7.Ask him when he (to finish) packing.
VI. Определите, какое значение приобретают выделенные слова в контексте
следующих предложений. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.The soldier is now at his post.
2. The man did his best to get a better post.
3. I will send you the book by post.
4. The wooden gate was supported by two metal posts.
8
№3
1. Переведите текст на русский язык.
Two-Stroke engine.
This engine differs from the four-stroke engine in having one working stroke
during each complete revolution of the crankshaft.
During the inward stroke of the piston a port leading to the crankcase is uncovered
and the explosive mixture of air and fuel is drawn into the crankcase. On beginning its
outward stroke, the inlet port is soon covered, and the mixture is compressed in the
crankcase to pressure of about 20 lb. per sq. in. As the outer dead- centre is approached
the exhaust port is opened, and shortly afterwards another port opens, which allows the
partially compressed charge of gas to enter the cylinder, driving out the exhaust gas
before it. A baffle in the piston top directs the unbumt charge to the top of the cylinder,
thus preventing undue loss through mixing with the exhaust gas.
The gas is compressed on the inward stroke and is exploded as the piston reaches
inner dead-centre.
II. Выпишите из текста предложения с глаголами в
а) the Participle
б) the Gerund
в) the Subjunctive mood.
III. Переведите текст на английский язык.
Инжекторный двигатель существенно улучшает эксплуатационные и мощностные
показатели автомобиля (динамика разгона, экологические характеристики, расход
топлива), инжекторные двигатели, безусловно, гораздо совершеннее
карбюраторных. Отечественные инжекторные двигатели хорошо адаптированы к
нашему холодному климату, поэтому неплохо заводятся при очень низкой
температуре.
IV. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу местоимениями.
1.When Mary came to the dining room ... took off... coat and sat down. The waitress soon
brought ... some soup. When Mary finished ... dinner ... looked at... watch, put on ... coat
and went out.
2.(Say the same about Peter): When Peter ...
3.(Now Mary speaks about herself): "When I
4.(Now Mary- and Peter tell us what they did in the dining room when they went their
together): "When we ...".
V. Замените неопрделенную форму глагола, данную в скобках,
соответствующими формами в Use the Present Indefinite, the Present Perfect or
the Past Indefinite.
1 You ever (to be) to the picture gallery?-Yes, I (to be). I (to visit) it once when I was a
youth and the pictures (to make) a great impression on me. Since then I (not to be) here.
9
2. You already (to see) the new Indian film? - Yes. I (to see) it. I (to manage) to see it
yesterday. I (to go) to the cinema in the evening and (to get) two tickets easily.
3. You always (to take) books from our library? - Yes. as a rule, I (to take).
4. I (not to see) Jane lately. When you (to see) her last? - I (to meet) her two days ago. I
(to think) that she (to change) very much.
5. You (to have) dinner already? -No. not yet. The Waitress (to take) my order fifteen
minutes ago and (not to
bring) me anything yet
6. Where you (to get) this fine new bicycle from? - My parents (to give) it to me as a
birthday present.
VI. Выберите правильный вариант:
1.I want to go shopping but if you_______ to come, you_____ .
a)-want, need b)-not want, needn't c) -don't want, needn't d)-do want, needn't
2.If you_______ on this tram it'll take you to the downtown
a)'II get b)- have got c)- got d)-get
3.He _____ to the country tomorrow if the weather is fine.
a)go b)-goes c)- '11 go d)-'d go
4. You'll understand nothing unless you_______ the book yourself.
a) read b)-won't read c) -don’t read d)- '11 read
5. You'll understand this rule alter your teacher______ it to you.
a) - ll explain b)- explain c)-explains d)- don't explain.
№4
1. Переведите текст на русский язык.
Basic elements of hydraulic systems
The basic elements of hydraulic systems are:
1 The fluid.
2. The generator element (pump).
3. The transmission element (pipes and connections).
4. The control element (valve or restrictor).
5. The motor element (jack or continuous motor).
6. Tank and filter.
It can only function as a pump while die piston is moving into the cylinder and acts as a
motor while the piston moves back. If non-return valves are added, the inlet valve is
connected to a tank and the piston is given a to-and-fro motion, the device, becomes a
source of continuous supply of liquid, except for interruptions during the suction stroke,
which can be avoided by having two or more cylinders and pistons. Thus we obtain
continuous pump.
II. Выпишите из текста предложения с глаголами в
а) the Participle
б) the Gerund
10
в) the Subjunctive mood.
III. Заполните текст подходящими предлогами
It was two o'clock when John went... the dining-room to have dinner. Peter was
already there. He sat... a table with a book ... his hands. John took the menu ... the next
table. When the waitress came, he ordered some soup and meat. "Can you bring me some
white bread?" asked John. "Yes, of course. I can", answered the waitress, "1 shall bring-
you some ... a minute". She came back ... a few minutes. "What will you have ... dessert?"
she asked. John asked her to bring him some ice-cream. "I'm sorry'", said die waitress. "It
will only be ready ... half an hour". So they took some milk, paid ... their dinner, and went
out... the street. John then went ... the library, Peter went home.
IV. Перепишите предложения используя the Future и the Past
1.The tourists are shown many places of interest in our town.
2.The Moscow University is greatly admired by everybody.
3.New metro station is built in our town.
4.The poem is recited in our group.
5.We are told to wait outside.
V.Перепишите предложения используя the Past Indefinite or die Past Perfect.
1. They (to complete) all the preparation for the fancy-dress ball by 5 o'clock.
2. On leaving the hospital the man (to diank) the doctor who (to cure) him of his disease.
3. In the morning all the passengers (to feel) good after the night they (to spend) in the
comfortable sleeper.
4. During my last visit to the picture gallery I (to find) that I no longer (to like) the
pictures which (to impress) me when I first (to see) them Evidently my taste (to change).
5. Last night he (complete) the experiment which he (to begin) some niondis before, s
They (to be) friends for some ten years before I (to meet) them.
6. No sooner she (to open) the drawer than she (to find) the photo which she (to think)
she (to lose) long before.
7. I (to refuse) to give a definite answer before I (to receive) a letter from him.
11
№5.
1. Переведите текст на русский язык.
Elementary Hydraulic Systems
The simplest hydraulic system is perhaps the hydraulic shock absorber which
consists of a pump (piston) and resistance. Another elementary type of system is the
hydraulic weighing machine, which consists of a non- continuous pump element(piston
or diaphragm) and a pressure gauge.
Other elementary systems consists of a jack, transmission line, and a pump of the
non-continuous type without control gear, although valves may still be present for
secondary' purposes. Systems of this type are used for remote transmission of manual or
pedal effort or motion, or for remote transmission of instrument indication.
The simplest best known system of this type hydraulic brake.
II. Выпишите из текста предложения с глаголами в
а) the Participle
б) the Gerund
в) the Subjunctive mood.
III. Переведите текст на русский язык.
Основные параметры подшипников:
Максимальные динамическая и статическая нагрузка (радиальная и осевая).
Максимальная скорость (оборотов в минуту для радиальных подшипников).
Посадочные размеры.
Класс точности подшипников.
Требования к смазке.
Ресурс подшипника до появления признаков усталости, в оборотах.
Шумы подшипника
IV. Вставьте где необходимо артикли a. an. the
I have ... hobby. I like to cook. During my leisure time 1 make ... cakes and pies. It is not
difficult to make ... pie. Sometimes my brother helps me. He is ... good boy and we get
along well with ... each other. My brother usually goes ... shopping and buys ... different
tilings, which are necessary for ... cooking. My cakes are tasty but I like ... pies ... best of
all.
V. Перепишите предложения используя the Past Indefinite или the Past Perfect.
1. No wonder he (to look) tired after the strain under w'hich he (to be) lately.
2. She just (to ask) a porter to carry her as they (to be) too heavy for her.
3. Where (to be) your monitor? "She (to go)" to the library
4. I regularly (to see) him every morning at the tram stop, but 1 (not to see) him these two
or three days.
5. It (to be) cold in winter in Moscow as a rule?- Yes. generally it (to be), but this winter
(to be) exceptionally warn.
6. Why you (not to shave) in the morning?-l(to shave)even- other day.
VI. Перепишите предложения используя the Passive Voice.
1.A guide will show the visitors the new buildings.
12
2.Someone told him to make a report on ancient architecture.
3.Mr. Smith taught her Greek and gave her a dictionary'.
4.The teacher told John to learn the alphabet.
5. I will tell you another fable next time.
6. They invited the rest of us to go sightseeing.
№ 6
1. Переведите текст на русский язык.
Tubing, Tube Connectors, and Flexible Hose
The various units of a hydraulic system are connected with some form of tubing or
flexible hose.
Tubes are joined by means of tube connectors, usually of the same material
Tubing. Some of the factors governing the selection of tubing are corrosion,
temperature weight, mechanical strains, abuse and pressures.
Because of its light weight, aluminum-alloy tubing and fittings are used wherever
possible.
Fittings are designed to withstand the bursting pressure that the tube of maximum
wall thickness will withstand, assuming that the tube and fittings are of similar materials.
For general heighpressure installations steel tubes and fittings are recommended.
Flexible Hose. Flexible hose is used to connect hydraulic units between stationary'
and moving parts. Hoses are made up of varying layers of synthetic rubber, fabric, and
wire braid.
In installing flexible hose care must be taken that the hose is free from twists.
Under pressure a twist will rotate the hose and loosen the connection, causing failure.
II. Выпишите из текста предложения с глаголами в
а) the Participle
б) the Gerund
в) the Subjunctive mood.
III. Переведите текст на английский язык.
Для разных температурных режимов производители автошин разрабатывают
разный химический состав резины для конкретного температурного диапазона.
Зимние шины при температуре выше +5 по Цельсию не рекомендуется
использовать, они становятся мягче и буквально «плавятся», но кроме того еще и
не выполняют в полной мере своих функций, устойчивость автомобиля на дороге
при этом становится большим вопросом.
Летняя резина, при приближении температуры воздуха к «нулю» твердеет м
становится абсолютно «дубовой», что существенно повышает вероятность заноса
(даже на относительно сухом покрытии), а также вероятность разрыва колеса при
обычном проколе Всесезонные шины лучше всего чувствуют себя именно в
околонулевой температуре, скажем, от -5 до +10 градусов.
13
IV. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу предлогами.
This writer is known all ... the world. Many people are fond ... his books. 1 read
one of his novels ... a month ago. He tells his stories ... such a way that you remember
them ... a long time. Although his characters arc imaginary it always seems that they live
... real life.... the beginning of the year they made a trading expedition ... Africa. Crusoe
left ... saying good-bye to anyone. ...his way ... London he had his first experience ... a
shipwreck.
V. Заполните пропуски словами many, much или little, a little:
When we came to the dining-room there were ... people there already. We sat down
at a table, took the menu-card and began to read it. "I shall not eat... today", said,"... soup,
some milk and ... cake-no thing else"
"I never eat very ... said Mary". But today 1 am hungry, and 1 want to eat as ... as I
can: soup. meat, fish and potatoes". "But it will take a lot of time", said Peter, "and we
have very ...time, you know. We have ... things to do before the lecture begins"
VI. Замените неопрделенную форму глагола, данную в скобках,
соответствующими формами в the Present Continuous :
1.It (to rain)? Yes. it (to rain) very hard.
2.The delegation (to leave) Moscow tomorrow.
3.Somebody (to talk) the next room.
4.Who (to make) such a noise?
5.What you (to read) now? I (to read) stories by Maugham.
6.Somebody (to nock) at the door.
7.You (to go) anywhere tonight.
№7
1. Переведите текст на русский язык.
Machine Elements
Screw fastenings
Machine parts are held together by parts:
1.working in tension,
2.working in shear.
3.creating friction, and
4.using both shear and friction forces.
Types of Fastenings-All fastenings can be divided into two classes- disconnectable
fastenings and permanent joints.
Disconnectable fastenings, in turn are effected by:
a) bolts and screws
b) wedges
c) dowel pins
d) keys
Permanent joints are obtained by means of:
a) press fits
b) shrink fits
14
c) rivets
d) welding, brazing, and soldering
e) casting
Forms if Threads. Screw' fastenings are used for holding two or more machine
parts together or for adjusting one part with relation to another. In screw fastenings the
threads are made in several forms but are always of triangular- type single thread.
Screw threads are made right-hand and left- hand.
II. Выпишите из текста предложения с глаголами в
а) the Participle
б) the Gerund
в) the Subjunctive mood.
III. Переведите текст на русский язык.
Свеча зажигания — устройство для воспламенения топливно-воздушной смеси в
самых разнообразных тепловых двигателях. Бывают искровые, дуговые,
накаливания, каталитические. В бензиновых двигателях внутреннего сгорания
используются искровые свечи.
IV. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу предлогами.
... week-days w-e work. We rest... Sundays. I get up ... the morning. We sleep ... night.
She
promised to do this work ... time We have our vacation ... January. We live ... the
twentieth century. We tell the ... a clock or a watch. Our child is in the fresh air ...
morning ... night. My father comes home ... noon
V. Замените неопрделенную форму глагола, данную в скобках,
соответствующими формами в the Present Simple или the Present Progressive:
1.Why you (walk) so fast today0 You usually (walk) quite slowly -I (hurry). I am afraid to
miss the train.
2. Cuckoos (not to build) nests. They (to use) the nests of other birds.
3. I always (to buy) lottery tickets, but I seldom (to win)
4. You cannot (to have) the book now' because my brother (to read) it.
5. Some people (to do) everything with their left hand,
6. Who (to make) that terrible noise?-lt is my son.
7. How you (to feel)?
VI. Раскройте скобки. Используйте прилагательные или наречия.
1 If you read this joke (proper) you will understand it.
2. It was a (gay) song and she sang it (gay).
3. She spoke very (good) and everybody wondered where she had learnt to speak so
fluently
4. She was (kind ) to him and he was (happy).
5. The children were running among the trees laughing (happy).
6. (Usual) I get up (early) but that Sunday I got up (late).
7. The work must be done (careful).
15
№8
1. Переведите текст на русский язык.
PINS.
Geometrically pins can be divided into cylindrical pins, called straight pins, and
conical or taper pins. Dynamically pins can be classified as those used only to locate the
relative position of two parts when there is little or no force acting upon the pin. and
those that fasten tvvo or more parts together and are subjected to considerable stresses,
which are mostly in shear but sometimes in bending. Locating pins are called dowel pins
or simply dowels. A connecting pin, like a dowel, may be used either as a permanent
connection or as a fulcrum for a movable joint.
II. Выпишите из текста предложения с глаголами в
а) the Participle
б) the Gerund
в) the Subjunctive mood.
III. Переведите текст на английский язык.
Комбинированный двигатель внутреннего сгорания (комбинированный ДВС)
— двигатель внутреннего сгорания, представляющий собой комбинацию из
поршневой (роторно-поршневой) и лопаточной машины (турбина, компрессор), в
котором в осуществлении рабочего процесса участвуют обе машины.
IV. Вставьте somebody, anybody, nobod)’, (no one. none), something, nothing,
eveiybody, everywhere nowhere, somewhere, anywhere по смыслу:
I. Good morning...!
2. He never goes by train: he goes...by plane.
3. There is...here.
4. He did...all day yesterday.
5. They want chairs. They have ... to sit.
6. ... of the pupils will go to school. It is too cold.
7. ... is coming to see us.
8. She will tell us ... about her holidays.
9. He will go ... to have a little rest.
10. Is ... coming to inspect us?
11. Have you ... interesting to tell us?
12. Haven't you ... to go?
V. Замените глаголы в скобках нужными в the Past Indefinite или the Past
Continuous
1.John (to write) the label when the bell (to ring) and a short man (to enter). A dog (to
follow) him.
2.There (to be) silence while the man (to look) John up and down.
3.I (to see) the light in your windows as I (to pass).
4. During the dinner while he (to eat) his piece of cold meat, his aunt (to help) herself to
wine.
16
5. While he (to read) a newspaper she (to sit) studying him, and by the look in her eyes he
(to see) that she (to reflect) on something concerning him.
6. Jim half (to dream) still when he (to come) to the place of his destination.
VI. Замените глаголы в скобках на Gerunds. Поставьте предлоги где
необходимо.
1. I have no intention ... (to stay) here any longer.
2. She insisted ... (to help) me.
3. Are you fond of... (to play).
4. They have had very much experience ... (to cast).
5. There was no possibility ... (to come) in time.
6. There is little chance ... (to see) him today.
7. We have the pleasure ... (to invite) them to the evening party.
8. I think ... (to go) to the South in summer.
9. We are proud ... (to fulfill) that task ahead of time.
10. They had not any difficulty ... (to get) new machines.
№9
1. Переведите текст на русский язык.
KEYS
Types of kevs.-The main function of a key is to transmit torque between a shaft and
a machine part assembled oil it. In most cases keys prevent relative motion, both rotary
and axial. In some constructions keys allow an axial motion between the shaft and the
hub, such keys are called feather or spline keys. In spite of the tendency to standardize
there are many key types in use by various manufacturers.
According to various characteristics keys can be distinguished as straight and
tapered; rectangular, dovetailed, chamfered round, and disk- shaped: radial and
tangential; and (according to their use) for light duty and for heavy duty.
II. Выпишите из текста предложения с глаголами в
а) the Participle
б) the Gerund
в) the Subjunctive mood.
III. Переведите текст на английский язык.
Для разных температурных режимов производители автошин разрабатывают
разный химический состав резины, таким образом «затачивая» конкретную шину
под эксплуатацию в конкретном температурном диапазоне.
IV. Заполните пропуски предлогами.
When the waitress came, he ordered some soup and meat. "Can you bring nfe some white
bread?" asked John. "Yes. of course. I can", answered the waitress. "I shall bring you
some ... a minute". She came back ... a few minutes. "What will you have ... dessert?" she
17
asked. John asked her to bring him some ice cream. "I'm sorry'", said the waitress. "It will
only be ready ... half an hour". So they took some milk, paid ... their dinner, and went out
... the street. John then went... the library. Peter went home.
V. Вставьте артикли a. an. the , где необходимо:
I have ... hobby. I like to cook. During my leisure time I make ... cakes and pies. It is not
difficult to make ... pie. Sometimes my brother helps me. He is ... good boy and we get
along well with ... each other. My brother usually goes ... shopping and buys ... different
tilings, which are necessary for ... cooking. My cakes are tasty but I like ... pies . .. best of
all.
VI. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в the Future Perfect где возможно:
1.After the clerk (to decode) the telegrams he (to take) them to the chief.
2. I am sure he (to throw) some light upon this matter before I (to leam) about it from my
sister's letter.
3. The secretary- (to look through) all the papers by the time the director (to come).
4. Do not start arguing until you (to hear) what I have to say.
5.I suppose that when my letter (to reach) you, you (to return) from your voyage.
6.If you do not hurry, the train (to leave)
7. We (not to be able) to start the experiment before we (to obtain) the necessary data.
№10
1. Переведите текст на русский язык.
Press, Shrink, and Friction Joints
Definitions. A press joint, also called a force joint, is obtained by forcing a shaft
into a hole that is slightly smaller than the shaft This is possible because of the elasticity
of the materials which produces the grip that holds the hub and shaft together.
A shrink joint differs from a press joint chiefly by the method of assembling it. The
hub is heated to expand its bore and to slip it on the shaft. When the hub cools down to
the temperature of the shaft, the grip is produced in the same way as in the force joint.
The shrink joint is also used to connect machine parts by means of special rings, anchors,
and tie rods.
In a friction joint the holding grip is produced by the conical shape of the shaft end
and the hub bore and by the pull of a nut, or by a slotted hub whose bore is smaller than
the shaft and which is spread by a wedge when the joint is being assembled.
II. Выпишите из текста предложения с глаголами в
а) the Participle
б) the Gerund
в) the Subjunctive mood.
III. Переведите текст на английский язык.
Если Вы ездите в основном на газе, снимите электромагнитный клапан
бензина и штатный бензонасос, установите вместо последнего заглушку. Купите и
18
установите электромагнитный бензонасос печки от автомобиля ЗАЗ-968 вместо
штатного. Это существенно улучшит эксплуатацию автомобиля.
IV. Заполните пропуски, подходящими предлогами.
This writer is known all... the world. Many people are fond ... his books. I read one of his
novels ... a month ago. He tells his stories ... such a way that you remember them ... a
long time. Although his characters are imaginary it always seems that they live ... real
life.
... the beginning of the year they made a trading expedition ... Africa. Crusoe left ...
saying good-bye to anyone. ...his way ... London he had his first experience ... a
shipwreck.
V. Замените глаголы в скобках на the Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous
1. John (to write) the label when the bell (to ring) and a short man (to enter), A dog (to
follow') him.
2. There (to be) silence while the man (to look) John up and down.
3. I (to see) the light in your windows as I (to pass).
4. During the dinner while he (to eat) his piece of cold meat, his aunt (to help) herself to
wine.
5. While he (to read) a newspaper she (to sit) studying him, and by the look in her eyes he
(to see) that she (to reflect) on something concerning him.
6. Jim half (to dream) still when he (to come) to the place of his destination.
VI. Замените глаголы в скобках на Gerunds. Поставьте предлоги, где
необходимо.
1. I have no intention ... (to stay) here any longer.
2. She insisted ... (to help) me.
3. Are you fond of ... (to play).
4.They have had very much experience ... (to cast).
5. There was no possibility ... (to come) in time.
6. There is little chance ... (to see) him today.
7. We have the pleasure ... (to invite) them to the evening party.
8. I think ... (to go) to the South in summer.
19
Варианты для контрольной работы №2
№1
1.Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим
признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s
какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Some programming languages are used only with a particular model of
computer.
2. The computer's language is very difficult.
3. Bill Gates is still continues to work personally in product development at
Microsoft.
2. Перепишите предложения, содержащие разные степени сравнения при-
лагательных, и переведите их на русский язык..
1. The most compact computers are called laptops.
2. The Internet system is more interesting than television.
3. We are going to invent the fastest computer in the world.
3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на перевод местоимений.
1. Everybody knows that we can use computers for some purposes.
2. Any student of our group can make these computer operations.
3. This computer is mine.
4.Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовремен-
ные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for information
on all sorts of topics.
20
2. This development began with the introduction of MS-DOS, the new operating
system.
3. The new computers will help the petroleum companies to estimate possible
reserves of petroleum and gas, by data processing.
5. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переве-
дите 3-й абзац текста.
WHAT IS COMPUTER
The term computer is used to describe a device made up of a combination of
electronic and electromechanical (part electronic and part mechanical) components.
Computer has no intelligence by itself and is referred to as hardware. A computer
system is a combination of five elements: hardware, software, people, procedures,
data/information.
When one computer system is set up to communicate with another computer
system, connectivity becomes the sixth system element. In other words, the manner
in which the various individual systems are connected - for example, by phone
lines, microwave transmission, or satellite - is an element of the total computer
system.
Software is the term used to describe the instructions that tell the hardware how
to perform a task. Without software instructions, the hardware doesn't know what
to do. People, however, are the most important component of the computer system:
they create the computer software instructions and respond to the procedures that
those instructions present. The basic job of the computer is the processing of in-
formation. Computers accept information in the form of instruction called a program
and characters called data to perform mathematical and logical operations, and then
give the results. The data is raw material while information is organized, processed,
refined and useful for decision making. Computer is used to convert data into in-
formation. Computer is also used to store information in the digital form.
№2
1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим
21
признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием - sи
какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1 Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing by means of automation.
2. Software interfaces are specific messages established between programs.
3. Bill Gates' company produces the most famous computer programs.
2. Перепишите предложения, содержащие разные степени сравнения при-
лагательных, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. Indirect addresses allow greater flexibility in programming because it is
possible to modify a program.
2. What are the latest achievements of modern electronics?
3. Later many people tried to make efforts to built and standardize the Internet.
3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на перевод местоимений.
1. It has a certain learning power.
2. Each browser provides a graphical interface.
3. You can send e-mail no somebody and get the answer.
4.Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовремен-
ные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. In 1981 IBM Company offered its own microcomputer model.
2. This program will allow the user to select icons from a display screen instead
of typing commands.
3. Computer is an electronic device that can receive a program and then carry
out this program by calculating numeral information.
5. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переве-
22
дите 4-й и 5-й абзацы текста.
HARDWARE
What is hardware? Webster's dictionary gives us the following definition of the
hardware - the mechanical, magnetic, electronic, and electrical devices composing
a computer system. Computer hardware can be divided into four categories:
processing hardware, storage hardware, output hardware and input hardware.
The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert it into a form
suitable for computer processing. The most common input device is a keyboard. It
looks very much like a typewriter. The mouse is a hand held device connected to the
computer by small cable. As the mouse is rolled across the mouse pad, the cursor moves
across the screen. When the cursor reaches the desired location, the user
usually pushes a button on the mouse once or twice to signal a menu selection or a
command to the computer.
The purpose of processing hardware is retrieve, interpret and direct the execution
of software instructions provided to the computer. The most common components
of processing hardware are the Central Processing Unit and main memory.
The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data in a
form that is relatively permanent and retrieve when needed for processing. Storage
hardware serves the same basic functions as do office filing systems except that it
stores data as electromagnetic signals. The most common ways of storing data are
hard disk, floppy disk and CD-ROM.
The purpose of output hardware is to provide the user with the means to view
information produced by the computer system. Information is output in either
hardcopy or softcopy form. Hardcopy output can be held in your hand, such as
paper with text (word or numbers) or graphics printed on it. Softcopy output is
displayed on a monitor.
6. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Дайте ответ в письменной
форме.
What is input hardware? What are the examples of input hardware?
23
№3
1.Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим
признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием - s и
какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Jane uses the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages.
2. The user pays his service provider a monthly or hourly fee.
3. Pascal's invention was the first mechanical computer.
2. Перепишите предложения, содержащие разные степени сравнения при-
лагательных, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. In 1998 there were more than 30 million users of the WWW.
2. The most popular Internet service is e-mail.
3. It is better to check up the computer before work.
3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на перевод местоимений.
1. Both of devices were designed by our postgraduate students.
2. You can access this information through one interface or tool called a Web
browser.
3. Some American banks and companies conduct transactions over the Internet.
4. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовремен-
ные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на
русский язык.
Nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet.
1. The operator pressed the keys and made the adding machine operate.
2. What memories will this new microcomputer use?
24
5. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переве-
дите 3-й абзац текста.
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Software is the final computer system component. These computer programs
instruct the hardware how to conduct processing. The computer is merely a general-
purpose machine which requires specific software to perform a given task. Computers
can input, calculate, compare, and output data as information. Software determines
the order in which these operations are performed. Programs usually fall in one of
two categories: system software and applications software.
System software controls standard internal computer activities. An operating
system, for example, is a collection of system programs that aid in the operation of
a computer regardless of the application software being used. When a computer is
first turned on, one of the systems programs is booted or loaded into the computers
memory. This software contains information about memory capacity, the model of
the processor, the disk drives to be used, and more. Once the system software is
loaded, the applications software can be brought in.
Applications software satisfies your specific need. The developers of application
software rely mostly on marketing research strategies trying to do their best to at-
tract more users (buyers) to their software. As the productivity of the hardware has
increased greatly in recent years, the programmers nowadays tend to include as
much as possible in one program to make software interface look more attractive to
the user. These class of programs is the most numerous and perspective from the
marketing point of view. Data communication within and between computers systems
is handled by system software. Communications software transfers data from one
computer system to another. These programs usually provide users with data security
and error checking along with physically transferring data between the two
computer's memories. During the past five years the developing electronic network
communication has stimulated more and more companies to produce various
communication software, such as Web-Browsers for Internet.
25
6. Прочитайте 1-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Дайте ответ в письменной
форме.
In what two basic groups software (programs) could be divided?
№4
1.Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим
признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием - s и
какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. All sorts of things are available on the WWW.
2. Sally's programs are very interesting.
3. This radio station broadcasts live on the WWW.
2. Перепишите предложения, содержащие разные степени сравнения при-
лагательных, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. The most important problem is security.
2. More than 100 million computers connected with the global Internet in 2001.
3. It is easier to send important information over the network.
3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на перевод местоимений.
1. Much of Gate's success is based on his ability to translate technical visions
into market strategy.
2. Any two computers on the Internet can stay in touch with each other as long as
there is a single route between them.
3. It consists of some devices using different means.
4.Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовремен-
26
ные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на
русский язык.
4. Computer writes programs in an appropriate machine language.
5. I began to use the WWW in 2001.
6. Just a little bit of exploring the WWW will show you what a lot of fun and use it is.
5. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переве-
дите 1-й абзац текста.
WINDOWS 95
Windows 95 is a new operational system with an easy interface based on the
expanding windows principle which uses icons to graphically represent files and
their types. Windows 95 makes the way you and your computer interact easy. Most
everyday tasks are now easier to accomplish than ever before. For example, the
second mouse button has become a powerful weapon. The old Windows 3.0 Program
Manager and File Manager have been replaced. The desktop tools that replace them
are very like those found on a Macintosh. For example, there is a Recycle Bin that
makes it easier to recover accidentally deleted files.
Your computer probably will crash less running Windows 95 than it did with
Windows 3.1 and 3.0 or even DOS. Most memory related problems have been
removed. Built-in networking features make it easy to reliably share files with co-
workers across the room or across the world. And MS-DOS as we know it is so well
hidden that you'll rarely give it a thought. Yes, you can still run DOS programs and
older Windows applications but most users will probably want to spend most of
their time using Windows 95 applications instead.
Microsoft says that it is moving forward to the time when we'll all think more
about our data and less about the specific name-brand programs used to create
them. Window 95 plug-and-play capability makes it easy to upgrade your computer
hardware. And portable computer users will like what Microsoft has done to make
their lives calmer. A new Windows shortcuts capability makes it easy to reach
frequently used files and other necessities. A new Find feature helps you to locate
and examine the contents of files in a flash.
6. Прочитайте текст и вопрос к нему. Дайте ответ в письменной форме.
27
What new principles are used in Windows 95?
№5
1.Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим
признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием - s и
какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем третьего лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple.
б) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. People communicate through e-mail, discussion groups, chat channels and
other means of informational exchange.
2. Computers are one of great importance in modern schools, hospitals, shops,
banks and offices.
3. There is a students' scientific and technical society at our Institute.
2. Перепишите предложения, содержащие разные степени сравнения при-
лагательных, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. The results of your last experiment are more better.
2. This program is as complete as it must be.
3. A bit is the smallest part of information.
3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на перевод местоимений.
1. If something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it is
available on the WWW.
2. There are many complex parts and units in every computer.
3. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks connected
to the Internet and exchanged their information in the same basic ways.
4. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовремен-
28
ные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на
русский язык.
Contact with the machine increases the children's interest in learning, makes
them more serious about studying new subject.
1. A lot of people made money from the Internet.
2. The commercial use of the network will drastically increase.
5. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переве-
дите 2-й абзац текста.
INTRODUCTION TO THE WWW AND THE INTERNET
Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve
information on all sorts of topics in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business,
government, humanities, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through
electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of in-
formational exchange. They share information and make commercial and business
transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are
connected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways.
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet. But it's not a collection
of networks. Rather, it is information that is connected or linked together like a
web. You access this information through one interface or tool called a Web browser.
The number of resources and services that are part of the World Wide Web is growing
extremely fast. Each browser provides a graphical interface. You move from place
to place, from site to site on the Web by using a mouse to click on a portion of text,
icon or region of a map. These items are called hyperlinks or links. Each link you
select represents a document, an image, a video clip or an audio file somewhere on
the Internet. The user doesn't need to know where it is, the browser follows the link.
All sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use Internet for recreational
purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if
something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it's available
29
on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens, cities throughout the world,
learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And, of course, you can play computer
games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents.
6. Прочитайте текст и вопрос к нему. Дайте ответ в письменной форме.
What resources are available on the WWW?
№6
1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них
глагол-сказуемое и определите видовременную форму и залог. Переведите
пред-
ложения на русский язык. В разделе б) обратите внимание на перевод
пассив ных конструкций.
а) 1. They had written the program for the computer by June.
2. When I came into the room my friend was calculating his program.
б) 1. This digits are easily multiplied.
2. I was asked many questions about my new program.
2. Перепишите предложения; подчеркните Participle 1 и Participle II и уста
новите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением,
обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
The input unit consists of some devices using different means.
1. The operator pressing the keys makes the adding machine operate.
2. Having punched holes in a card the operator put it into the computer.
3. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них
модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. Ordinary computer can remember only the data stored in the hard disk.
30
2. Young people who finish the school must be trained to operate computers.
3. Babbage's machine could not operate since there were no reliable equipment.
4.Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переве-
дите 3-й абзац текста.
PERSONAL COMPUTERS
Personal computers are also called microcomputers or home computer. The most
compact are called laptops. They are portable and work on built-in batteries.
Personal computers are designed for use at homes, schools, and offices. At home
they can be used for home management (balancing the family finances, for exam-
ple) and for playing computer games, watching films or listening to music.
Schoolchildren can use computers for doing their homework and many schools
now have computers for independent learning and computer-literacy studies. In the
office personal computers may be used for word processing, bookkeeping, storage
and handling of necessary information.
Because a CPU calculates, performs logical operations, contains operating
instructions, and manages data flows, a complete microcomputer as a separate system
was designed and developed in 1974. In 1981, IBM Company offered its own
microcomputer model, the IBM PC that became a necessary tool for almost every
business. The PC's use of a 16-bit microprocessor initiated the development of
faster and more powerful personal computers, and its use of an operating system
that was available to all other computer makers led to a standardization of the industry.
In the mid-1980s, a number of other developments were especially important for
the growth of personal computers. One of these was the introduction of a powerful
32-bit CPU capable of running advanced operating systems at high speeds.
Another innovation was the use of conventional operating systems, such as UNIX,
OS/2 and Windows. The Apple Macintosh computers were the first to allow the
user to select icons - graphic symbols of computer functions - from a display screen
instead of typing commands. New voice-controlled systems are now available, and
users are able to use the words and syntax of spoken language to operate their
personal computers.
5. Прочитайте 1-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Дайте ответ в письменной
31
форме.
How can people use the personal computer?
№7
1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них
глагол-сказуемое и определите видовременную форму и залог. Переведите пре
ложения на русский язык. В разделе б) обратите внимание на перевод пасси
ных конструкций.
а) 1. The word "program" has come into the use to refer to the sequence of
instructions which a computer carries out.
2. The development of computers as machines for handling information has
gone a long way.
б) 1. It is usually stored on a magnetic tape or a magnetic disk.
2. Much of Gate's success is based on his ability to translate technical vision
into market stragedy.
2. Перепишите предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и уста
новите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением,
обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. When passed through the reading equipment the characters are read in a way
similar to a way used for a magnetic type.
2. When applying the mathematical methods to the solving of technical problems
engineers are most often are interested in obtaining a finite numerical results.
3. When pressing the keys the operator makes the adding machine operate.
3. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них
модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. A module may be a complete program or it may be a relatively independent
part of a larger program.
2. Information has to be in the form of digits or characters for a digital computer
to perform reasonable operations.
32
3. It can handle execution of any operations and can provide standard processing
for all interrupts.
4.Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переве-
дите 4-й абзац текста.
FAMOUS PEOPLE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Babbage, Charles (1792-1871), British mathematician and inventor, who
designed and built mechanical computing machines on principles that anticipated the
modern electronic computer. Babbage was bom in Teignmouth, Devon, and
educated at the University of Cambridge. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society
in 1816 and was active in the founding of the Analytical, the Royal Astronomical,
and the Statistical Societies.
In the 1820s Babbage began developing his Difference Engine, a mechanical
device that could perform simple mathematical calculations. Although Babbage
started to build his machine, he was unable to complete it because of a lack of
funding. In the 1830s Babbage began developing his Analytical Engine, which was
designed to carry out more complicated calculations, but this device was never
built, too. Babbage's book, «Economy of Machines and Manufactures» (1832),
initiated the field of study known today as operational research.
William Henry Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, in 1955. He is an American
business executive, chairman and chief executive officer of the Microsoft
Corporation. Gates was the founder of Microsoft in 1975 together with Paul Alien,
his partner in computer language development. While attending Harvard in 1975,
Gates together with Alien developed a version of the BASIC computer programming
language for the first personal computer.
In the early 1980s, Gates led Microsoft's evolution from the developer of computer
programming languages to a large computer software company. This transition began
with the introduction of MS-DOS, the operating system for the new IBM Personal
Computer in 1981. Gates also led Microsoft towards the introduction of application
software such as the Microsoft Word processor. Much of Gates' success is based on
his ability to translate technical visions into market strategy. Although Gates has
33
accumulated great wealth from his holdings of Microsoft stock, he has been known
as a tough competitor who seems to value winning in a competitive environment
over money. Gates still continues to work personally in product development at
Microsoft.
5. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Дайте ответ в письменной
форме.
What was the aim of the Babbage's Analitical Engine?
№8
1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них
глагол-сказуемое и определите видовременную форму и залог. Переведите
предложения на русский язык. В разделе б) обратите внимание на перевод
пассивных конструкций.
а) 1. Now scientists have designed machines that are capable of learning from
experience and remembering what they have learned2. In this chapter we shall discuss the
possible features that control panel might
have.
б) 1. Internet was designed to survive a nuclear war.
2. Nearly everything we do in the world is helped or even controlled by
computers.
2. Перепишите предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и уста-
новите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением,
обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
Performing addition the computer must have two numbers to be added.
1. The density of memorizing elements in MOS memory is very high.
2. Logical operations performed by a computer are comparing, selecting, sorting
and determining.
3. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них
модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский
34
язык.
1. Any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each
other as long as there is a single route between them.
2. Commercial users can communicate over the Internet with the rest of the
world and can do it very cheaply.
3. Our lab assistant has to construct this electronic device.
4.Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переве-
дите 3-й абзац текста.
THE INTERNET
The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users all
over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was
designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest
path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on
the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single
route between them. The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people,
who have access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-
mail messages. However, other popular services are available on the Internet: reading
USENET News, using the World-Wide Web, telnet, FTP, and Gopher.
In many developing countries the Internet may provide businessmen with a
reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems of
these countries. Commercial users can communicate over the Internet with the rest of the
world and can do it very cheaply. When they send e-mail messages, they only-
have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for calls across their
countries or around the world. But who actually pays for sending e-mail messages
over the Internet long distances, around the world? The answer is very simple: an
user pays his/her service provider a monthly or hourly fee. Part of this fee goes
towards its costs to connect to a larger service provider. And part of the fee got by
the larger provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of wires
and wireless stations.
However, some problems remain. The most important is security. When you
send an e-mail message to somebody, this message can travel through many different
35
networks and computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination
by special computers called routers. Because of this, it is possible to get into any of
computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the
Internet. In spite of the fact that there; are many strong encoding programs available,
nearly all the information being sent over the Internet is transmitted without any
form of encoding, i.e. «in the clear». But when it becomes necessary to send important
information over the network, these encoding, programs may be useful. Some
American banks and companies even conduct transactions over the Internet.
However, there are still both commercial and technical problems which will take
time to be resolved.
5. Прочитайте 1-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Дайте ответ в письменной
форме.
What services are available on the Internet?
№9
1.Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них
глагол-сказуемое и определите видовременную форму и залог. Переведите пре
ложения на русский язык. В разделе б) обратите внимание на перевод пассив ных
конструкций.
а) 1. Не has given a short answer to my question.
2. The condition code indicates whether or not the channel has performed the
function specified by the instruction.
б) 1. The Internet technology was created by Vinton Cerf in early 1973 as a part
of a project of the United States Department of Defence.
2. Computers are used more and more often in the world today.
2. Перепишите предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и уст
новите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением,
обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. The first automatic computers were not very reliable and scientists went on
36
improving them.
2. Showing the work of a new computer program the professor gave us all the
necessary explanations.
3. Yesterday 1 received a letter sent by my friend with the help of the Internet.
3. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них
модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. Modern computers have much better memories and they can store much
information.
2. To record each bit of information a computer must have the special equipment.
3. In the office personal computers may be used for word processing,
bookkeeping, storage and handling of necessary information.
4. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переве-
дите 2-й абзац текста.
BILL GATES
Everyone has heard of Bill Gates, the icon of American business and the richest
man in the world. Microsoft, the business he started with a friend in 1975, has
become the world's largest computer software company. Although the company is
in big trouble today - the US government has broken it up - experts say it will
remain successful.
Bill Gates was born on the 28th of October, 1955, in Seattle, USA. Seattle was
once famous for producing Boeing aircraft, but is now better known as the home of
Microsoft. From his parents Bill got a good business sense and a quick mind. His
father is a lawyer and his late mother was a teacher and then a company director. At
school Bill soon showed that he was very intelligent. His favourite subjects were
Maths and Science. At 13 he got interested in computers. Bill Gates and his friend
Paul Alien were soon spending all their time writing programmes and learning about
computers instead of doing their homework. After finishing school in 1973, Bill
went to Harvard, America's most famous university. Most of the time he worked on
the computers in the university laboratory. The next year, he and Paul Alien wrote
an operating program for the Altair, one of the world's first microcomputers. Bill
37
knew, even then, that he would revolutionize the world of computing and he left Harvard
before finishing his studies. The two friends started Microsoft in 1975, and
very soon it became a business success.
In 1980, Gates bought a small company which produced an operating system
called DOS. He made some changes to it and renamed it MS-DOS. He sold the
rights to use this system to IBM. Since 1980 MS-DOS has been the standard operating
system for all PCs. Microsoft has also developed such well-known programs as
Windows, Excel and Internet Explorer.
Bill's dream is to computerize everything - TVs, telephones, lights, even the way
you cook dinner... One reason for his success is that Bill has always been very
ambitious and hard-working.
4.Прочитайте текст и вопрос к нему. Дайте ответ в письменной форме.
What are the most famous Gates' programs?
№10
1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них
глагол-сказуемое и определите видовременную форму и залог. Переведите пре
ложения на русский язык. В разделе б) обратите внимание на перевод пассив ных
конструкций.
а) 1. Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing by means of
automation.
2. Our lecture left for London and we have never seen him since.
б) 1. Personal computers are also called microcomputers or home
computers.
2. Since the transistor was invented, no single electronics innovation has had
such an impact as microcomputer.
3. Перепишите предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и уста
новите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением,
обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения
38
русский язык.
1. Programs written in an appropriate machine language can be directly accepted
and used by a computer.
2. You can chat with some people while at the same time discussing absolutely
different things and in different languages..
3. When passed through the reading equipment the characters are read in a way
similar to a way used for a magnetic type.
4.Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них
модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения
на русский язык.
5. Computer is an electric device that can receive a program and then carry out
this program by calculating numerical information.
6. In future the machines will be able to solve many problems which today are in
the competence of man.
7. Cyberspace exists by it's own laws, you may ignore the user if you do not like
him or if he is too impudent.
8. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переве-
дите 4-й абзац текста.
COMPUTERS
The use of computers. Just as television has extended human sight across the
barriers of time and distance, so the computers extend the power of the human
mind across the existing barriers.
Computers in medicine. Computers are one of great importance in modern
hospital. The chief use of computers is the storing and sorting the medical knowledge
which has been equired in the last 50 years. No doctor can possible keep up with all
discoveries. The only solution of the problem is store medical knowledge in a
computer. Today there are medical computer centers were all existing knowledge of
symptoms of various diseases and of their treatment is stored. Doctors feed data on
symptoms in the computer and get the necessary information on correct diagnostics
and treatment.
39
Computers that can be learn. Ordinary computer can remember only the data
stored in the hard disk. Now scientists have designed machines, that are capable of
learning from experience and remembering what they have learned. Such a machine
is capable of recognizing objects without human help or control. Of course, they
made many mistakes. There is another similar machine which can look at letter
alphabet a simple words and they «say» thought a louder speaker what it has seen.
The machine has as certain learning power.
Computers at the school. Information science with the ideas and message of
processing and storing information is of great importance today. That's why computer
technology must be told in secondary school. The new subject «basic information
science», and «computing machine» was introduced for the signor forms at schools.
Contact with the machine increases the interest in learning, makes them more serious
about studying new subject. School computers are used not only for studying
information science, but also examinations purposes. Young people who finish the
school must be trained to operate computers.
5. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Дайте ответ в письменной
форме.
How do we use computers in medicine?