IMPLICATURE&Grice’sMAXIMSof

CONVERSATION

0 ConversationalImplicature(Grice):sentencesmeanwhatonesaysandmore

Howishedoinginhisnewjobatthebank?Oh,quitewell,hehasn’tbeentoprisonyet.

0 apropositionwhichisconveyedindirectly=implication

0 implicatures:1.conventional:therefore,too,syntacticconstructions2.conversationalimplicatures:determinedbytheconversationalcontext,bythemutualconversationalbeliefs,constrainedbyCooperativePrinciple

Conversationalimplicaturesare:0 generalizedSomeofthemhavecome.Notallofthemhavecome.

0 particularized

ConversationalImplicaturesarecancellableOnthemorningofthemurderJohnvisitedMary,wenttothecampusanddroppedonhisfriend,butnotnecessarilyinthatorderIt’soddthatthedogdoesn’teatcheese.->conventionalimplicature:thedogdoesn’teatcheese*It’soddthathedoesn’tbuthedoesinfacteatcheese.

0 explicitcancellationàmaydrawattentiontotheimplicature:

Iwasoverhearingsomeofthemenandwell,someofthemarewonderingwhatitiswe’reuptohere.Notme,ofcourse.Iknowyou’realwaysthemanwiththeplan.Butsome,notme,arewonderingifthereisinfactaplanatallandwhatitmightbe.

Conversationalimplicaturesarereinforcible,unlikeconventional*Iregretthatheishereandheishere

0 CooperativePrinciple=Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchange

Attardo’sPerlocutionaryCooperativePrinciple=cooperateinwhatevergoalsthespeakermayhaveininitiatingaconversationalexchange,includingnon-linguistic,practicalgoals;anticipatepeople’sneeds

A:Howlongdoesittakebytaxi?a)Oneminute–notpragmaticallyacceptable,unhelpful,validatesmistakenassumptionb)Youdon’tneedataxi–it’stwominute’swalk.GetSmithonthephone.He’srighthereinthewaitingroom.

Grice’sMaximsofconversation:1.Quantity=contributionshouldbeasinformativeasrequired:notmore,notless2.Quality=tellthetruth3.Relation=berelevant4.Manner=avoidobscurity,ambiguity,bebriefandorderly

Failuretofulcillamaxim:1.  violate2.  infringe(unintentionally)3.  optout4.  suspend5.  clout

1.  Violateàintentionallymislead0 MaximofQuantity

Ididnotexplicitlyrequestabribefromanyone.

1.  Violateàintentionallymislead0 MaximofQuality

“Iknowall.AndIshouldliketobegin,"Isaid,sinkingmypersonalopinionthatthefemaleinquestionwasasoppypestinmydesiretobuckandencourage,"bysayingthatMadelineBassettisacharminggirl.Awinner,andjustthesortforyou."

1.  Violateàintentionallymislead0 MaximofRelation

“HowdoyouthinkIlook,Bertie?"Well,theanswertothat,ofcourse,was"perfectlyfoul".Ievadedthequestion."Ihearyou'reinLondon,"Isaidcarelessly.

1.  Violateàintentionallymislead0 MaximofMannerCHARMING:Youcan’tlie.WhereisShrek?PINOCCHIO:Well,Idon’tknowwherehe’snot.CHARMING:Youdon’tknowwhereShrekis?PINOCCHIO:Itwouldn’tbeinaccuratetoassumethatIcouldn’texactlynotsaythatisorisn’talmostpartiallyincorrect.CHARMING:Soyoudoknowwhereheis.PINOCCHIO:Onthecontrary,I’mpossiblymoreorlessnotdecinitelyrejectingtheideathatinnoway,withanyamountofuncertaintyIdonotknowwhereheshouldn’tbe.Ifthatindeedwasn’twhereheisn’t.Evenifhewasn’tnotwhereIknewhewasitcouldmean...

2.Infringeàunintentionallyviolate:imperfectlinguisticperformance0 MaximofManner‘DoyouknowtheGuestRoommiss?Well,it’sontheNewBridge,miss,betweenTudorBuildingandtheNorthAnnexwheretheCottageusedtobe,miss,onlyofcoursethat’salldoneawaynowandyouhastogoupbythemainstaircasepasttheWestLecture-Room,miss,whatusedtobetheJuniorCommonRoom,miss,beforetheymadethenewentranceandmovedthestairs,andthenturnrightandit’shalfwayalongthecorridor.Youcan’tmistakeit,miss.AnyoftheScoutswouldshowyou,miss,ifyoucouldcindoneaboutjustnow.

2.Infringeàunintentionallyviolate0 MaximofQuantity

‘Oh,thereyouare!’saidSirAymler,whowasstillbellowingoutofthewindow.‘William,thisfellowwhocallshimselfReginaldTwistleton,howabouthim?’‘Howabouthim?’‘Exactly.Howabouthim?’‘Howdoyoumean,howabouthim?’‘GoodGod,boy,can’tyouunderstandplainEnglish?Imean,Howabouthim?’

2.Infringeàunintentionallyviolate0 MaximofRelationSuchaninterestingcaseandinterestingpeopletoo,don’tyouthink,thoughwhatthejurymakeofitIdon’tknow,withfaceslikehamsmostofthem,excepttheartist,whowouldn’thaveanyfeaturesatallifitwasn’tforthatdreadfultieandhisbeard,lookinglikeChrist,onlynotreallyChristbutoneofthoseItalianonesinapinkfrockandabluetopthing.

3.OptoutMylipsaresealedSuchinformationisconcidentialIt’snoneofyourbusinessNocomment

4.suspend0 MaximofQuality:e.g.obituaries0 MaximofManner:e.g.poetry0 MaximofQuantity:e.g.textmessages

5.cloutàexploitamaxim:implicaturesPremises:a)  thereisnoreasontoassumethatthespeakeris

disobeyingthecooperativeprinciple;b)  thespeakerknowsthatthehearercancomeupwith

theimplicature;c)  mutualcontextualbeliefs

5.FloutMaximofQuality‘Didtheyshootyou?’‘Sure,butIcaughtthebulletsandtossedthemback.’

5.FloutMaximofQuantity‘Themostridiculousrumours–someonesaidyou’dbeenexpelledforcrashingaclyingcar.’‘Well,wehaven’tbeenexpelled,’Harryassuredher.

5.FloutMaximofRelation‘Whydidyouputthatadinthepaper?’Cramerdemanded.‘Archie,thisletterfromJordanisfarcical.HeknowsquitewellthatIdonotuseBrassavolasintri-genericcrosses.Hedoesn’tdeserveananswer,buthe’llgetone.Yournotebook.DearMrJordan.Iamawarethatyouhavehadillsuccesswith–‘

5.FloutMaximofMannerHecan’tpossiblydoit,whichisanadvantage,becausetheonlythingsheeverreallystrainshimselfonarethosethatcan’tbedone.

0 clashofmaxims:qualityandquantity:ifyousayall,youmaysaythatforwhichyouhaveinsufcicientevidence

overstatement(hyperbole)andunderstatement

0 violateGrice’smaximsofquantityNooneunderstandsmeApigwouldn’teatthisfoodNotbad!

overstatement0 epicgrandeur0 stircuriosity0 enhancepositiveface:Thatwasadeliciousmeal.0 advertisement:………..0 standardizedcasesofhyperbole:athousandpardons,scaredtodeath,I’dgivetheworld,workone’scingerstothebone,moveheavenandearth,beallears

understatement0 pragmaticpurposes:restorecredibilityTherearesomerathersplendidmuralsontheNorthWall.Theywereratherenthusiastic0 usedtounderplayaspectsofmeaningwhicharepragmaticallydisfavoured,criticism,pessimisticjudgements

Iwasn’toverimpressed0 minimizepraiseofoneself:I’mrathergoodatcrosswordpuzzles.Thatwasn’tsuchabadmealthatIcooked

0 specializationofadverbialsofdegreetowardsnegativeitems:alittlebitdirty/?alittlebitclean

0 Litotes:particularcaseofunderstatement:negateapredicativeinordertoconversationallyassertlessthantheopposite

Heisnocoward.Heisnotwithouttaste.0 negationdoesnotmerelysuggesttheabsenceofthequalitynegatedbutthepresenceoftheopposite