OGTREVIEWPacket

People You Should KnowNapoleon- was a military and political leader of France and

Emperor of the French as Napoleon I, whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century.

John Locke- was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers.

Booker T. Washington: Civil Rights leader in late 1800’s early 1900’s founded the Tuskeegee Institute. Believed in education and stability before fighting for rights.

Karl Marx- The philosopher, social scientist, historian and

revolutionary works inspired the foundation of many communist regimes in the twentieth century.

People You Should Know

Vladimir Lenin- Russian revolutionary who lead the revolution against the Czar.

Theodore Roosevelt- president early 1900’s, soldier in Spanish American War, helped build Panama Canal, Big Stick Policy.

Woodrow Wilson- President during WWI, created 14 Points, founded the League of Nations, a Progressive President.

Franklin Roosevelt- President during Great Depression, New Deal, WWII, helped solve the Depression, got us through the war, created Social Security, United Nations.

People You Should Know

Adolf Hitler -leader of Germany during WWII, dictator, perpetrator of the Final Solution resulting in the Holocaust.

John F. Kennedy-President in the 1960’s, involved with founded the Peace Corps., mishandling of the Bay of Pigs Invasion, and resolving the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Fidel Castro-became the first Communist leader of Cuba in 1959, involved with Bay of Pigs Invasion and Cuban Missile Crisis.

Gandhi- leader of the independence movement in India, inspiration for leaders such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela

People You Should Know

Nelson Mandela- leader of the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa, jailed for 27 years, first black African president in South Africa.

Martin Luther King Jr.- leader of Montgomery Bus Boycott, became leader of the movement, “I Have a Dream” speech.

Rosa Parks- civil rights activist, helped start the movement with her act of civil disobedience on a Montgomery bus.

Richard Nixon- president in the 1970’s, first to visit China and Soviet Union, Watergate Scandal, first to resign.

Joseph Stalin: leader of the Soviet Union during WWII, and the start of the Cold War.

Harry Truman: V.P. to F.D.R. made the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan. Desegregated the military.

Mao Tse Dong- became first Communist leader of China in 1949, held authoritarian control over the nation until his death in 1976.

People You Should Know

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF MAJOR WARS

SPANISH AMERICAN WAR-

CAUSES: The mistreatment of Cubans by Spain and the blowing up of the U.S.S. Maine in the Havana Harbor. Yellow Journalism

SIGNIFICANCE: U.S. establishes itself as a military power.

EFFECTS: Panama Canal is built, The U.S. acquires Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

World War I

CAUSES: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism,

the immediate cause is the assassination of Franz Ferdinand.

Significance: leads to the Great Depression and outbreak of WWII

Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Allies: Great Britain, France, Russia, U.S. (Revolution takes Russia out)

League of Nations: association created to keep the peace, failed.

Treaty of Versailles: unfair conditions set for Germany, led to WWII.

Reparations: large sum of “damage” money to be paid by Germany.

14 Points- Wilson’s plan for peace.

• The Holocaust- International Human Rights Laws

• The beginning of the Arms Race, Atomic Age

• The start of the Cold War

WWII- Results

THE COLD WAR-

CAUSES:The use of atomic weaponsRace to build more weaponsSoviet’s refusal to leave Eastern Europe after WWII, Race to SpaceDiffering economic ideologies: command economy/market economy

Significance: Use of containment to stop the spread of Communism will start other wars, the arms race, spending.

Outcome: Korean War, Vietnam War, uneasy relationship between Democracies and Communist nations. Fall of the Soviet Union, national debt.

THE COLD WAR-

Appeasement: give in to lesser demands hoping for peace.

Containment: stop the spread of Communism

Domino Theory: one country falls to Communism they all will.

Marshall Plan: economic aid to European countries after WWII.

Berlin Wall: built to keep East Germans from escaping by route of West Berlin

Korea and Vietnam are examples of containment.

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF MAJOR WARS

KOREAN WAR-

CAUSES: Korea is divided after WWII, North (communist) invades the South (non-communist) domino effect, containment

SIGNIFICANCE: increased tension in the Cold War.

EFFECTS: Korea is still divided, oppressive government in the North.

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF MAJOR WARS

VIETNAM WAR-

CAUSES: unstable government in the South, fear of the domino effect, containment

SIGNIFICANCE: civil disobedience, conscientious objectors.

EFFECTS: Long drawn out war in Vietnam and at home with hawks versus doves. Vietnam eventually taken over by Communism.

World History Topics- French Revolution

• The French Revolution (1789–1799), was a period of radical social and political upheaval in Francethat had a lasting impact on French history and more broadly throughout the world.

• The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed within three years.

• French society underwent an epic transformation, as feudal, aristocratic and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from radical left-wing political groups, masses on the streets, and peasants in the countryside

World History Topics- Russian Revolution

• The Russian Revolution is the collective term for a series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Communist Russia.

• The Emperor was forced to abdicate and the old regime was replaced by a provisional government during the first revolution of February 1917.

• In the second revolution, during October, the Provisional Government was removed and replaced with a Bolshevik (Communist) government.

World History Topics- Israel

• On May 14, 1948, the last British forces left through Haifa. The same day, in a public ceremony in Tel-Aviv, Ben-Gurion read out the Israeli Declaration of Independence, declaring the establishment of a Jewish State.

• Both superpower leaders, U.S. President Harry S. Truman and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, immediately recognized the new state.

World History Topics- India/Pakistan

• After 200 years of British rule, India gains independence – what Gandhi had been fighting for

• Happens in 1947, right after WWII• Turns into a religious conflict between Hindus

and Muslims– Leads to the creation of Pakistan (Muslim) and India

(Hindu)– Results in hundreds of thousands of deaths, including

Gandhi

World History Topics- South Africa

• Apartheid "the status of being apart") was a system of racial segregation enforced through legislation by the National Party governments, who were the ruling party from 1948 to 1994, of South Africa, under which the rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and white supremacy and Afrikaner minority rule was maintained.

• After pressure from outside countries and internal discontent Apartheid collapsed.

DESCRIBE THESE ERAS

ENLIGHTENMENT- the age of reason

Intellectual, scientific and cultural life, centered upon the 18th century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source for legitimacy and authority.

Philosophes: Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire

Locke: Republicanism………………Declaration of Independence

Montesquieu: Separation of Powers……………Constitution

Voltaire: Civil Liberties…………………Bill of Rights

Divine Right: chosen by God to lead.

Reconstruction:oThe time period from 1865-1877 after the Civil War when the South was being rebuilt and allowed to re-enter the Union.

oDuring this time period African Americans who has been recently freed from slavery were learning to adapt to their new lives.

oWhite Southerners sought to protect their way of life and worked to limit the new found freedoms of African Americans.

DESCRIBE THESE ERAS

DESCRIBE THESE ERAS

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION- time period of a change over from agriculture to industry.

New technology

High immigration

Growth of cities

Crowding and pollution

Poor working conditions

African Americans migrate North for jobs.

Women and children in the workplace.

Urban: the city

Rural: the farm or country

The Progressive Movement• The Progressive Movement is about reform and change,

progress being made to improve society.

Reforms:

*Prohibition, abolish alcohol to improve society.

*Working Conditions, Labor Unions

*Government Reforms, recall, referendum, primary

system

*Women’s Suffrage

*Improved safety of food and drugs

*Taking down big business monopolies, trusts

DESCRIBE THESE ERAS

IMPERIALISM-policy of a stronger nation to take over the political, economic, or social control of a weaker nation.

Search for new markets

Competition for trade

White Man’s Burden………..Spread Christianity

Big Stick Policy…………….Military Strength to reinforce policy.

Open Door Policy………..Open Trade in China

T. Roosevelt……………Responsible for building of the Panama Canal

Panama Canal: serves purpose of connecting the two oceans which increases trade and helps with military protection.

China and Japan: trade is opened with both countries.

DESCRIBE THESE ERAS

RED SCARE-

Fear of Communism

Blacklisting

Suspicion of others.

Unfair legal procedures.

Sacco and Vanzetti convicted and executed.

Palmer Raids violate Constitutional Rights.

1920’s

o The 1920’s were a period of economic boom.o Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge were

president.o New technology such as the radio were

introduced.o Assembly line was used by Henry Ford.o People questioned whether or not evolution

should be taught in schools in the famous John T. Scopes trial.

DESCRIBE THESE ERAS

HARLEM RENAISSANCE-

African American literary movement.

Marked by music, dance, art, and poetry.

Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington and others make a name in the New York neighborhood.

The era made a rare situation for African

Americans to break into the otherwise

segregated business of entertainment.

1930’sGreat Depression

-Stock Market Crash

-International Debt

-Farm Crisis

-Over-speculation

New Deal

-FDIC: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

-Social Security

-Civilian Conservation Corps

-AAA Agricultural Adjustment Act

DESCRIBE THESE ERAS

DESCRIBE THESE ERAS

1950’s-

Good economy

Dwight Eisenhower

Age of television

Conformity: people were trying to return to a normal life after World War II.

Hula Hoops, Drive Ins, Diners, Rock and Roll

The Interstate Highway Act was passed.

DESCRIBE THESE ERAS

1960’s- era of uncertainty

Unease in the Cold War

Civil Rights Movement

Vietnam War begins

Kennedy Assassination

Martin Luther King Assassination

Glossary Terms:• Bias: perspective that impairs impartial judgment.

• Refute: to prove wrong by argument.

• Libel: malicious use of printed word to damage a person’s reputation.

• Slander: malicious use of spoken word to damage a person’s reputation.

• Source: person or document that provides information

• Perspective: how one views something.

LANDMARK COURT CASES

PLESSY V. FERGUSON-

Homer Plessy sued the railroad because of segregated cars in 1892.

1896- the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against him that as long as the segregated cars were equal it was allowable under the Constitution.

“Separate but Equal” was established which made all of the segregation laws known as Jim Crow legal.

LANDMARK COURT CASES

BROWN V. THE BOARD-

In 1954, the Brown family and several other families sued the school system in Topeka, Kansas.

Thurgood Marshall argued the case, that the schools were not equal.

Plessy v. Ferguson was overturned and the process of desegregating the schools began in the years to follow.

LANDMARK COURT CASES

SCHENK v. The U.S.-

During World War I, Charles Schenk protested the recruitment of soldiers by means of the draft.

He was arrested after protesting outside a recruitment office. After going to the U.S. Supreme Court based on upholding his 1st

Amendment right to “Freedom of Speech”, he lost the case.

The court ruled that he was a clear and present danger to the United States during a time of war.

LANDMARK COURT CASES

CALIFORNIA v. BAKKE-

In the mid 1970's Allan Bakke, a white graduate student, protested his inability to enter medical school at the University of California at Davis.

He argued that affirmative action programs prevented him from entering and were denying him his rights under the 13th and 14th amendments of the Constitution.

The court said racial quotas must be eliminated

Government Terms1. Dictatorship: leader has absolute power and authority and

takes power by force through a revolution or power struggle.

2. Absolute Monarchy: a hereditary leader controls all of the

functions of the government.

3. Parliamentary Democracy: a system of government where executive leaders such as a prime minister or cabinet are chosen by the parliament.

4. Presidential Democracy: a system that is characterized by separation of powers of three branches: executive, judicial, and legislative.

5. Theocracy: government ruled by religious leaders.

The ConstitutionBill of Rights: the first 10 amendments to the Constitution that

protect citizens rights.

Separation of Powers: there are three branches of the government that work together.

Three Branches: Judicial: Supreme Court

Executive: The President

Legislative: Congress- House/Senate

Checks and Balances: each branch of the government can check the power of the other branches. For example: the veto

Amendments• First: freedom of speech, religion, the press, right

to assemble peacefully.

• Fourteenth: equal protection under the law.

• Eighteenth: prohibition of alcohol. Manufacturing, transport, and sale of alcohol is prohibited.

• Nineteenth: woman’s suffrage, right to vote

• Twenty First: repeal of the 18th Amendment

Amendments

• Twenty Second: presidential term limits set at two terms (8 years)

• Twenty Fourth: prohibits limiting voting rights due to poll taxes or literacy tests.

• Twenty Sixth: establishes the right to vote at the age of 18.

Economic Terms• Traditional Economy: an economy in which decisions on production and

consumption are based on the customs, beliefs, rituals, and habits.Examples: there are no true examples but developing countries usually fall partly into this economy.

• Command Economy: an economy in which all decisions on Production and consumption are made by a central government or planning commission.Examples: Soviet Union, China, North Korea

• Market Economy: an economy in which decisions on production and consumption are made by individuals acting as buyers and sellers.Examples: there are no true market economies.

• Mixed Economy: An economy that combines features of more than one of the traditional, command, or market systemsExamples: United States, United Kingdom

Economic Terms• Export: goods sold to other countries

• Import: goods purchased from other countries

• Tariff: tax on imported goods.

• Blockade: to stop trade by using military force.

• Embargo: to stop trade by using political pressure/sanctions

• Federal Reserve: adjusts interests rates, watches the fluctuating economy, raises/lowers rates based on economy.

• Interest Rate: amount of money paid in addition to actual debt.

OGT- Social Studies

Please go to: http://www.firestonefalcons.org/apus/

To find three Power Points with OGT materials to review.

You may also request to join the Firestone High School OGT Social Studies Facebook Group. Reviews games will begin this weekend and you may earn extra credit and candy rewards for playing.

Please see Mrs. Drugan if you have any questions.

Name:_______________________________ Period:_____

Ohio Graduation Test

Study Packet

Due: Prior to testing

This packet is designed to prepare you for the OGT.

People you should know:

Napoleon: ___________________________________________________________________________

John Locke:___________________________________________________________________________

Booker T. Washington:___________________________________________________________________

Karl Marx: ___________________________________________________________________________

Vladimir Lenin:_________________________________________________________________________

Theodore Roosevelt: ____________________________________________________________________

Woodrow Wilson: ______________________________________________________________________

Franklin Roosevelt: _____________________________________________________________________

Adolf Hitler: __________________________________________________________________________

John F. Kennedy: _______________________________________________________________________

Fidel Castro: __________________________________________________________________________

Gandhi: ______________________________________________________________________________

Nelson Mandela:_________________________________________________________________________

Martin Luther King Jr. ___________________________________________________________________

Rosa Parks: ___________________________________________________________________________

Richard Nixon: ________________________________________________________________________

Joseph Stalin:__________________________________________________________________________

Mao Tse Dong:__________________________________________________________________________

Know the causes, significance, and outcome of the following wars:

Spanish American War

Causes:________________________________________________________________________________

Significance:____________________________________________________________________________

Outcome:_______________________________________________________________________________

World War I

Causes:________________________________________________________________________________

Significance:____________________________________________________________________________

Outcome:_______________________________________________________________________________

World War II

Causes:________________________________________________________________________________

Significance:____________________________________________________________________________

Outcome:_______________________________________________________________________________

Cold War

Causes:________________________________________________________________________________

Significance:____________________________________________________________________________

Outcome:_______________________________________________________________________________

Cold War Terms:

Appeasement:__________________________________________________________________________

Containment:___________________________________________________________________________

Cold War:______________________________________________________________________________

Domino Theory:__________________________________________________________________________

Marshall Plan:___________________________________________________________________________

Berlin Wall:_____________________________________________________________________________

Korean War

Causes:________________________________________________________________________________

Significance:____________________________________________________________________________

Outcome:_______________________________________________________________________________

Vietnam

Causes:________________________________________________________________________________

Significance:____________________________________________________________________________

Outcome:_______________________________________________________________________________

World Events:

French Revolution:________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Russian Revolution:________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Creation of Israel:________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

India/Pakistan:__________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

South Africa/Apartheid: __________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Describe the Era:

Enlightenment:

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Reconstruction:

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Industrial Revolution:

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Progressive Movement:

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Imperialism:

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Red Scare:

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

1920’s

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Harlem Renaissance

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

1930’s

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

1950’s

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

1960’s

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Glossary Terms:

Bias:__________________________________________________________________________________

Refute:________________________________________________________________________________

Libel:__________________________________________________________________________________

Slander:_______________________________________________________________________________

Source:________________________________________________________________________________

Perspective:_____________________________________________________________________________

Be familiar with the details and significance of the following court cases:

Plessy vs. Ferguson:______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Brown vs. the Board: ____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Schenk vs. the U.S.: ____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Bakke vs. California:

______________________________________________________________________________________

Government Terms:

Dictatorship:____________________________________________________________________________

Absolute Monarchy:_______________________________________________________________________

Parliamentary Democracy:__________________________________________________________________

Presidential Democracy:____________________________________________________________________

Theocracy:_____________________________________________________________________________

Constitution:

Bill of Rights: _______________________________________________________________

Separation of Powers: _______________________________________________________________

Three Branches: _______________________________________________________________

Checks and Balances: _______________________________________________________________

Amendments to be familiar with:

First Amendment: _______________________________________________________________

Fourteenth Amendment: _______________________________________________________________

Sixteenth Amendment: _______________________________________________________________

Seventeenth Amendment: _______________________________________________________________

Eighteenth Amendment: _______________________________________________________________

Nineteenth Amendment: _______________________________________________________________

Twenty First Amendment: _______________________________________________________________

Twenty Second Amendment: _______________________________________________________________

Twenty Fourth Amendment: _______________________________________________________________

Twenty Sixth Amendment: _______________________________________________________________

Economic Terms:

Traditional Economy:______________________________________________________________________

Command Economy:_______________________________________________________________________

Market Economy:________________________________________________________________________

Mixed Economy:_________________________________________________________________________

Export:________________________________________________________________________________

Import:________________________________________________________________________________

Tariff:________________________________________________________________________________

Blockade:_______________________________________________________________________________

Embargo:_____________________________________________________________________________

Federal Reserve:________________________________________________________________________

Interest Rate:__________________________________________________________________________