On the Use of Primates in Research Laboratories The following statistics are from the “USDA Annual Report Animal Usage by Fiscal Year” which is publicly available online: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare/downloads/reports/Annual-Report-Animal-Usage-by-FY2016.pdf In 2016, statistics indicated that there were close to 1,000,000 animals being used in research facilities in the United States alone. In reality, the number of animals in research laboratories is actually much greater, as the statistics do not include many species, including rats, mice, and insects; some of the most commonly used animals in research. This number also does not include animals who are held within research facilities, or “warehoused”, but not actually experimented on. The animal count actively being used for research includes approximately 19,000 cats, 50,000 pigs, 60,000 dogs, and 70,000 nonhuman primates. Nonhuman primates commonly used in research include monkeys such as macaques, capuchins, squirrel monkeys, marmosets and tamarins, and great apes such as chimpanzees and bonobos. The USDA subdivides nonhuman primates used in research facilities by research type. Category B refers to those held by a facility, but currently not in use for research, and includes close to 40,000 primates; these animals are needlessly kept in small spaces, many without access to the outdoors, with minimum environmental and social enrichment. With this number included, the true number of primates held captive in research facilities is closer to 110,000. The remaining captive primates in research facilities are further subdivided by the USDA into “pain categories”. Category C consists of animals that are used in research that “does not involve pain in any way”. This type of research can range from things such as behavioral or cognitive studies, which examine things such as sociality and learning, respectively. Although the research is considered non-painful, these primates are still housed in windowless rooms, with minimal space. Categories D and E include research that is known to cause pain to the animals being tested on. Currently, over 28,000 nonhuman primates fall into these two categories. Category D includes those used in research that is considered to be painful, but are given drugs to help alleviate their suffering. The final category, E, refers to primates who experience pain and do not receive any type of analgesic (painkiller). For these groups, research performed on these helpless creatures commonly includes things such as pharmaceutical trials, organ and tissue transplantation research, and disease and vaccine research. Furthermore, primate testing is far from limited to medical advancement studies. Far darker experiments, including the development of biological weapons, are regularly conducted. Monkeys may be injected with, or exposed to airborne toxins, to see what levels of a specific agent will prove lethal.

Over 100,000 primates are currently locked away in research laboratories in the United States

Another particularly cruel type of research performed are neurological studies that require a portion of the individual’s skull to be removed so the individual’s brain can be manipulated, while the animal is still

living. Animals are kept in this state, often without any painkillers, as pain medications would “interfere” with what is intended to be measured. Even though many sanctuaries offer refuge to animals from research laboratories, most research facilities will choose to euthanize individuals after they are deemed no longer “useful”. Animals are euthanized largely for financial reasons; facilities would rather kill the animal to avoid the cost of keeping or placing them. In a survey by Lankau et al (2014), responding facilities reporting 80% euthanization rates once individuals were no longer deemed usable. This fact demonstrates the need for more open communication between sanctuaries and research facilities. Though most sanctuaries are opposed to invasive research, it is important to interact with researchers in order to serve the animals’ needs. By establishing lines of communication with researchers, we can encourage placement, rather than the euthanization of research animals, and perhaps help to rescue more individuals.

Please help Pacific Primate Sanctuary continue to provide refuge to primates rescued from research laboratories by making a tax-deductible donation on our website: http://pacificprimate.org/help.htm Works Cited: -“Animal Welfare Act & Regulations.” United States Department of Agriculture. January, 2017. Web. -Lankau, Emily W et al. “Use of Nonhuman Primates in Research in North America.” Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science: JAALAS 53.3 (2014): 278–282. Print.

MEET the MONKEYS

Jason and Anna are a pair of critically endangered cottop top tamarins. They were paired in 2013, Jason was a young tamarin at the time, just 4 years old, and Anna was his first partner. Anna, was 10 years old when the pairing occurred, and had spent several years living with Lazero, until he passed away in 2012. Jason was beginning to show agitation towards his siblings and parents. These behaviors let us know that Jason was ready to leave his natal (family) group, and find a partner, as he would do in the wild. Jason and Anna were interested in one another right away, and quickly formed a close bond once paired, grooming one another and sharing a sleeping house at night. They have now been together for over 4 years, and are still a closely bonded pair. We frequently see them resting on a platform in the sun, and following each other closely, as they explore their outdoor enclosure.

Saddleback Tamarin, Galatea, was born in a research laboratory. She is one of the fortunate individuals,

given refuge at Pacific Primate Sanctuary

HAWAIIAN VALUES The Hawaiian ancestors adhered to a set of values that guided their daily lives. These beliefs and principles have been passed on, through the generations, and are still an important part of traditional Hawaiian society today. In this, and ongoing issues of Primate Update, we explore how the Sanctuary embodies traditional Hawaiian world view, perspectives and practices. Ma ka Hana Ka ‘Ike: In the work is the knowledge. This ancient Hawaiian proverb means that knowledge can only be gained through the work, that we learn best and most comprehensively by doing, and not just by listening, reading or watching. For example, if we want to learn and understand how to grow Kalo (Taro), we may learn a little by listening to stories, or by watching someone else plant the Kalo. However, we cannot fully understand the process until we do the work; digging in the dirt, planting, watching it grow and caring for the plant, and finally harvesting and eating the food. At Pacific Primate Sanctuary, we understand that in order to learn about the animals, we must do the actual work of caring for them, each and every day. Volunteers arrive at PPS with no knowledge of the individuals they will be caring for. This changes over time; as caregivers learn to closely observe the animals on a daily basis. We prepare their food, provide medications and emergency care, watch their interactions, customize enclosures, monitor their weight and food consumption, and review records of their life history. We leave our egos at the door, and approach animal caregiving with openness, humility, and compassion. We begin to recognize what makes the monkeys stressed or afraid, and what puts them at ease and helps them to feel safe. We acquire a deep understanding of all of the species at PPS and discover the inherent value each individual, more than we ever thought was possible. In that moment, we know them and they know us, and all separation drops away. We might read all the books in the world, and never learn as much as when we actually devote ourselves to attending to the animals and their home. Through doing the work, we are able to deeply comprehend how to provide personalized care to each monkey who has found a place of peace and well-being at Pacific Primate Sanctuary. Most significantly, by serving the monkeys selflessly, we learn how to create— Sanctuary. References:

- Nichols, Kaui. Haokuaaina. 2017https://www.hookuaaina.org/ma-ka-hana-ka-ike/ - Kawa’a, Luana. Ma Ka Hana Ka ‘Ike. 2010. http://morningmanao.blogspot.com/2010/08/ma-ka-

hana-ka-ike.html

HOW YOU CAN HELP the MONKEYS at PPS

Donating to Pacific Primate Sanctuary can be as simple as doing an Internet search! Visit GoodSearch.com and designate Pacific Primate Sanctuary as your charity of choice and get started using this philanthropic program. Each time you do a search using GoodSearch, a small contribution

Through doing the work of caring for the monkeys, we are able to intimately understand them

will be made to PPS! Larger donations are made to PPS when you order from one of the many participating online stores, using GoodShop. GoodShop GoodShop is THE go-to place to find all those coupon codes and promo codes on the web for thousands of stores from The Gap, Best Buy, Expedia, Target, Apple and more! So, don’t miss a chance to save a bit of money, AND, when you shop through Goodshop, a percentage of what you spend is donated to Pacific Primate Sanctuary! AmazonSmile AmazonSmile is a simple and automatic way for you to support Pacific Primate Sanctuary every time you shop at Amazon, at no cost to you. When you shop at smile.amazon.com, you’ll find the exact same low prices, vast selection and convenient shopping experience as Amazon.com, with the added bonus that Amazon will donate a portion of the purchase price to PPS. Go to smile.amazon.com, and select Pacific Primate Sanctuary as your charity, or you can click on the following link: https://smile.amazon.com/ch/99-0285731 Give the Gift of Your Service and Volunteer Your Time We are currently in need of more local Volunteers! We need Animal Caregivers, Handy People, and Gardeners/Landscapers. Retirees are welcome. If you live on Maui and are interested in becoming one of Pacific Primate Sanctuary’s Angels, by volunteering your time and skills, please e-mail: pacificprimatesanctuary@gmail.com Facebook Fundraisers Facebook now offers online fundraising opportunities, which allows anyone to create a fundraiser for Pacific Primate Sanctuary. Many people have chosen to do a Birthday Fundraiser and raise funds for charity in honor of their birthday. On your personal Facebook page, click on the Fundraisers link, then select “Raise Money for a Nonprofit Organization”. You can then select Pacific Primate Sanctuary, Inc. as your charity, and begin raising donations by sharing with your friends and family. https://www.facebook.com/fundraisers/about/ How to Contribute Directly We rely on and deeply appreciate your continued partnership. Please make tax-deductible donations to the Sanctuary on our Website: www.pacificprimate.org and on Facebook, using PayPal, or by sending a check to:

Pacific Primate Sanctuary 500-A Haloa Road

Haiku, HI 96708

“Malama ‘Ola the Monkeys” and help us provide food, medicine and supplies for the monkeys at Pacific Primate Sanctuary and contribute to the care of the

Beings with whom we share the Earth!

The monkeys depend on the support of compassionate donors

CONTINUING EDUCATION Special Topic: Intern Holly Callitrichid Diets A species’ diet is the driving force behind various adaptations required to obtain food, these adaptations include problem solving skills, specialized dentition, or modifications to certain body parts. Callitrichids are arboreal (tree-dwellers), and possess several adaptations not only for moving in the trees, but also for obtaining the food sources that reside there as well. While insects are a component of the diets of all Callitrichids, other main sources of food vary by species. Larger species tend to feed primarily on insects and fruits, while smaller species feed on insects and plant exudates. Callitrichids possess small body masses and curved nails that allow them to travel along tertiary branches (twigs) that are too small for other primate species, and cling to the bark of tree trunks. These adaptations help with feeding on fruit located at the ends of branches, and hunting insects. Certain foods may become a larger part of a species’ diet depending on the season as well. During the dry season, Callitrichid species that mainly feed on fruit will temporarily switch to another primary food source when fruit is scarce. Callitrichid foraging tactics have been divided into four different types that vary by species and seasonality: seasonal exudate feeding, year-round exudate feeding, insect hunting on tree surfaces, insect hunting through bark stripping. Marmosets primarily feed on insects and plant exudates, including saps, gums, and resins from tree trunks and branches. They are specially adapted for extracting these exudates, with strengthened jaw fibers to increase their mouth gape, and longer lower incisors to scrape tree bark. By gouging holes in the tree, the exudates come to the surface, creating a readily available food source. Some marmoset species are even considered obligate gummivores, and require exudates in their diets. Other than insects and exudates, marmosets are also known to eat arachnids, snails and slugs, and small reptiles. Tamarins will also feed on exudates, but lack the morphological adaptations to open holes in tree trunk and branches themselves. Rather, they will feed from previously opened holes from marmosets or other animals. Tamarins primarily feed on fruit and insects, with some consuming up to 38 different species of insect. Cotton top tamarin (Saguinus Oedipus) diets consist of about 40% insect and 40% fruit, with exudates consisting of 20% of their diets. In comparison, saddleback tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis) consume more nectar in their diets, along with insects and fruit. At Pacific Primate Sanctuary, the monkeys are provided with various types of enrichment that simulate foraging in the wild. These types of enrichment include things such as baskets, and coconut and bamboo feeders, where food is hidden in shredded Ti leaves, that the monkeys must sift through to find. They are also provided flowers that are edible or have nectar that they can drink. Placing these enrichment items in mesh or on branches requires the monkeys to cling or hang to access them. It is important to provide enrichment that replicate the species’ specific, natural behaviors in the wild. Not only does it allow captive populations to experience how their wild relatives live, but it also takes advantage of their natural adaptations and behaviors.

ApairofBlacktuftedearmarmosetsenjoyingfreshgingerflowers

Works Cited: Ackley, V. 2004. "Callithrix penicillata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web.

http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Callithrix_penicillata/ Bridgeman, B. 2002. "Saguinus oedipus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Saguinus_oedipus/ Cover, S. 2000. "Callithrix jacchus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web.

http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Callithrix_jacchus/ Crissey, S.D., Lintzenich, B. and K. Slifka (1998), Diets for callitrichids – management guidelines. In:

AZA Callitrichid Husbandry Manual, American Association of Zoos and Aquariums

Special Topic: Intern Tiffany Capuchin Motor Skills Motor skills can be defined as: coordinated patterns of movement, acquired through practice, involving the ability to execute movements effectively to achieve intended outcomes. Motor skills are thought of as a subset of “dexterity”, which is the ability and ease in using the hands or body to perform a task. In capuchins, motor skills are associated mainly with foraging in nature, and these skills are what distinguish capuchin monkeys from other nonhuman primates. In general, capuchins share locomotor patterns, postures, and forms of reaching and grasping with other New World Monkeys. However, capuchins have a unique set of cranial characteristics and a high degree of control in the digits that enable them to process materials through skilled activity involving handling objects and surfaces. There are many forms of manipulation seen in capuchins, which provide a basis for understanding the nature of manual skills in these monkeys. Capuchin monkeys spend about half of their daytime hours foraging. Much of this time involves

manipulating substrates and eating prey found in substrates, such as dead branches, termite nests, bamboo canes, and bases of palm fronds. Manipulation in capuchins ranges from extremely strenuous – such as when they pound hard objects against surfaces, or when they remove a branch off the trunk of a tree –extremely delicately – in order to pick small insects out of the holes, or sift through debris on the forest floors. It has been observed that capuchin monkeys are particularly dexterous and manipulative. Capuchins routinely rip apart leaves, grab wasps’ nests and delicately pull out the larvae, capture small mammals, snatch flying insects out of the air, or gently tap along hollow branches in order to find small prey inside. The opportunistic nature of capuchins goes hand in hand with their capacity to manipulate objects and surfaces.

A hallmark of manual activity in capuchins is that they frequently combine objects and surfaces, or objects and other objects, which is thought of as “combinatorial actions”. Combinatorial actions are particularly interesting from a behavioral point of view, as these actions allow the monkeys to gain access to foods they could not otherwise get through direct biting and pulling. This requires a high level of coordination, and these actions are the precursors of using tools, another distinguishing characteristic of capuchins. All species of capuchins perform combinatorial actions on a daily basis, during foraging for plant and animal materials.

Capuchin Monkey, Prospero’s manual dexterity allows him to get to the tasty and nutritious center of the Ti plant

Although all capuchins are skilled with high levels of manipulation, there are variations in the skills with which they pursue foraging. Some species specialize in eating the leaf bases of bromeliads, plants well protected by thorns, that other mammals do not attempt to harvest. But these monkeys rely heavily on this tough food source, as fruit is almost absent from their habitat during the dry season. Some species open snails with hard shells by pounding them on tree trunks. Some species open large husked fruits using branches as anvils. This diversity in foraging actions that demand strength, stamina, and persistent and careful manual action, directly relates to the capuchins’ ability to adapt and take advantage of the environment they are in. At Pacific Primate Sanctuary (PPS), white-faced capuchin (Cebus capucinus) siblings Miracle and Prospero are encouraged to make use of their innate dexterous and manipulative skills. They live in an enclosure that replicates the Neotropical forest of their wild born relatives, which allows them to forage for small invertebrates inhabiting the plants and trees. In addition, they routinely receive enrichments such as bamboo tubes hiding food items that they have to extract using their dexterous hands and coordination. PPS is dedicated to providing its capuchin residents with a stimulating environment that acknowledges their true nature, allowing them to exploit their unique motor skills.

Works Cited:

- -Fragaszy, Dorothy M., Visalberghi, Elisabetta, Fedigan, Linda M. “The Complete Capuchin – The Biology of the Genus Cebus”. United Kingdom, Cambridge: University Press, 2004. - Mangalam, Madhur, Fragaszy, Dorothy M. “Wild Bearded Capuchin Monkeys Crack Nuts Dexterously”. Current Biology, vol. 25, 2015, pp. 1334-1339. - Spinozzi G., Lagana T., Truppa V. “Hand Use by Tufted Capuchins (Cebus apella) to Extract a Small Food Item from a Tube: Digit Movements, Hand Preference, and Performance”. American Journal of Primatology, vol. 69, 2007, pp. 336-352. - Fragaszy Dorothy M., Izar, Patricia, Visalberghi, Elisabetta, Ottoni, Eduardo B., Gomes de Oliveira, Marino. “Wild Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) Use Anvils and Stone Pounding Tools”. American Journal of Primatology, vol. 64, 2004, pp. 359-366.

Special Topic: Intern Olivia Diets of Wild Spider Monkeys The spider monkey’s diet consists primarily of fruit and other plant parts, such as leaves, flowers, seeds, honey, and even roots. Though they eat a variety of plant materials, fruit is their primary food source. Fruit constitutes 55-90% of their daily diet, making their species one of the prime examples of primate frugivores, or fruit eaters. Due to this largely plant-based diet, spider monkeys are able to obtain almost all of their daily water directly from the fruits, leaves, and flowers that they consume. While many animal species eat fruit, spider monkeys are known specifically for eating ripe, or mature fruit. At that stage, the fruit has a fleshy and penetrable pulp which contains water and soluble sugars. This explains, in part, why spider monkeys do most of their eating in the upper canopy, where ripe fruit is plentiful. One long-term study found that 77% of fruits eaten were found in the upper canopy, with only 1% obtained near the ground in the understory. Because of this tendency, spider monkeys often utilize their prehensile tail for balance or to hang Spider Monkey, Carlos, forages in his

Enclosure while suspended from his prehensile tail

from branches while they eat. Spider monkeys are unique in their eating habits by most frequently eating fruits whole; skin and seeds included. While there are other species that eat whole fruits, they generally chew before swallowing, and therefore perform a process called seed predation in which the seeds are chewed and therefore destroyed before they are actually ingested. Spider monkeys, however, barely chew the fruit before swallowing, so the seeds enter the digestive system whole. The majority of the seeds they swallow leave the digestive tract unscathed, which explains the spider monkey’s major role in fruit seed dispersal. Some of the seeds they swallow, particularly the larger seeds (up to 30mm in size), are not generally dispersed by other mammals, making spider monkeys one of the most significant dispersers of many large-seeded Neotropical plants. The fact that they swallow fruit whole accounts in part for the speed at which they are able to eat. Spider monkeys can, and often do, consume a large quantity of food in a short period of time. In fact, one study by Klein and Klein (1977) reports an example in which a single spider monkey consumed more than 100 Pouteria fruits (a type of sapote) in less than 7 minutes. Understanding the dietary needs of spider monkeys allows Pacific Primate Sanctuary (PPS), to provide Carlos and Montana with a diet similar to what they would find in the wild. It also helps us understand certain behaviors that may seem unusual without full knowledge of spider monkeys’ natural tendencies. For example, the spider monkeys and capuchins both have constant access to water bowls and fresh water spouts in their enclosures. The capuchins are frequently seen dipping their food in water or using the drinking spout, whereas the spider monkeys do so much less often. This difference is due to the fact that spider monkeys obtain the majority of their daily water needs directly from the fruits they eat. When given their food, Carlos and Montana eat the fruit first and they eat it very quickly, much more quickly than the other species we care for. Observing this, may cause an untrained caregiver to think that the Spider Monkeys need more food. However, by recognizing that the speed at which they consume fruit is simply an innate behavior of the species, we are able to understand that this behavior is natural and healthy, rather than concerning. In the wild, spider monkeys search for food in the upper levels of canopy. They rarely venture to the forest floor, but rather hang or sit in the upper branches of trees. At PPS, Carlos and Montana access their food on an elevated feed platform several feet from the ground. They are also provided with several forms of enrichment to encourage natural foraging behaviors. For example, we often put their food in buckets and hang them high up in their enclosure. This encourages natural foraging behaviors and the use of their tails for hanging while they eat. In order to provide Carlos and Montana with the best possible care, it is crucial that we understand not only what spider monkeys eat in the wild, but also their manner of consumption. In doing so, we encourage them to use the natural tendencies of their species to consume a fruit-filled diet, the same way they would in the wild. Works Cited: -Cawthon Lang, Kristina. “Primate Factsheets: Black Spider Monkey: Genus Ateles Paniscus.”

Primate Info Net. National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin- Madison, 2010, http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/black_spider_monkey. Accessed 8 Feb. 2018.

Capuchin Monkey, Montana, eats fresh fruit rapidly,

-Rosenberger, Alfred F., Halenar, Lauren, Cooke, Siobhan B., and Hartwig, Walter C.

“Morphology and evolution of the spider monkey, genus Ateles”. Spider Monkeys: Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution of the Genus Ateles. Edited by Christina Campbell. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Print, pp. 19-49.

If man is not to stifle his human feelings, he must practice kindness towards animals, for he who is cruel to animals becomes hard also in his dealings with men. We can judge the heart of a man by his treatment of animals.

-Immanuel Kant

We hope you have enjoyed this issue of Pacific Primate Sanctuary’s E-Newsletter. Thank you for your support of our life-giving work. Because of compassionate people, the Sanctuary can continue to provide a place of peace and happiness for primates saved from research laboratories, animal dealers, and tourist attractions. Here they can heal, form social groups, and live free from exploitation.