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Primates
A. Primate: group of mammals that include lemurs, monkeys, apes, and humans
B. Primate origin
1. Prosimianlike primates
a. small, present-day
b. lemurs, aye-ayes, tarsier
c. tropical forests
d. Purgatorius – earliest primate fossil,
resembling a squirrel that lived 66 million
years ago
2. Humanlike primates
a. anthropoids
b. monkeys & hominoids
1) apes & humans
c. complex brains, larger, different skeletal features, more upright posture
d. New World monkeys
1) prehensile tail used as 5th limb
e. Old World monkeys
1) larger, no prehensile tail, live on ground or trees
f. Hominoids: lack tails
1) apes: long, muscled forelimbs for
climbing, live in social groups
2) humans: larger brain, walk upright
a) 37-40 millions years
II. Human Ancestry
A. 5-8 million years ago in Africa
1.Hominids / African apes
a.Few fossils; DNA evidence
b. bipedal
B. Scientists of interest
1. Raymond Dart
a. 1924 discovered a young hominid – Australopithecus meaning “southern ape of
Africa”
b. 1-2 million years old
2. Donald Johanson
a. 1974 found oldest known & nearly complete australopithecine
1) “Lucy”
2) 3-5 million years ago (p. 440
C. Modern humans
1. 1964 Louis & Mary Leakey found humanlike skull
a. classified in genus homo
b. Homo habilis
“handy man”
3. archaic Homo sapiens
a. Neanderthals
1) 35,000 – 100,000
2) lived in caves, larger brains, religious views, spoken language