OnCAT Project - Wired Data Network

OnCAT Project Grup 8

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OnCAT Project

First Part TITLE: Study of the economic and technical viability to implant a data network TITULATION: Telecommunications engineering AUTHOR: Adrià López Molina David López Salvadó Marc Ros Contreras Sergio Soria Nieto Manuel Torres Castro DIRECTORS: Jordi Curià Salvatore Spadaro DATE: December 30th 2010


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INDEX INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 7

CHAPTER 1. TRAFFIC STUDY ..................................................................................... 8

1.1. Catalonia population .................................................................................... 8 1.2. Estimation of Bandwidth demand ............................................................... 9 1.3. Provincial level or aggregation/concentration ......................................... 10 1.4. Interprovincial level or backbone level ..................................................... 13 1.5. Network oversized ...................................................................................... 15

CHAPTER 2. NETWORK TOPOLOGY ....................................................................... 16

2.1. Backbone ..................................................................................................... 17 2.2. Lleida topology ........................................................................................... 19 2.3. Girona topology .......................................................................................... 21 2.4. Tarragona topology .................................................................................... 23 2.5. Barcelona topology .................................................................................... 24 2.5.1. Barcelona Backbone (Ring 1) ................................................................ 25 2.5.2. Barcelona City 1 (Ring 2) ....................................................................... 27 2.5.3. Barcelona City 2 (Ring 3) ....................................................................... 28 2.5.4. Barcelona WEST (Ring 4) ....................................................................... 30 2.5.5. Barcelona EAST (Ring 5) ........................................................................ 31 2.5.6. Complete Topology of Barcelona province .......................................... 32 2.6. Catalonia topology ..................................................................................... 33 2.7. Municipality links to regional nodes ......................................................... 34

CHAPTER 3. PROTECTION ........................................................................................ 37

3.1. Types of protection used ........................................................................... 37 3.2. Backbone protection .................................................................................. 38 3.3. Lleida, Tarragona and Girona’s protection .............................................. 40 3.4. Barcelona’s protection ............................................................................... 40

CHAPTER 4. SYNCHRONIZATION ............................................................................ 42

4.1. SDH synchronization network planning ................................................... 42 4.1.1. Synchronization sources ................................................................... 42 4.1.2. Synchronization status messages .................................................... 43 4.1.3. Synchronization network design ....................................................... 43

4.2. SDH synchronization network ................................................................... 45


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CHAPTER 5. NETWORK ELEMENTS ........................................................................ 46

5.1. Network Elements ....................................................................................... 46 5.1.1. ADM ...................................................................................................... 46 5.1.2. DxC ....................................................................................................... 46 5.1.3. WDM ..................................................................................................... 47 5.1.4. SDH targets ......................................................................................... 48 5.1.5. Optical fibre ......................................................................................... 49 5.1.6. Connectors .......................................................................................... 50 5.1.7. Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier (EDFA) .............................................. 50

5.2. Equipment used .......................................................................................... 50 5.2.1. ADM ...................................................................................................... 50 5.2.2. DxC ....................................................................................................... 52 5.2.3. WDM ..................................................................................................... 52 5.2.4. SDH Targets ........................................................................................ 52 5.2.5. Optical fibre ......................................................................................... 53 5.2.6. Connectors .......................................................................................... 54 5.2.7. Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier (EDFA) .............................................. 54 5.2.8. PRC & SSU .......................................................................................... 55

CHAPTER 6. TECHNOLOGIES .................................................................................. 56

6.1. SDH .............................................................................................................. 56 6.2. WDM ............................................................................................................. 57 6.3. Optical fibre ................................................................................................. 57

CHAPTER 7. BUDGET ................................................................................................ 59

7.1. Budget of optical fibre ................................................................................ 59 7.2. Budget of elements .................................................................................... 61 7.3. Budget of municipalities ............................................................................ 62 7.4. Total budget ................................................................................................ 65

CHAPTER 8. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ................................................................. 66

BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................... 67

APPENDIX ................................................................................................................... 69

APPENDIX I. DEMOGRAPHIC STUDY ................................................................... 69 I.I. Total generated traffic by destination .......................................................... 69


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I.II. Total generated traffic by provinces ........................................................... 70

APPENDIX II. CALCULATIONS .............................................................................. 71 II.I. Traffic distribution ......................................................................................... 71

II.II. Power balance. ................................................................................................. 74

APPENDIX III. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS ...................................................... 78 III.I. Marconi OMS 1600. ...................................................................................... 78 III.II. Marconi OMS 1200. ..................................................................................... 79 III.III. Marconi OMS 800. ...................................................................................... 80 III.IV. Marconi 2400. ............................................................................................. 81 III.V. Marconi 3200. .............................................................................................. 82 III.VI. Marconi 3000. ............................................................................................. 83 III.VII. STM1 SH 1310-8. ....................................................................................... 84 III.VIII. STM4 LH 1550. .......................................................................................... 84 III.IX. STM16 LH AS 1550. .................................................................................... 85 III.X. CORNING LEAF. .......................................................................................... 85 III.XI. Connector Hellermann Tyton. ................................................................... 86 III.XII. EDFA Telnet. .............................................................................................. 86 III.XIII. Symmetricom SSU 2000e. ....................................................................... 87 III.XIV. Symmetricom PRC-3100. ........................................................................ 88


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INTRODUCTION

The OnCAT Project’s main objective is to provide connectivity to the entire territory

of Catalonia. Previously, is necessary to analyse the viability of the implementation and make an action plan composed of the different stages of the project

The first stage is focused on the core and aggregation networks’ design. This is

the stage we studied in this first delivery, which aims to define specifications and details of it. The second stage, which defines the access network, will be studied on the final delivery of the project. The available budget for the project’s design, implementation and operation starting is about 250M €.

This document is structured in some sections that define the different designing

parts that we have to take in account. Starting with the calculations required determining the traffic in the regions of the territory and the technological solutions chosen, following the definition of topologies and equipment used, and ending with the budgeting of the project.

The implementation of the OnCAT Project’s network will last at maximum 3 years with the objective to begin to offer services in March 2014. As mentioned, in this first part will define the major specifications of the network's backbone, leaving to the future the final delivery of the documentation (completed with the access network's definition), with deadline January 2011.


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CHAPTER 1. TRAFFIC STUDY

The aim of this project is to design and implement an optimal network according to the demand of population of Catalonia’s territory. To implement this network, we have to take into account three types of sectors: residential, companies and enterprises because each sector has his own requirements in terms of traffic.

1.1. Catalonia population

The Catalonia’s population will be extracted from IDESCAT (Institut d’Estadística de Catalunya). First of all, we have to explain that Catalonia’s populations are distributed by regions called comarca, each region has a large number of municipalities or municipalities and one of them, will be the capital of the region (normally is the biggest city in terms of populations and area). To have an idea, there are approximately 950 municipalities and 7500000 of inhabitants in all Catalonia territory.

Once we obtained all the municipalities, we have to separate each municipality in

each region in order to have a structure to simplify the futures calculations. Table 1.1 Separation of the municipalities by regions

Municipality Region Alcarràs Segrià

Almacelles Segrià Alpicat Segrià Lleida Segrià

Torrefarrera Segrià

Once we have separated all municipalities by regions, we have to apply the Table

1.2 in order to obtain what type of city are each one and which are the number of companies and administrations of each municipality. We have to take into account that all municipalities with less than 1000 inhabitants are obviated for the design of the network.

Table 1.2 Types of Municipalities

Type of city Population Companies Enterprises A > 50000 100 30 B 10000 – 50000 30 15 C 1000 - 10000 10 5

In type of cities A, we choose the next criteria to know which are the number of

companies and enterprises:

!º !"#$%&'() = !º !"!#$%&'"(

50000×100 !º !"#!$%$&'!' =

!º !"!#$%&'"(50000

×30

All cities type B has the same number of companies (30) and enterprises (15) independent of the number of inhabitants and all cities type C has the same criteria of B cities but with the difference that his companies are 10 and enterprises 5.


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Ex: if the population of an A city is 450000, the number of companies are 900 and the number of enterprises are 270.

!º !"#$%&'() = 45000050000

×100 = 900 !º !"#!$%$&'!' = 45000050000

×30 = 270

1.2. Estimation of Bandwidth demand Once we known the number of inhabitants, companies and enterprises separated

by regions, in Catalunya are called comarcas, we have to calculate the traffic demand according to the potential users and their distribution services (each type of cities has its demand of traffic).

Table 1.3 Estimation of bandwidth of A cities

Population Distribution 5M

Distribution 10M

Distribution 100M

Distribution 1000M Penetration

Residential 20 % 80 % 20 % - - 40 % Companies 100 % - 50 % 40 % 10 % 30 %

Administration 100 % - 70 % 30 % - 10 % Table 1.4 Estimation of bandwidth of B cities


Distribution 10M

Distribution 100M


Residential 15 % 80 % 20 % - - 35 % Companies 95 % - 60 % 40 % - 25 %

Administration 100 % - 70 % 30 % - 10 % Table 1.5 Estimation of bandwidth of C cities


Distribution 10M

Distribution 100M


Residential 10 % 90 % 10 % - - 30 % Enterprise 90 % - 80 % 20 % - 20 %

Administration 100 % - 70 % 30 % - 10 % If we convert the table of cities type A in formulas, we obtain the follow: Residential:

!"#$%"&'$"() 5! = !º !"!#$%&'"(×0,2×0,8×0,4 !"#$%"&'$"() 10! = !º !"!#$%&'"(×0,2×0,2×0,4

Enterprise:

!"#$%"&'$"() 10! = !º !"#!$%$&'!'×1×0,5×0,3 !"#$%"&'$"() 100! = !º !"#!$%$&'!'×1×0,4×0,3 !"#$%"&'$"() 1000! = !º !"#!$%$&'!'×1×0,1×0,3

where the number of enterprises is the value previously obtained in function of

our criteria of A cities.


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Administration:

!"#$%"&'$"() 10! = !º !"#$%$&'(!'$)%×1×0,7×0,1 !"#$%"&'$"() 100! = !º !"#$%$&'(!'$)%×1×0,3×0,1

where the number of administrations is the value previously obtained in function

of our criteria of A cities. Table 1.6 Estimation of bandwidth of Alt Urgell’s region (city type C)

ALT URGELL Municipality Population Residential

5M Residential

10M Companies

10M Companies

100M Companies

1000M Administration

10M Administration

100M La Seu d’Urgell 13063 548,646 137,1615 4,275 2,85 - 1,05 0,45

Oliana 1976 53,352 5,928 1,44 0,36 - 0,35 0,15 Montferrer i Castellbò 1089 29,403 3,267 1,44 0,36 - 0,35 0,15

1.3. Provincial level or aggregation/concentration The goal of this section is to know the traffic distribution from local user in a region

to its region, each province, each interprovincial and Internet. The transit generated by the clients of a municipality (include residential,

enterprises, companies and Internet) arrives at its local node (which normally is the biggest municipality of each region). This transit will be transported until the local node where will take the first routing decision (send the information to another municipality of each region or send to another region). The transit which is not for its region will be transported by the other regions nodes in order to transport the information to the other region nodes or to the provincial node where will take the second routing decision. Finally, if the information is not for the province means that there are from other provinces so, the provincial node takes the decision to which other provincial node has to send the information.

Picture 1.1 shows the above explanation.

Picture 1.1 scheme of traffic provincial level The criteria of this transit distribution are the table 1.7

Destination \ Source Comarcal node Provicial node Interprovincial

node Internet

(CATNix) Residential - - - 100 % Enterprise 10 % 25 % 50 % 15 %

Administration 30 % 30 % 35 % 5 %


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Which indicates table 1.7 is the following:

- Residential traffic: All residential traffic must cross all network and goes to Internet (CATNix).

- Companies traffic:

o 10% of the traffic generated by companies (enterprises) of municipality are directed to other municipalities of same region and not arrive at provincial node.

o 25% of the traffic generated by companies (enterprises) arrive until the provincial node but it is directed to other regions of the own province and not influence on backbone network planning.

o 50% of the traffic generated by companies (enterprises) arrive until the provincial node to be directed through the network from backbone to other provinces

o 15% of the transit generated by the companies (enterprises) has a destiny Internet and has to arrive at CATNix.

- Administration traffic:

o It has applied the same routing criteria as companies’ traffic but with

different percentages. ONCat will guarantee to the client a minimum speed of connection of 10% for the

residential users and 100% for the companies and administration users. Since the estimation of bandwidth demand has been known, we have to apply the

next formulas in order to calculate the traffic will go to each province, which traffic goes for other provinces and which one goes for Internet (CATNix). In order to obtain this traffic, we have separated the residential, enterprise and companies’ traffic according to the request capacity (5Mbps, 10Mbps, 100Mbps and 1000Mbps).

The formulas we have applied to each municipality in order to obtain which is it’s

the total traffic estimation demand are:

!"#$%"&'$() 5! = ∑(!"#$%"&'$(!!!!"#$%&'())×5 ×0,1

!"#$%"&'$() 10! = ∑(!"#$%"&'$(!!!!"#$%&'())×10 ×0,1

!"#$%&'() 10! = ∑(!"#$%&'(!!"!!"#$%&'())×10 ×1

!"#$%&'() 100! = ∑(!"#$%&'(!!""!!"#$%&'())×100 ×1

!"#$%&'() 1000! = ∑(!"#$%&'(!!""!!!"#$%&'()×1000 ×1

!"#$%$&'(!'$)% 10! = ∑(!"#$%$&'(!'$)%!"!!"#$%&'())×10 ×1

!"#$%$&'(!'$)% 100! = ∑ !"#$%$&'(!'$)%!""!!"#$%&'() ×100 ×1 where:

residential_5M and residential_10M are the sum of all contribution of 5Mbps and 10Mbps of each municipality of each region, respectively.

companies_10M, companies_100M and companies_1000M are the sum of all contribution of 10Mbps, 100Mbps and 1000Mbps of each municipality of each region, respectively.


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administration_10M and administration_100M are the sum of all contribution of 10Mbps and 100Mbps of each municipality of each region, respectively. Table 1.8 Provincial estimation bandwidth of the region Alt Urgell

ALT URGELL Municipality Population Residential

5M Residential

10M Companies

10M Companies

100M Companies

1000M Administration

10M Administration

100M La Seu d’Urgell 13063 548,646 137,1615 4,275 2,85 - 1,05 0,45

Oliana 1976 53,352 5,928 1,44 0,36 - 0,35 0,15 Montferrer i Castellbò 1089 29,403 3,267 1,44 0,36 - 0,35 0,15

TOTAL ALT

URGELL 315,7005 146,3565 71,55 357 - 17,5 75

Destí Node Comarcal 0 0 7,155 35,7 - 5,25 22,5

Destí Node Provincial 0 0 17,8875 89,25 - 5,25 22,5

Destí Altres províncies 0 0 35,775 178,5 - 6,125 26,25

Internet (CATNix) 315,7005 146,3565 10,7325 53,55 - 0,875 3,75

Once we calculate all traffic of all provinces, we have to multiply it by the utilization

factor (1/3). This traffic is called total_traffic and we have to split it in each region node by a half because we decide to send the information by two sides like picture 1.1 so the result is called on table 1.9, total_traffic / 2. We have to take into account that we don’t have to split the traffic in the capital of the province (Lleida) because the traffic is already in the provincial node.

Table 1.9 shows the below explanation of the Alta Urgell and Alta Ribagorça

regions Region Traffic dest. Traffic Utilization

factor Total traffic Toral traffic/2

ALT URGELL Provincial 134,8875

0,33333333 44,9625 22,48125

Altres províncies 246,65 82,21666667 41,10833333 Internet (CATNix) 530,9645 176,9881667 88,49408333

ALTA RIBAGORÇA

Provincial 36,3 0,33333333

12,1 6,05 Altres províncies 63,35 21,11666667 10,55833333 Internet (CATNix) 58,262 19,42066667 9,710333333

… … … … … … The following equations show us which is the traffic arrives at each node and the

total traffic we have to split in each node in order not to overflow the nodes: Traffic arrived:

!"!#$!"#$%&'%(!!"#$$%& =13∑!"#$!!"#!!"#$%&%'(!")!*+

!"!#$!"#$%&%'(!")!*!!"#$$%& =13∑!"#$!!"#!!"#$%&%'(!")!*+

!"!#$!"#$%"$#!"#$$!" =13∑!"#$!!"#!!"#$%&%'(!")!*+

Spit traffic:

!"!#$!"#$%&'%(!!"#$$%& =12∑!"!#$!"#$%&'%(!!"#$$%&

!"!#$!"#$%"$#!"#$$%& =12∑!"!#$!"#$%"$#!"#$$%&


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In all results of total traffic, we have obviated the region traffic (comarcal_traffic) because the contribution of this traffic in front of the provincial, interprovincial and Internet (CATNix) send and arrived is too insignificant than the other type of traffic to be taken into account.

1.4. Interprovincial level or backbone level This section explains which is the total traffic that all municipalities of one region

are sending to his province’s capital and later, this capital’s node is the responsible for transmitting this traffic to the rest of three capitals’ nodes of provinces. To know this traffic, we have been calculated previously, the traffic which arrives at the provincial node multiplied by the utilization factor (1/3) and later we have applied the utilization factor (3/5) and the percentage of traffic which each province send to the others. We use these two factor because we assume all user in all municipalities where not connected at the same time.

This traffic must be calculated applying the table 1.10 and the following two steps a) Outbound traffic à this total outbound traffic is the traffic that all municipalities

of the province send to the others provinces and must be calculated by the sum of contributions of desti_node_altes_provincies and desti_internet of all regions in the province multiplied by the utilization factor (3/5). This factor is used because not all users are connected at same time.

!"#$!"%&!"#$%&'!!"#$$%& =35∑!"#$!!"#!!"#$%&%'(!")!*+ + !!"#$!"#$%"$#

We can see how we apply this formula in the picture 1.2

Picture 1.2 total outbound traffic of Lleida

b) Interprovincial traffic à this traffic is the percentage of traffic which each province send to the others. This traffic is applied like table 1.9 and the following formula depending on which are the source province and the destination province.

!"#$%&'$%(&_!"#$%&!"!"#$$%& = !"#$!"%&!"#$%&'!!"#$$%&×!"#$"%&'("!"#$%&!!"#$%&'$%(&


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Table 1.10 shows the percentages of the traffic which goes to the other

provinces

Destination \ Source Barcelona node Tarragona node Lleida node Girona node

Barcelona node - 33 % 33 % 33 % Tarragona node 60 % - 20 % 20 %

Lleida node 60 % 20 % - 20 % Girona node 60 % 20 % 20 % -

As we explained above, table 1.10 shows the percentages of the traffic which

goes to the other provinces and means the following: - Barcelona source à all his interprovincial traffic must send to Tarragona,

Lleida and Girona’s province by the same percentage (33%) - Tarragona source à a 60% of all his interprovincial traffic must be sent to

Barcelona and the rest must be sent in equal parts to Lleida and Girona’s province.

- Girona source à Lleida source à a 60% of all his interprovincial traffic must be sent to Barcelona and the rest must be sent in equal parts to Tarragona and Lleida’s province.

- Lleida source à a 60% of all his interprovincial traffic must be sent to Barcelona and the rest must be sent in equal parts to Tarragona and Girona’s province.

Picture 1.3 shows a schematic graphic of the distribution percentages of all

provinces.

Picture 1.3 scheme of percentage distribution traffic Picture 1.4 shows the previous result of Lleida province once we have applied

its percentage of traffic.

Picture 1.4 Percentage of Lleida’s traffic In the picture 1.4 we can show which is the traffic that Lleida province send to

the rest of provinces applying the percentage factor of the table 1.10. Because of


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percentage Girona and percentage Tarragona is the same, the traffic that send to this two provinces is the same.

1.5. Network oversized In this section we treat about the network oversize. Due to specifications of OnCAT

project, we have to apply an oversize of 25% of the traffic flow in each node (input and output) in order to prevent the total occupancy of the link or node and to permit an upgrade of the traffic or an upgrade of the Ethernet. To realise this oversize, we have applied an oversized factor of 1.25 in each link in order to obtain later the number of interfaces, STM’s. (We explain this section in the chapter of network elements).

To know which is the total traffic supported by a node or link including the oversize

we have to apply the follow equation:

!"!#!!"#!!"#$$%& = 1,25×!"!#!!"#$!"#$$%& Table 1.11 shows an example of the result of the oversized on Alt Empordà’s and

Garrotxa’s links.

Node Link Input/Output Traffic Input/Output Factor oversized Total traffic with oversized

Alt Empordà Figueres - Girona 12505,28687

1,25

15631,60859

Girona - Figueres 12505,28687 15631,60859

Garrotxa Olot - Banyoles 12505,28687 15631,60859

Banyoles - Olot 12505,28687 15631,60859

In this oversized, we must keep in mind that almost all links in the same province

has the same input and output traffic with oversize and without it because all links have to support the same quantity of traffic. There are only four links in Catalonia (three in Lleida and one in Girona’s province) which have to carry less traffic because they are not included in the ring and have a point to point connections.


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CHAPTER 2. NETWORK TOPOLOGY The goal of this section is to define which the topology we have thought about in all

Catalan cities and why we decide to choose this topology and not another one. To create the topology, we have to take into account the traffic study previously realised in chapter 1 in order to performed rings very similar between them and the available topologies we can use.

The available topologies we can use are: a) Point to point à is used to establish a direct connection between two

networking nodes as show in picture 2.1. This topology has the disadvantage that if a failure occurs in the fibre, the networking node that not transmits or receives any kind of traffic and the advantage that is the most economical topology because is too simple.

Picture 2.1 point-‐to-‐point interconnection

b) Bus à is a network architecture in which a set of clients is interconnected via

shared communications line as show in picture 2.2. This type of topology is the simplest way to interconnect a set of clients but a problem occurs when two or more clients want to transmit at the same time on the same bus.

Picture 2.2-‐bus interconnection

c) Ring à in this type of topology each node is connecting to two other nodes.

The information (data) travels from node to node. If all nodes are interconnected, the appearance of the topology is like a ring as show picture 2.3. This type of topology may be affected by a failure link but this problem may be solved introducing a second fibre in the other direction, called protection in order to protect the link.

Picture 2.3 ring interconnection

d) Mesh à in this topology all nodes are interconnected between them thought a

point-to-point connection as in picture 2.4. The advantages of this topology are that allows continuous topology and reconfiguration around failed links by hopping from node to node in order to arrive at the destination node and are the most tolerant topology in front of failures due to previous hopping and due to the high number of paths.


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Picture 2.4-‐mesh interconnection

To have a summary of what are the advantages and disadvantages of the

topologies available, we create table 2.1. Table 2.1 comparative between the different types of topologies

Topology Advantages Disadvantages Point to point The most economic

The simplest to implement No protection

Bus Easy to extend Requires less fibre

Limited number of clients A problem with fibre means a

network failure

Ring Orderly network

Different types of protection available

A changes of devices, can affect the network

Mesh Different paths to different nodes Too much security

Very expensive Difficult to implement

Once we have search and compare which are the topologies available, we decide

to use the ring topology because is the most appropriate to implement and in particulars nodes we will use the point to point topology because we don’t have more nodes to interconnect and costs too much to expand the ring topology in order to create a perfect ring. In order to create the Catalonia’s topology, we decide to separate it in four provinces (Lleida, Girona, Tarragona and Barcelona), which are been connected by the backbone ring. In order to interconnect the nodes in Barcelona that go the the CATNIX with its node, we have used a mixture topology between mesh and ring as shown in picture 2.5.

Picture 2.5 interconnection between Barcelona’s nodes with CATNix

At the end of this chapter we know which is the topology for each province and

why we choose this one and why not other.

2.1. Backbone Backbone must link the four capitals of provinces (Barcelona, Tarragona, Lleida

and Girona) and its topology was a single perfect ring. This backbone has these direct links connections:

– Lleida ↔ Girona – Lleida ↔ Tarragona – Barcelona ↔ Girona – Barelona ↔ Tarragona


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We can create another two connections more between Lleida-Barcelona and

Girona-Tarragona but we decide not to create it in order to save money so we have to investigate a little and purpose how we send the Lleida’s traffic which goes to Barcelona and the Tarragona’s traffic which goes to Girona. In order not to overflow Barcelona node’s, we decide to send the Tarragona’s traffic which goes to Girona directly by the Lleida’s link so, in this case we will have to increment the Lleida’s capacity node and the Lleida’s traffic which goes to Barcelona node’s we decide to split in by a half because this traffic is not very important in front of the others.

In this ring, we have to put a protection of four fibres because is one of the most

important ring in terms of traffic. We put four fibres because of the links or nodes stop working, we can send the information through the other three nodes doing a loop in order to the province receive the information.

Picture 2.6 shows the backbone’s topology

Picture 2.6 Backbone’s topology In the picture 2.6 we have to take into account that Barcelona’s unique node

represented in previous picture is not the same for Tarragona-Barcelona’s link and for Girona-Barcelona’s one because we decide to create a different topology in Barcelona due to inhabitants and total traffic generates but we explain it in more details in 2.5.

All the fibre connections of this backbone must go for two different ways (in order to do the protection which is being explained in the next chapter); one connection must go by the railways and the other must go by the motorways.

In the table 2.2 and picture 2.7 we must observe which are the distance of each

link connection and through which connections (railways, motorways) must pass the fibres and the interconnection of the backbone in the territory’s topology.

Table 2.2 shows the type of connection and the distance between nodes.

Link Connection Distance (km) Barcelona – Girona ADIF 103

AP-7 103

Barcelona – Tarragona ADIF 100 C-32 100

Lleida – Girona ADIF 283 A2 / C-25 228

Lleida - Tarragona ADIF 104 AP-2 104


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Picture 2.7 Backbone’s interconnection in the territory’s topology of Catalonia

2.2. Lleida topology The province of Lleida was composed by twelve capital of region, so the first

option for the ring was to create a perfect ring composed by these twelve nodes (one node in each capital of region) but due to topology of Lleida’s territory and the few infrastructures are built, we should spent too much money to create the links so we decide to create a little different topology. Once we have discard the previous option, we think about to eliminate some capital of region’s node but we discard too because we don’t know technologies that send the traffic information along distance similar like 50km or more and how we have to treat this information in order to be send later. After discarding these two options, we decide to design a non-perfect ring formed by nine nodes (one of them is the biggest one, Lleida, which is the capital of the region and the capital of the province) and three nodes which has been created with a point to point connection in order to spend less money and to have a better traffic distribution.

With this topology, we have to take into account for the future that regions which

have a point to point connection (Vall d’Aran, Alta Ribagorça and Garrigues) have more possibilities that stay offline due to a cut of fibre or another problem, so we will have to assume that these municipalities have more possibilities to stay offline than others that have a bigger protection or assume that we will have to gain less money for the fibre services.

In table 2.3 and picture 2.8 we can see the capitals of regions of Lleida’s province

where we situate the SDH nodes and the topology of the ring we have previously explained.

Table 2.3 shows the capital of each region.

Region Capital Alt Urgell La Seu d’Urgell

Alta Ribagorça El Pont de Suert Garrigues Les Borges Blanques

La Vall D’aran Vielha e Mijaran Noguera Balaguer Segarra Cervera Segria Lleida


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Solsones Solsona Pallars Jussa Tremp Pallars Sobira Sort

Pla d’Urgell Mollerussa Urgell Tarrega

Picture 2.8 Lleida’s topology Once we have decided where we allocate the nodes of the regions of Lleida’s

province and calculated which are the traffic supported by the node, we start to find which are the railways, motorways or other possibilities to interconnect them and we have obtain the table 2.4.

Source node Destination node Distance (Km) Interconnection

Lleida Balaguer 27,3 ADIF Balaguer Tremp 56,6 ADIF

Tremp Sort 12,5 26,2

C-13 N-260

Sort La Seu d’Urgell 52 N-260

La Seu d’Urgell Solsona 4,9

40,5 22

N-260 C-14 C-26

Solsona Cervera

5 18,4 9,2 17

C-149 LV-3005 LV-3113

L-313 Cervera Tàrrega 12,8 ADIF Tàrrega Mollerussa 22,7 ADIF

Mollerussa Lleida 28,3 ADIF

Tremp El Pont de Suert 12,5 33,1

C-13 N-260

El Pont de Suert Vielha e Mijaran 40,1 N-230 In table 2.4 and picture 2.9 we can see which are the interconnections between

each region nodes; ADIF interconnection means that we have to rent the fibres using


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railways and the other interconnections means all the interconnections which we have to create and do the infrastructure so this means an excessive increment of budget. The parameter distance (km) shows the distance between the two interconnected nodes.

Picture 2.9 Lleida’s interconnection in territory’s topology of Lleida

2.3. Girona topology Following the first steps that we had thought in Lleida’s topology, the first idea for

Girona’s topology was to put one node in each region. In this case, however, the node didn’t have to be in each capital of region. Due to long way in some links, we decided to modify the first perfect ring topology determined.

The main changes implanted on the ring were to delete some nodes which were

in a remote place, where there were few municipalities. Later, we think that these discards could give us problems later, so we create point-to-point links for these cases. This saves us build connections with very high distances to reach remote locations with few connections. Another proposal that we perform was to change the positions of nodes so that the links were not excessively high. The new positions not diverted from the features of the previous municipality, in terms of number of connections and number of people.

The finally Girona’s topology is a ring composed by seven nodes. One of them is

the Provincial node which is connected in the interprovincial backbone. In fact, in terms of traffic we consider this as only one node, but physically will be two nodes which bear the load split between them. It impacts to the budget, but not in traffic and topology.


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Also, there is a remote node in Puigcerdà which connects to Ripoll. As well we have said above, we have chosen to perform this particular case of this way because Cerdanya has got few municipalities and the traffic generated is low, so we thought that we would save more with just one link between Puigcerdà and Ripoll. As we well know, the ring topology protects itself, so this point-to-point link hasn’t got this lucky. This causes we have to use protection in these kinds of links or that we have to charge more less money in this remote municipalities.

Picture 2.10 shows the scheme that we explained in previous paragraphs.

Picture 2.10 Girona’s Topology

Once we decided the Girona’s topology, the next step is to compute the link distances between nodes. In the following table we specify it and the real paths.

Table 2.5 and picture 2.11 shows the connections between Girona’s nodes.

Source node Destination node Distance (Km) Interconnection Sils Ripoll 87 ADIF

Puigcerdà Ripoll 65,5 ADIF Ripoll Olot 26,2 N-260

Olot Banyoles 22 13

A-26 C-66

Banyoles Figueres 17 18

GI-513 N-II

Figueres Girona 39 ADIF

Girona Palafrugell 29 24

C-65 C-31

Palafrugell Sils 29 24 23

C-65 C-31 ADIF


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Picture 2.11 shows the connection between Girona’s nodes

2.4. Tarragona topology A first look to the traffic study made for the purpose of this project show us that

Tarragona province is the second most populated area in Catalonia. So in terms of traffic, we must consider this fact carefully for the design of our ring. This province, which capital is Tarragona, is composed by 2 type-A cities, 14 type-B and 72 type-C, with a total amount of population estimated in 800.000. The calculations realized in our traffic study shows that the total out coming traffic generated by the population of this province is about 12.3Gbps.

In the design of this ring, we took as a first proposition to choose every capital of

region as a node in first idea. Tarragona is composed by 10 regions, and each one is connected with to the next node in the ring as shown in the table below.

Table 2.6 show the capitals of each Tarragona’s region

Source node Destination node Distance (Km) Interconnection Tarragona El Vendrell 35,6 AP-7 El Vendrell Valls 40,5 AP-2

Valls Montblanc 17,2 N-240 Montblanc Reus 29,1 C-14

Reus Falset 30,8 N-420 Falset Mora d'Ebre 20 N-420

Mora d'Ebre Gandesa 21,5 N-420

Gandesa Tortosa 13 21,9

C-43 C-12

Tortosa Amposta 21,5 ADIF Amposta Tarragona 32,9 ADIF

Then, due to the very low density population of Falset (composed by 2 type C

municipalities), we thought that it would be a possible solution to remove it from the ring and connect it to the network by using a simple link between this and Mora d’Ebre, the nearest regional node. After considering this solution, it was discarded because the


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way of the links needed to connect Falset to Mora would be coincident with the needed to connect Mora d’ Ebre to Reus (Falset is in the middle of this way).

So finally we came back to the first solution and decide the following design for this

backbone:

Picture 2.12. Topology design of the Tarragona backbone. The picture below shows the final geographical disposition of the nodes in the

province of Tarragona, and also the routes used to link them (see Table 2.5):

Picture 2.13. Geographical node and links disposition in Tarragona province.

2.5. Barcelona topology The province of Barcelona is the most important province in terms of number of

final users (enterprises, administrations, residential users, etc.) and in consequence in terms of generated bandwidth.


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Given the fact that Barcelona is the province that generates more traffic in Catalonia, its topology was designed in a way completely different from the other provinces. For this reason, our decision was to split the traffic of Barcelona in five rings.

The distribution of the five rings is the next: – Barcelona Backbone (Ring 1): the main ring in the province of Barcelona. Is

the union point of the other rings that compose the full topology of the province.

– Barcelona City 1 (Ring 2): composed by the half of the region of Barcelona. – Barcelona City 2 (Ring 3): composed by the other half of the region of

Barcelona. – Barcelona EAST (Ring 4): composed by the regions located at the east side

of the province. – Barcelona WEST (Ring 5): composed by the regions located at the west side

of the province. Is important to take into account the Capitals of each Region inside the province of

Barcelona because in each one of these we placed a network node. Table 2.7 shows the capital of each region.

Region Capital

Alt Penedès Vilafranca del Penedès Anoia Igualada Bages Manresa

Baix Llobregat Sant Feliu de Llobregat Barcelonès Barcelona Berguedà Berga

Garraf Vilanova i la Geltrú Maresme Mataró

Osona Vic Vallès Occidental Sabadell

Vallès Oriental Granollers In summary, and following the previous distributions, then we detail the 5 rings that

form the topology expected for the province of Barcelona.

2.5.1. Barcelona Backbone (Ring 1) This is the main ring in the province of Barcelona. It consists of four nodes located

in the following cities: Node 1: located in L’Hospitalet de Llobregat (Region of Barcelona). Node 2: located in Badalona (Region of Barcelona). Node 3: located in Sant Feliu de Llobregat (Region of Baix Llobregat). Node 4: located in Sabadell (Region of Vallès Occidental). Note that in this ring in particular we see that there are two nodes that are not

located in a capital of region. These nodes are L’Hospitalet de Llobregat and Badalona. The reason is that the region of Barcelona, which is so large and generates a lot of traffic, is to be divided into two rings. It causes that two cities in the same area must provide a link to the two rings of the city.

Take into account the distribution of the region of El Barcelonès that we considered (for this ring and for the two Barcelona City rings).


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Table 2.8 shows the cities of El Barcelonès region.

Cities of El Barcelonès Barcelona

L’Hospitalet de Llobregat Badalona

Santa Coloma de Gramanet Sant Adrià de Besòs

Moreover, the city of Barcelona is the city that generates the most of the traffic of

the Region. In consequence, we decided to divide Barcelona City in ten parts (according to the Districts of the City). Table 2.9 shows the distribution of Barcelona City (Districts).

Distribution of Barcelona City Les Corts

Sarrià - St. Gervasi Sants - Montjuïc

Ciutat Vella Eixample

Gràcia Sant Martí

Sant Andreu Nou Barris

Horta - Guinardó The next picture shows the topology of the Barcelona Backbone Ring.

Picture 2.14 Topology of Barcelona province’s backbone

Note that in the middle of the ring appears the CATNix node. We considered that from each node of the Barcelona Backbone ring there’s a link to the CATNix node. This ring supports all the Barcelona traffic and all the traffic from the other provinces to the CATNix node. In this way we get to distribute the large volume of traffic destined to CATNix in 4 links point to point.


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Picture 2.15 Topology map of Barcelona province’s backbone Table 2.10 shows the connections between nodes of Barcelona’s backbone.

Source node Destination node Distance (Km) Interconnection L’Hospitalet Badalona 21,4 B-20

Badalona Sabadell 24,1 C-33 C-58

Sabadell Sant Feliu 30 C-58 AP-7 B-23

Sant Feliu L’Hospitalet 7,4 B-20 Table 2.11 shows the connections between the backbone’s nodes and the CATNix

node.

Source node Destination node Distance (Km) Interconnection L’Hospitalet CATNix 5,1 B-20

Badalona CATNix 19,2 C-31 B-10 B-20

Sabadell CATNix 28 C-58 C-33 B-20

Sant Feliu CATNix 7,3 B-23 B-20

2.5.2. Barcelona City 1 (Ring 2) As we discussed in the previous section, the region of Barcelona is divided in two

rings (also, remember that the City of Barcelona is divided according to their Districts). This ring is one of these and is composed by the following nodes:

Node 1: located in L’Hospitalet de Llobregat (Region of Barcelona). This is the link

to Barcelona Backbone. Node 2: located in Les Corts (District of Barcelona City). Node 3: located in Sarrià-Sant Gervasi (District of Barcelona City). Node 4: located in Sants-Montjuïc (District of Barcelona City). Node 5: located in Ciutat Vella (District of Barcelona City).


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Node 6: located in L’Eixample (District of Barcelona City).

Picture 2.16 Topology of the Ring 1 of Barcelona City

Picture 2.17 Topology map of the Ring 1 of Barcelona City

Table 2.12 shows the connections between nodes of the Ring 1 of Barcelona City.

Source node Destination node Distance (Km) Interconnection L’Hospitalet Les Corts 8,4 B-20

Metro (L-3)

Les Corts Sarrià-St.Gervasi 2,6 Metro (L-5) FGC

Sarrià-St.Gervasi Sants-Montjuïc 4,6 Metro (L5) FGC

Sants-Montjuïc Ciutat Vella 3,3 Metro (L-1) Ciutat Vella Eixample 3,6 Metro (L-3) Eixample L’Hospitalet 12,4 B-20

2.5.3. Barcelona City 2 (Ring 3) Like the previous ring (point 2.5.2), this third ring contain the nodes corresponding

to the other half of Barcelona region: Node 1: located in Badalona (Region of Barcelona). This is the link to Barcelona

Backbone. Node 2: located in Gràcia (District of Barcelona City). Node 3: located in Sant Martí (District of Barcelona City). Node 4: located in Sant Adrià de Besòs (Region of Barcelona).


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Node 5: located in Santa Coloma de Gramanet (Region of Barcelona). Node 6: Sant Andreu (District of Barcelona City). Node 7: Nou Barris (District of Barcelona City). Node 8: Horta-Guinardó (District of Barcelona City).

Picture 2.18 Topology of the Ring 2 of Barcelona City

Picture 2.19 Topology map of the Ring 2 of Barcelona City Table 2.13 shows the connections between nodes of the Ring 2 of Barcelona City.

Source node Destination node Distance (Km) Interconnection Badalona Gràcia 11,3 C-31

Gràcia Sant Martí 5,4 Metro (L-4) Metro (L-2)

Sant Martí Sant Adrià Besòs 2,8 Metro (L2) Sant Adrià Besòs Santa Coloma 5,4 B-10

Santa Coloma Sant Andreu 2,7 Metro (L-1) Sant Andreu Nou Barris 2,6 Metro (L-1) Nou Barris Horta-Guinardó 3,9 Metro (L-3)

Horta-Guinardó Badalona 13,4 C-31 B-10 B-20


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2.5.4. Barcelona WEST (Ring 4) This is the ring that includes the western regions of the province of Barcelona. The

nodes included in this ring are: Node 1: located in Sant Feliu de Llobregat (Region of Baix Llobregat). Node 2: located in Manresa (Region of bages). Node 3: located in Igualada (Region of Anoia). Node 4: located in Vilafranca del Penedès (Region of Alt Penedès). Node 5: located in Vilanova I la Geltrú (Region of Garraf).

Picture 2.20 Topology of Barcelona region’s west side

Picture 2.21 Topology map of Barcelona region’s west site Table 2.14 shows the connections between nodes of the west ring of El

Barcelonès region.


Sant Feliu Manresa 57,3

C-32 AP-2 AP-7 C-16 C-55

Manresa Igualada 27,3 C-37


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Igualada Vilafranca 34,5 C-15 Vilafranca Vilanova i la Geltrú 18,8 C-15

Vilanova I la Geltrú Sant Feliu 47,1 C-32

2.5.5. Barcelona EAST (Ring 5) The last ring that we considered in the province of Barcelona is the ring that

includes the eastern regions of the province of Barcelona. The following nodes compose the ring:

Node 1: located in Sabadell (Region of Vallès Occidental). Node 2: located in Mataró (Region of Maresme). Node 3: located in Granollers (Region of Vallès Oriental). Node 4: located in Vic (Region of Osona). Node 5: located in Berga (Region of Berguedà).

Picture 2.22 Topology of Barcelona region’s east side

Picture 2.23 Topology map of Barcelona region’s east site


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Table 2.15 shows the connections between nodes of the east ring of El

Barcelonès region.


Sabadell Mataró 41,9

C-58 C-33 B-20 C-32

Mataró Granollers 19 C-60 Granollers Vic 42,3 C-17

Vic Berga 58,4 C-154

Berga Sabadell 87,3 E-9 C-16

2.5.6. Complete Topology of Barcelona province Joining the five rings described in the preceding paragraphs, we have that the final

topology proposed for the province of Barcelona would be the following:

Picture 2.24 Complete Topology of Barcelona province


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2.6. Catalonia topology Once we have explained which are the ring topologies of each province and the

backbone, we join all the rings in order to create which is the topology of the infrastructure of Catalonia.

The topology of Catalonia was formed by four provinces joined by the backbone.

Lleida is the smallest one in number of inhabitants and traffic distribution but is the most expensive one because of there are not so much infrastructures and we have to build it. Barcelona province is the biggest one in terms of inhabitants and due to there is too much infrastructures because have optical fibres in metro, railway, FGC, we have to rent all this fibres so we spend less money initially. The other two provinces, Girona and Tarragona, are quite in terms of number of inhabitants and infrastructures.

To finalize the Catalonia’s topology explanation, we said that Catalonia was

formed by eight ring joined by another ring called backbone like the picture 2.25.

Picture 2.25 Catalonia’s Topology


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2.7. Municipality links to regional nodes

As a company which provide internet service to the maximum number of users, we must design the access network, so among other things we need to know the total length of optical fibre needed. We must consider the distance between each node and its neighbour (which has been already calculated for the rings and backbone design), and also the distances from each town to its regional node, which are difficult to calculate due to the large number of towns currently existing in Catalonia.

Taking into account that all the municipalities of Catalonia are classified in 3 types

attending to its population (A, B or C), a sample of each type of municipality was given to us from our tutors in order to calculate the average distance between each kind of municipality and its nearest regional node. These samples were Cerdanyola (A), Salou (B) and Cervera (C). Despite this fact, we have considered more accurate to calculate manually all the distances between type-A and type-B cities to their regional node because they are not so many, and apply another approximation for type-C municipalities: As a proposed solution, we have considered 15 random samples of type-C municipalities, calculated the average distance and approximated the rest of the distances between type-C municipalities and their regional node to this average distance which finally was 9.8 Km.

Table 2.16 shows the municipalities type C we have choose in order to calculate

the average of the distance

Link Distance (km) Vallmoll – Valls 6,1 La Jonquera - Figueres 20 Olesa de bonesvalls – Vilafranca 16 Monteferrer - La Seu d'Urgell 4,1 Vall de Boí - El Pont de Suert 18,9 La Poble de claramunt – Igualada 7,5 Sant Salvador Guardiola – Manresa 8 Riudecols – Reus 12 Roquetes – Tortosa 9 Begur – Palafrugell 7,2 Sant Feliu de Llobregat – Cervelló 9,5 l'Arboç - El Vendrell 8,7 Polinyà – Sabadell 6,3 Alcarràs – Lleida 10,7 Calldetenes - Vic 3,2

AVERAGE 9,8 In order to guarantee service in each municipality, we need to choose the

equipment necessary to switch the incoming/out-coming traffic on each municipality that is not a node of a ring. Again, we should consider each municipality of Catalonia and estimate the traffic generated by each one, but that would be quite difficult task that is not within the purposes of this project. The solution proposed is to estimate the traffic generated in the municipalities given as a sample to our group and extrapolate them to the rest of municipalities in our network. The table below shows these estimations:

Table 2.16 Estimation of traffic generated in a sample of each kind of municipality.

Municipality Type Traffic Generated (MB/s) Cerdanyola del Vallès A 4066,46734

Salou B 1597,28625 Cervera C 208,82


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In order to ensure these capacities, we decided the following equipment necessary in each type of municipality:

- Type A: 2 x Dual LTM Marconi OMS 870 (STM-16) + DWDM Marconi 3000. - Type B: LTM Marconi OMS 870 (STM-16) - Type C: ADM Marconi OMS 860. (STM-4)

We have to take into account that there are many municipalities that are a capital

of region so, in these cases we don’t use an LTM and we have to use an ADM that belongs to the provincial ring.

Picture 2.26 shows the distance of the three types of municipalities we have been

assigned to its capital of node

Picture 2.26 Interconnection between the types A, B and C municipalities to its capital of region In municipality type C, we have to take into account that Cervera is a capital of

region, so the distance to it is 0 km but in order to know the distance of municipalities type C to this capital of region we applied the criteria we have previously explained.

The fibre used in this links is the same than the one used for the ring design, the

mono-mode Corning-Leaf optical fibre. For detailed information about this devices and the optical fibre, go to sections 5.2.1 and 5.2.5.

• Cerdanyola del Vallès interconnection:

Cerdanyola del Vallès is a municipality type A that belongs to the province of

Vallès Occidental and its capital of region is Terrassa. The total traffic that Cerdanyola send to Terrassa taking into account the same criteria as chapter 1 is this one:

Residential

5M Residential

10M Companies

10M Companies

100M Companies

1000M Enterprises

10M Esterprises

100M Total

1879,904 469,976 176,241 1409,928 0 24,67374 105,7446 Destí Node Comarcal 0 0 17,6241 140,9928 0 7,402122 31,72338 197,742402

Destí Node Provincial 0 0 44,06025 352,482 0 7,402122 31,72338 435,667752

Destí altres provincies 0 0 88,1205 704,964 0 8,635809 37,01061 838,730919

Destí CAT-Nix 1879,904 469,976 26,43615 211,4892 0 1,233687 5,28723 2594,326267

TOTAL 4066,46734 The total traffic that the municipality sends to its capital is 4066.46734 Mbps

so we have to use 2 STM-16 (1 STM-16 is 2.5Gbps) in order to can send these data information.


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• Salou interconnection: Salou is a municipality type B that belongs to the province of Tarragonès and

its capital of region is Tarragona. The total traffic that Salou send to Tarragona taking into account the same criteria as chapter 1 is this one:

Residential

5M Residential

10M Companies

10M Companies

100M Companies

1000M Enterprises

10M Esterprises

100M Total

559,629 139,90725 42,75 285 0 285 0 Destí Node Comarcal

0 0 4,275 28,5 0 85,5 0 118,275

Destí Node Provincial 0 0 10,6875 71,25 0 85,5 0 167,4375

Destí altres provincies 0 0 21,375 142,5 0 99,75 0 263,265

Destí CAT-Nix 559,629 139,90725 6,4125 42,75 0 14,25 0 792.94875

TOTAL 1597,28625 The total traffic that the municipality sends to its capital is 1597.28625 Mbps

so we have to use 1 STM-16 (1 STM-16 is 2.5Gbps) in order to can send these data information.

• Cervera interconnection: Cervera is a municipality type C that belongs to the province of Segarra and

its capital of region is the same Cervera so the total traffic that Cervera generates taking into account the same criteria as chapter 1 is:

Residential

5M Residential

10M Companies

10M Companies

100M Companies

1000M Enterprises

10M Esterprises

100M Total

125,928 13,992 14,4 36 0 3,05 15 Destí Node Comarcal 0 0 1,44 3,6 0 1,05 4,5 10,59

Destí Node Provincial 0 0 3,6 9 0 1,05 4,5 18,15

Destí altres provincies 0 0 7,2 18 0 1,225 5,25 31,675

Destí CAT-Nix 125,928 13,992 2,16 5,4 0 0,175 0,75 148,405

TOTAL 208,82 The total traffic that the municipality sends to its capital is 208.82 Mbps so we

have to use 1 STM-4 (1 STM-4 is 622.28 Mbps) in order to can send these data information.


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CHAPTER 3. PROTECTION Any connection system like we are studying, with very long link distances and

traffic movement that we have seen in previous chapters, we must take into account some form of protection in case that our links suffers mistakes or cuts. In this chapter we will explain how we to solve this problem.

3.1. Types of protection used Before to explain the specific protection used in each province, first, we go to talk

about the solutions that we have implemented in several ring links. More specifically, we only use two protections for this project, Four-Fibre MS-BSHR and Two-Fibre MS-BSHR.

In Four-Fibre MS-BSHR or Four-Fibre MS-SPRing two fibres are used as working

fibres and two are used for protection. Working traffic can be carried on both directions along the ring but usually traffic is routed on the shortest path; however, in certain cases traffic may be routed along the longer path to reduce network congestion and make better use of the available capacity. It employs two types of protection mechanism: span switching where if a transmitter or receiver on a working fibre fails, the traffic is routed onto the protection fibre between the two nodes on the same link (Picture 3.1); ring switching where in case a fibre or cable is cut, service is rerouted around the ring by the nodes adjacent to the failure. Ring switching is also used to protect against a node failure (Picture 3.2).

Picture 3.1. Span switching

Picture 3.2. Ring switching


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In Two-Fibre MS-BSHR or Two-Fibre MS-SPRing both of the fibres are used to carry working traffic, but half the capacity on each fibre is reserved for protection purposes (Picture 3.3). Span switching is not possible here, but ring switching works in much the same way as in a BLSR/4. In the event a link failure, the traffic on the failed link is rerouted along the other part of the ring using the protection capacity available in the two fibres.

Picture 3.3. Two-‐Fibre MS-‐BSHR

When the working fibres fail, there are several system recovery modes. In our

case, we have to decide what happens when this case occurs. The protection mechanisms that we have explained previously use a protection switching called 1:1 (Picture 3.4). 1:1 sends a copy of signal on a working channel only, while the protection channel is reserved for future use in case that the working channel gets failed. In normal time, the protection channel can also be used for low priority data traffic transmission.

It exist a similar protection switching called 1+1 which, in contrast to 1:1, a copy of

data signal is transmitted respectively on a working and a protection channel. At the receiver side, the receiver can make a decision to accept which copy of signal based on the signal quality.

Picture 3.4 1:1 Protection Architecture

3.2. Backbone protection The interprovincial ring is the topology where the traffic amount is biggest than the

provincial rings. Also, there are longest distances link. The failures at this level would


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make that provincial nodes might suffer overloads and, as consequence, which the network will has more errors.

For this reason, we use a Four-Fibre MS-BSHR protection in Backbone. We can

have two basic failures, as well be has explained in previous section. Suppose that the working fibre in one of two ways suffer a cut. In this case, simply, the data will be transport thought the protection fibre for this direction. Another typical situation is when both working and protection fibre stops working. The traffic is routed by the other side of the node (We remember that it's a ring topology). Then, the loads on the other three links will increase. To avoid this problem we overrating the values obtained in the first compute. This will make the equipment is prepared.

As can be seen, if we put the protection and working fibres on the same path, it is

more likely that the second situation commented above occurs, and we prefer will not arise. So, we proposed to send the protection fibres through different way that working fibres. Thus, is harder that it occurs. This solution increases the final economical result, but in the opposite case that we don’t want to use it, if the working and protection fibre fails the equipment is designed to support these changes, but the network devices could be break down. The routes of each fibre are basically highway for working fibres (Section 2.1 of Chapter 2) and ADIF for protection fibre (Picture 3.5).

The links Girona – Tarragona, Tarragona – Barcelona, Barcelona – Girona are

direct but, as there isn’t an ADIF direct connection between Girona and Lleida, This path is made up for the union of Barcelona – Girona and Barcelona – Lleida, but without going, physically, through the Barcelona’s node.

Picture 3.5. ADIF connections [4]

Is important to comment in this section that in each provincial node we assume

that we have two equipment with the same tech features. Thus, we split the work between two and, if one of them breaks, the other one will use 100% capacity. therefore, the protection chosen for the backbone ring should do that each equipment need twice inputs and outputs, but as we use two physical nodes, the interfaces of the receiver or emitting it's just like one.


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3.3. Lleida, Tarragona and Girona’s protection We explain Lleida, Tarragona and Girona protection in the same section because

they are very similar between them. As also discussed in Chapter, which refers to Network topology, the main topologies implemented in this provinces is the ring topology too. But, in this case, we haven’t got a traffic load inside the ring as large as the backbone. This reason leads us to think in softer protections which decrease the project final cost.

With a Two-Fibre MS-BSHR protection we only use two fibres, not four. It fits

perfectly with what we are looking for. Although protection is obviously “lower” than Four-Fibre MS-BSHR, it is sufficient to protect the provincial rings. If a working fibre in one direction fails the other working fibre, which goes in the opposite direction, at that time it fills protection channels with the traffic which can’t arrives at the other point. This type of protection is called Ring or Path-Switching. This is possible because the impact on failure is not very high in these rings

In Lleida and Girona, we have some exceptions because there are two special

cases. In Girona exists point to point connection between Ripoll and Puigcerdà, and in Lleida there are two point to point consecutive connections.

3.4. Barcelona’s protection As in almost all cases, we have separated Barcelona's Province explanation from

the others, because it behaves some different. In the Chapter 2 (Network Topology) has been explained that the Barcelona's topology will be made up four sub-rings which are joined by a core ring formed by the nodes on Sabadell at the Valles Occidental, which manages the Barcelona’s East; Sant Feliu de Llobregat, which manages the Barcelona`s West; Hospitalet de Llobregat and Badalona, which manage the Barcelona’s municipality and the close surroundings. Each one of them is connected with the CATNix node.

If there are a failure into one of the rings managed by these nodes the traffic

repercussion on the near connections, like happens in provinces of Girona, Lleida and Tarragona, don't increase enough to put into this rings a protection based on four fibres like Four-Fibre MS-BSHR. In these four sub-rings we will use a Two-Fibre MS-BSHR protection.

The trouble comes when we step into the core ring. A failure in here can lead us to

high traffic loads on the rest of nodes that made up the core ring. This problems is mainly caused because comes a high traffic with destination CATNix. For this reason, we connect the four nodes that form the central ring, each one separately, with the CATNix node. In the case that one of these links fails, there are three other options to arrive at de destiny. Thanks to this separation we can afford to put a Two-Fibre MS-BSHR protection in this ring too.

The final protection scheme is shown in Picture 3.6. As maybe can't be appreciate

the line colours in the picture, we help to the reader to distinguish them. In the legend puts that the black line is for A to B direction and the orange or yellow line is for B to A direction. A and B aren't physical places, basically, each colour represents one transport data direction of the fibre.


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Picture 3.6 Protection Scheme


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CHAPTER 4. SYNCHRONIZATION SDH is a technology that allows high throughput across point-to-point connections,

making it ideal for WAN links. However, in order to have these high throughputs, it is necessary to use highly accurate synchronization between network nodes in order to avoid bit errors or frame losses during transmission.

An incorrectly synchronized SDH network causes jitter and wander, which would

cause the network nodes not be able to determine when a frame starts/ends, ultimately meaning reduced bit rates or traffic loss.

Synchronization between network nodes in an SDH network is done by

synchronizing an SDH node to a master clock called reference clock. Due to financial reasons (A PRC can cost around 80K EUROS), a reference clock is not deployed in each physical location next to an SDH node. To be able to synchronize the SDH network nodes, the synchronization signal is transported through SDH networks using the STM-N signals using a synchronization message. By doing this, remote SDH equipment is able to extract the signal from a reference clock.

4.1. SDH synchronization network planning The standard, ETSI EG 201 793, defines a series of recommended guidelines to

be followed when planning how to deploy a synchronization signal across a SDH network. The document also mentions two types of architectures used to deploy synchronization in an SDH network:

- Hierarchical Master-Slave - Pseudo-synchronous (Distributed architecture) In either architecture, several synchronization sources are used to be able to

synchronize the entire network. Our network is being designed with Hierarchical Master-Slave architecture.

4.1.1. Synchronization sources The ITU-T defines 3 types of synchronization sources in the standards G.811,

G.812 and G.813: • Primary Reference Clock (PRC) à Is defined in standards ITU-T G.811 and

ETSI EN 300 462-7-1. A PRC provides the reference signal for the synchroniza-tion of others clocks within a network, either SDH equipment or slave clocks specified in G.812. A PRC can be an autonomous clock operating by itself, or a non-autonomous clock that is disciplined by radio or satellite system. In both cases, the short-term stability and long-term accuracy defined in G.811 still ap-ply. The main characteristic is the long-term accuracy (10!!!)


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• Synchronization Slave Unit (SSU) à Is defined in the standard ITU-T G.812. A clock whose timing output is phase-locked to a reference timing signal received from a higher quality clock. It is used to redistribute the PRC signal across the rest of the network. There are two types of SSU’s, SSU-Transit (SSU-T) and SSU-Local (SSU-L). The main characteristics are: Ø Long-term accuracy:

§ SSU-T : 5 · 10!!" , drift: 10 · 10!!" per day § SSU-L : 5 · 10!!, drift: 5 · 10!! per day

Ø Bandwidth: 3 mHz

• SDH Equipment Clock (SEC) à Is defined in the standard G.813, a clock whose timing output is phased-locked to a reference clock, which can be a PRC or SSU. The main characteristics are: o Long-term accuracy: 4.6 · 10!!, drift: 5 · 10!!/day o Bandwidth: 1-10 Hz

4.1.2. Synchronization status messages SSU’s and SEC’s generally receive a reference signal from various sources, in

order to avoid loops and decide which synchronization signal is the best to be used, a message called Synchronization Status Message (SSM) is passed within each SDH frame (STM-N). The SSM is a 4 bit message that is carried over the S1 byte in the MSOH header of a STM-N signal. The various synchronization sources utilize this message to decide which synchronization signal to use.

Table 4.1 shows the quality level and coding in synchronization status messages

used in SDH networks.

Quality Information SSM coding [MSB…LSB] Quality Unknown 0000

Quality PRC 0001 Quality SSU-T 0010 Quality SSU-L 1000 Quality SEC 1101

Do not Use (DNU) 1111

4.1.3. Synchronization network design In order to design our network, we will follow the guidelines mentioned in the

document, ETSI EG 201 793, that describe a general topology to be used in synchronization networks.

Our network is master-slave hierarchy architecture, which a general topology is

shown in the figure below:


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Picture 4.1 Master-‐slave architecture Since we are designing a Master-slave network, the next guidelines are to be

followed: – Find out the connections to the national PRC-system – Plan the locations for SSUs à when placing a SSU node the importance of

the node locations for the traffic networks to be synchronized and the synchronization network itself is considered.

– Plan the synchronization trails à first the transmission systems for the synchronization transfer is selected. Secondly the timing configuration of the selected systems is planned in detail.

– Use of a second PRC as backup is recommended – Avoid timing loops à make use of SSM messages to recover from a failure in

a synchronization trail and follow through all physical loops (clockwise and counter-clockwise) making sure that the reference signal loop is not closed and the clocks are not in Holdover.

– Minimize the chain clocks à as defined in standard G.803, no more than 60 SECs and 10 SSUs can be part of a synchronization chain and a maximum of 20 SECs can be between two SSUs.

Figure 4.2 Chain clock

Ø Maximum number of SEC’s between 2 SSU’s: m1, m2… mn+1 ≥ 20 Ø Maximum number of SSU’s in a chain: n ≥ 10 Ø Maximum number of SEC’s: 60

– Choose the best timing facilities – Maintain the clock hierarchy also after protection rearrangements. – Use alternate routes to use different synchronization sources in case PRC

fails.


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4.2. SDH synchronization network For our synchronization network, we used: – 2 PRC’s; 1 Master, 1 Back-up – 5 SSU’s – 47 SEC’s supplied with each SDH equipment The master PRC located on Sant Feliu is going to synchronize its aggregation ring,

the backup PRC and the rest of the SSU’s. In order to reduce costs, our backup PRC in Badalona is going to be in active state acting but only covering its aggregation ring while being stand-by for the rest of the SSU’s. The backup PRC is going to be synchronized by the Master PRC with priority 1 and the GPS signal with priority 2.

The rest of the aggregation rings: Tarragona, L’Hospitalet, Sabadell, Girona and Lleida, each is going to have its own SSU. This is to avoid from internal traffic within a ring to be affected in case a SSU loses the PRC signal because of fiber cuts.

After following the guidelines recommended by standard ETSI EG 201 793, our network design is shown in figure 4.3.

Picture 4.3 Catalonia’s synchronization network


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CHAPTER 5. NETWORK ELEMENTS This chapter tries to explain a little description of all elements we have to use in all

network infrastructures and which are the elements of the providers we have use it. To find which is exactly the network elements to use, we had to search on Internet all the providers that manufactures these type of elements and find the characteristics that are very similar like the calculations we have done previously.

5.1. Network Elements

The network elements we have used in order to create all Catalonia’s infrastructures are:

5.1.1. ADM

ADM are the initials of Add and Drop Multiplexer and is an important element of an optical fibre network. An ADM has the capability to add one or more lower-bandwidth signals to an existing high-bandwidth data stream and at the same time can extract or drop other low-bandwidth signals, removing them from the stream and redirecting them to some other network path. This is used as a local “on-ramp” and “off-ramp” to the high speed network.

ADM’s can be used both in long-haul core networks and in shorter-distance metro

networks, although the former are much more expensive due to the difficulty of scaling the technology to the high data rates and dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) used for long/haul communications. ADMs are placed on the regions nodes that provide a less traffic and don’t have to interconnect less or equal than two nodes.

A recent shift in ADM technology has introduced so called “multi-service

SDH&SONET” (also known as a multi-service provisioning platform, MSPP) equipment which has all the capabilities of legacy ADMs, but can also include cross-connect functionality to manage multiple fibre rings in a single chassis. These new devices can replace multiple legacy ADMs and also allow connections directly from Ethernet LANs to a service provider’s optical backbone.

Picture 5.1 interconnection of ADM [1]

5.1.2. DxC DxC are the initials of Digital Cross Connect and is a network device used by

telecom carriers and large enterprises to switch and multiplex low-speed voice and data signals onto high-speed lines and vice versa. It is typically used to aggregate several T1 lines into a higher-speed electrical or optical line as well as to distribute signals to various destinations and its purpose is to regroup and switch data streams


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between the interfaces of the cross-connect system. The DxC are usually placed in the connection of backbone nodes and the provincial’s capital where there is existed high traffic and have to interconnect more than two nodes or different rings.

Picture 5.2 Structure of DxC [1]

5.1.3. WDM

WDM are the initials of Wavelength Division Multiplexing and is a technology which multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto a simple optical fibre by using different wavelengths (colours) of a laser light. This technique enables bidirectional communications over one strand of fibre, as well as multiplication of capacity.

The term WDM is commonly applied to an optical carrier (which is typically

described by its wavelength), whereas FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) typically applies to a radio carrier (which is more often described by frequency). Since wavelength and frequency are tied together through a simple relationship, the two terms actually describe the same concept

Picture 5.3 WDM technique [5]

There are three categories of WDM: a) Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWM) à the original WDM systems were

for dual-channel 1310/1550 systems and for 2 to 4 wavelengths per fibre. b) Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) à typically is from 4 to 8

wavelengths per fibre and is being designed for short to medium-haul networks (regional and metropolitan area networks). Since 2002 and revised in 2003, ITU create a standard to use wavelengths from 1271nm to 1611nm with a channel spacing of 20nm. The main characteristic of CWDM standard is that the signals are not spaced appropriately for amplification by EDFAs. This


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therefore limits the total CWDM optical span to somewhere near 60 Km for a 2.5Gbit/s signals. CWDM is also being used in cable television networks

c) Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) à is used to increase bandwidth over existing fibre optic backbones. DWDM works by combining and transmitting multiple signals simultaneously at different wavelengths on the same fibre. DWDM-based networks can transmit data in IP, ATM, SONET/SDH, and Ethernet, and handle bit rates between 100Mbit/s and 2.5Gbit/s. Therefore, DWDM-based networks can carry different types of traffic at different speeds over an optical channel. From a QoS standpoint, DWDM-based networks create a lower cost way to quickly respond to customers’ bandwidth demands and protocol changes.

DWDM allows greater scalability if, in a future, the capacity of the network increase and is capable of carrying out links at longer distances without having to use amplifiers. Due to these reasons, the best solution is to use DWDM in the entire network.

5.1.4. SDH targets

SDH are the initials of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy and is a standardized multiplexing protocol that transfers multiple digital bit streams over optical fibre. This standard was originally defined by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and is formalized as International Telecommunication Union (ITU) standards G.707, G.783, G.784 and G.803. The unit of framing are the SDH targets that permit to define the optical interfaces in our equipment in order to transmit the optical signal between all nodes of the network. There three types of targets which have to verify the ITU G.957 standard:

a) STM-1 à is the basic unit of framing in SDH. Has a byte-oriented structure

with 9 rows and 270 columns of bytes, for a total of 2430 bytes and operates at 155.52 Mbit/s. Each byte corresponds to a 64kbit/s channel.

b) STM-4 à is a SDH ITU-T fibre optic network transmission standard with a bit rate of 622.080 Mbit/s.

c) STM-16 à is a SDH ITU-T fibre optic network transmission standard with a bit rate of 2488.32 Mbit/s.

In the G.957 standard, the optical interface is divided in function of the distance of

the links, the wavelength and the frame type used. In table 5.1 we can see this explanation:

Table 5.1 shows the classification of the optical interfaces by the ITU G.957

Application Intra-office Inter-office Short-haul Long-haul

Source nominal wavelength (nm) 1310 1310 1550 1310 1550

Type of fibre Rec. G.652 Rec. G.652 Rec. G.652 Rec. G.652 Rec. G.652

Rec. G.654 Rec. G.653

Distance (Km) ≤2 ≈15 ≈40 ≈80

STM level

STM-1 I-1 S-1.1 S-1.2 L-1.1 L-1.2 L-1.3 STM-4 I-4 S-4.1 S-4.2 L-4.1 L-4.2 L-4.3

STM-16 I-16 S-16.1 S-16.2 L-16.1 L-16.2 L-16.3


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5.1.5. Optical fibre

An optical fibre is a thin, flexible, transparent fibre that acts as a waveguide to transmit light between the two ends of the fibre. Optical fibre typically consists of a transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding material with a lower refraction index. Light is kept in the core by total internal reflection. This causes the fibre to act as a waveguide. There are two types of fibres:

a) Multi-Mode Fibre (MMF) à is the fibre which supports many propagation

paths or transverse modes. These types of fibres, generally, have a larger core diameter, and are used for short distances communication links and for applications where high power must be transmitted.

b) Single-Mode Fibre (SMF) à is the fibre which supports only one propagation paths. These types of fibres are used for most communication links longer than 1050m.

These two types of fibre are composed by the elements that picture 5.4 shows:

Picture 5.4 Elements of a optical fibre [1]

• Cladding à is one or more layers of material of lower refractive index, in

intimate xontact with a core material of higher refractive index. The cladding causes light to be confined to the core of the fibre by total internal reflection at the boundary between the two. Normally has a diameter of 125 µm.

• Core à is a cylinder of glass or plastic that runs along the fibres length. The core is surrounded by a medium with a lower refraction index, typically a cladding. Light travelling in the core reflects from the core/cladding boundary due to total internal reflection, as long as the angle between the light and the boundary is less than the critical angle as in picture 5.5. Normally has a diameter of 8 or 9 µm.

Picture 5.5 Propagation in the core of the optical fibre [1]


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• External cover à normally, has a diameter of 4 µm. • Internal cover à normally, has a diameter of 250 µm.

5.1.6. Connectors

An optical fibre connector terminates the end of the optical fibre, and enables quicker connection and disconnection than splicing. The connectors mechanically couple and align the cores of fibres so that light can pass. These connectors are used to interconnect the SDH targets with the optical fibre.

5.1.7. Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier (EDFA)

EDFA is the most deployed fibre amplifier as its amplification window coincides with the third transmission window of silica-based optical fibre.

Two bands have developed in the third transmission window, the conventional or

C-band, from approximately 1525 nm - 1565 nm, and the Long or L-band, from approximately 1570 nm to 1610 nm. Both of these bands can be amplified by EDFAs, but it is normal to use two different amplifiers, each optimized for one of the bands.

The principal difference between C and L-band amplifiers is that a longer length of

doped fibre is used in L-band amplifiers.

EDFAs have two commonly used pumping bands, 980 nm and 1480 nm. The 980 nm band has a higher absorption cross-section and is generally used where low-noise performance is required. The absorption band is relatively narrow and so wavelength stabilised laser sources are typically needed. The 1480 nm band has a lower, but broader, absorption cross-section and is generally used for higher power amplifiers. A combination of 980 nm and 1480 nm pumping is generally utilised in amplifiers.

5.2. Equipment used With the previous theory explanation of the elements we have to use and the total

traffic distribution we have calculated in chapter 1. Now we will explain the specific features of each equipment chosen and then we will see where is allocate each of them in the network.

Before to start, we think that is important qualify that almost all equipments are

provided by Marconi. This concept is not reflected on the budget or another section of the project. We have decided it just because if the majority of network equipments belong at the same company will have fewer incompatibility problems and the provider will be much available when any equipment will suffer some failure.

5.2.1. ADM We have looked for in the datasheets the specifications of each component. So we

have to choose the equipments which more closely resemble our requirements. The main requirements in which we have set are the commutation matrix and the maximum number of equivalent STM-1 which we have to equip.


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The ADMs chosen are:

Table 5.2 Shows the ADM chosen.

Model Matrix (Gbps) STM-1 equivalets

Marconi OMS 1664 40 176 STM-1 Marconi OMS 1654 20 128 STM-1 Marconi OMS 1240 4 4 STM-1 Marconi OMS 870 2,5 16 STM-1 Marconi OMS 860 0,62228 4 STM-1

The nodes where we use the ADM of the previous table are show in the following

table:

Table 5.3 Nodes which use ADM.

Node Province Model Amount Figueres Girona Marconi OMS 1664 1 Banyoles Girona Marconi OMS 1664 1

Olot Girona Marconi OMS 1664 1 Ripoll Girona Marconi OMS 1664 1

Puigcerdà Girona Marconi OMS 1240 1 Sils Girona Marconi OMS 1664 1

Palafrugell Girona Marconi OMS 1664 1 Balaguer Tarragona Marconi OMS 1654 1

Tremp Tarragona Marconi OMS 1654 1 Sort Tarragona Marconi OMS 1654 1

La Seu d’Urgell Tarragona Marconi OMS 1654 1 Solsona Tarragona Marconi OMS 1654 1 Cervera Tarragona Marconi OMS 1654 1 Tàrrega Tarragona Marconi OMS 1654 1

Mollerussa Tarragona Marconi OMS 1654 1 Les Borges Blanques Tarragona Marconi OMS 1240 1

El Pont de Suert Tarragona Marconi OMS 1240 1 Vielha Tarragona Marconi OMS 1240 1

El Vendrell Lleida Marconi OMS 1664 1 Valls Lleida Marconi OMS 1664 1

Montblanc Lleida Marconi OMS 1664 1 Reus Lleida Marconi OMS 1664 1 Falset Lleida Marconi OMS 1664 1

Mora d’Ebre Lleida Marconi OMS 1664 1 Gandesa Lleida Marconi OMS 1664 1 Tortosa Lleida Marconi OMS 1664 1

Amposta Lleida Marconi OMS 1664 1 Les Corts Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1

Sarrià – St. Gervasi Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1 Sants – Montjuic Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1

Ciutat Vella Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1 Eixample Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1

Gràcia Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1 Sant Martí Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1

Sant Adrià del Besós Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1 Santa Coloma Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1 Sant Andreu Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1 Nou Barris Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1

Horta Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1 Mataró Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1

Granollers Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1 Vic Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1

Berguedà Barcelona Marconi OMS 1664 1 Manresa Barcelona Marconi OMS 1654 1 Igualada Barcelona Marconi OMS 1654 1

Vilafranca Barcelona Marconi OMS 1654 1


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Vilanova i la Geltrú Barcelona Marconi OMS 1654 1

5.2.2. DxC

The search of digital cross-connect equipments also is based on the same requirements that the ADMs: the commutation matrix and the maximum number of equivalent STM-1 which we have to equip.

The DxCs chosen are:

Table 5.4 Shows the DxCs chosen.

Model Matrix (Gbps) STM-1 equivalets Marconi OMS 1600 60 384 STM-1 Marconi OMS 2430 100 608 STM-1 Marconi OMS 3240 80 504 STM-1 Marconi OMS 3255 160 640 STM-1

The nodes where we use the DxC of the previous table are show in the following

table:

Table 5.5 Nodes which use DxC.

Node Province Model Amount Girona Girona Marconi OMS 2430 2 Lleida Lleida Marconi OMS 1600 2

Tarragona Tarragona Marconi OMS 2430 2 Hospitalet Barcelona Marconi OMS 3240 2 Badalona Barcelona Marconi OMS 3240 2 Sabadell Barcelona Marconi OMS 3255 2

Sant Feliu de Ll. Barcelona Marconi OMS 3255 2

5.2.3. WDM

In Wavelength Division Multiplex equipments the features are different. The requirements used for obtain the best WDM multiplexers for our network is: the type of WDM, i.e. if the multiplexer is Dense or Coarse (DWDM or CWDM) and the maximum number of lambdas that it have to join or split.

The WDMs chosen are:

Table 5.6 Shows the WDM chosen.

Model Type Lambdas Marconi 3000 DWDM 18

5.2.4. SDH Targets

To compute the type of SDH card that are needed in each equipment, first we have had to know the number of equivalent cards to the traffic which is incoming or outbound, which are the same because the SDH technology is symmetric.


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With the traffic oversized we divide it by a STM-16 value, i.e. 2.5Gbit/s. This operation give us the exact number of STM-16 and an over traffic which can't fill a STM-16. With this over traffic we have decided if is needed a STM-1, STM-4 or STM-16.

The general equation is:

!º !"## !"#16 = !"#$%&'#( !"#$$%&

2,5 !"#$

!"#$ !"#$$%& = !"#$%&'#( !"#$$%& − (!º !"## !"#16 ∙ 2,5!"#$)

To help to understand better this explanation we show an example of a link between Olot and Banyoles in Gironas Province.

Table 5.7 Shows the example of Olot-Banyoles link.

Link Oversized traffic STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 Olot - Banyoles 2217,18 Gbps 0 0 5

Once we had all the STMs for each link, the next step is to looking for the SDH

card which can emit and receive STM-1, STM-4 or STM-16. As in datasheets of the cards of Marconi don't specify the transmission power and sensitivity of it, which help us to decide if we need some amplifier between links, we search the cards in Cisco, which give us this information. The STM cards are the following:

Table 5.8 Shows the STM cards chosen.

Model Type Tx. (dBm) Rx. (dBm) Wavelength Connector STM1 SH 1310-8 STM-1 -15 to -8 -28 to -8 1310nm SM LC STM4 LH 1550 STM-4 -3 to +2 -28 to -8 1550nm SM SC

STM16 LH AS 1550 STM-16 -2 to +3 -28 to -9 1550nm SM SC

5.2.5. Optical fibre

The choice of the optical fibre is one of the most important decisions we must take for the design of our network, as there are almost 3000 km of links between nodes in our design, and we must invest a big amount of our budget to this network element.

Once we decided to use a mono-mode fibre and the ITU G-655 standard, we had to choose between manufacturers. The most interesting technical parameters used to balance between them are attenuation, the chromatic dispersion, and the cut-off wavelength. The table 2.5 shows the comparison between different manufacturers and their technical parameters.

Table 5.9 G-655 Fibres selection.

Fiber Type G-655 (λ=1550nm)

Manufacturer / Type Att. Máxima (dB/Km)

Dispersión cromátca (ps/nm*Km)

λ cutoff (nm)

CORNING / LEAF 0,2 ± 0,02 4 -

OFS / REACH 0,22 ± 0,02 6,9 1330

OFS / REACH 0,22 ± 0,02 4 1260


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DRAKA / TeraLight G.655.E ≤0.25 dB/km 5.5 to 10 1300

TELNET / NZDS G.655 ≤0.24 dB/km 2 to 6 ≤ 1450

Our final decision was the Corning/Leaf fibre, which has the lowest attenuation and also a low dispersion so it was the best choice for us.

5.2.6. Connectors

About connectors, the main parameter that we need is the attenuation which decreases our outbound transmission power of the SDH card. The card datasheets give us the type of connector that we need for connect it with the fibre.

As the SDH cards which we use are either STM-4 or STM-16 and, as we can see in the Table 5.6, both need SC connectors.

5.2.7. Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier (EDFA) Before to looking for the Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier equipment we have to know

all the power balance between links. To compute it we use the following equation.

!!"#$% = !!" − ! ∙ ! − !!"#!$ Where Ptx is the transmission power of the STM card, α is the fiber attenuation, L is

the length of the link, αotros is the summation of connector losses, multiplexer losses and regenerator losses. Pfinal is the power which arrives at the end of the link; it has to be between the sensibilities ranges.

We have applied this equation at each link and the only place where the Pfinal arrives under receiver sensitivity is on the interprovincial ring. To help to understand better this explanation we show the following table with the equation applied in the interprovincial ring.

Table 5.10 Power balance interprovincial links.

Link Ptx αfiber L

(km) αotros Pfinal Prx diff

Sant Feliu – Tarragona -3 0,2 97,4 8 -30,48 -28 2,48 Sabadell – Girona -3 0,2 95,9 8 -40,18 -28 2,18

Girona – Lleida -3 0,2 243 13,8 -65,40 -28 37,4 Girona – Lleida (*) -3 0,2 263 14,6 -70,20 -28 42,2 Tarragona -Lleida -3 0,2 102 8,2 -31,60 -28 3,6

(*) the protection fiber goes through Barcelona. According to the Table 5.8, we need an EDFA between Sant Feliu de Llobregat

and Tarragona, Sabadell and Girona and Tarragona and Lleida; meanwhile, to obtain a good receiver power we need two EDFA between Girona and Lleida. In the links which we just we need one, it will be allocated in the middle of the path; however, in the links which we need two, the amplifiers will be allocated at 1/3 of path and 2/3 of path.

The requirements in the search of optical amplifiers are basically the gain range.

The EDFAs selected are: Table 5.11 EDFAs selected.


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Model Gain range

Telnet EDFA 20dB

5.2.8. PRC & SSU

The theory about the synchronization equipment’s and, in general, the synchronization has been explained in the previous chapter. For this reason, in this end part of network elements chapter only we have appointed the PRC and SSU chosen. To looking for them we have based in the compliance of the ITU standards.

Table 5.11 PRC and SSU selected.

Model Symmetricom PRC-3100 Symmetricom SSU 2000e


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CHAPTER 6. TECHNOLOGIES Before to start with the budget of this first part of this project, we go to talk about

the basic technologies used in all that we have explained until here. All of these technologies have been seen in the subjects of XDSF block.

We will make a brief introduction of SDH, WDM and topics related with the fiber

optics. We focus in the parts which we have seen along the project. To know everything that involves it we would need a report much longer.

6.1. SDH

Along this report we make refer sometimes to SDH acronyms. Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) is a standard technology for synchronous data transmission on optical media. It is the international equivalent of Synchronous Optical Network (SONET). Both technologies provide faster and less expensive network interconnection than traditional PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) equipment.

The SDH standard was originally defined by the European Telecommunications

Standards Institute (ETSI). The SONET standard was defined by Telcordia and American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

Both are organized in containers, where the bit-rate of each container has been

chosen so that the full range PDH and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) signals can be transported over the SDH Network (Table 6.1).

Table 6.1 SDH Containers

SDH Containers SDH Container Container bit-rate

(kbits/s) PDH bit-rate (kbits/s) C-4 150336 139264

C-3 50112 44736 34368

C-2 6912 6312 C-12 2304 2048 C-11 1728 1544

All of the SDH containers can be multiplexing within a aggregate of 155.55 Mbps

which is called an STM-1 frame (Synchronous Transport Module - Number 1). For knowhow is made up the frame structure of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, we describe it in this section briefly too.

The STM-1 Frame structure has two parts: the headers and the payload. All

frames have a dimension of 270 columns or bytes and 9 rows. The headers fill the first 9 bytes of each row. It is divided in three sections: Regeneration Section Overhead (RSOH), Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH) and the Pointer Area. The first two are modified between two regenerators or a network element an regenerator and between network elements respectively, meanwhile the Pointer Area is used to the align process of the virtual containers into the payload.

SDH offers two main benefits: The great configuration flexibility of the nodes which

are in the network and increase the management possibilities both traffic as network elements. This makes that a network can be taken from its passive PDH transport structure to one which transports and manages the information actively.


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Some SDH features are: • Self-repairable: automatic rerouting of the traffic without services interrupts. • Demand services: quick provision of point to point services under demand. • Flexible access: flexible administration of a wide range of services of fixed

bandwidth. SDH also promote the creation of structure with open networks, which increase the competence in the services supply.

6.2. WDM A technique of sending signals of several different wavelengths of Light into the

Fiber simultaneously. In fiber optic communications, wavelength-division Multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes multiple optical carrier signals on a single Optical Fiber by using different wavelengths (colors) of Laser light to carry different signals.

Two different versions of WDM, defined by standards of the International

Telecommunication Union (ITU), are distinguished: • Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplex (CWDM) à uses a relatively small

number of channels, for instance four or eight, and a large channel spacing of 20 nm. The nominal wavelengths range from 1310 nm to 1610 nm. The wave-length tolerance for the transmitters is fairly large. The single-channel bit rate is usually between 1 and 3.125Gbit/s.

• Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex (DWDM) à is the extended method for very large data capacities, as required for instance in the Internet backbone. It uses a large number of channels (40, 80, or 160), and a correspondingly small channel spacing of 12.5, 25, 50 or 100 GHz. All optical channel frequencies refer to a reference frequency which has been fixed at 193.10 THz (1552.5 nm). The transmitters have to meet tight wavelength tolerances. The single-channel bit rate can be between 1 and 10Gbit/s, and in the future also 40Gbit/s.

Picture 6.1 WDM [3]

6.3. Optical fibre The circuits of fibre optic are a glass threads (it's composed by natural glasses) o

plastic (artificial glasses), with diameters around of 10 and 300 µm. It carries messages in form of broad of light which pass through them from one extreme to the other in fact.


58

The light transmission principle over fibre is based on the total internal reflection; the light which travels through the fibre core come into contact with the external surface with higher angle than the critical angle, so all the light is reflected without losses into the fibre. Thus, the light can be transmitted reflecting it in a long path.

Basically, the fibre optic is a light guide with much better materials than the

previous in several ways. We can add that in the fibre optic the signal is not so attenuated than the copper, since in the fibres there aren't information losses by refraction or light dispersion. As result we get better performance than the copper, where the signals are much attenuated by the material resistance to the electromagnetic wave propagations. Furthermore, is possible to emit at the same time several signals which have got different frequencies to distinguish them. In the telephonic ambit it is called multiplex. We can use the fibre optic to transmit light directly and another kind of advantages which aren't topic of this project.

Logically, this new technology to transmit data provide us a bit-rate increase with

respect historically technologies used. In the following image is possible to see this evolution through the years.

Picture 6.2 Bit-‐Rate evolution [2]


59

CHAPTER 7. BUDGET

Once all the equipment has chosen, the topology are decided and the number of elements we have to use are selected, it is the time to calculate the budget.

To calculate this budget we have to know which is the cost of all the elements we

have to use (rent and build the optical fibre, ADM, DxC, WDM and the optical amplifiers).

7.1. Budget of optical fibre

In order to calculate the budget of the fibre, we have to take in present two options: a) If we rent this optical fibre, the cost per Km per year per fibre is 4500€. This

option is only valid if we have an infrastructure build previously by another provider.

b) If we have to build the optical fibre, the cost per Km per fibre is 45.000€. We use this option in the rest of links which don’t have an infrastructure to rent this fibre.

We divide the total budget by provinces in order to know how much it cost the

optical fibre but finally, we have to sum all the contributions to calculate the total budget.

Table 7.1 shows which is the budget of the Lleida’s optical fibre taking into account

the two previous options

LLEIDA Link Distance (km) Rent Build Prize (€) / year

Lleida - Balaguer 27,3 SI NO 122850

Balaguer - Tremp 56,6 SI NO 254700

Tremp - Sort 38,7 NO SI 1741500

Sort - La Seu d'Urgell 52 NO SI 2340000

La Seu d'Urgell - Solsona 67,8 NO SI 3051000

Solsona - Cervera 49,6 NO SI 2232000

Cervera - Tàrrega 12,8 SI NO 57600

Tàrrega - Mollerussa 22,7 SI NO 102150

Mollerussa - Lleida 28,3 SI NO 127350

Tremp - El Pont de Suert 45,6 NO SI 2052000

El pont de Suert - Vielha e Mijaran 40,1 NO SI 1804500

Mollerussa - Les Borges Blanques 14,2 NO SI 639000

TOTAL 14.524.650 Table 7.2 shows which is the budget of the Girona’s optical fibre taking into

account the two previous options

GIRONA Link Distance (km) Rent Build Prize (€) / year

Sils - Ripoll 87 SI NO 391500

Puigcerdà - Ripoll 65 SI NO 292500


60

Ripoll - Olot 30 NO SI 1350000

Olot - Banyoles 35 NO SI 1575000

Banyoles - Figueres 35 NO SI 1575000

Figueres - Girona 39 SI NO 175500

Girona - Palafrugell 53 NO SI 2385000

Palafrugell - Sils 23 SI NO 103500 TOTAL 7.848.000

Table 7.3 shows which is the budget of the Tarragona’s optical fibre taking into

account the two previous options.

TARRAGONA Link Distance (km) Rent Build Prize (€) / year Tarragona - El Vendrell 35,6 SI NO 160200

El Vendrell - Valls 40,5 SI NO 182250

Valls - Montblanc 17,2 NO SI 774000

Montblanc - Reus 29,1 SI NO 130950

Reus - Falset 30,8 NO SI 1386000

Falset - Mora d'Ebre 20 NO SI 900000

Mora d'Ebre - Gandesa 21,5 NO SI 967500

Gandesa - Tortosa 34,9 NO SI 1570500

Tortosa - Amposta 21,5 SI NO 96750

Amposta - Tarragona 32,9 SI NO 148050 TOTAL 6.316.200

Table 7.4 shows which is the budget of the Barcelona’s optical fibre taking into

account the two previous options.

BARCELONA BARCELONA CITY1

Link Distance (km) Rent Build Prize (€) / year L'Hospitalet de Llobregat - Les Corts 8,4 SI NO 37800

Les Corts - Sarrià/Sant Gervasi 2,6 SI NO 11700

Sarrià - Sants/Montjuic 4,6 SI NO 20700

Sants/Montjuic - Ciutat Vella 3,3 SI NO 14850

Ciutat Vella - Eixample 3,6 SI NO 16200

Eixample - L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 12,4 SI NO 55800 BARCELONA CITY2

Link Distance (km) Rent Build Prize (€) / year Badalona - Gràcia 11,3 SI NO 50850

Gràcia - Sant Martí 5,4 SI NO 24300

Sant Martí - Sant Adrià del Besós 2,8 SI NO 12600

Sant Adrià del Besós - Santa Coloma de Gramanet 5,4 SI NO 24300

Santa Coloma de Gramanet - Sant Andreu 29,7 SI NO 133650

Sant Andreu - Nou Barris 29,3 SI NO 131850

Nou Barris - Horta/Guinardó 3,9 SI NO 17550

Horta/Guinardó - Badalona 13,4 SI NO 60300 BARCELONA WEST

Link Distance (km) Rent Build Prize (€) / year Sabadell - Berga 87,3 SI NO 392850

Berga - Vic 58,4 SI NO 262800


61

Vic - Granollers 42,3 SI NO 190350

Granollers - Mataró 19 SI NO 85500

Mataró - Sabadell 41,9 SI NO 188550 BARCELONA EAST

Link Distance (km) Rent Build Prize (€) / year Sant Feliu de Llobregat - Manresa 57,3 SI NO 257850

Manresa - Igualada 27,3 SI NO 122850

Igualada - Vilafranca 34,5 SI NO 155250

Vilafranca - Vilanova i la Geltrú 18,8 SI NO 84600

Vilanova i la Geltrú - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 47,1 SI NO 211950 BCN

Link Distance (km) Rent Build Prize (€) / year L'Hospitalet de Llobregat - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 7,4 SI NO 33300

Sant Feliu de Llobregat - Sabadell 30 SI NO 135000

Sabadell - Badalona 24,1 SI NO 108450

Badalona - L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 21,4 SI NO 96300

L'Hospitalet de Llobregat - CATNix 5,1 SI NO 22950

Sant Feliu de Llobregat - CATNix 7,3 SI NO 32850

Sabadell - CATNix 28 SI NO 126000

Badalona - CATNix 19,2 SI NO 86400

TOTAL 3.206.250 Table 7.5 shows which is the total budget of the optical fibre

Province Budget Lleida 14.524.650 Girona 7.848.000 Tarragona 6.316.200 Barcelona 3.206.250 TOTAL 41.782.500

With the previous table, we obtain that the total budget of the optical fibre we have

to rent and build in Catalonia is 41.782.500 €.

7.2. Budget of elements

In order to calculate the budget of the elements we have to use, we have to know previously which are the amounts of each element we have to use.

Table 7.6 shows the elements we have used, the quantity of each of them we

have to use and its prize.

Element Quantity Prize (€) / ud. Total prize (€) DxC

Marconi OMS 1600 2 80000 160000

Marconi OMS 2430 4 170000 680000

Marconi OMS 3240 2 150000 300000

Marconi OMS 3255 2 180000 360000 ADM

Marconi OMS 860 334 18000 6012000

Marconi OMS 870 97 20000 1940000


62

Marconi OMS 1240 4 22000 88000

Marconi OMS 1654 8 47000 376000

Marconi OMS 1664 35 63000 2205000 WDM

Marconi 3000 DWDM 26 750 19500 AO

Telnet EDFA 14 800 11200 PRC/SSU

Symmetricom PRC-3100 2 80000 160000

Symmetricom SSU 2000e 5 25000 125000 TOTAL 12.436.700

With the previous table, we obtain that the total budget of the elements we have

used in Catalonia is 12.436.700 €

7.3. Budget of municipalities

In order to calculate the budget of all municipalities of Catalonia, we have done the follow actions:

− To calculate the budget of the municipalities of type A (municipalities which has

more than 50000 inhabitants), we have to do municipality by municipality because the most of this municipalities are capital of region so we don’t have to build the link to its capital. Table 7.7 shows the links of the municipalities type A which are not the capital of the region to its region, the distance of the link and the price of how much it cost the build of the fibre.

Type Links Distance to region’s capital (km) Built Total bu-

degt

A

Terrassa - Sabadell 9,3

4500

41850

Cornellà - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 4,8 21600

Sant Boi de Llobregat - Sant Feliu de Llo-bregat

6,4 28800

Sant Cugat del Vellés - Sabadell 13,6 61200

Rubí - Sabadell 11 49500

Viladecans - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 9,9 44550

El Prat de Llobregat - Sant Feliu de Llo-bregat

10,5 47250

Castelldefels - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 18,4 82800

Cerdanyola del Vallés - Sabadell 9 38700

Mollet del Vallés - Granollers 10,6 47700

TOTAL 463.950 With table 7.7 we can obtain that the budget of municipalities type A which are not capital of region is 463.950 €

− To calculate the budget of the municipalities of type B (municipalities which has a population between 10000 and 50000 inhabitants), we have to do municipality by municipality because the most of this municipalities are capital of region so we don’t have to build the link to its capital.


63

Table 7.8 shows the links of the municipalities type B which are not the capital of the region to its region, the distance of the link and the price of how much it cost the build of the fibre.

Type Links Distance to region’s capital (km) Built Total budget

B

Cambrils - Reus 13,3

4500

59850

Salou - Tarragona 10,4 46800

Calafell - El Vendrell 5,9 26550

Vilaseca - Tarragona 12,4 55800

Sant Carles de Ràpita - Amposta 11,8 53100

Torredembarra - Tarragona 20,4 91800

Cunit - El Vendrell 12,2 54900

Mont-Roig - Reus 19,4 87300

Deltebre - Tortosa 24,4 109800

Alcanar - Amposta 34,3 154350

Blanes - Sils 21 94500

Lloret - Sils 18,3 82350

Santa Coloma de Farners - Sils 9,1 40950

Roses - Figueres 19,5 87750

Castelló d'Empuries - Figueres 10,3 46350

Escal - Figueres 15,1 67950

Sant Feliu de Guíxols - Palafrugell 22,2 99900

Palamós - Palafrugell 9 40500

Torroella de Montgrí - Palafrugell 18 81000

Calonge - Palafrugell 13,8 62100

La Bisbal de l'Empordà - Palafrugell 13,5 60750

Platja d'Aro - Palafrugell 15,5 69750

Salt - Girona 4,2 18900

Esplugues - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 3,7 16650

Gavà - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 15,5 69750

Ripollet - Sabadell 9,5 42750

Montcada i Reixach - Sabadell 13,8 62100

Sant Joan Despí - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 2,1 9450

Sant Pere de Ribes - Vilanova i la Geltrú 7,9 35550

Sant Vicenç dels Horts - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 6,8 30600

Sitges - Vilanova 7,8 35100

Premià de Mar - Mataró 10,7 48150

Martorell - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 17,5 78750

Sant Andreu de la Barca - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 10,9 49050

Pineda de Mar - Mataró 26,7 120150

Sant Perpetua de la Mogoda - Sabadell 7,6 34200

Molins de Rei - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 4,7 21150

Olesa de Montserrat - Sant Feliu de Montserrat 22,2 99900

Castellar del Vallés - Sabadell 8,7 39150

Masnou - Sabadell 29,1 130950


64

Esparraguera - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 28,6 128700

Manlleu - Vic 10,8 48600

Vilassar de Mar - Mataró 6,7 30150

Calella - Mataró 26 117000

Malgrat de Mar - Mataró 32,1 144450

Sant Quirze del Vallés - Sabadell 3,3 14850

Franqueses del Vallés - Sabadell 31,1 139950

Parets del Vallés - Granollers 14,3 64350

Caldes de Montbui - Granollers 13,1 58950

Sant Celoni - Granollers 23,3 104850

Cardedeu - Granollers 8,3 37350

Canovelles - Granollers 1,7 7650

Sant Just Desvern - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 2,9 13050

Montornés del Vallés - Granollers 8,5 38250

Tordera - Mataró 35,6 160200

La Garriga - Granollers 10,3 46350

Arenys de Mar - Mataró 11,5 51750

Piera - Igualada 20,5 92250

Lliça de Munt - Granollers 4,7 21150

Palau Solità i Plegamans - Sabadell 11,6 52200

Vallirana - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 12,4 55800

Corbera - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 14,9 67050

Llagosta - Granollers 16,4 73800

Torelló - Vic 19,6 88200

Cubelles - Vilanova i la Geltrú 6,8 30600

Badia del Vallés - Sabadell 5,4 24300

Canet de Mar - Mataró 14,3 64350

Vilanova del Camí - Igualada 2,7 12150

Sant Sadorní d'Anoia- Vilafranca 14,7 66150

Castellbisbal - Sabadell 22,9 103050

Argentona - Mataró 5,4 24300

Abrera - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 23 103500

Pallejà - Sant Feliu de Llobregat 7,6 34200

Sant Joan de Vilatorta - Manresa 3,3 14850

Montgat - Mataró 17,9 80550

La Roca del Vallés - Granollers 3,8 17100

Sant Andreu de Llavaneres - Mataró 7,5 33750

TOTAL 4.782.150

With table 7.8 we can obtain that the budget of all municipalities type B which are not capital of region is 4.782.150 €

− To calculate the budget of the municipalities of type C (municipalities which has

a population between 1000 and 10000 inhabitants), we have done an approximation for all municipalities because the majority of this municipalities are not a capital of region so, in order to simplify the operations, we consider that all municipalities type C has the distance to its capital of region. In order to simplify the calculations and do an approximation of the budget, we consider


65

that the 60% of all municipalities have not a fibre build so we have to build it and the 40% of all municipalities can we rent it. To calculate the number of municipalities, we obtain all municipalities type C in Catalonia (346) and remove all municipalities type C which is capital of region (12). These municipalities type C that is capital of region are: Les Borges Blanques, Cervera, Gandesa, Falset, Montblanc, Móra d’Ebre, El Pont se Suert, Puigcerdà. Solsona, Sort, Tremp and Vielha e Mijaran). The distance of the municipalities type C to its capital of nodes is 9,8 Km as well as we explain in chapter 2.7 Table 7.10 shows the links of the municipalities type C to its region’s capital, the distance of the link and the price of how much it cost the build of the fibre.

Type Distance to region’s capital (km) Number of municipalities Fibre price Total budget

C 9,8 134 4500 5.909.400 200 45000 88.200.000

TOTAL 94.109.400 With table 7.10 we can obtain that the budget of municipalities type C which is not capital of region is 94.109.400 € Table 7.11 shows the sum of the contributions of the total budget of

municipalities’ type A, type B and type C.

Type of municipality Price (€) A 463.950 B 4.782.150 C 94.109.400 TOTAL 99.355.500

7.4. Total budget

In order to calculate the total budget of the optical fibre used in Catalonia, we have to sum the three contributions (budget of optical fibre, budget of elements and budget of municipalities) like the table 7.12.

Table 7.12 shows the total budget of the first part of OnCAT project.

Type of budget Price (€) Optical fibre 41.782.500 Elements 12.436.700 Municipalities 99.355.500

TOTAL 153.574.700


66

CHAPTER 8. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

In this chapter we pretend to analyse the environmental impact that may cause the deployment of the OnCAT project. It includes all the effects that can affect to the environment by the required operations to deploy the entire network.

In our case, we have to take in account all the needed operations to implement the

network and try to minimize the environmental impact it can cause, as much as possible. The main operation that can cause this impact, may be the fibre unfolding that we need to done.

In order to try to minimize the impact that may cause fibre unfolding around all the

Catalonia territory, we think that the best solution is the possibility to rent the fibre, instead of performing civil works that causes the biggest impact to the environment. Renting fibres in Highways and in public transport infrastructures (like metro or train), are two possibilities to avoid carrying out works and, consequently, to avoid the environmental impact that may affect the environment.

But not all the fibres can be rented, due to the unavailability of fibres previously unfolded. In these cases we need to perform civil works, but we try to reduce the impact, doing some good practises, like doing the works as close as possible to the roads and avoiding them in populated zones as long as possible.

In contrast, a factor that could affect the environment such as radiation and

pollution levels that could lead fibres is negligible. It’s therefore a factor that we avoid in this section.

In summary, in this project we have considered the environmental impact that

could have and we have taken the actions that have been possible to minimize it.


67

BIBLIOGRAPHY • Publications

– Bregni, S. (2002). Synchronization of digital telecommunications networks.

– Calvet, J.-T., & Girault, C. (2001). A Simulation Environment for SDH

Synchronization Network Planning. Budapest, Hungary.

– International Telecommunication Union. (1990). G.709: Synchronous

Multiplexing Structure.

– International Telecommunication Union. (1993, March). G.707: SDH Bit Rates.

– International Telecommunication Union. (1994, November). G.780:

Vocabulary of Terms for SDH Networks and Equipment.

– International Telecommunication Union. (1994, January). G.782 Types and

General Characteristics of SDH Equipment.

– International Telecommunication Union. (1999, September). G.811: Timing

characteristics of primary reference.

– International Telecommunication Union. (2000, March). G.803: Architecture of

transport networks based on the synchronous digital hierarchy.

– International Telecommunication Union. (1999, June). G.957: Optical

interfaces for equipments and systems relating to the synchronous digital

hierarchy.

– International Telecommunication Union. (2004, June). G.812: Timing

requirements of slave clocks suitable for use as node clocks in

synchronization networks.

– [1] Escola d’Enginyeria de Telecomunicació I Aeroespacial de Castelldefels

(2010, Novembre). Synchronous Digital Networks, Functional Architecture:

network elements and topology.

– [2] Govind P. Agrawal. (2002). Fiber-optic Communications Systems.

– [3] Escola d’Enginyeria de Telecomunicació I Aeroespacial de Castelldefels

(2010, Novembre). WDM technology part 1.

• Web pages

www.idescat.cat

[4] www.adif.es

www.tmb.cat

www.fgc.es

www.ericsson.com


68

www.alcatel-lucent.com

www.corning.com

www.wikipedia.org

www.telnet-ri.es

www.symmetricom.com

www.cisco.com

www.xtec.cat

[5] http://www.networkdictionary.com/telecom/wdm.php

www.pirelli.com

www.ofsoptics.com

www.tellabs.com


69

APPENDIX

APPENDIX I. DEMOGRAPHIC STUDY

In appendix I, we will show which is the demographic study depending on the number of inhabitants separated by provinces.

I.I. Total generated traffic by destination Table I.I.1 shows the total generated traffic by destination

REGIONAL

PROVINCIAL

INTERPROVINCIAL

CATNIX


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I.II. Total generated traffic by provinces Table I.II.1 shows the total generated traffic by provinces

BARCELONA

TARRAGONA

LLEIDA

GIRONA

The colors of these maps mean the following traffic:


71

APPENDIX II. CALCULATIONS

II.I. Traffic distribution

Table II.I.1 Traffic distribution of Girona

Table II.I.2 Traffic distribution of Lleida

TRAFFIC OF LLEIDA

COMARCA TRÀFIC N. COMARCAL

TRÀFIC N.PROVINCIAL

TRÀFIC N. INTER-‐PROVINCIAL TRÀFIC CATNix

ALT URGELL 70,605 134,8875 246,65 530,9645

ALTA RIBAGORÇÀ 21,18 36,3 63,35 58,262

GARRIGUES 42,36 72,6 126,7 247,945

NOGUERA 112,965 207,4875 373,35 843,807

PALLARS JUSSÀ 31,77 54,45 95,025 200,817

PALLARS SOBIRÀ 10,59 18,15 31,675 47,788

PLA D'URGELL 144,735 261,9375 468,375 879,024

SEGARRA 42,36 72,6 126,7 330,379

SEGRIÀ 1484,817354 3409,760304 6651,585563 9438,635459

TRAFFIC OF GIRONA




ALT EMPORDÀ 345,96 648,45 1176,65 3528,8765

BAIX EMPORDÀ 441,285 853,4625 1568,175 4100,538

CERDANYA 42,36 72,6 126,7 274,4605

GARROTXA 144,735 261,9375 468,375 1461,2775

GIRONÈS 1077,401808 2472,537708 4822,316076 7762,778268

PLA DE L'ESTANY 91,785 171,1875 310 810,061

RIPOLLÈS 91,785 171,1875 310 625,2265

SELVA 338,895 622,4625 1120,05 4431,4095

TOTAL 2574,206808 5273,825208 9902,266076 22994,62777


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SOLSONÈS 21,18 36,3 63,35 187,2005

URGELL 112,965 207,4875 373,35 876,177

VALL D'ARAN 31,77 54,45 95,025 168,4935

TOTAL 2127,297354 4566,410304 8715,135563 13809,49296

Table II.I.3 Traffic distribution of Tarragona

TRAFFIC OF TARRAGONA




ALT CAMP 102,375 189,3375 341,675 1073,108

BAIX CAMP 1229,197188 2816,132088 5489,563686 8674,807998

BAIX EBRE 172,98 324,225 588,325 2153,35

BAIX PENEDÈS 243,585 459,1125 834,975 2929,2405

CONCA DE BAR-BERÀ 52,95 90,75 158,375 326,984

MONTSIÀ 201,225 386,5125 708,275 2052,3605

PRIORAT 21,18 36,3 63,35 80,9735

RIBERA D'EBRE 84,72 145,2 253,4 398,8535

TARRAGONÈS 1600,210218 3677,192868 7174,756471 11539,4155

TERRA ALTA 63,54 108,9 190,05 218,154

TOTAL 3771,962406 8233,662456 15802,74516 29447,2475


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Table II.I.4 Traffic distribution of Barcelona

TRAFFIC OF BARCELONA




ALT PENEDÈS 300,06 542,025 968,425 535,7861

ANOIA 275,355 513,5625 930 614,8956

BAGES 988,857228 2195,861628 4238,233566 1353,925768

BAIX LLOBREGAT 4199,684844 9683,761044 18914,49372 7141,540075

BARCELONÈS 20821,70507 49813,66652 98382,5574 27352,13202

BERGUEDÀ 134,145 243,7875 178,85 195,6493

GARRAF 786,58074 1809,05274 3530,66153 1304,412958

MARESME 1902,588252 4201,970352 8095,884994 3268,824748

OSONA 381,255 695,0625 1246,75 765,0029

VALLÈS OCCIDENTAL 6404,746086 15101,02264 29696,02162 9239,605356

VALLÈS ORIENTAL 1825,752972 4001,803572 7691,063334 2957,657372

TOTAL 38020,7302 88801,576 173872,9412 54729,43219


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II.II. Power balance.

Table II.II.1 Power Balance of Girona

Table II.II.2 Power Balance of Lleida


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Table II.II.3 Power Balance of Tarragona

Table II.II.4 Power Balance of Barcelona


76


77

Table II.II.5 Power Balance of Main Backbone


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APPENDIX III. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS To know more about the parameters related with the equipments which we

have appointed, in this appendix we show the technical specifications.

III.I. Marconi OMS 1600.


79

III.II. Marconi OMS 1200.


80

III.III. Marconi OMS 800.


81

III.IV. Marconi 2400.


82

III.V. Marconi 3200.


83

III.VI. Marconi 3000.


84

III.VII. STM1 SH 1310-8.

III.VIII. STM4 LH 1550.


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III.IX. STM16 LH AS 1550.

III.X. CORNING LEAF.


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III.XI. Connector Hellermann Tyton.

III.XII. EDFA Telnet.


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III.XIII. Symmetricom SSU 2000e.


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III.XIV. Symmetricom PRC-3100.

Documents

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