One country

Two systems

Background

Accident rate:

6239 accidents, 24 fatal at year 2002 in HongKong Construction Industry

Accident rates per 1000 workers per year:

95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02

HK 233 220 227 248 198 150 115 85

HKHA 82 90 77 129 109 86 73

No. of Fatalities

HK 63 51 41 56 47 29 28 24

HKHA 9 3 2 11 10 5 2

Accidents per 1,000 Construction Workers per year

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Con

stru

ctio

n ac

cide

nts

per

1,00

0 w

ork

ers

per

year

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

UK Japan Canada USA HK HK scale

Fatal Accidents per 100,000 Construction Workers per year

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Constr

uction f

ata

l accid

ents

per

100,0

00 w

ork

ers

per

year

0

25

50

75

100

125

150USA Japan Canada UK HK HK scale

Number of accidents in construction and other industries (Hong Kong)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

No

. o

f accid

en

ts p

er

1000 w

ork

ers

Construction accident rate / 1000 workers All industries accident rate / 1000 workers

Fatality in construction and other industries (Hong Kong)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

No

. o

f d

eath

per

1000 w

ork

ers

Construction fatality rate / 1000 workers All industries fatality rate / 1000 workers

Average Daily Wages of Workers Engaged in Government Building and

Construction Projects (January 2002)Occupation Average Daily Wages in January 2002

(HK $)

Male labourer (unskilled) 616 Female labourer (unskilled) 545 Concretor 986 Bricklayer 986 Drainlayer 986 Mason 884 Steel bender 1,281 Blacksmith 864 Carpenter and joiner 1,171 Plumber 910 Fitter 828 Plasterer 975 Terrazzo and granolithic worker 911 Glazier 871 Painter 869 Electrician (Wireman) 830 Plant operator (excavator operator, 808 bulldozer operator, etc.)Truck driver 679 Heavy load coolie 690 Pneumatic driller 976 Bamboo worker and scaffolder 1,216 Structural steel erector 938 Diver 1,692 Driver's linesman 451

SSIIGGNNIIFFIICCAANNCCEE

Hong Kong :

Property andconstruction

27 %

Transport, storage, andcommunication

9 %

Wholesale, retail, importand export trade,

restaurant and hotels25 %

Others3 %

Financing, insurance,and business services

13 %

Community, social andpersonal service

14 %

Manufacturing9 %

% of GDP, 1996

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Public Sector (All Construction)

Private Sector (All Construction)

Civil Engineering Output

Building Output

HK$ billion at current market prices

Number of Construction Sites and Gross Value of Work in Hong Kong

900

1,000

1,100

1,200

1,300

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

50

70

90

110

130

150

No. of construction sites Gross value of construction work (HK$b)

HK$b

Human Factors in Safety - Creating a

Safety Culture

By permission of Dr H Lingard

Changing Attitudes

• Can we change worker and management attitudes towards safety?

• How can we do this?

By permission of Dr H Lingard

Safety as an integral part of the project

• Architects, Engineers and Consultants

• Plant and Equipment• Self Regulation• Safety infrastructure

Changing Attitudes

• Behaviour Modification• Training• Education• Policy• Commitment• Partnering• Benchmarking

Local practice

Behaviour Modification

behaviours or conditions which are critical to safety management are identified (e.g. access to heights);

these behaviours are defined (in terms of good practice);

performance in these specific items is audited (to identify a current baseline);

Behaviour Modification

behaviourally based performance goals in these items are then set(by workers, management or others);

performance is again assessed (on a continuous basis);

• regular and continuing feedback is given to the subjects.

Perception of danger:

human side of safety

By permission of Dr H Lingard

Results

· Housekeeping· Access to heights· Bamboo scaffolding

Conclusions

Management commitment Goal difficulty Consistency Hazard perception and recognition Reward structures

Prerequisites

• A Champion• Consistency

PolicyStaffing

• Safety infrastructure• Mechanistic organisation

Safety Infrastructure

Plant

Equipment

Supervision

PPE

Safety management system

Top management commitment

Rewards & penalties

Traditional Adversarial Approach

Long Term Benefits

Benchmarking Safety

Steve Rowlinson, Jason Matthews, Brian Atkin

Safety issues:

Why Benchmark?

Competitive advantage -“an external focus on internal activities, functions or operations in order to achieve continuous improvement”

Safety supports company processes

Cost reduction & increased efficiency

Strategic?

SMS Inputs

•human resource management

•implementation & procedures

•organisational management

•specific project objectives

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Human Resource Management

Specific Project Objectives

Organisational Management

Implementation and Procedures

Main Contractor

•Enhance Performance

•Reduce Confrontation

Partnering

Subcontractors

Suppliers

The Reading Construction Forum (1998), defined partnering as, “a set of strategic actions which

embody the mutual objectives of a number of firms by cooperative decision making aimed at using

feedback to continuously improve their joint performance.”

Partnering & Safety

• Partnering• safety management systems• subcontractors• project charter• accident reduction.

How will IT change ourview

and use of procurement

systems?

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND PROJECT PROCUREMENT

•Information Collection

•Innovation in Project Design

•Innovation in Project Control

Owner

EngineeringConsultant

Architect

QS

Thailand

Japan

INNOVATION IN PROJECT DESIGN and CONTROL

Cyberspace, distributed object, CAD and VRML technology may enable the collaboration of design of a project within organizations from different locations.

Standard Product Data Model must be established to maintain the communication understanding.

The progress of the project can be stored in the server so the clients (project participants) can use it as a reference.

Project coordination or meeting may use the teleconference technology which is cheap and efficient.

CultureCulture

National

Professional (sentient)

Organisation

Effectiveness in organisations

Effectiveness in organisations

Culture Organisational Culture

Leadership

Motivation Commitment

Satisfaction Safety Rewards

Factors affecting performance

Factors affecting performance

•Leadership•Motivation•Commitment•Culture•Safety Infrastructure

•Leadership•Motivation•Commitment•Culture•Safety Infrastructure

Industry Level Issues

• The competitive tendering system• Certification and Registration• Contractor Appraisal Systems• Hong Kong Government Works

Branch Pay for Safety Scheme & HK Housing Authority PAS System

• Induction Systems - the Green Card Scheme

Issues to be addressed:the 7 Ss

• Safety Culture• Source of Labour (importation)• Skill & perceptions• Supervision• Safety infrastructure• Subcontracting• Self regulation

Accident causes

Http://hkusury2.hku.hk/steve/