September 2008

FAIR TRADE: Betterday in Vietnam

CLIMATE CHANGE: Adapting to early floods in Bangladesh

CHINA EARTHQUAKE: One community helping another

AFRICA and EUROPE: Working for a fair partnership

Fair Trade cashew farmers (top) and Fair Trade tea farmers (bottom), who are Hmong minority people / photos cortesy of Betterday

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BETTERDAYBy Madeleine Marie Slavick

In Vietnamese, there is no trans-

lation for ‘social enterprise’ and the

Hanoi-based company ‘Betterday’

has no name in the language. Yet,

“Betterday” is the brand name of the

100 per cent Vietnamese owned com-

pany MDI Jsc.

This speaks of some of the chal-

lenges that this new company faces

every day: most people in Vietnam

do not know what ‘Fair Trade’ means.

“Maybe we’re a little crazy,” say

Nguyen Tuyet Minh and Dominic

Smith, who “used to have good-pay-

ing jobs” but now volunteer their time

for Betterday. “But we really believe

that the principles of Fair Trade will

lead to sustainable development of

the country. We want to show that

it can work in a developing country.”

Minh, Director and Founder, has

more than ten years of management

experience in marketing, and anoth-

er five years of high-level positions

with NGOs. Vietnam has been her fo-

cus. Dominic, Agricultural Economic

Advisor with Betterday, has seventeen

years of experience across Asia, and

another eight in Vietnam.

Betterday has already made its

mark as the first internationally li-

censed Fair Trade brand located in a

developing country. It is involved with

the whole supply chain, from farming

to processing to packaging and sell-

ing. They provide quality and healthy

food items – cashew, tea and coffee –

grown in six provinces across Vietnam.

All of the farmers they work with live

below the international poverty line

of US$1 day; most are ethnic minor-

ity people; and many live in remote

mountainous regions.

These 1,000 or so farmers working

with Betterday belong to groups with

as few as 14 members to as many as

100. The main requirement is that the

groups adhere to Fair Trade principles

such as equal participation, gender

equity, eco-friendly farming and no

child labour. Betterday also looks for

a sense of enthusiasm and determina-

tion: will the group be worth their in-

vestment, of providing technical agri-

cultural assistance, management skills

training, marketing support and infra-

structural expenses, such as for space

for drying and storing goods.

Tea picking tends to be done by

women, cashew by men, and cof-

fee by both. Tea traditionally uses

the most pesticides, up to 25 sprays

per growing season. (Betterday tea

is all organic, with no chemical pes-

ticides or insecticides used. Instead,

a mixture of ginger, chili, garlic and

water is sometimes used.) Cashews

processing can be toxic and requires

in Vietnam

A writer-photographer of German-

American descent, I have been living in

Asia for twenty years now: this autumn

marks the anniversary.

Much of my sense of home and com-

munity in Hong Kong revolves around

Oxfam: there has been significant in-

spiration and satisfaction in being able

to work alongside extraordinary people

for thirteen years. My colleagues work

long and hard to create a little bit more

justice, equity, peace and community

every day.

I remember the first time I visited a

village in Vietnam, in 1995: we endured

hours and hours of rutty roads or long

hours in a canoe to reach project sites.

Poverty was severe, as seen in disease,

hunger, and sub-standard schools and

clinics. O.N.E features a new social en-

terprise in Vietnam that works to im-

prove the livelihoods of farmers who

grow high-quality tea, coffee and ca-

shews in impoverished communities

like these. It is the world’s first Fair

Trade brand in a developing country,

and Oxfam has supported the growth

of ‘Betterday’.

The first trip to China, in 1998, was

in the mountains of the southwest:

Shimen was rainy and cold even though

it was summertime, and the people I

met worked extremely hard to make a

living by growing potato, mining coal,

and herding sheep. Thirteen years later,

Shimen farmers are in a healthy finan-

cial position to be donating thousands

of Yuan to Oxfam’s earthquake effort

in Sichuan.

When I first arrived in Hong Kong,

late at night, on the day after voting in

the 1988 United States elections, there

were small red-lit shrines visible from

the metal gates of everyone’s very small

apartments in very high-rise buildings.

I thought to myself: will this ever

feel like ‘home’?

Yes, there is a definite sense of

home, although I do not keep a shrine,

and my arm-span is wider than my

home-office. I have circles of friends,

appreciate many aspects of Chinese

culture, and know the streets and vil-

lages here. I vote, pay taxes, and have

a landlord.

At the same time, I ask, what is

‘home’ and ‘community’ and where

are the boundaries? To me, the sto-

ries in Vietnam and Shimen show that

everywhere is home, and that there is

no community too remote for equity

and equality. In northeast Bangladesh,

too, as O.N.E reveals, farmers are

working to protect themselves against

the global changes in the climate.

Across rural Africa, farmers are fighting

against the unfair Economic Partnership

Agreements with Europe.

Yes, everywhere is home: one circle

of community.

Madeleine Marie SlavickEditor, O.N.E

Average Yield (ton/hectare)

Optimal yield Remarks

BRRI 45 Rice 7.14 6 recommended

BRRI 29 Rice 9.88 7.5 recommended

Wheat 4.01 3.5-4.6 recommended

Potato 29.64 25-30 recommended

Garlic 9.88 10-12 recommended

Onion 11.12 12-15 recommended

Bitter gourd 24.70 25-28 recommended

Sweet gourd 69.34 60-70 recommended

Bate shak 14.82 45-55 not recommended

China shak 25.35 25-30 recommended

Red amaranth 12.84 12-14 recommended

Stem amaranth 12.35 13-15 recommended

Garden pea 9.88 12-14 needs further trials

Eggplant 49.40 45-50 recommended

French bean 13.59 13-14 recommended

Tomato 25.94 80-85 not recommended

Radish 41.17 55-60 needs further trials

Mung bean 0.98 1.2-1.5 needs further trials

Black gram 1.23 1.4-1.6 needs further trials

(Source: Center for Natural Resource Studies)

Chart 1: Trial Crops Performance

Total production cost/hectare Total output/hectare

CROPS

TAKA

300000

250000

200000

150000

100000

50000

0 Wheat Potato Garlic Onion Bitter Sweet Red Stem Garden Tomato Radisha gourd gourd Amaranth Amaranth pea

Table 1: 18 Crops in the Pilot Project

THE FLOODS ARE CHANGING: SOONER IS NOT BETTERBy M. Anisul Islam and Mokhlesur Rahman Suman

project has been carried out by the

Center for Natural Resource Studies,

with assistance from the Bangladesh

Agriculture Research Institute and

Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, two

national institutions with technical ex-

pertise and experienced personnel who

could assist farmers to adjust their crop-

ping patterns.

With the support of the two in-

stitutes as well as from Oxfam Hong

Kong, 126 demonstration plots with

18 different crops were tested in a pi-

lot project with 102 farmers (26 wom-

en and 76 men) from ten villages in

Sunamganj District. Several techniques

were tested to reduce the length of the

growing cycle for the rice: varying the

spacing between seedlings, the age of

the seedlings, and using potassium.

Transplanting seedlings at 30 days old

could shorten the cycle of BRRI 29, a

popular variety of rice, by about 15-20

days. The rice usually needs 165 days

from sowing to harvesting, but now

only about 145 days. Another type of

rice, BRRI 45, with an even shorter cy-

cle, was found to be appropriate for

the haor as it can be harvested before

the floods arrive. The experimentation

also found that using 40kg potassium

per hectare is optimum to increase

production.

In all, the national institutes intro-

duced 18 crops and almost all of them

performed well, except for two, toma-

to and bate shak. See Table 1 for all 18

crops and Chart 1 for the crops with the

best profit ratio.

M. Anisul Islam and Mokhlesur Rahman Suman work with the Center for Natural Resource Studies, an organisation which Oxfam Hong Kong supports in Bangladesh.

ers there, making it their tenth farmer

group.

While Minh and Dominic were in

Hong Kong, they met with a number

of buyers and retailers, with whom they

hope to do business. (Currently, most of

their buyers are in Europe.) They also re-

connected with James Cheng, a Year 3

university student who as an intern de-

signed their new leaflet and logo, and

may design a poster soon. “Betterday

is a good, small company, like a family.

They treated me like a son. It felt like a

second home.”

MDI Jsc. was set up in April 2007, ,

and their first Betterday product was

launch in December 2007. They hope

to be able to break even by April 2010.

They have made many investments and

Betterday’s coffee is all high-quality

Arabica, from the mountains near the

Laos border. Compared to coffee, there

is not a lot of Fair Trade cashews on the

world market (only about 30 tonnes of

Fair Trade cashew, compared to about

30,000 tonnes of coffee), and most of

Betterday’s cashews go to an importer

in The Netherlands.

Minh and Dominic recently exhibited

their Fair Trade products at the Hong

Kong Food Expo. Oxfam Hong Kong

supported their participation at the

Expo, their launch of tea in Vietnam in

December 2007, and a trip to meet tea

farmers in Nghe An, Central Vietnam,

where Oxfam has been working for

over a decade. Betterday may begin a

new Fair Trade contract with the farm-

will soon open a showroom which will

also house their factory, storage facility

and office. And it will be the place for

to promote the vision of their Betterday

products and other Fairtrade products

to consumers in Vietnam.

For more about Betterday, please visit: www.betterday.com.vn/

BRRI 45 - rice suitable for the haor region of Bangladesh

The landscape of northeast Bangla-

desh changes from season to season:

natural patterns of flooding create fish-

eries in the wet season and allow rice

growing in the dry.

The area, called the haor basin, mea-

sures about 600,000 hectares, and the

rice and other grain grown here pro-

vides about ten per cent of the country’s

supply. This is from a single annual crop.

There is certainly potential for increased

production, which would certainly re-

duce the poverty faced by most of the

residents of the area. About a third of

the haor is kanda, or slightly raised land,

which is not suitable for rice but for rabi

crops, which include oilseeds, maize,

pulses and wheat.

A major problem at hand is a change

in nature. The flooding that had fol-

lowed the same patterns for decades

and generations are now different:

they are coming about fifteen days

sooner, right at the harvesting season.

This change in the climate is ruining

harvests, threatening the ecosystem,

and putting the already unstable liveli-

hoods of people at even greater risk. In

Sunamganj District, where about eighty

per cent of the people are landless and

work as sharecroppers or labourers,

harvesting of the high-yield winter rice

happens in the middle of April, and the

flash floods in late March damage, if not

completely ruin, the crop.

The hydrological nature of the haor

has also changed over the years. Various

factors are generally held responsible:

changes of rainfall patterns upstream,

deforestation in both the haor and in

the Meghalaya Hills in India, and more

pollution from the north.

Thirty years ago, when flash floods

hit the border of Sunamganj, it took 2

to 5 days to reach Tahirpur and 10 to

15 days to reach Jamalganj (source: re-

search by Center for Natural Resource

Studies). Nowadays, it takes just 1 day

to reach Tahirpur and 3-5 days to reach

Jamalganj. In the past, distribution of

rainwater and forest coverage in the

hills and haor basin slowed down the

overland flow of water, and water

seeped into soil. With siltation of the riv-

ers, canals and the haor, the land is now

not able to retain water, nor can the

rivers drain the water into the Meghna

River system. Residents of the haor say

that these days, the volume of run off

from the flash floods in March and April

is much higher than forty years back.

To cope, farmers have had to grow

a different type of rice, with a shorter

cycle. They have had to diversify their

crops, and at the same time, adapt their

agricultural techniques. Technologies

have been identified that suit the bio-

physical and socio-economic environ-

ment of the haor and have been tested

and further developed through par-

ticipatory research trials which farm-

ers have joined. This research and pilot

protective clothing, which Betterday

provides as a responsible Fair Trader,

even though Vietnamese law does

not require it. Coffee cherries must be

picked when they are a deep red, and

a lot of time and hands are needed to

separate out the unripe and overripe

ones. September is coffee harvest time

in Vietnam.

Vietnam has a reputation for making

fine tea. Betterday’s jasmine tea, for in-

stance, comes from the spring harvest,

with the freshly picked night-opened

white flowers added for a peaceful

scent. They started with green, loose

tea, and now make tea bags of green

and black. They dream of making dif-

ferent types of packaged tea in the

future.

(Left) Minh and her colleagues at the launch of Betterday Fair Trade tea in Vietnam(Right) Minh and Dominic

in Bangladesh

in Vietnam

THE EU AND AFRICA – IT’S TIME FOR A BETTER PARTNERSHIP

Farmers, students, church members

and civil society activists across Africa

have been united in a call to “Stop EPAs”

or Economic Partnership Agreements,

the free trade agreements that the

European Union has been negotiat-

ing with 77 states across Africa, the

Caribbean and the Pacific.

Why do EPAs need to be stopped?

In an EPA, African governments would

lose the ability to use tariffs and other

such policies to protect their local mar-

kets. Farmers across Africa would suffer

as their products struggle to compete

with highly subsidised European prod-

ucts, citizens would suffer significant

welfare losses, governments would lose

much needed revenues collected from

tariffs and duties and would therefore

be unable to provide basic social servic-

es thus leading to an even bigger liveli-

hoods crisis on the continent.

Until recently, only a few govern-

ment technocrats discussed EPAs. The

average citizen did not know about the

ongoing talks or the impact the agree-

ments would have. The Nairobi-based

Agency for Cooperation and Research

in Development (ACORD) has been well

aware of the disastrous impact that

EPAs would have on Africa’s agricultural

sector and subsistence farmers, and in

January 2007, the pan-African organisa-

tion took the initiative to launch a cam-

paign across the continent. Together

with like-minded organisations and al-

lies worldwide, it aimed to raise citizen

awareness on EPAs, democratise the

debate, educate parliamentarians, and

ultimately promote a different globali-

sation that benefits poor farmers in the

least developed countries.

Procedurally, the entire EPA process

has been flawed. EPAs are demanding

much more than what had been agreed

through the World Trade Organization,

there has been a lack of transparency

in the negotiations, and key African

stakeholders such as gender groups

have not been represented. Furthermore,

the EU has blatantly used bullying tac-

tics and is now asking the governments

to bypass standard ratification proce-

dures. What an EPA requires of Africa is

so astounding that civil society groups

have called it a “re-colonisation” with

the EU “coming back to deplete our

(African) resources”.

With such tactics from the EU, it

seemed that everything was set for the

EPAs to be signed, but due to mass ac-

tion, the deadline for the signing of

the ‘comprehensive EPA’ has been de-

layed to 2009.

It is encouraging that some of

Africa’s critical issues are on the agenda

of international institutions and govern-

ments, and that the voice of civil society

is making a difference, yet the momen-

tum must be maintained. Awareness-

raising with farmers, policymakers and

the general public needs to be ongo-

ing. So far, the campaign has been

full of energy and creativity – starting

from effective media stunts during the

World Social Forum in Nairobi, to every-

thing from hip-hop concerts to prayer

days among religious groups and farm-

ers speaking out during the EU-Africa

Summit in Lisbon in December 2007.

September 2008 marks another an-

niversary of the launch of the EPA ne-

gotiations, and 27 September is Global

Stop EPA day. ACORD and its partner

organisations are busy planning ac-

tions all across Africa, such as public

forums, demonstrations, conferences,

workshops, concerts and 24-hour hun-

ger strikes. ACORD is also gathering the

most current information from forums

and negotiations and providing it to

civil society groups across the continent,

and beyond.

Policy-wise, there are options to

EPAs, such as a Generalized System of

Preferences Plus, that have not been ex-

plored. Under this scheme, the EU could

allow high-level market access that is

within WTO trade rules. Since the EU

currently offers this to Latin American

countries, the scheme could also apply

to Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific

countries.

There is a common saying that if

the Emperor is naked, say so. Don’t let

your Emperor walk down the street na-

ked just because a con artist has hood-

winked the government! African civil

society groups are saying so – they are

continuing to push their governments

to do more to protect African trade in-

terests. Now more than ever, with the

food crisis and the increasing impacts of

climate change, African agriculture and

food sovereignty must be protected.

For more on the campaign, visit www.stopthink resist.org.

For more about ACORD, please vis it www.acordinternational.org. Oxfam Hong Kong has been supporting ACORD for over a decade. Text, photographs and campaign posters courtesy of ACORD.

Every day, Oxfam Hong Kong works

alongside hundreds of groups around

the world, from small NGOs to inter-

national bodies, from government

departments of developing countries

to community groups based in Hong

Kong. Here are 3 ‘partner organisa-

tions’ that we are supporting for the

first time. The location indicates where

the project is being implemented.

CHINA (MAINLAND)•Gansu Academy of Village Development •Guizhou Provincial Institute of Ethnic Studies

HONG KONG•Community Development Alliance

In this edition of O.N.E, we highlight

Community Development Alliance, made up of some of the

most committed community develop-

ment practitioners and academics in

Hong Kong: about 80 people who work

on a range of socio-economic issues.

They sought support from Oxfam

Hong Kong to work in Tin Shui Wai,

a community in the northeast part of

Hong Kong which has a high concen-

tration of unemployed people (both

youth and middle-aged), residents

on social welfare, new arrivals from

Mainland China, and single-headed

households. The severity of social prob-

lems in Tin Shui Wai has led to about

five full-length films – features and

documentaries – to be set there, some

involving crime, alienation and suicide,

and all revealing poverty.

The alliance selected Oxfam to ap-

ply for funding because Oxfam Hong

Kong understands the development

process, supports resident-led commu-

nity development, promotes participa-

tion and community organising, and

overall, Oxfam believes in process and

empowerment. The alliance will work

alongside Tin Shui Wai residents to as-

sist them to find solutions to problems

in their community, primarily in health

services, transportation and employ-

ment opportunities. Much of this will

done through small group discussions

and, gradually, a coalition will be built

up of groups that can act as a pow-

erbase to articulate their rights and

make recommendations to the gov-

ernment. The work has just begun:

the Oxfam-supported project began

in August 2008.

NewPartnerOrganisations

A resident forum

A farmer leader being interviewed by Reuters during the EU-Africa Summit in Lisbon For the story behind these campaign posters, visit: www.acordinternational.org

in Africa

September 2008

Farmers in Shimen in 1998 (left) and earthquake survivors in Sichuan in 2008 (right) / photos (left) MM Slavick, (right) Oxfam Hong Kong

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Hong Kong

VOICE

A community meeting on relief and rehabilitation projects in Myanmar

OXFAM HONG KONG WEBSITEwww.oxfam.org.hk

OXFAM BOOKSOxfam International recently published

“Joining the World Trade Organization: A non-

government perspective in the accession process”

for least-developed countries. The publication dis-

cusses the membership process of the WTO, step

by step, and the lessons learned by five developing

countries: Cambodia, Nepal, Tonga, Vanuatu and

Vietnam. (The negotiations to become a member

can take fifteen years, as in China’s case.) Oxfam

offers an assessment on the technical assistance available to applicants, and suggests

ways that countries can negotiate beneficial entry conditions. The 59-page publica-

tion was financially supported by Oxfam Hong Kong and Oxfam Australia.

To order books: www.oxfam.org.hk/public/bookstore/list

OXFAM in the NEWS In early August, Oxfam signed an agreement with the Government of Myanmar

for a three-year, US$10 million cyclone response programme in two townships in

the delta. This is on top of the relief and rehabilitation work already being carried

out through 14 organisations based in the country. The agreement allows Oxfam

to formally establish offices in Yangon and in the two townships, and to recruit

staff. This work is being led by Oxfam Great Britain.

The Oxfam International programme as a

whole has now reached approximately 700,000

people.

For more information, and to make dona-

tions, please visit:

http://www.oxfam.org.hk/public/contents/

article?ha=&wc=0&hb=&hc=&revision%5fid=

84797&item%5fid=80849

MOKUNGOxfam Hong Kong publishes this quarterly magazine

in Traditional Chinese. Mokung, which means both “no

poverty” and “infinity”, highlights a different aspect of

development in each issue. The Editor is Tung Tsz-kwan.

The September edition, in a new format, looks at food and

inflation in Hong Kong.

To subscribe: www.oxfam.org.hk/public/bookstore/?lang=big5

Mokung is online at www.oxfam.org.hk/public/contents/category?cid=1017&lang=big5

ONEO.N.E – Oxfam News E-magazine – is uploaded

monthly at www.oxfam.org.hk/one.

To receive a copy in your inbox, please sub-

scribe – it is free.

To subscribe: www.oxfam.org.hk/one/subscribe.html

17th Floor, 28 Marble Road, Northpoint, Hong Kong

O.N.E is also on-line: www.oxfam.org.hk/one

Editor: Madeleine Marie Slavick emagazine@oxfam.org.hk

HONG KONG CLIMATESix action groups call for carbon dioxide emissions to be capped in the Air

Pollution Control Ordinance: right now, the Hong Kong SAR Government does

not regulate CO2 emissions of its two power companies, which account for about

70% of all CO2 emissions. Please add your voice to this campaign (http://write-a-

letter.greenpeace.org/407) – if action is not taken soon, now, Hong Kong winters

may disappear within just 20 years, according to The Hong Kong Observatory.

Oxfam Hong Kong is also calling to stop climate change, to stop the poverty

it is bringing around the world: http://www.oxfam.org.hk/public/contents/

category?cid=53988&lang=iso-8859-1.

in China

Soon after the devastating earth-

quake struck Sichuan, a faraway com-

munity in another province got togeth-

er and donated 13,395 Yuan (about

US$2,000) to Oxfam Hong Kong. The

community is named Shimen.

Nestled in the mountains of south-

west China, near the border of Yunnan

and Sichuan provinces, Shimen carries

a special significance for Oxfam: it is

one of our very first project sites in

the whole country. In 1992, when we

began supporting community devel-

opment projects there, residents faced

severe poverty. Hunger was common,

water was contaminated with fluorine

and bromine, homes were made of

thatch, agricultural yields were small,

access to loans was minimal, and peo-

ple’s average income was less than 100

Yuan a month. Over the years, Oxfam

has helped Shimen improve their food

and water supply; we introduced high-

value crops such as maize; we sup-

ported training in basic veterinarian

skills; we helped set up a community

bank, and more. These days, the av-

erage income stands at about 1,000

Yuan a month, and the quality of life

has improved.

Shimen is cold. A wet day in the

summer feels like winter, a local say-

ing goes, and that means very cold:

wintertime in Shimen is snowy – typi-

cally one foot deep. In January and

February 2008, the worst snowstorm

in fifty years hit Shimen: the severely

cold weather ruined people’s harvests

and made for a very bitter winter. Yet,

when the community heard about the

earthquake in May, they still managed

to come together and collect dona-

tions. Almost everyone contributed,

children and elderly alike, from as little

as 0.50 Yuan to about 60 Yuan each.

Villagers wrote in a letter to Oxfam,

“We don’t have much money. We just

do what we possibly can. Earlier this

year, we were affected by the great-

est snowstorm this region has seen, but

we managed to get through it with the

help of Oxfam. When we were in need,

people helped us. Now seeing others

in need of assistance, we should try

our best to give a helping hand.” The

13,395 Yuan donation from Shimen

was used for books, stationary and ba-

sic physical education equipment for a

primary school Oxfam helped build in

Pengzhou.

Up until mid-August, Oxfam Hong

Kong has supplied HK$20,138,057

worth of materials for 611,522 sur-

vivors in 20 areas of Gansu, Shaanxi

and Sichuan provinces. The priority

has been to assist remote areas not

reached by government or other NGO

efforts, and vulnerable groups of peo-

ple often unassisted in an emergen-

cy, such as children, women, elderly,

people with disabilities and ethnic

minorities.

Howard Liu, China Unit Director,

says, “Oxfam Hong Kong has prepared

to allocate HK$150 million (about

US$19.2 million) for rehabilitation

work over the next five years. Projects

include rebuilding schools, repairing

roads, and securing water supply sys-

tems. Besides this ‘hardware’, we will

also pay specific attention in enabling

poor people to regain their means of

a livelihood.”

Liu continues, “Oxfam has been

conducting poverty-alleviation proj-

ects across Mainland China for more

than 20 years, and this experience is

valuable in a rehabilitation context,

too. Oxfam has been doing assess-

ments in affected areas, and instead

of just restoring things to the ‘status

quo’, we will also consider introduc-

ing different options to raise people’s

standard of living. Growing maize and

raising hares, for instance, are two pos-

sibilities for earning good income and

may help sustain the long-term devel-

opment of communities. Whatever

methods may be used, the positive

growth in Shimen over the years shows

that our approach works.”

Please read Three Months On: A Report on Oxfam Hong Kong’s Response to the China Earthquake of 12 May (http://www.oxfam.org.hk/public/contents/article?ha=&wc=0&hb=&hc=&revision%5fid=87084&item%5fid=87034)

Keith Wong is a member of the communications team of Oxfam Hong Kong, He visited Sichuan in May 2008.

from SHIMEN to SICHUAN by Keith Wong