Optical Properties of Atmospheric Aerosol in Maritime Environments

Optical Properties of Optical Properties of Atmospheric Aerosol in Atmospheric Aerosol in Maritime EnvironmentsMaritime Environments

AERONET WorkshopAERONET Workshop May 10 - 14, 2004, El Arenosillo, SpainMay 10 - 14, 2004, El Arenosillo, Spain

1993-20031993-2003

Maritime aerosolMaritime aerosol

Marcello Bartinetti“Sea storm in Camogli”

Duck, North Carolina, March 1999

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Table 1. Summary of aerosol optical depth measurements in maritime and coastal areas

Reference Area τa D Spectr alrange, nm N o f filters

Fische (r 1967) South Ocean 0.09 ... 500 1South Pacific Ocean 0.12 ...Ne w Zealand coast 0.16 ...

Guttman (1968) Marshal l Islands 0.11 1 450≤λ≤710 7Guschin (1970) India nan dAtlanti cocean 0.23 20 370≤λ≤530 2Quenzel (1970) Tropical Atlantic 0.23 3 400≤λ≤1600 8Vol (z 1970) Tropical Atlantic 0.18 17 440≤λ≤1630 4Sandomirski y e tal. (1971) Black Se acoast 0.27 ... 480≤λ≤2240 6Kuznetso van dIzhovkin a(1973) North Atlantic 0.04 ... 410≤λ≤550Bartenev ae ta . l (1974) Tropical Atlantic 0.22 34 350≤λ≤1010 10Burmistrov aan dShubova (1974) Tropical Pacific an d Atlantic 0.18 26 550 1Shifri ne tal. (1975) India nOcean 0.11 21 330≤λ≤690 5Fraser (1976) Atlanti cOcean/dust 0.50 1 500≤λ≤1070 2Karimov a(1976) North Atlantic 0.08 5 340≤λ≤630 6Emelyano v et al. (1978) Atlanti cOcean 0.25 20 440≤λ≤710 4Jaenicke an dSchut z (1978) Island Sal 0.38 ... 380≤λ≤500 2Adnashkin et .al (1979) Tropical Atlantic 0.19 ... 350≤λ≤1010 10Tavartkiladze (1979) Black Se acoast 0.28 ... 370≤λ≤820 13Wilso n (1979) San-Diego 0.20 1 400≤λ≤750 10

Gul f o f Mexico 0.24 7Bermuda 0.32 1

Artemki ne tal. (1980) Atlanti cOcean 0.40 ... 400≤λ≤1060 5South Ocean 0.16 ...

Shifri ne tal. (1980 )a Black Se acoast 0.16 2 340≤λ≤960 9Shifri ne tal. (1980 )b Baltic Se acoast 0.20 2 380≤λ≤720 5Viollie r e ta . l (1980) Azores 0.41 182 400≤λ≤1000Hoga n (1981) South Pacific Ocean 0.17 7 520≤λ≤620 2

Ros sSea 0.14 5Lukyanchikov aan d Govorushkin(1981)

North Atlantic 0.10 11 370≤λ≤570 4

Sakuno v et al. (1981) Beaufort Sea 0.07 8 350≤λ≤1000 10Tomas i an dProd i (1982) India nOcean 0.27 16 500≤λ≤880 2

coas to f Somalia 0.36 24Yershov et al. (1982) Centra l Atlantic 0.17 16 380≤λ≤1016 11Afoni n (1983) Black Sea 0.30 ... 400≤λ≤750 8

Mediterranea n Sea 0.39 ...Atlanti cOcean 0.05 ...coas to f Guinea 0.90 ...

Artemki nand Krivoshei n(1983 )a North Atlantic 0.14 ... 430≤λ≤850 5Centra l Atlantic 0.09 ...

Artemki nand Krivoshei n(1983b) Baltic an dNort hSeas 0.28 ... 430≤λ≤850 5Wes tAfrican coast 0.37 ... 5

Gashk oan d Shifri n (1983) Pacifi c Ocean 0.14 23 370≤λ≤720 7Eer me(1983) Baltic Sea 0.17 9 450≤λ≤710 7Matsubar a(1983) Eas t Indian Ocean 0.09 7 370≤λ≤860 5

South India nOcean 0.04 4Sha w (1983) Centra l Pacifi c Ocean 0.10 ... 410≤λ≤1000 9Villevald ee ta .l (1984) Mediterranea n Sea 0.50 10 380≤λ≤560 9Shifri ne tal. (1985) Black Se acoast 0.18 15 440≤λ≤1030 6

Smirnov and Shifrin, Proc. LHMI, 108, 11-114, 1984; Smirnov, Yershov, and Villevalde, Proc. SPIE, 2582, 203-214, 1995; Smirnov, Holben, Kaufman et al. JAS, 59, 501-523, 2002.

0

10

20

30

40

50

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

all_hist_data (n=151)Pacific_500 nm (n=32)Atlantic_500 nm (n=64)Indian_500 nm (n=12)Inland seas_500 nm (n=39)

frequency of occurrences, %

aerosol optical depth (500 nm)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

12:00 16:00 20:00

340 nm380 nm440 nm500 nm670 nm870 nm1020 nm

aerosol optical depth

Atlantic Ocean, 8 Jul 1996

Aerosol optical depth over the oceans

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

Kaashidhoo

Rottnest

Midway

Coconut

Lanai

Nauru

Tahiti

Azores

Bermuda

Ascension

yearly mean aerosol optical depth (500 nm)

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40

Kaashidhoo

Rottnest

Midway

Coconut

Lanai

Nauru

Tahiti

Azores

Bermuda

Ascension

yearly mean Angstrom parameter

Angstrom parameter over the oceans

Multi-year monthly averages

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC

KaashidhooRottnestMidwayCoconutLanaiNauruTahitiAzoresBermudaAscension


Multi-year monthly averages

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC

KaashidhooRottnestMidwayCoconutLanaiNauruTahitiAzoresBermudaAscension

Angstrom parameter

α

Aerosol optical depth over coastal areasAerosol optical depth over coastal areas

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40

Saturna Isl

San Nicolas

Wallops

COVE

Dry Tortugas

Gotland

El Arenosillo

IMS_METU

Forth Crete

Rottnest

yearly mean aerosol optical depth (500 nm)

Angstrom parameter over coastal areasAngstrom parameter over coastal areas

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Saturna Isl

San Nicolas

Wallops

COVE

Dry Tortugas

Gotland

El Arenosillo

IMS_METU

Forth Crete

Rottnest

yearly mean Angstrom parameter

Frequency of occurrences of aerosol Frequency of occurrences of aerosol optical depth over the oceansoptical depth over the oceans

0

10

20

30

40

50

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

MidwayLanaiCoconutNauruTahitiAzoresBermudaAscension



Frequency of occurrences of Angstrom Frequency of occurrences of Angstrom parameter over the oceansparameter over the oceans

0

10

20

30

40

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

MidwayLanaiCoconutNauruTahitiAzoresBermudaAscension

Angstrom parameter


Lanai, Hawaii

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.01 0.1 1 10

Jan (192/67)Feb (177/54)Mar (169/65)Apr (77/33)May (93/44)Jun (67/33)Jul (61/36)Aug (96/37)Sep (121/54)Oct (127/45)Nov (129/38)Dec (88/36)Year(12/1397)

dV/dlnR,

μm3/μm2

, radius μm

Aerosol optical depth diurnal variability

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Midway <0.10>Lanai <0.08>Nauru <0.08>Tahiti <0.08>Azores <0.11>Bermuda <0.14>Ascension <0.15>Rottnest <0.07>


percent departure from daily average

local time, hours

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Angstrom parameter

α

(500 )aerosol optical depth nm

DustDustMaritimeMaritimeaerosolaerosol

BBBB

Bermuda

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.01 0.1 1 10

average (N=200)background (N=47)maritime (N=52)

dV/dlnR,

μm3 /μm

2 <τa(500 )>=0.13 <nm α>=1.05

<τa(500 )>=0.07 <nm α>=0.99

<τa(500 )>=0.10 <nm α>=0.69

, radius μm

Lanai

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.01 0.1 1 10

average (N=784)background (N=418)maritime (N=520)

dV/dlnR,

μm3 /μm

2 <τa(500 )>=0.08 <nm α>=0.89

<τa(500 )>=0.05 <nm α>=0.73

<τa(500 )>=0.06 <nm α>=0.60

, radius μm

Kaashidhoo

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.01 0.1 1 10

Kaashidhoo

average (N=330)maritime (N=30)

dV/dlnR,

μm3 /μm

2

, radius μm

<τa(500 )>=0.24 <nm α>=1.25

<τa(500 )>=0.11 <nm α>=0.76

Maritime components of the columnar volume size distributions

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.01 0.1 1 10

AmsterdamMidwayLanaiBermudaKaashidhoo

dV/dlnR,

μm3 /μm2

, radius μm

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Bermuda_fineBermuda_coarseLanai_fineLanai_coarseKaashidhoo_fineKaashidhoo_coarse

wavelength, nm


Re=1.37 Im=0.001

0.0

0.1

1.0

102 103 104

BermudaLanaiKaashidhoo

wavelength, nm


340<αvis<670 nm

870<αnir<2130 nm

αvis=1.03, α

nir=0.46

αvis=0.82, α

nir=0.53

αvis=0.86, α

nir=0.40

Table 2. Parameters of aerosol size distributions over the oceans

Reference Area Height,

m

Date Air Mass Type Fraction Rv, μm σ V,

μm3/cm3

continental fine (d )ry 0.19 0.81Shettle an dFen (1n 979)oceanic coarse (dry) 2.03 0.92

Gathma (1n 983) maritime fine (RH=80%) 0.14 0.71coarse (RH=80%) 1.09 0.71gian t (R =H 80%) 9.07 0.71

ne arBermuda 250 04/06/85 coarse (ambient) 2.56 0.525 95.4

ne arBermuda 1500 04/06/85 coarse (ambient) 1.65 0.756 1.17

Horvath e tal. (1990)

U SEast coast 100 02/27/85 coarse (ambient) 4.19 0.742 18.8VirginiaU SEast coast 1500 02/27/85 coarse (ambient) 3.83 0.732 7.0Virginia

Pacific Ocean coarse (ambient) 1.29 0.457Patterso n e ta . l (1980),as presente dby Horvathe ta . l (1990)

Mace Head 20 06/01/88 fine (ambient) 0.10 0.30 0.89Jennin gsand O’Dowd(1990) coarse (ambient) 1.40 0.73 20.04

Kim e ta . l (1990) 150 07/88 fine (ambient) 0.11 0.33 0.74larg (e ambient) 0.74 0.46 1.13

Atlanti c Oceanoff Bermuda

gian t (ambien )t 2.96 0.44 20.902570 07/88 fine (ambient) 0.11 0.52 0.13

larg (e ambient) 0.71 0.52 0.30Atlanti c Oceanoff Bermuda


larg (e ambient) 0.81 0.46 3.63U SEast coastNorth Carolina


larg (e ambient) 0.70 0.45 0.63U SEast coastNorth Carolina

gian t (ambien )t 3.16 0.59 5.94

’O Dowd e t al. (1993) 18 maritime accumulatio (n dr )y 0.11 0.315 0.1510/89-11/89 accumulatio (n dr )y 0.14 0.301 2.19modified

maritimearctic accumulatio (n dr )y 0.13 0.328 0.17

NortheastAtlanti c in thevicinity ofFaero e Islandan d Iceland accumulatio (n dr )y 0.12 0.332 2.55continental

maritime

Pueschel et al. (1994) 10000 11/89 fine (ambient) 0.10 0.41 0.038SouthernPacific Ocean coarse (ambient) 0.28 0.34 0.034

Kim e ta . l (1995) 10 06/12/92 fine (d )ry 0.10 0.39 0.89Atlanti c Oceanoff th e Azores coarse (dry) 0.50 0.65 1.17

10 06/19/92 fine (RH=77%) 0.14 0.47 1.88Atlanti c Oceanoff th e Azores coarse (RH=77%) 0.40 0.75 4.05

10 06/24/92 fine (RH=71%) 0.11 0.26 0.72Atlanti c Oceanoff th e Azores coarse (RH=71%) 0.35 0.59 3.67

Gras (1995) Cap e Grim autumn CN (dry) 0.014 0.38 0.00101/91-06/92 CNN (d )ry 0.10 0.37 0.16

larg (e dry) 0.78 0.61 2.38winter CN (dry) 0.010 0.30 0.000

CNN (d )ry 0.19 0.49 0.35larg (e dry) 0.77 0.57 3.90

spring CN (dry) 0.013 0.38 0.001CNN (d )ry 0.14 0.45 0.25larg (e dry) 0.62 0.54 1.90

summer CN (dry) 0.016 0.38 0.003CNN (d )ry 0.11 0.37 0.34larg (e dry) 0.89 0.60 4.51

Quin ne t al. (1995) U SWes tcoast 480 Aitke (n dry) 0.04 0.41 0.04Cheek a Peak

04/91-05/91 accumulatio (n dr )y 0.13 0.34 0.51

Smirnov, Holben, Kaufman et al. JAS, 59, 501-523, 2002.

coarse (dry) 0.98 0.69 2.65Pacific Ocean 18 Aitken (dry) 0.03 0.34 0.0102/92-

03/92 accumulation (dry) 0.13 0.34 0.68coarse (dry) 1.22 0.59 8.99

Quinn et al (1996) Pacific Ocean 18 maritime accumulation (dry) 0.10 0.27 0.1403/93-05/93 coarse (dry) 1.36 0.60 7.34

Pacific Ocean 18 continental accumulation (dry) 0.15 0.29 0.4903/93-05/93 coarse (dry) 1.22 0.60 4.82

Porter and Clarke(1997)

Pacific andIndian Oceans

20 maritime PC4 fine (dry) 0.135 0.48

coarse (dry) 3.45 0.84

O’Dowd et al. (1997) NortheastAtlantic

18 10/89-11/89

film drop mode(dry)

0.34 0.64

jet drop mode (dry) 4.17 0.69

Jennings et al. (1997) Mace Head 20 11/93- winter marine accumulation(ambient)

0.2-0.25 0.69

08/94 coarse (ambient) 2.0 0.92summer marine accumulation

(ambient)0.2-0.25 0.69

coarse (ambient) 2.5 0.69

Hess et al. (1998) water-soluble (dry) 0.15 0.81accumulation (dry) 0.94 0.71coarse (dry) 7.90 0.71

11/95- maritime Aitken (dry) 0.02 0.34 0.012Brechtel et al. (1998) MacquarieIsland,SouthernOcean

12/95 accumulation (dry) 0.11 0.46 0.27

Bates et al. (1998b) Southern 18 11/95- maritime ultrafine (dry) 0.01 0.37 0.001Ocean 12/95 Aitken (dry) 0.02 0.34 0.007

accumulation (dry) 0.08 0.34 0.09coarse (dry) 1.19 0.70 11.44

continental ultrafine (dry) 0.01 0.35 0.003Aitken (dry) 0.03 0.41 0.04accumulation (dry) 0.08 0.28 0.12coarse (dry) 1.33 0.73 20.03

Bates et al. (2000) Atlantic Ocean 10 06/97 - Atlantic flow nucleation (dry) 0.008 0.17 0.00007/97 Aitken (dry) 0.027 0.36 0.011

accumulation (dry) 0.127 0.36 0.515Arctic flow nucleation (dry) 0.008 0.20 0.000

Aitken (dry) 0.025 0.32 0.016accumulation (dry) 0.123 0.35 0.492

Quinn et al. (2001) Atlantic Ocean 10 01/00 - North America fine (RH=55%) 0.14 0.34 3.7002/00 coarseI (RH=55%) 0.57 0.59 6.18

coarseII(RH=55%) 1.75 0.47 25.05North Atlantic fine (RH=55%) 0.12 0.34 0.310marine coarseI (RH=55%) 1.04 0.74 7.37

coarseII(RH=55%) 1.79 0.53 24.35African dust fine (RH=55%) 0.10 0.34 0.349

coarseI (RH=55%) 0.68 0.64 9.22coarseII(RH=55%) 1.31 0.47 32.05

Dust and fine (RH=55%) 0.18 0.53 2.69biomass burning coarseI (RH=55%) 1.13 0.53 25.44Biomassburning

fine (RH=55%) 0.16 0.41 2.54

coarseI (RH=55%) 1.19 0.53 5.87South Atlantic fine (RH=55%) 0.18 0.41 1.03tropical marine coarseI (RH=55%) 1.59 0.64 11.61South Atlantic fine (RH=55%) 0.13 0.26 1.04temperate coarseI (RH=55%) 2.08 0.74 27.92marine

Reid et al. (2001) Outer Banks, 30-100 2/99- coarse (ambient) 4.5 0.6-0.8North Carolina 3/99

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

Rv(fine),

μm

Lanai

Kaashidhoo

Bermuda

Kaashidhoo

1

2

56 76

66

7

77

98

9

910

10

10

10

11

12

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

0

1

2

3

4

5

Rv(coarse),

μm

LanaiBermuda

Kaashidhoo

1

2

3

3

3

3

4 5

66

6

6

999

1010

11

111212

13

14

15

15

16

1818

20

20

20

20

20

2020

20

20

21

20

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

σ ( )fine

Lanai

Bermuda

Kaashidhoo

1

2

56

6

6

6

777 7

89

9

9

10

1010

1011

1212

13

14

15

16

17

18

18

1920 20

20

20

20

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

σ ( )coarse

Kaashidhoo

Bermuda

Lanai

1

2

3

333

4

5

6

6

6

6

9

9

9101010

10

11

1112

13

14

15

15161818

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

2021

Midway IslandMidway Island


0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0 2 4 6 8 10

wind speed <24 H>, m/sec


τa(1020 )=0.0093nm w

<24 >h+0.018, =0.52R

Midway Island

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.01 0.1 1 10

0-4 m/s_retrieved4-6 m/s_retrieved6-8 m/s_retrieved

<τa(500 )>=0.07 <nm α>=0.62

<τa(500 )>=0.09 <nm α>=0.38

<τa(500 )>=0.11 <nm α>=0.30

/ , dV dlnR

μm3 /μm

2

, radius μm


0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0 2 4 6 8 10

wind speed <24 H>, m/sec

Cv,

μm3 /μm

2

Cv( )=0.0003fine w

<24 >h+0.012, =0.07R

Cv( )=0.0073coarse w

<24 >h+0.014, =0.56R


0.01

0.1

1

10

0 2 4 6 8 10

Reff,

μm

<24 >, /wind speed H m sec

Reff( )=0.00008fine w

<24 >h+0.125, =0.0008R

Reff( )=-0.006coarse w

<24 >h+1.918, =0.03R

Midway Island

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.01 0.1 1 10

0-4 m/s_retrieved2 m/s_computed4-6 m/s_retrieved5 m/s_computed6-8 m/s_retrieved7 m/s_computed

dV/dlnR,

μm3 /μm

2

, radius μm

Recent Publications on Maritime AerosolRecent Publications on Maritime Aerosol

Smirnov, A., B.N.Holben, T.F.Eck, O.Dubovik, and I.Slutsker, Effect of wind speed on columnar aerosol optical properties at Midway Island, J.Geophys.Res., 108(D24), 4802, doi:10.1029/2003JD003879, 2003.

Smirnov, A., B.N.Holben, O.Dubovik, R.Frouin, T.F.Eck, and I.Slutsker, Maritime component in aerosol optical models derived from Aerosol Robotic Network data, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D1), 4033, doi:10.1029/2002JD002701, 2003.

Smirnov, A., B.N.Holben, Y.J.Kaufman, O.Dubovik, T.F.Eck, I.Slutsker, C.Pietras, and R.Halthore, Optical properties of atmospheric aerosol in maritime environments, J.Atm.Sci., 59, 501-523, 2002.

Smirnov, A., B.N.Holben, O.Dubovik, N.T.O’Neill, L.A.Remer, T.F.Eck, I.Slutsker, and D.Savoie, Measurement of atmospheric optical parameters on US Atlantic coast sites, ships and Bermuda during TARFOX, J.Geophys.Res., 105, 9887-9901, 2000.

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Optical Properties of Atmospheric Aerosol in Maritime Environments