Organic Chem: Biochemistry

Biochemistry• Study of chem of living organisms

• Most: large, complex molecules

• complex molecules: biopolymers smaller, simpler

units: monomers

4 main classes:

1. lipids

2. Proteins

3. Carbohydrates

4. nucleic acids2

Lipids• Fatty acids, fats, oils, phospholipids,

glycolipids, some vitamins, steroids, and waxes

3

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• Structural part of cell membrane• Long-term energy storage• Insulation & shock absorbing

Carbohydrates: it’s all in the name!

-ose: fructose, glucose, maltose, lactose, galactose, sucrose, etc.

An aldehyde sugar = aldose 6 C sugar = hexose

What other functional groups

do you see?

A ketone sugar = ketose 6 C sugar = hexose

Structural isomer

Which atoms could be chiral?

Reminder: 4 diff groups

on a central C

Aldehyde double bond breaks and O atom transfers over H.

O then can form 2 single bonds to hold the ring

Intramolecular Reaction of Glucose to Form a Ring

Condensation Rxtn

Hydrolysis:

Proteins: the main molecule of living tissue

All 20 aa’s are chiral except for Glycine.

 Amino acids

link together in condensation reactions to

form polymers.

Zwitterion

Condensation rxtn Forms C to N peptide bond

201 = 20 amino acids

202= 400 dipeptides

203 = 8000 tripeptide

20100= 1.3 x 10130

Oligopeptide = short to medium-length aa chain (5 to100 aa’s) fuzzy borders

 

Polypeptide = over 100 aa’s in the chain

A thiol (same family as O)

Can form disulfide bonds

Strong covalent bonds

Weak, but plentiful H bondse.g. wool

Not as stretchy: e.g. silk

Proteins play many roles in cells: 

• structural (e.g. collagen in connective tissue)

• movement (e.g. actin & myosin in muscles)

• transport (e.g. hemoglobin, LDL, HDL)

• catalysis (e.g. wide variety of enzymes)

• regulation (e.g. hormones such as insulin)

Nucleic acids: energy and genetics

BASE vs.

NUCLEOSIDE (base + sugar) vs.

NUCLEOTIDE (base + sugar + phosphate)

RNA’s base

DNA vs RNA structure

Composed of nucleotide monomers:A 5 C sugar, a phosphate,

and nitrogenous bases:

Watson & Crick back in the 1950’s

Modern genetic engineering

Rosalind Franklin

DNA RNA proteins