Biochemistry

Organic Molecules

Target #20- I can differentiate between inorganic and organic molecules Inorganic molecules constitutes non- living

matter that play important roles in living things Ex: NaCl

Organic molecules constitutes living matter Always contains carbon and hydrogen Accounts for the formation of a variety of organic

molecules Macromolecules

Known as the “molecules of life” Made most of elements like carbon and hydrogen

Monomer: a simple organic molecule that exists individually A basic unit of a

macromolecule Polymer: many

monomers linked together Linked through a

dehydration reaction Removal of a water

molecule

Target #21- I can differentiate between a monomer and a polymer

Each macromolecule has a corresponding monomer and polymer Types of

macromolecules Proteins lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic acids

Target #22- I can list the 4 macromolecules

Target #23- I can describe the function of a carbohydrate Carbohydrates

Function for quick fuel and short-term energy storage

Play a structural role in woody plants, bacteria, and animals like insects

Are involved in cell-to-cell recognition Characterized by the presence of the atomic

grouping H-C-OH

The monomer of carbohydrates is a monosaccharide Ex: glucose

Glucose is used as an immediate source of energy in both plants and animals

Ex: fructose Found in fruits

Disaccharide: contains two monosaccharides that have joined together Ex: sucrose & lactose

The polymer of a carbohydrate is a polysaccharide

Target #24- I can identify the monomer and polymer of carbohydrates

Target #25- I can identify the 3 polysaccharide molecules of carbohydrates

Starch is a storage molecule in plants

Glycogen is a storage molecule in animals Found in the liver

Cellulose is found in plant cell walls Makes plants hard to

digest

Biochemistry

Proteins

Target #26- I can describe the function of a protein Perform many functions

Provides support structures Keratin hair and nails Collagen ligaments, tendons, and skin

Controls metabolism Some proteins are enzymes

Enzymes speed chemical reactions Hormone production

Muscle function Transportation of molecules in the blood Cellular transport of molecules

The monomer of a protein is an amino acid

The polymer of a protein is a polypeptide Made up of 2 or more

amino acids Amino acids are bonded

via a polypeptide bond Occurs between the

oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen atoms

Polypeptides vary in shape depending on the composition

Target #27- I can identify the monomer & polymer of a protein

The shape of a protein is important to its function When proteins are

exposed to extremes in heat and pH, they denature An irreversible change

in shape Ex: heating an egg white

cases it to coagulate Occurs because the

normal bonding between the polypeptides has been disturbed

Once a protein loses it’s shape, it can no longer perform its function

Target #28- I can explain why the shape of a protein is important to its function

Bellwork

In what foods or organisms do we find lipids?

Biochemistry

Lipids

Target #29- I can describe the function a lipidFats and oils function as energy storage

moleculesPhospholipids form a membrane around

the cellBasis for steroids, like estrogen and

testosteroneDiverse in structure and function

Common characteristic do not dissolve in waterAka: hydrophobic

Do not have a monomer or a polymer

Target #30- I can describe the structure and function of fats & oils

Fats & Oils Most familiar lipids Fats are solid at room

temperature Lard & butter

Oils are liquid at room temperature Corn oil & soybean oil

Function Long-term energy

storage Insulates against heat

loss Forms a protective

cushion around major organs

Structure Made of a glycerol & 3

fatty acid chains Called triglycerides

Target #31- I can differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Fatty acid A hydrocarbon chain that

ends with the acidic group COOH

Either saturated or unsaturated Saturated fatty acids have

no double covalent bonds between carbon atoms The carbon chain is

saturated with all the hydrogens it can hold

Account for the solid nature of fats, like butter, at room temperature

Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds between carbon atoms wherever the number of hydrogens is less than two per carbon atom Accounts for the liquid

nature of vegetable oils at room temperature

Phospholipids Lipids that contain a

phosphate group The polar phosphate

bonds to two fatty acid groups The phosphate group is

polar Hydrophilic

Fatty acid tails are non-polar Hydrophobic

Primary components of cellular membranes Form a bilayer where

the heads are on the outside, and the tails are on the inside

Target #32- I can explain the structure of a phospholipid

Nucleic Acids

Target #33- I can describe the monomer of a nucleic acid The monomer of a Nucleic Acid is a

nucleotide Nucleotides consist of a phosphate, a

pentose sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base

Five nitrogen containing bases adenine Guaninie Thymine Cytosine Uracil

The polymer of a nucleic acid is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) DNA is made of the

monomers adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

RNA is made of the monomers adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

Target #34- I can identify the polymers of nucleic acids

Target #35- I can explain how nucleotides form a polymer

The nucleotides form a linear molecule called a strand Alternating phosphates and

sugars create a back bone In DNA, two strands twist

together to form a double helix Held together by hydrogen

bonds The bases bond together to

make “rungs” like in a ladder In RNA, a single strand forms

Used to complement DNA