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Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
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Forensic use of organic compounds
University of Lincoln presentation
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
Fire accelerants Drugs
Petrol: It is petroleum-derived, and consists mostly of aliphatic hydrocarbons enhanced with iso-octane or the aromatic hydrocarbons toluene and benzene to increase its octane rating.Diesel:Diesel is produced from oil and is a hydrocarbon mixture, obtained in the fractional distillation of crude oil between 200 °C and 350 °C at atmospheric pressure
Butane Gas:consumedfrom lighters
Carbon tetrachloride:Used for solvent abuse
Hydrocarbons
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
CH3
CH3
C4H10
CCl4
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Aromatic compounds
Fire accelerants
Toluene Benzene
Drugs
Explosives
Tri-Nitro Toluene (TNT)
Dyes
Alizarin
Benzodiazepines:Psychoactive drugs with varying hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and amnesic properties
CH3
CH3
N+
O-
O
N+
O-
O
N+
O-
O
NH N
O
O
O
OH
OH
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Alcohols
Fire accelerants Drugs
Explosives Dyes
4-hydroxybutanoic acid (GHB):Date rape drug. GHB has been used in cases of drug-related sexual assault
Ethyl Alcohol – Ethanol:(C2H5OH), flash point 13 oC; ignition temp. 365 oC; explosive limits 3.5%-19.0%
Glycerol or glycerine: Used as starting material for nitro-glycerine
BTTN :Military propellant for missiles: the mixturecan be made by co-nitration of butanetriol and glycerol
Sudan Red G: It is considered carcinogenic andgenotoxic
CH3 OH
OH
OH
OH
O
OH
OH
NN
OHO
CH3
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Aldehydes
Drugs Dyes
4-amino-3-nitrobenzaldehyde: Hair dye
O
O
O
NH2
O
N+
O-
OPiperonal: Precursor of MDMA (Ecstasy: 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine)
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KetonesFire accelerants Drugs
Explosives Dyes
Acetone:(Dimethyl ketone)flash point -20 degrees C; ignition temperature 465.4 degrees C; explosive limits 2.6%-13.0%
ACETONE: precursor of TATP.TATP: The synthesis of the explosive is made through oxidation of acetone using hydrogen peroxide
Methcathinone: 2-(methylamino)-propiophenone.Psychoactive stimulant. Addictive. Can be smoked, injected, or taken orally .
9,10-dioxoanthracene
CH3 CH3
O CH3
NH
CH3
O
O
O
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Ethers
Fire accelerants Drugs
Dyes
Ethyl Ether - diethyl ether: flash point -45 degrees C; ignition temperature 180 degrees C; explosive limits 1.9% - 36%
Codeine: Opiate alkaloid
Rhodamine 123
CH3 O CH3 NCH3
O
OH
OH
OCH3
O
NH2
N+
H
H
O
Cl-
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Carboxylic acids
Drugs
Benzoylecgonine (ecgonine benzoate) is the primary metabolite of cocaine. It is formed in the liver by the metabolism of cocaine
O
O
N
CH3
OOH
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Esters
Fire accelerants Drugs
Explosives
Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based diesel fuel consisting of short chain alkyl (methyl or ethyl) esters
Dibutylphatalate:Plasticizer used in explosives. Plasticizersare additives that increase the plasticity orfluidity.
Benzocaine (local anaesthetic) : Benzocaine is often favoured by drug dealers to bulk out their cocaine supplies.while many dealers use the cheaper paracetamol or corn flour, Benzocaine givesa numbing effect (like purer cocaine should have).
OCH3
O
CH3
OO
NH2
O CH3
O
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Amides
Drugs
Dyes Yellow 13: pigment
Fraud between drug dealers Lidocaine is often added to cocaine asa diluent because it numbs the gums when applied,giving the impression of higher cocaine purity
NN
NH
CH3
CH3O
CH3O
CH3
CH3
NH
O
O CH3
NN
ClCl
CH3
CH3
NHN CH3
CH3
O
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Amines
DrugsExplosives
Dyes
Indigo: found in foodstuff and textiles (jeans)
Hexanitrodiphenylamine: 40% part of an explosive called hexanite; rest 60% TNT. Obsolete explosive from WWII
Ephedrine: found in cold remedies, but used to Enhance performance. Overdose can lead to death.Similar chemical structure than methamphetamine
NH
N+
O-
O
N+
O-
O
N+
O-
ON
+O
-
O
N+
O-
O
N+
O-
O
NH
NH
O
O
NHCH3
CH3
OH
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Nitro-compounds
Explosives
2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane: used as a detection taggant for explosives. Added in C-4
RDX or cyclonite: main explosive In C-4.Military explosive
Picric acid:2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP): Like other highly nitrated compounds such as TNT, picric acid is an explosive
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
N+
O-
O
N+
O-
O
OH
N+
O-
O
N+
O-
O
N+
O-
ON
N
NN
+
O-
O
N+
O-
O
N+
O-
O
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Functional groups
Link to “Functional
Groups” video
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Acknowledgements
• JISC• HEA• Centre for Educational Research and Developmen
t• School of Natural and Applied Sciences• School of Journalism• SirenFM• http://tango.freedesktop.org
