Organic moleculesOrganic molecules

Molecules that are Molecules that are made by living things made by living things that contain carbonthat contain carbon

Organic molecules Organic molecules consist of a consist of a hydrocarbon back hydrocarbon back bonebone

Carbon can bond Carbon can bond with four other atoms with four other atoms (covalently) (covalently)

•Carbon is the foundation of all organic molecules/versatile

oMost common atoms found in organic molecules:

Atoms Number of Bonds

CHONPS

Organic compounds contain a hydrocarbon backbone Organic compounds contain a hydrocarbon backbone

(contain a carbon chain with hydrogen bonded to (contain a carbon chain with hydrogen bonded to it)it)

Functional groupsFunctional groups

Functional groups are Functional groups are specific groups of specific groups of atoms located on a atoms located on a hydrocarbonhydrocarbon

Chemical Chemical bonding/reactions take bonding/reactions take place at the functional place at the functional groupsgroups

Large organic molecules found in ALL living thingsLarge organic molecules found in ALL living things There are four major types of organic molecules:There are four major types of organic molecules:

1)Carbohydrates1)Carbohydrates2)Lipids2)Lipids3) Proteins3) Proteins4) Nucleic Acids4) Nucleic Acids

MacromoleculesMacromolecules

Monomers vs. PolymersMonomers vs. Polymers

MonomersMonomers

Each macromolecule has Each macromolecule has singular molecule unitsingular molecule unit

PolymersPolymers

Monomers bonded togetherMonomers bonded together

Each category of organic molecules (macromolecules) consists of its own monomers and polymers

Dehydration synthesisDehydration synthesis

Monomers to polymers through the loss of Monomers to polymers through the loss of waterwater

HydrolysisHydrolysis

Polymers to monomers through the addition Polymers to monomers through the addition of waterof water

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Function:Function:

– Major source of energy - fuel for bodyMajor source of energy - fuel for body– Provides structure in plant cell wallsProvides structure in plant cell walls

Where are they found?Where are they found?

In plant foods (cell walls of In plant foods (cell walls of plants) - fruitsplants) - fruits

-vegetables vegetables

-SUGAR (candy)SUGAR (candy)

-FLOUR (pasta and bread)FLOUR (pasta and bread)

Simple SugarsSimple Sugars

Complex CarbohydratesComplex Carbohydrates

StructureStructure

Elements: C, H, O

StructureStructureMonomer:Monomer: monosaccharide monosaccharide

-mono means 1 and saccharide means sweet-mono means 1 and saccharide means sweet

-simple sugars - one sugar molecule-simple sugars - one sugar molecule

Ex: glucoseEx: glucose

StructureStructure•Disaccharide: two simple sugars joined through dehydration synthesis reaction

Example: table sugar Sucrose = glucose + fructoseExample: Lactose found in dairy Lactose = glucose + galactose

StructureStructure

Polymer - polysaccharide- three or more monosaccharides linked together

–glycogen (animal stored energy in liver) –Starch (plant stored energy) –cellulose (plant cell walls)–Chitin (exoskeleton of insects)

wood is mostly cellulose plant cell with cell wall close-up of cell wall

cellulosefiber

Hydrogen bondscross-linkingcellulose molecules

individualcellulosemolecules

bundle ofcellulosemolecules

HO

OH

O

OH

O

H

O

O OH H

O

H

OH OH H

OH HH

H

H OH

H

H

H

OH OH

H

H H

H HOH OH

CH2OH CH2OH

CH2OH CH2OH Fig. 2-15

Cellulose structureCellulose structure

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qf_r5EVP6U

Watch video on carbohydrates!

LipidsLipids

Function:Function:»Stores energy for later useStores energy for later use»Insulate body to keep you warmInsulate body to keep you warm»Build cell membrane structureBuild cell membrane structure»Wax - protective coatingWax - protective coating»Steroid - hormones/cholesterolSteroid - hormones/cholesterol

Where they are found:Where they are found:

•Foods: butter, oils, salad Foods: butter, oils, salad dressing, dressing,

•In plants- in the seedsIn plants- in the seeds

•In animals- in connective In animals- in connective tissuetissue

•In cells - cell membraneIn cells - cell membrane

LIPIPS…Some interesting infoLIPIPS…Some interesting info

•Fruits produce a waxy coating to keep from drying out.

• The cells in a tulip make a wax which helps coat the leaves.

•Ear wax traps dust, sand, and other foreign particles from going deeper into the ear and causing damage.

•Beeswax- a structural material to hold honey in the hive

LipidsLipids

Elements: CHOElements: CHO

Monomers of lipidsMonomers of lipidsFatty AcidsFatty Acids GlycerolGlycerol

Polymers of LipidsPolymers of Lipids Triglycerides Triglycerides

Energy storage moleculeEnergy storage moleculeTwo types:Two types:

1. saturated-1. saturated-- typically animal fat- typically animal fat-no double bond in fat chain-no double bond in fat chain-solid at room temp-solid at room temp

2. unsaturated-2. unsaturated--typically plant oil-typically plant oil-double bond in fat chain-double bond in fat chain-liquid at room temp-liquid at room temp

Polymers of LipidsPolymers of Lipids Phospholipids Phospholipids

Have a polar and nonpolar end

Phospholipid Bilayer-make cell Phospholipid Bilayer-make cell membranes membranes

ProteinsProteins

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ccVZq3cWqQ4&feature=fvwrel

Intro video on proteins

ProteinsProteinsFunctions:Functions:

– Builds strong musclesBuilds strong muscles– Collagen builds strong bones and connective tissueCollagen builds strong bones and connective tissue– Keratin builds strong skin, hair, and nailsKeratin builds strong skin, hair, and nails– Antibodies fight diseaseAntibodies fight disease– Transport oxygen in blood in hemoglobinTransport oxygen in blood in hemoglobin– ENZYMES reduce the time needed for reaction to startENZYMES reduce the time needed for reaction to start

Some proteins are structural and provide support Some proteins are structural and provide support in hair, horns, spider webs, etc.in hair, horns, spider webs, etc.

Fig. 2-21

Muscles, ligaments, Muscles, ligaments, tendons, and bonestendons, and bones

Without these particular structural proteins, we would look more like this….

Well, maybe not exactly…Well, maybe not exactly…

They are found in:They are found in:Animal products: meat, fish, dairy, eggs

ProteinsProteins

Elements: CHONSElements: CHONS

Monomers of ProteinsMonomers of ProteinsAmino AcidsAmino Acids

Types of amino acidsTypes of amino acids

There a twenty different types of amino There a twenty different types of amino acids found in proteinsacids found in proteins

10 are essential-need through diet10 are essential-need through diet 10 are non-essential-human body makes10 are non-essential-human body makes The R group determines the type of amino The R group determines the type of amino

acidacid

Polymer of ProteinPolymer of ProteinPolypeptidePolypeptide

Long chain of amino acids bonded together

ProteinProtein

- composed of one or more polypeptides bonded together

-chains are often bent and folded upon themselves (due to hydrogen bonding)

-

Shape of proteins dictates function

Each protein has a Each protein has a unique shape that unique shape that determines its functiondetermines its function

Determined by DNADetermined by DNA

ProteinProtein

Each protein has a UNIQUE shape!

Denatured - destroys protein shape so it doesn’t work Denatured - destroys protein shape so it doesn’t work anymoreanymore

Temperature and pH can change the protein shape!

Enzymes - Lock and Key ModelEnzymes - Lock and Key Model

Enzyme how they workhttp://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animations.cfm?id=12&debug=0

Enzymes - Lock and Key ModelEnzymes - Lock and Key Model

EnzymesEnzymes

- speed up reaction

- reduce activation energy (energy to start reaction)

- React only with specific substrate that matches its shape

- Can be reused over and over

-Enzymes in our body work BEST at our body temp and blood pH

Nucleic acidsNucleic acids

Function:Function:– Store and transmit genetic informationStore and transmit genetic information– Tells cells when and what proteins to makeTells cells when and what proteins to make

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Elements: CHONPElements: CHONP

Monomer of Nucleic AcidMonomer of Nucleic AcidNucleotideNucleotide

– All nucleotides have three parts.All nucleotides have three parts.» A five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)A five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)

» A phosphate groupA phosphate group

» A nitrogen-containing molecule called a baseA nitrogen-containing molecule called a base

Polymer - DNA

“DNA” is short for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

Now you know why they just call it DNA!

DNA - Deoxyribonucleic AcidDNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid

- Double strand of nucleotidesDouble strand of nucleotides- Contains the genetic code of cellContains the genetic code of cell- Found in nucleusFound in nucleus

- Bases:Bases:

Adenine (A) <==> Thymine (T) (apple tree)Adenine (A) <==> Thymine (T) (apple tree)

Cytosine (C) <==> Guanine (G)Cytosine (C) <==> Guanine (G)

RNA - Ribonucleic AcidRNA - Ribonucleic Acid

- Single strandSingle strand- synthesis of proteinssynthesis of proteins- Found in nucleus and cytoplasmFound in nucleus and cytoplasm

Bases: Bases: Adenine (A) <==> Uracil (U)Adenine (A) <==> Uracil (U)

Cytosine (C) <==> Guanine (G)Cytosine (C) <==> Guanine (G)