Organization of Organization of Knowledge –ISTC 653Knowledge –ISTC 653

September 6, 2012September 6, 2012

Think abouts:Think abouts:

What would you use to What would you use to describe the items?describe the items?

  What similarities and What similarities and differences exist among the differences exist among the items in a group?items in a group?

  What common terms could be What common terms could be used to allow the items to be used to allow the items to be "found" by someone needing "found" by someone needing them?them?

Types of librariesTypes of libraries

AcademicAcademic SchoolSchool PublicPublic SpecialSpecial

Libraries collect materials to satisfy Libraries collect materials to satisfy these needsthese needs

What is a library?What is a library?– A collection of books for reading or A collection of books for reading or

borrowingborrowing– A room or building where these A room or building where these

collections are keptcollections are kept– A collection of sound recordings, films, A collection of sound recordings, films,

etc.etc.

Academic LibrariesAcademic Libraries State institutionsState institutions Private Private Community collegesCommunity colleges

School LibrariesSchool Libraries Public Public PrivatePrivate

Public LibrariesPublic Libraries

LargeLarge MediumMedium SmallSmall CountyCounty DistrictDistrict Municipal (City)Municipal (City)

Special LibrariesSpecial Libraries

Corporate (Business libraries)Corporate (Business libraries) GovernmentGovernment HospitalHospital LawLaw MuseumsMuseums Etc.Etc.

Library Organizational Library Organizational FunctionsFunctions No matter what their size or their type, the No matter what their size or their type, the

organizational structure of all libraries organizational structure of all libraries incorporate these functions in some way, incorporate these functions in some way, shape, or form:shape, or form:– AdministrationAdministration

Overall operations of the libraryOverall operations of the library

– Public servicesPublic services Reference, collection development, library instruction, Reference, collection development, library instruction,

circulationcirculation

– Technical servicesTechnical services Acquisitions, cataloging, processingAcquisitions, cataloging, processing

– Information technologyInformation technology Running the library automation system and maintaining all Running the library automation system and maintaining all

the library computersthe library computers

Library Organizational Library Organizational FunctionsFunctions In large libraries, these are often In large libraries, these are often

separate departmentsseparate departments In a small library, one or two In a small library, one or two

people may perform all the people may perform all the functions previously outlinedfunctions previously outlined

Different types of Different types of libraries collect different libraries collect different types of itemstypes of items

Academic libraries collect Academic libraries collect materials that support the materials that support the curriculum of the institutioncurriculum of the institution– Scholarly journals, online resources, Scholarly journals, online resources,

books and electronic booksbooks and electronic books

Different types of Different types of libraries collect different libraries collect different types of itemstypes of items

School libraries collect materials to School libraries collect materials to support the needs of the classroomsupport the needs of the classroom– Books, curriculum materials, periodicals, Books, curriculum materials, periodicals,

accelerated reader materials, videos and accelerated reader materials, videos and DVDs, electronic resources, etc.DVDs, electronic resources, etc.

Different types of Different types of libraries collect different libraries collect different types of itemstypes of items

Public libraries tend to primarily Public libraries tend to primarily collect materials that support the collect materials that support the recreational and informational needs recreational and informational needs of their patronsof their patrons– Fiction, how-to-do-it materials, videos and Fiction, how-to-do-it materials, videos and

DVDs, sound recordings, audiobooks, kits, DVDs, sound recordings, audiobooks, kits, puppets, toys, etc.puppets, toys, etc.

Different types of Different types of libraries collect different libraries collect different types of itemstypes of items

Special and corporate libraries Special and corporate libraries collect materials to support their collect materials to support their organizational needsorganizational needs– Often very specialized depending on Often very specialized depending on

the type of librarythe type of library

A collection isA collection is

Materials owned by the library Materials owned by the library and organized in such a way that and organized in such a way that they can be easily retrievedthey can be easily retrieved

Materials are, for Materials are, for example:example: Books, electronic resources, Books, electronic resources,

videos and DVDs, music CDs, videos and DVDs, music CDs, albums, cassettes, CD-ROMS and albums, cassettes, CD-ROMS and software, maps, puzzles software, maps, puzzles

These materials have to be These materials have to be organized so that people can organized so that people can find themfind them

Cataloging is the process that turns Cataloging is the process that turns accumulations of materials into a library accumulations of materials into a library collectioncollection

Overview of providing and Overview of providing and organizing materials in a organizing materials in a librarylibrary

We choose materialsWe choose materials We order materialsWe order materials We process materialsWe process materials We catalog materials and provide We catalog materials and provide

a cataloga catalog We shelve materialsWe shelve materials We circulate materialsWe circulate materials We provide reference services, etc.We provide reference services, etc.

These materials are accessed These materials are accessed through the catalogthrough the catalog

A catalog isA catalog is

A list of library materials A list of library materials contained in a collection, a contained in a collection, a library, or a group of libraries, library, or a group of libraries, arranged according to some arranged according to some definite plandefinite plan– The catalog forms the basis for The catalog forms the basis for

access to the library’s collectionaccess to the library’s collection

Why do we need Why do we need catalogs?catalogs? For retrievalFor retrieval

– Most collections are too large for Most collections are too large for someone to remember every item in someone to remember every item in the collection, and where all those the collection, and where all those items areitems are

For inventoryFor inventory– Catalogs serve as a record of what is Catalogs serve as a record of what is

owned and as a reminder of what has owned and as a reminder of what has been acquired, lost, replaced, etc.been acquired, lost, replaced, etc.

Why do we need Why do we need catalogs?catalogs? Charles A. Cutter defined the objects of the Charles A. Cutter defined the objects of the

catalog in his catalog in his Rules for a Printed Dictionary Rules for a Printed Dictionary Catalogue Catalogue published in 1876published in 1876– To enable a person to find a book of which To enable a person to find a book of which

either the author, the title, or the subject is either the author, the title, or the subject is knownknown

– To show what the library has by a given author, To show what the library has by a given author, on a given subject, and in a given type of on a given subject, and in a given type of literatureliterature

– To assist in the choice of a book as to its To assist in the choice of a book as to its character (literary or topical)character (literary or topical)

We are concentrating on the catalog We are concentrating on the catalog as a primary way of providing and as a primary way of providing and organizing materialsorganizing materials

We provide bibliographic information We provide bibliographic information about the materials in our collections about the materials in our collections in catalogsin catalogs

Bibliographic description is:Bibliographic description is:– Descriptive information provided in a Descriptive information provided in a

bibliographic record to identify that bibliographic record to identify that item as to title, edition, publication item as to title, edition, publication information, physical description and information, physical description and any necessary notesany necessary notes

– This bibliographic description is used This bibliographic description is used by the patron to decide whether or not by the patron to decide whether or not that item meets the patron’s needsthat item meets the patron’s needs

Bibliographic information is the Bibliographic information is the bibliographic description and bibliographic description and access points for an itemaccess points for an item

An access point is a name (person or An access point is a name (person or corporate body), subject term, title, call corporate body), subject term, title, call number, standard number, etc., under number, standard number, etc., under which a bibliographic record may be which a bibliographic record may be searched and identifiedsearched and identified

Access points are used by the patron to Access points are used by the patron to find the items that meet the patron’s needsfind the items that meet the patron’s needs

Bibliographic information is the Bibliographic information is the bibliographic description and bibliographic description and access points for an itemaccess points for an item

A bibliographic record is a record A bibliographic record is a record (catalog card or electronic) that (catalog card or electronic) that contains the bibliographic contains the bibliographic information about an iteminformation about an item

Bibliographic records are Bibliographic records are collected in a catalogcollected in a catalog

Jefferson’s 1783 catalogJefferson’s 1783 catalog

http://www.thomasjeffersonpapers.org/catalog1783/

Brief history of Brief history of catalogscatalogs Handwritten booksHandwritten books

Handwritten cardsHandwritten cards

What History Shows UsWhat History Shows Us

Forms of catalogs (3)Forms of catalogs (3) Card catalog – cards size of French Card catalog – cards size of French

playing cardsplaying cards– Can updateCan update– Can’t do Boolean searchingCan’t do Boolean searching– Time consuming to use and Time consuming to use and

keep currentkeep current– Elaborate filing rules – inElaborate filing rules – in 1980 determined that over 1980 determined that over

50% of LC catalog cards 50% of LC catalog cards were misfiledwere misfiled

Brief history of Brief history of catalogscatalogs Typed cards/booksTyped cards/books Computer-produced microfilm/books/cardsComputer-produced microfilm/books/cardsH Gates, Bill, 1956-H Gates, Bill, 1956-7572 The road ahead / Bill Gates, with Nathan Myhrvold 7572 The road ahead / Bill Gates, with Nathan Myhrvold .U6 and Peter Rinearson. -- New York : Viking, 1995..U6 and Peter Rinearson. -- New York : Viking, 1995.G38G381995 xiv, 286 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. + 1 computer laser optical 1995 xiv, 286 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. + 1 computer laser optical disc (4 3/4 in.). disc (4 3/4 in.).

Includes index.Includes index. System requirements for accompanying computer disc:System requirements for accompanying computer disc:

Microsoft Windows.Microsoft Windows. ISBN 0670772895 : $29.95ISBN 0670772895 : $29.95

1. Computer industry -- United States. 2. 1. Computer industry -- United States. 2. Telecommunications -- United States. 3. Computer networksTelecommunications -- United States. 3. Computer networks -- United States. 4. Information technology -- United -- United States. 4. Information technology -- United States 5. Information superhighway -- United States. I. States 5. Information superhighway -- United States. I. Rinearson, Peter, 1954- II. Myhrvold, Nathan. III. Rinearson, Peter, 1954- II. Myhrvold, Nathan. III. Title. Title.

95-4380395-43803

Brief history of Brief history of catalogscatalogs• Computer catalogs

008 960221s1995 nyuam 001 0 eng 010 $a 95043803 020 $a 0670772895 : $c $29.95040 $a DLC $c DLC $d DLC043 $a n-us---050 00 $a HE7572.U6 $b G38 1995082 00 $a 004.6/7 $2 20100 1 $a Gates, Bill, $d 1956-245 14 $a The road ahead / $c Bill Gates, with Nathan Myhrvold and Peter

Rinearson.260 $a New York : $b Viking, $c 1995.300 $a xiv, 286 p. : $b ill. ; $c 24 cm. + $e 1 computer laser optical

disc (4 3/4 in.)500 $a Includes index.538 $a System requirements for accompanying computer disc: Microsoft

Windows.650 0 $a Computer industry $z United States.650 0 $a Telecommunication $z United States.650 0 $a Computer networks $z United States.650 0 $a Information technology $z United States.650 1 $a Information superhighway $z United States.700 1 $a Rinearson, Peter, $d 1954-700 1 $a Myhrvold, Nathan.

Catalogs have changed over the Catalogs have changed over the years, but they still provide the same years, but they still provide the same basic information, just in different basic information, just in different waysways

TODAY’S CATALOGS ARE TODAY’S CATALOGS ARE NEARLY ALL ON NEARLY ALL ON COMPUTERSCOMPUTERS Now called OPACs (Online public access Now called OPACs (Online public access

catalog)catalog) AdvantagesAdvantages

– Easier to updateEasier to update– Very flexibleVery flexible– More searchable data (more access points, More searchable data (more access points,

keywords)keywords)– Powerful searching toolsPowerful searching tools

DisadvantagesDisadvantages– Large learning curve for staff and patrons Large learning curve for staff and patrons

because searching methods and retrieval because searching methods and retrieval displays are not uniform from library to librarydisplays are not uniform from library to library

Catalogs vs. Catalogs vs. catalogingcataloging Cataloging is the process that Cataloging is the process that

puts bibliographic information puts bibliographic information about our collections into the about our collections into the library cataloglibrary catalog

Catalogers use cataloging tools Catalogers use cataloging tools that are agreed upon that are agreed upon international rules and standards international rules and standards (currently AACR2R and ISBD)(currently AACR2R and ISBD)

Brief history of Brief history of catalogingcataloging The first cataloging was a list of titles The first cataloging was a list of titles

or incipit (first few words, no titles)or incipit (first few words, no titles) Greeks – first began with titles, Greeks – first began with titles,

personal authorship and alpha orderpersonal authorship and alpha order Romans – first bibliography by Romans – first bibliography by

categories, e.g., grammar, rhetoric, categories, e.g., grammar, rhetoric, music, etc.music, etc.

1545 – first bibliography with subject 1545 – first bibliography with subject indexindex

Brief history of Brief history of catalogingcataloging 1791 – first international cataloging 1791 – first international cataloging

code, card catalog with title page code, card catalog with title page information, listed by authorinformation, listed by author

1839 – Panizzi at the British Museum 1839 – Panizzi at the British Museum came up with 91 rulescame up with 91 rules

1850 – Smithsonian developed 1850 – Smithsonian developed stringent rulesstringent rules

1876 – Cutter – rules with some 1876 – Cutter – rules with some leeway for dictionary catalog, cutter leeway for dictionary catalog, cutter tablestables

Brief history of Brief history of catalogingcataloging 1967 – 1967 – Anglo-American Cataloguing Anglo-American Cataloguing

RulesRules (AACR) published (AACR) published 1978 – AACR2 published – not 1978 – AACR2 published – not

effective until 1981effective until 1981 1988 – AACR2R1988 – AACR2R 1998 – AACR2R, 1998 revision1998 – AACR2R, 1998 revision 2002 – new set of amendments2002 – new set of amendments 2010 – RDA (Resource description 2010 – RDA (Resource description

and access)and access)

OPACS take the MARC record and OPACS take the MARC record and display it based on how the OPAC display it based on how the OPAC has been set up as to:has been set up as to:– Labels for MARC fieldsLabels for MARC fields– Display orderDisplay order– What MARC fields are displayedWhat MARC fields are displayed

We saw earlier how the same MARC We saw earlier how the same MARC record looks very different in record looks very different in different OPACSdifferent OPACS

Organizing Principles Organizing Principles of Catalogsof Catalogs Standardized descriptive Standardized descriptive

catalogingcataloging Classification by call numberClassification by call number Classification by subject analysisClassification by subject analysis MARC structure of bibliographic MARC structure of bibliographic

recordsrecords Authority control applied to Authority control applied to

headingsheadings

Organizing Principles Organizing Principles of Catalogsof Catalogs

This course will be concentrating on This course will be concentrating on exploring these organizing exploring these organizing principles, and discovering how principles, and discovering how they work together to build a they work together to build a catalog.catalog.

Bibliographic controlBibliographic controlThe skill or art of organizing knowledge for The skill or art of organizing knowledge for retrievalretrieval

““Bibliographic control comprises Bibliographic control comprises the creation, storage, manipulation, the creation, storage, manipulation, and retrieval of bibliographic data. and retrieval of bibliographic data. Catalogers produce the tools that Catalogers produce the tools that are necessary for bibliographic are necessary for bibliographic control to function.”control to function.”

Larry Osborne

Tools for bibliographic controlTools for bibliographic control

BibliographiesBibliographies DatabasesDatabases

IndexesIndexes CatalogsCatalogs