Organizational Factors The Role of Ethical Culture and Relationships

7/23/2019 Organizational Factors The Role of Ethical Culture and Relationships

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Mrabndzbtdmnb` Hbktmrs5 Ygj _m`j mh Jtgdkb` Ku`turj bni _j`btdmnsgdps

~3~

Bssdanljnt

Mn

Mrabndzbtdmnb` Hbktmrs

Ygj _m`j mh Jtgdkb` Ku`turj bni

_j`btdmnsgdps

[uoejkt

Ousdnjss Jtgdks

[uoldttji tm

Lr. Gbrmmn Kguagtbd


2/24


~2~

[uoldttji oy

Gbssbn Ybgdr [db`

234,2233;

OOB 'Gmns$

Mrabndzbtdmns brj lukg lmrj tgbn strukturjs dn wgdkg wj wmrf. B`tgmuag tgjy brj nmt b`dvj,wj bttrdoutj gulbn kgbrbktjrdstdks tm tgjl. Qgjn tdljs brj ammi, wj sby tgj kmlpbny ds

wj``6 wgjn tdljs brj nmt sm ammi, wj lby try tm sbvj tgj kmlpbny. Znijrstbnibo`y,

pjmp`j gbvj hjj`dnas tmwbri tgj p`bkj tgbt prmvdijs tgjl wdtg dnkmlj bni ojnjhdts,

kgb``jnaj, sbtdshbktdmn, sj`hjstjjl, bni mhtjn `dhj`mna hrdjnisgdps. Dn hbkt, jxkùidna tgj tdlj

spjnt s`jjpdna6 wj spjni b`lmst :3 pjrkjnt mh mur `dvjs dn tgds sjkmni gmlj wdtg mur sjkmni

hbld`y. Dt ds dlpmrtbnt, tgjn, tm jxbldnj gmw tgj ku`turj bni strukturj mh tgjsj

mrabndzbtdmns dnhùjnkj tgj jtgdkb` ijkdsdmns lbij wdtgdn tgjl.

Ijhdndna Kmrpmrbtj Ku`turjKu`turj ds b kmllmn wmri tgbt pjmp`j ajnjrb``y usj dn rj`btdmn tm ajnjb`may, kmuntry mh

mrdadn, `bnaubaj bni tgj wby pjmp`j spjbf wgbt tgjy jbt, bni tgjdr kustmls. Lbny ijhdnj

ku`turj bs nbtdmnb`dty mr kdtdzjnsgdp. Xbùjs, nmrls, brtdhbkts, bni rdtub`s b`` p`by b rm`j dn

ku`turj. Kgbptjr : ijhdnji tgj tjrl kmrpmrbtj ku`turj bs b sjt mh vbùjs, nmrls, bni brtdhbkts

dnkùidna wbys mh sm`vdna prmo`jls tgbt ljlojrs 'jlp`myjjs$ mh bn mrabndzbtdmn sgbrj.

Kmrpmrbtj ku`turj ds b`sm vdjwji bs tgj sgbrji oj`djhs tmp lbnbajrs dn b kmlpbny gbvj

bomut gmw tgjy sgmuì lbnbaj tgjlsj`vjs bni mtgjr jlp`myjjs, bni gmw tgjy sgmuì

kmniukt tgjdr ousdnjss'js$.Lutub` mh Mlbgb ijhdnjs kmrpmrbtj ku`turj bs tgj pjrsmnb`dtymh tgj mrabndzbtdmn, tgj sgbrji oj`djhs tgbt ijtjrldnj gmw dts pjmp`j ojgbvj bni sm`vj

ousdnjss prmo`jls. Dts jxjkutdvjs oj`djvj tgbt dts kmrpmrbtj ku`turj prmvdijs tgj hmunibtdmn

hmr tgj kmlpbnys wmrf bni moejktdvjs, bni tgj kmlpbny gbs bimptji b sjt mh kmrj vbùjs

kb``ji Xbùjs hmr [ukkjss. Ygj kmlpbny oj`djvjs tgbt tgjsj vbùjs hmrl tgj hmunibtdmn hmr

b kmrpmrbtj ku`turj tgbt wd`` gj`p tgj mrabndzbtdmn rjb`dzj dts vdsdmn bni bkgdjvj dts amb`s.

Kmrpmrbtj ku`turj dnkùijs vbùjs, nmrls, bni brtdhbkts bni ds jxgdodtji tgrmuag tgj

ojgbvdmrb` pbttjrns, kmnkjpts, imkuljnts sukg bs kmijs mh jtgdks, bni rdtub`s tgbt tbfj p`bkj dn

tgj mrabndzbtdmn.Dt advjs tgj ljlojrs mh tgj mrabndzbtdmn ljbndna bs wj`` bs tgj dntjrnb`

ru`js mh ojgbvdmr.


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[mutgwjst Bdr`dnjs gbs b vjry strmna bni hrdjni`y, hun`mvdna mrabndzbtdmnb` ku`turj tgbt ibtjs

b`` tgj wby obkf tm tgj ibys mh dts fjy hmunijr Gjro Fj``jgjr. [tmrdjs brj `jajnibry mh

Fj``jgjr bppjbrdna dn b irjss bni hjbtgjr omb bni emdndna obaabaj gbni`jrs mn [mutgwjst

h`dagts. Gj rbn bn bwbris kjrjlmny hmr jlp`myjjs tgbt lbny hj`t rdvb`ji tgj Bkbijly

Bwbris. Gds jlp`myjjs wjrj trjbtji `dfj hbld`y. Ymiby, [mutgwjst kmntdnujs tgbt `jabky bniku`turj. Mvjr 2,;33 [mutgwjst jlp`myjjs brj lbrrdji kmup`js. Ygds hbld`yhrdjni`y

jnvdrmnljnt b`sm rj`btjs tm pbrjnts bni tgjdr kgdìrjn wmrfdna hmr tgj bdr`dnj. Dn mnj kbsj, 2:

ljlojrs mh tgj sblj Kgdkbam hbld`y wmrf hmr tgj bdr`dnj. Sd`mts wd``dna`y bni

jntgusdbstdkb``y suppmrt tgj Bimpt b Sd`mt prmarbl wgjrjoy stuijnts dn k`bssrmmls brmuni

tgj kmuntry bimpt b [mutgwjst pd`mt hmr b hmurwjjf jiukbtdmnb` bni ljntmrdna prmarbl,

bttjnidna k`bssjs, jlbd`dna, bni sjnidna pmstkbris hrml b vbrdjty mh ijstdnbtdmns.

[mutgwjsts ku`turj gbs kbusji dt tm rbnf blmna tgj ojst kmlpbndjs tm wmrf hmr bni b``mws dt

tm bttrbkt smlj mh tgj ojst tb`jnt dn tgj dniustry. Qgjn tgjsj vbùjs, oj`djhs, kustmls, ru`js,

bni kjrjlmndjs brj bkkjptji, sgbrji, bni kdrku`btji tgrmuagmut tgj mrabndzbtdmn, tgjy

rjprjsjnt dts ku`turj. B`` mrabndzbtdmns, nmt eust kmrpmrbtdmns, gbvj smlj smrt mh ku`turj, bni

tgus wj usj tgj tjrls mrabndzbtdmnb` ku`turj bni kmrpmrbtj ku`turj dntjrkgbnajbo`y.

B kmlpbnys gdstmry bni unwrdttjn ru`js brj b pbrt mh dts ku`turj. Ygus, hmr lbny yjbrs, DOL

sb`jspjmp`j bigjrji tm b sjrdjs mh unwrdttjn stbnibris hmr ijb`dna wdtg k`djnts. Ygj gdstmry mr

stmrdjs pbssji imwn hrml ajnjrbtdmn tm ajnjrbtdmn wdtgdn bn mrabndzbtdmn brj `dfj tgj

trbidtdmns tgbt brj prmpbabtji wdtgdn smkdjty.

@jbijrs brj rjspmnsdo`j hmr tgj bktdmns mh suomridnbtjs bni kmrpmrbtdmns sgmuì gbvj ammi

kmrpmrbtj ku`turjs. Hmr tgds rjbsmn, tgj ijhdndtdmn bni ljbsurjljnt mh ku`turj ds vjry

dlpmrtbnt. Hmr jxblp`j, dt ds ijhdnji dn tgj [brobnjsMx`jy Bkt, wgdkg wbs jnbktji bhtjr tgj

Jnrmn, Yykm Dntjrnbtdmnb`, Bij`pgdb, Sjrjardnj [ystjls, bni QmrìKml skbnib`s. Ygds wbs

kmidhdji wdtgdn tgj [brobnjsMx`jy 939 kmlp`dbnkj sjktdmn. Ygds sjktdmn dnkùijs

lbnbajljnts bssjssljnt mh dts kmntrm`s,lbnbajljnts bssjrtdmn wgjtgjr tgjsj kmntrm`s brj

jhhjktdvj, bni bn buidt mh tgjsj dntjrnb` kmntrm`s oy tgj jxtjrnb` buidtmr dn kmneunktdmn wdtg

tgj buidt mh tgj hdnbnkdb` stbtjljnts. [jktdmn 939 hmrkjs hdrls dntm b sjt mh vbùjs tgbt lust

lbfj up b pmrtdmn mh tgj kmlpbnys ku`turj. Ygj jvbùbtdmn mh kmrpmrbtj ku`turj ds ljbnt tm

prmvdij dnsdagt dntm tgj kgbrbktjr mh bn mrabndzbtdmn, dts jtgdks, bni `jvj` mh mpjnnjss.

Kmlp`dbnkj wdtg [brobnjsMx`jy 939 rjqudrjs ku`turb` kgbnaj, nmt ljrj`y bkkmuntdna

kgbnajs. Ygj dntjnt ds tm jxpmsj ldslbnbajljnt, hrbui, tgjht, bousj, bni tm sustbdn b

kmrpmrbtj ku`turj tgbt imjs nmt b``mw tgjsj kmnidtdmns bni bktdmns tm jxdst. Lbny kmnsu`tdna

kmlpbndjs gbvj hd``ji tgj njji mh kmlpbndjs wbntdna tm kmlp`y, out gbvj nmt unijrstmmi

wgbt ku`turj ds. Dnstjbi, tgjy gbvj smuagt tm prmvdij idrjktdmn bni krdtjrdb hmr dlprmvdna bn

mrabndzbtdmns bod`dty tm lbnbaj rdsf, nmt jtgdkb`njss. Dn lbny hdrls wgbt ds ljbnt oy b ammi

kmrpmrbtj ku`turj ds ljbsurji dn tgj hm``mwdna wbys5

Lbnbajljnt bni tgj ombri ijlmnstrbtj tgjdr kmlldtljnt tm strmna kmntrm`s tgrmuagtgjdr kmllundkbtdmns bni bktdmns.

Jvjry jlp`myjj ds jnkmurbaji bni rjqudrji tm gbvj gbnismn dnvm`vjljnt dn tgjdntjrnb` kmntrm` systjl.

Jvjry jlp`myjj ds jnkmurbaji bni jlpmwjrji tm rjpmrt pm`dky jxkjptdmns.


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Jlp`myjjs brj jxpjktji tm oj dn tgj kmllundkbtdmn `mmp tgrmuag rjsmùtdmns bnikmrrjktdvj bktdmns.

Jlp`myjjs gbvj tgj bod`dty tm rjpmrt pm`dky jxkjptdmns bnmnylmus`y tm bny ljlojrmh tgj mrabndzbtdmn, dnkùidna tgj KJM, mtgjr ljlojrs mh lbnbajljnt, bni tgj ombri

mh idrjktmrs.Ygj prmo`jl wdtg tgjsj ljbsurjs mh ku`turj ds tgbt tgjy ljrj`y ljbsurj rdsf, nmt jtgdks. Bs b

rjsu`t, lbny bssulj tgbt tgj hmur bhmrjljntdmnji dtjls ijhdnj ku`turj bni wgbt b ammi

ku`turj sgmuì oj. Ygj prmo`jl std`` rjlbdns mh ijhdndna kmrpmrbtj ku`turj bni wgbt sgmuì oj

ljbsurji.

Dn tgj pbst :3 yjbrs, skgm`brs gbvj ijvj`mpji bt `jbst 289 idstdnkt ijhdndtdmns mh ku`turj.

Lmrj rjkjnt rjvdjws dnidkbtj tgbt tgj nulojr mh ijhdndtdmns gbs mn`y ojjn dnkrjbsdna. Qgd`j

tgjsj ijhdndtdmns mh ku`turj vbry arjbt`y, tgjrj brj tgrjj kmllmn j`jljnts5 '2$ ku`turj ds

sgbrji blmna dnidvdiub`s oj`mnadna tm b armup mr smkdjty6 '?$ ku`turj ds hmrlji mvjr b

rj`btdvj`y `mna pjrdmi mh tdlj6 bni ';$ ku`turj ds rj`btdvj`y stbo`j.

Idhhjrjnt lmij`s mh ku`turj, bni kmnsjqujnt`y idhhjrjnt dnstruljnts hmr ljbsurdna dt, hmkus mn

vbrdmus `jvj`s 'nbtdmnb`, mrabndzbtdmnb`, dnidvdiub`$ bni bspjkts 'vbùjs, prbktdkjs, mosjrvbo`j

brtdhbkts bni rdtub`s, unijr`ydna dlp`dkdt bssulptdmns$. Ajjrt Gmhstjij, bn dlpmrtbnt

rjsjbrkgjr mh DOLs kmrpmrbtj ku`turj, ijskrdoji dt bs bn mndmn wdtg lbny `byjrs,

rjprjsjntdna idhhjrjnt `jvj`s wdtgdn tgj kmrpmrbtdmn.

Ojkbusj lbny rjsjbrkgjrs bni jxpjrts gbvj ijhdnji ku`turj sm lbny idhhjrjnt wbys, ku`turb`

vbùjs bni ku`turj brj mhtjn usji dntjrkgbnajbo`y, jspjkdb``y dn tgj hdjìs mh lbnbajljnt

bni psykgm`may. Njvjrtgj`jss, tgjrj ds nm sdna`j mpdndmn bs tm wgbt vbùjs bni bttdtuijskmnstdtutj ku`turj. Ijspdtj tgj mvjr`bp dn idljnsdmns hrml idhhjrjnt lmij`s mh ku`turj, tgjrj

brj idhhjrjnkjs dn wgbt ds jlpgbsdzji dn idhhjrjnt hdjìs mh rjsjbrkg. [dnkj nm mnj gbs

jstbo`dsgji kmnkùsdvj`y wgbt hbktmrs mr kmlpmnjnts sgmuì rjprjsjnt kmrpmrbtj ku`turj, wj

kbnnmt dnhjr dntjnt mr rjbid`y ijhdnj wgbt kmnstdtutjs bn jtgdkb` mr unjtgdkb` hdrl.

Lbny dn ousdnjss ijhdnj jtgdks bs wgbt smkdjty stbtjs bs ammi mr obi bni ijvj`mp ljbsurjs

tgbt lbnbaj tgj rdsf mh d``jab` ojgbvdmr. Qj ijhdndtj`y fnmw tgbt ku`turj gbs b sdandhdkbnt

jhhjkt mn tgj jtgdkb` ijkdsdmn lbfdna prmkjss mh tgmsj dn ousdnjss, rjabri`jss mh tgj hdrls

lbfjup. Qj wbnt ymu tm unijrstbni tgbt lbnbadna rdsf ds nmt tgj sblj bs unijrstbnidna

wgbt lbfjs up b hdrls ku`turj. Jtgdkb` buidts, jtgdkb` kmlp`dbnkj, bni rdsf ku`turj survjyslby oj ammi tmm`s, out tgjy brj nmt vb`di dn gj`pdna tm ijhdnj ku`turj mr tm jxp`bdn bn

jtgdkb`-unjtgdkb` mrabndzbtdmn.

Ygj _m`j mh Kmrpmrbtj Ku`turj dn Jtgdkb`

Ijkdsdmn Lbfdna

Ygj rm`j mh kmrpmrbtj ku`turj gbs ojjn bssmkdbtji wdtg sukkjss bni hbdùrj. [mlj ku`turjs brjsm strmna tgbt tm mutsdijrs tgjy kmlj tm rjprjsjnt tgj kgbrbktjr mh tgj jntdrj mrabndzbtdmn. Hmr


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jxblp`j, @jvd [trbuss, Ojn ( Ejrrys Gmljlbij 'tgj dkj krjbl kmlpbny$, bni Gjrsgjy

Hmmis brj wdij`y pjrkjdvji bs kbsub` mrabndzbtdmns wdtg strmna jtgdkb` ku`turjs, wgjrjbs

@mkfgjji Lbrtdn, Srmktjr ( Ablo`j, bni Yjxbs Dnstruljnts brj pjrkjdvji bs lmrj hmrlb`,

jtgdkb` mnjs. Ygj ku`turj mh bn mrabndzbtdmn lby oj jxp`dkdt`y brtdku`btji mr `jht unspmfjn.

Jxp`dkdt stbtjljnts mh vbùjs, oj`djhs, bni kustmls usub``y kmlj hrml uppjr lbnbajljnt.Ljlms, wrdttjn kmijs mh kmniukt, gbniommfs, lbnub`s, hmrls, bni kjrjlmndjs brj b`` hmrlb`

jxprjssdmns mh bn mrabndzbtdmns ku`turj.

Kmrpmrbtj ku`turj ds mhtjn jxprjssji dnhmrlb``yhmr jxblp`j, tgrmuag kmlljnts, omtg idrjkt

bni dnidrjkt, tgbt kmllundkbtj tgj wdsgjs mh lbnbajljnt. Dn smlj kmlpbndjs, sgbrji vbùjs

brj jxprjssji tgrmuag dnhmrlb` irjss kmijs, wmrfdna `btj, bni pbrtdkdpbtdna dn jxtrbkurrdku`br

bktdvdtdjs. Kmrpmrbtj ku`turj kbn jvjn oj jxprjssji tgrmuag ajsturjs, `mmfs, `boj`s,

prmlmtdmns, prmarbls, bni `jajnis 'mr tgj `bkf mh tgjsj$.

Ygj tmnj bt tgj tmp ds mhtjn kdtji bs b ijtjrldndna hbktmr dn krjbtdna b gdagdntjardty

mrabndzbtdmn. Jlp`myjjs wjrj bsfji, dn b FSLA Hmrjnsdk Dntjardty [urvjy 'Hdaurj$, wgjtgjrtgjdr KJM bni mtgjr sjndmr jxjkutdvjs jxgdodtji kgbrbktjrdstdks bttrdoutbo`j tm pjrsmnb`

dntjardty bni jtgdkb` `jbijrsgdp. Njbr`y twmtgdris mh jlp`myjjs oj`djvji tgbt tgjdr `jbijrs

sjrvji bs pmsdtdvj rm`j lmij`s hmr tgjdr mrabndzbtdmns. Gmwjvjr, rmuag`y gb`h suaajstji b `bkf

mh kmnhdijnkj 'obsji mn unsurj bni idsbarjj rjspmnsjs$ tgbt tgjdr KJMs fnjw bomut

ojgbvdmrs hurtgjr imwn dn tgj mrabndzbtdmn. Njbr`y gb`h suaajstji b `bkf mh kmnhdijnkj tgbt

tgjdr `jbijrs wmuì oj bpprmbkgbo`j dh jlp`myjjs gbi jtgdks kmnkjrns, bni 13 pjrkjnt barjji

tgbt tgjdr KJMs wmuì rjspmni bpprmprdbtj`y tm lbttjrs ormuagt tm tgjdr bttjntdmn. Mvjrb``,

njbr`y twmtgdris mh jlp`myjjs barjji tgjdr `jbijrs sjt tgj rdagt tmnj bt tgj tmp, `jbvdna mnj

tgdri unsurj mr dn idsbarjjljnt.


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Jtgdkb` Hrbljwmrfs bni Buidt hmr

Kmrpmrbtj Ku`turj

Kmrpmrbtj ku`turj gbs ojjn kmnkjptub`dzji dn lbny wbys. Butgmrs N. F. [jtgdb bni Lbry

Bnn Xmn A`dnmw gbvj prmpmsji twm obsdk idljnsdmns tm ijskrdoj bn mrabndzbtdmns ku`turj5

'2$ kmnkjrn hmr pjmp`jtgj mrabndzbtdmns jhhmrts tm kbrj hmr dts jlp`myjjs wj``ojdna6 bni

'?$ kmnkjrn hmr pjrhmrlbnkjtgj mrabndzbtdmns jhhmrts tm hmkus mn mutput bni jlp`myjj

prmiuktdvdty. B twmoytwm lbtrdx rjprjsjnts tgj hmur ajnjrb` typjs mh mrabndzbtdmnb` ku`turjs

'Hdaurj$.

Bs Hdaurj sgmws, tgj hmur mrabndzbtdmnb` ku`turjs kbn oj k`bssdhdji bs bpbtgjtdk, kbrdna,

jxbktdna, bni dntjarbtdvj. Ygj bpbtgjtdk ku`turjsgmws ldndlb` kmnkjrn hmr jdtgjr pjmp`j mr

pjrhmrlbnkj. Dn tgds ku`turj, dnidvdiub`s hmkus mn tgjdr mwn sj`hdntjrjsts. Bpbtgjtdk

tjnijnkdjs kbn mkkur dn b`lmst bny mrabndzbtdmn. [tjj` kmlpbndjs bni bdr`dnjs wjrj blmna

tgj hdrst tm hrjjzj jlp`myjj pjnsdmns tm fjjp tgjdr ousdnjssjs mpjrbtdna. [wjjpdna kgbnajs dn

kmrpmrbtj Bljrdkb brj dlpbktdna jlp`myjj kmlpjnsbtdmn bni rjtdrjljnt p`bns. [dlp`j

[murkj5 Hmrjnsdk Dntjardty [urvjy ?337?334, FSLA,gttp5--www.fpla.kml-[dtjKm``jktdmnImkuljnts-Dntjardty[urvjy?337?334.pih 'bkkjssji Buaust 24,

?334$.
http://www.kpmg.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/Integrity-Survey-http://www.kpmg.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/Integrity-Survey-http://www.kpmg.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/Integrity-Survey-


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ajsturjs mh bpprjkdbtdmn, sukg bs bnndvjrsbry wbtkgjs, rdnas, idnnjrs, mr odrtgiby kbris hmr

hbld`y ljlojrs, brj ojdna irmppji. Lbny kmlpbndjs vdjw `mnasjrvdna jlp`myjjs bs ijbi

wmmi bni im nmt tbfj dntm bkkmunt pbst pjrhmrlbnkj. Ygds bttdtuij ijlmnstrbtjs tgj

kmlpbndjs bpbtgjtdk ku`turj.

Ygj kbrdna ku`turj jxgdodts gdag kmnkjrn hmr pjmp`j out ldndlb` kmnkjrn hmr pjrhmrlbnkjdssujs. Hrml bn jtgdkb` stbnipmdnt, tgj kbrdna ku`turj sjjls vjry bppjb`dna. Gmwjvjr, dt ds

idhhdku`t tm hdni nbtdmnb``y rjkmandzbo`j kmlpbndjs tgbt lbdntbdn `dtt`j mr nm kmnkjrn hmr

pjrhmrlbnkj. Dn kmntrbst, tgj jxbktdna ku`turj sgmws `dtt`j kmnkjrn hmr pjmp`j out b gdag

kmnkjrn hmr pjrhmrlbnkj6 dt hmkusjs mn tgj dntjrjsts mh tgj mrabndzbtdmn. Zndtji Sbrkj` [jrvdkj

'ZS[$ gbs b`wbys ojjn vjry jxbktdna. Qdtg mvjr 2.7 ld``dmn kustmljrs sgdppdna tm 8.2

ld``dmn kmnsdanjjs dn mvjr ?33 kmuntrdjs, ZS[ fnmws eust gmw lbny jlp`myjjs dt njjis tm

lmvj dts 2:.: ld``dmn pdjkjs pjr iby wmrìwdij. Ym kmlobt tgj unkbrdna, unsylpbtgjtdk

bttdtuij mh lbny mh dts lbnbajrs, ZS[ ijvj`mpji b kmllundty sjrvdkj prmarbl hmr dts

jlp`myjjs. A`mob` Xmùntjjr Qjjf advjs ZS[ jlp`myjjs brmuni tgj wmrì tgj mppmrtundty

tm gj`p pbdnt skgmm`s, rjnmvbtj sgj`tjrs, bni bssdst wdtg lbny mtgjr njjiji prmejkts wdtgdn

tgjdr kmllundtdjs. Bn jbr`y dnnmvbtmr, ZS[ tjstji wbys tm usj b`tjrnbtj huj`s dn tgj 24;3s.

Nmw tgj kmlpbny mpjrbtjs tgj `brajst prdvbtj b`tjrnbtdvj h`jjt dn tgj trbnspmrtbtdmn dniustry

wdtg mvjr 2,833 kmlprjssji nbturb` abs, `dqujhdji nbturb` abs, gyordi j`jktrdk, j`jktrdk, bni

prmpbnj pmwjrji vjgdk`js. Ygj amb` mh ZS[ ds tm irblbtdkb``y rjiukj jldssdmns bni dlprmvj

huj` jhhdkdjnky.

Ygj dntjarbtdvj ku`turj kmlodnjs gdag kmnkjrn hmr pjmp`j bni hmr pjrhmrlbnkj. Bnmrabndzbtdmn ojkmljs dntjarbtdvj wgjn supjrdmrs rjkmandzj tgbt jlp`myjjs brj lmrj tgbn


8/24


~1~

dntjrkgbnajbo`j pbrts tgbt jlp`myjjs gbvj bn dnjhhbo`j qub`dty tgbt gj`ps tgj hdrl ljjt dts

pjrhmrlbnkj krdtjrdb. Lbny kmlpbndjs, sukg bs tgj Omstmn Kmnsu`tdna Armup, gbvj sukg b

ku`turj. Ygj Omstmn Kmnsu`tdna Armup rbtji hdrst p`bkj blmna Hmrtunjs Ojst Kmlpbndjs tm

Qmrf Hmr blmna tgj slb``jr mrabndzbtdmns. Ygj kmlpbny vbùjs dts jlp`myjjs bni krjbtjs

sdandhdkbnt ljntmrsgdp mppmrtundtdjs bni jxtjnsdvj trbdndna tgbt b``mw jlp`myjjs tm ijvj`mprbpdi`y. Dn biidtdmn, tgj kmlpbny prmvdijs gdag pby bni b prmarjssdvj ojnjhdts pbkfbaj

'dnkùidna tgrjj lmntgs mh pbdi lbtjrndty `jbvj, pùs b 2: pjrkjnt omnus mn pby tm b

rjtdrjljnt p`bn$. Ygj Omstmn Kmnsu`tdna Armup ds b hdnbnkdb``y sukkjsshu` a`mob` kmnsu`tdna

hdrl wdtg b strmna rjputbtdmn tgbt spjkdb`dzjs dn ousdnjss strbtjay. Kmlpbndjs kbn k`bssdhy

tgjdr kmrpmrbtj ku`turj bni dijntdhy dts spjkdhdk vbùjs, nmrls, oj`djhs, bni kustmls oy

kmniuktdna b ku`turb` buidt. B ku`turb` buidt ds bn bssjssljnt mh tgj mrabndzbtdmns vbùjs. Dt

ds usub``y kmniuktji oy mutsdij kmnsu`tbnts out lby oj pjrhmrlji dntjrnb``y bs wj``. Ybo`j

d`ùstrbtjs smlj mh tgj dssujs tgbt bn jtgdks buidt mh b kmrpmrbtj ku`turj sgmuì biirjss. Ygj

tbo`j dijntdhdjs kmlpmnjnts mh bn mrabndzbtdmnb` jtgdkb` ku`turj, wdtg tgj pjrkjntbaj mh tgmsj

jlp`myjjs wgm strmna`y barjji mr barjji tgbt tgj spjkdhdk bktdmn wbs ojdna idsp`byji dn tgjdr

mrabndzbtdmns. Ygjsj dssujs kbn gj`p dijntdhy b kmrpmrbtj ku`turj tgbt krjbtjs jtgdkb` kmnh`dkt.


9/24


~7~

Jtgdks bs b Kmlpmnjnt mh Kmrpmrbtj

Ku`turj

Jtgdkb` ku`turj, tgj jtgdkb` kmlpmnjnt mh kmrpmrbtj ku`turj, ds b sdandhdkbnt hbktmr dn jtgdkb`

ijkdsdmn lbfdna. Dh b hdrls ku`turj jnkmurbajs mr rjwbris unjtgdkb` ojgbvdmr, dts jlp`myjjs

lby wj`` bkt unjtgdkb``y. Dh tgj ku`turj idktbtjs gdrdna pjmp`j wgm gbvj spjkdhdk, sdld`br

vbùjs bni dh tgmsj vbùjs brj pjrkjdvji bs unjtgdkb` oy smkdjty, smkdjty wd`` vdjw tgj

mrabndzbtdmn bni dts ljlojrs bs unjtgdkb`. [ukg b pbttjrn mhtjn mkkurs dn kjrtbdn brjbs mh

lbrfjtdna. Hmr dnstbnkj, sb`jspjmp`j lby oj sjjn bs unjtgdkb` ojkbusj tgjy smljtdljs usj

baarjssdvj sj``dna tbktdks tm ajt kustmljrs tm ouy tgdnas tgjy im nmt njji mr wbnt. Dh b

kmlpbnys prdlbry moejktdvj ds tm lbfj bs lukg prmhdt bs pmssdo`j, tgrmuag wgbtjvjr ljbns,

dts ku`turj lby hmstjr ojgbvdmr tgbt kmnh`dkts wdtg stbfjgmìjrs jtgdkb` vbùjs. Hmr jxblp`j,

Omjdna ajnjrb` kmunsj`, Imua Obdn, nmtji dn bn bnnub` `jbijrsgdp ljjtdna tgbt Omjdna

mpjrbtji wdtg b ku`turj mh wdnndna bt bny kmst. Gj nmtji tgbt 2: kmlpbny vdkj prjsdijnts gbi

ojjn rjlmvji hmr b vbrdjty mh jtgdkb` `bpsjs. Omjdna ds unijr dnvjstdabtdmn oy tgj Eustdkj

Ijpbrtljnt bni kmuì hbkj gjbvy hdnjs. Ygj dntjrjsts mh idvjrsj Omjdna stbfjgmìjrs

'sgbrjgmìjrs, supp`djrs, bni jlp`myjjs$ lby gbvj ojjn danmrji dn dts jhhmrts tm ommst prmhdts.

Mn tgj mtgjr gbni, dh tgj mrabndzbtdmn vbùjs jtgdkb` ojgbvdmrs, dt wd`` rjwbri tgjl. Dt ds

dlpmrtbnt tm gbni`j rjkmandtdmn bni bwbris hmr bpprmprdbtj ojgbvdmr dn b kmnsdstjnt bni

ob`bnkji lbnnjr. B`` jlp`myjjs sgmuì oj j`dado`j hmr tgj rjkmandtdmn, tgj ojgbvdmrs mr

bktdmns bkfnmw`jiaji sgmuì oj nmtji, bnymnj pjrhmrldna bt tgj tgrjsgmì `jvj` sgmuì oj

bkfnmw`jiaji, bni tgj prbdsj mr rjwbri sgmuì oj advjn bs k`msj tm tgj pjrhmrlbnkj bs

pmssdo`j.Bn mrabndzbtdmns hbdùrj tm lmndtmr mr lbnbaj dts ku`turj lby hmstjr qujstdmnbo`j

ojgbvdmr. Dn b pbtjnt dnhrdnajljnt kbsj ormuagt babdnst Abtjwby dn Ztbg, b hjijrb` euiaj

rjprdlbniji tgj kmlpbny hmr ijstrmydna mr `msdna jvdijnkj dn obi hbdtg. B hmrljr DOL

jnadnjjr ormuagt tgj sudt babdnst Abtjwby, dnidkbtdna tgbt Abtjwby dnhrdnaji upmn gds pbtjnts

hmr biirjssdna ijhjkts dn h`mppyidsf irdvjs. Ygj jnadnjjr b`sm biiji tgbt Abtjwby `mst mr

ijstrmyji imkuljnts tgbt wmuì gbvj gj`pji prmvj gds kbsj. Bttjlpts tm kmvjr up

wrmnaimdna oy ijstrmydna imkuljnts sgmuì nmt oj tm`jrbtji.

Lbnbajljnts sjnsj mh tgj mrabndzbtdmns ku`turj lby oj qudtj idhhjrjnt hrml tgj vbùjs bni

jtgdkb` oj`djhs tgbt brj bktub``y audidna tgj hdrls jlp`myjjs. Ybo`j prmvdijs bn jxblp`j mh b

kmrpmrbtj ku`turj jtgdks buidt. Kmlpbndjs dntjrjstji dn bssjssdna tgjdr ku`turj kbn usj tgds tmm`

bni ojnkglbrf babdnst prjvdmus yjbrs rjsu`ts tm ljbsurj hmr mrabndzbtdmnb` dlprmvjljnts.

Jtgdkb` dssujs lby brdsj ojkbusj mh kmnh`dkts ojtwjjn tgj ku`turb` vbùjs pjrkjdvji oy

lbnbajljnt bni tgmsj bktub``y bt wmrf dn tgj mrabndzbtdmn. Hmr jxblp`j, lbnbajrs lby

oj`djvj tgbt tgj ku`turj jnkmurbajs rjspjkt hmr pjjrs bni suomridnbtjs. Mn tgj obsds mh tgj

rjwbris mr sbnktdmns bssmkdbtji wdtg vbrdmus ojgbvdmrs, gmwjvjr, tgj hdrls jlp`myjjs lby

oj`djvj tgbt tgj kmlpbny jnkmurbajs kmlpjtdtdmn blmna mrabndzbtdmnb` ljlojrs. B

kmlpjtdtdvj mrdjntbtdmn lby rjsu`t dn b `jss jtgdkb` kmrpmrbtj ku`turj. Mn tgj mtgjr gbni,jlp`myjjs bpprjkdbtj wmrfdna dn bn jnvdrmnljnt tgbt ds ijsdanji tm jngbnkj wmrfp`bkj


10/24


~4~

jxpjrdjnkjs tgrmuag amb`s tgbt jnkmlpbss lmrj tgbn eust lbxdldzdna prmhdts.Ygus, dt ds vjry

dlpmrtbnt hmr tmp lbnbajrs tm ijtjrldnj wgbt tgj mrabndzbtdmns ku`turj ds bni tm lmndtmr dts

vbùjs, trbidtdmns, bni oj`djhs tm jnsurj tgbt tgjy rjprjsjnt tgj ijsdrji ku`turj. Gmwjvjr, tgj

rjwbris bni pundsgljnts dlpmsji oy bn mrabndzbtdmn njji tm oj kmnsdstjnt wdtg tgj bktub`

kmrpmrbtj ku`turj. Bs twm ousdnjss jtgdks jxpjrts gbvj mosjrvji,

Jlp`myjjs wd`` vbùj bniusj

bs

aud

ij`d

njs

tgms

j

bktd

vdtd

js

hmr

wgd

kg

tgj

y

wd``

oj

rjw

briji. Qgjn b ojgbvdmr tgbt ds rjwbriji kmljs dntm kmnh`dkt wdtg bn unstbtji bni unlmndtmrji

jtgdkb` vbùj, usub``y tgj rjwbriji ojgbvdmr wdns mut.


11/24


~23~

Idhhjrjntdb` Bssmkdbtdmn

Idhhjrjntdb` bssmkdbtdmn rjhjrs tm tgj dijb tgbt pjmp`j `jbrn jtgdkb` mr unjtgdkb` ojgbvdmr

wgd`j dntjrbktdna wdtg mtgjrs wgm brj pbrt mh tgjdr rm`jsjts mr oj`mna tm mtgjr dntdlbtj

pjrsmnb` armups. Ygj `jbrndna prmkjss ds lmrj `dfj`y tm rjsu`t dn unjtgdkb` ojgbvdmr dh tgj

dnidvdiub` bssmkdbtjs prdlbrd`y wdtg pjrsmns wgm ojgbvj unjtgdkb``y. Bssmkdbtdna wdtg mtgjrs

wgm brj unjtgdkb`, kmlodnji wdtg tgj mppmrtundty tm bkt unjtgdkb``y, ds b lbemr dnh`ujnkj mn

jtgdkb` ijkdsdmn lbfdna.

Kmnsdijr twm kbsgdjrs wmrfdna idhhjrjnt sgdhts bt tgj sblj supjrlbrfjt. Fjvdn, wgm wmrfs dn

tgj jvjndnas, gbs sjjn gds kbsgdjr hrdjnis tbfj lmnjy hrml tgj oba kmntbdndna tgj smhtirdnf

lbkgdnj kgbnaj, wgdkg ds km``jktji jvjry bhtjrnmmn out nmt kmuntji untd` k`msdna tdlj.B`tgmuag Fjvdn pjrsmnb``y oj`djvjs tgbt stjb`dna ds wrmna, gj gbs mhtjn gjbri gds hrdjnis

rbtdmnb`dzj tgbt tgj kmlpbny mwjs tgjl hrjj ojvjrbajs wgd`j tgjy wmrf. Iurdna gds orjbf

mnj jvjndna, Fjvdn idskmvjrs tgbt gj gbs nm lmnjy tm ouy b smib. Ojkbusj gj gbs sjjn gds

hrdjnis tbfj lmnjy hrml tgj oba bni gbs gjbri tgjl eustdhy tgj prbktdkj, Fjvdn imjs nmt hjj`

aud`ty bomut tbfdna hmur qubrtjrs. Gmwjvjr, [b``y, wgm wmrfs tgj iby sgdht, gbs njvjr sjjn

gjr hrdjnis tbfj lmnjy hrml tgj oba. Qgjn sgj idskmvjrs tgbt sgj imjs nmt gbvj jnmuag

lmnjy tm purkgbsj b ojvjrbaj hmr gjr orjbf, dt imjs nmt mkkur tm gjr tm tbfj lmnjy hrml tgj

kgbnaj oba. Dnstjbi, sgj omrrmws hrml b hrdjni. B`tgmuag omtg [b``y bni Fjvdn vdjw stjb`dna

bs wrmna, Fjvdn gbs bssmkdbtji wdtg mtgjrs wgm sby tgj prbktdkj ds eustdhdji. Qgjn tgj

mppmrtundty brmsj, Fjvdn usji gds hrdjnis rbtdmnb`dzbtdmn tm eustdhy gds tgjht.


12/24


~22~

[jvjrb` rjsjbrkg stuidjs gbvj hmuni tgbt jlp`myjjs, jspjkdb``y ymuna lbnbajrs, tjni tm am

b`mna wdtg tgjdr supjrdmrs lmrb` euialjnts tm ijlmnstrbtj `myb`ty. Dn mnj stuiy, bn

jxpjrdljnt wbs kmniuktji tm ijtjrldnj gmw b gypmtgjtdkb` ombri mh idrjktmrs wmuì rjspmni

tm tgj lbrfjtdna mh mnj mh tgj kmlpbnys lmst prmhdtbo`j iruas, wgdkg rjsu`tji dn 29 tm ??

unnjkjssbry ijbtgs b yjbr. Qgjn tgj dlbadnbry ombri mh idrjktmrs `jbrnji tgbt b kmlpjtdtmrsirua wbs kmldna dntm tgj lbrfjt wdtg nm sdij jhhjkts, lmrj tgbn 73 pjrkjnt suppmrtji

kmntdnudna tm lbrfjt tgj irua bni tbfdna `jab` bni pm`dtdkb` bktdmn tm prjvjnt b obn. Qgjn

bsfji tgjdr pjrsmnb` vdjw mn tgds sdtubtdmn, 41 pjrkjnt oj`djvji tgbt kmntdnudna tm lbrfjt tgj

irua wbs drrjspmnsdo`j. Qj gbvj lbij dt k`jbr tgbt gmw pjmp`j typdkb``y lbfj jtgdkb`

ijkdsdmns ds nmt njkjssbrd`y tgj wby tgjysgmuìlbfj jtgdkb` ijkdsdmns. Out wj oj`djvj tgbt

ymu wd`` oj bo`j tm dlprmvj ymur mwn jtgdkb` ijkdsdmn lbfdna mnkj ymu unijrstbni tgj

pmtjntdb` dnhùjnkj mh ymur dntjrbktdmn wdtg mtgjrs dn ymur dntdlbtj wmrf armups.

Qgdst`j,O`mwdna

Qgdst`j,o`mwdna ljbns jxpmsdna bn jlp`myjrs wrmnaimdna tm mutsdijrs 'jxtjrnb` tm tgj

kmlpbny$ sukg bs tgj ljidb mr amvjrnljnt rjau`btmry bajnkdjs. Ygj tjrl wgdst`j o`mwdnads

b`sm usji hmr dntjrnb` rjpmrtdna mh ldskmniukt tm lbnbajljnt, jspjkdb``y tgrmuag bnmnylmus

rjpmrtdna ljkgbndsls, mhtjn kb``ji gmt`dnjs. Qgdst`jo`mwjr `bws gbvj prmvdsdmns babdnst

rjtb`dbtdmn bni brj jnhmrkji oy b nulojr mh amvjrnljnt bajnkdjs.

B stuiy mh ;33 wgdst`jo`mwjrs oy rjsjbrkgjrs bt tgj Zndvjrsdty mh Sjnnsy`vbndb hmuni tgbt

84 pjrkjnt `mst tgjdr emos mr wjrj hmrkji tm rjtdrj bhtjr jxpmsdna tgjdr kmlpbndjs ldsijjis.

Hmr jxblp`j, tgj wgdst`jo`mwjr wgm jxpmsji Qb`Lbrt kgbdrlbn Ygmlbs Kmuag`dn mh

ijhrbuidna tgj kmlpbny wbs tjrldnbtji bomut b wjjf bhtjr Kmuag`dn rjsdanji. Ebrji Omwjn,

b hmrljr vdkj prjsdijnt hmr Qb`Lbrt [tmrjs, Dnk., k`bdls tgbt gj wbs tjrldnbtji hmr gds

jxpmsurj mh Kmuag`dn, dn vdm`btdmn mh b prmvdsdmn mh tgj [brobnjsMx`jy Bkt prmtjktdna

wgdst`jo`mwjrs.

Dh bn jlp`myjj prmvdijs dnhmrlbtdmn tm tgj amvjrnljnt bomut tgj kmlpbnys wrmnaimdna,

unijr tgj Hjijrb` Hb`sj K`bdls Bkt, tgj wgdst`jo`mwjr ds fnmwn bs b qud tbl rjb`tmr. Zpmn

dnvjstdabtdmn oy tgj Z.[. Ijpbrtljnt mh Eustdkj, tgj wgdst`jo`mwjr kbn rjkjdvj ojtwjjn 2:

bni ?: pjrkjnt mh tgj rjkmvjrji hunis, ijpjnidna upmn gmw dnstruljntb` gds mr gjr k`bdls

wjrj dn gmìdna tgj hdrl bkkmuntbo`j hmr dts wrmnaimdna. B`tgmuag lmst wgdst`jo`mwjrs im

nmt rjkjdvj pmsdtdvj rjkmandtdmn hmr pmdntdna mut kmrpmrbtj ldskmniukt, smlj gbvj turnji tmtgj kmurts bni motbdnji suostbntdb` sjtt`jljnts.


13/24


~2?~

Ybo`j prmvdijs b kgjkf`dst mh qujstdmns bn jlp`myjj sgmu`i bsf ojhmrj o`mwdna tgj wgdst`j

jxtjrnb``y.


14/24


~2;~

Hdaurj sgmws tgbt njbr`y mnj dn hmur jlp`myjjs jxpjrdjnkj rjtb`dbtdmn bhtjr rjpmrtdna

ldskmniukt. Njbr`y gb`h mh b`` jlp`myjjs wgm rjpmrt ldskmniukt rjkjdvji pmsdtdvj hjjiobkf

hmr gbvdna imnj sm.

Dh wgdst`jo`mwjrs prjsjnt bn bkkurbtj pdkturj mh mrabndzbtdmnb` ldskmniukt, tgjy sgmu`i nmt

hjbr hmr tgjdr emos. Dnijji, tgj [brobnjsMx`jy Bkt lbfjs dt d``jab` tm idskgbraj, ijlmtj,

suspjni, tgrjbtjn, gbrbss, mr dn bny lbnnjr idskrdldnbtj babdnst b wgdst`jo`mwjr bni sjts

pjnb`tdjs mh up tm 23 yjbrs dn ebd` hmr jxjkutdvjs wgm rjtb`dbtj babdnst wgdst`jo`mwjrs. Ygj

`bw b`sm rjqudrjs puo`dk`y trbiji kmlpbndjs tm dlp`jljnt bn bnmnylmus rjpmrtdna

ljkgbndsl tgbt b``mws jlp`myjjs tm qujstdmn bktdmns tgbt tgjy oj`djvj lby dnidkbtj hrbui mr

mtgjr ldskmniukt. Bn dnkrjbsdna nulojr mh kmlpbndjs wjrj sjttdna up bnmnylmus rjpmrtdna

sjrvdkjs, nmrlb``y tm``hrjj nulojrs, tgrmuag wgdkg jlp`myjjs kbn rjpmrt suspjktjivdm`btdmns mr sjjf dnput mn gmw tm prmkjji wgjn jnkmuntjrdna blodaumus sdtubtdmns. Ygjsj

dntjrnb` rjpmrtdna sjrvdkjs brj pjrkjdvji tm oj lmst jhhjktdvj wgjn tgjy brj lbnbaji oy bn

mutsdij mrabndzbtdmn tgbt spjkdb`dzjs dn lbdntbdndna jtgdks gmt`dnjs.

Ygds Hdaurj dnidkbtjs tgj rjbsmns wgy jlp`myjjs im nmt rjpmrt ldskmniukt dn tgj

mrabndzbtdmn. Ygj jxtjnt tm wgdkg jlp`myjjs hjj` tgjrj wd`` oj nm kmrrjktdvj bktdmn mr tgjrj

wd`` oj rjtb`dbtdmn brj `jbidna hbktmrs dnh`ujnkdna tgjdr ijkdsdmns nmt tm rjpmrt mosjrvji

ldskmniukt.


15/24


~29~

@jbijrs Dnhùjnkj Kmrpmrbtj Ku`turjMrabndzbtdmnb` `jbijrs kbn sgbpj bni dnhùjnkj kmrpmrbtj ku`turj hmr tgj ammi bni obi. B

hunibljntb` qujstdmn bomut `jbijrs ds tgj idstdnktdmn ojtwjjn ammi bni jtgdkb`. B ammi

`jbijr ds mnj tgbt imjs wj`` hmr tgj stbfjgmìjrs mh tgj kmrpmrbtdmn. Ammi `jbijrs brj jhhjktdvj

bt ajttdna hm``mwjrs tm tgjdr kmllmn amb`s mr moejktdvjs dn tgj lmst jhhjktdvj bni jhhdkdjnt

wby. Ygj stbfjgmìjrs wgm gbvj tgj lmst dnhùjnkj mn tgj `jbijr bni gds mr gjr moejktdvjs

ijtjrldnj tgj ammi. Dn tgds kmntjxt, Ojrndj Lbimhh kmuì oj kmnsdijrji b ammi `jbijr dn

tgbt gj lbij dnvjstmrs gbppy oy rjpmrtdna stbo`j bni stjbiy rjturns wgjn mtgjrs wjrj nmt.

Kmnsdstjnky kmunts bs b `jbijr. Lbny oj`djvj tgbt ojdna jtgdkb` ljbns nmt ojdna kmlpjtdtdvj.

Ygj hm``mwdna sukkjsshu` ousdnjss `jbijrs sgmw jxblp`js tm tgj kmntrbry5

Ibvj Kgjkfjtts, hmrljr KJM mh Lbidsmn [qubrj Abrijn Kmrpmrbtdmn5 Qgjtgjr dt dstj`jvdsdmn, spmrts, mr ousdnjss, dts b`wbys bomut wdnndna. D gbvj b`wbys run vjry, vjry

ijjp tgbt wby. Qgjn dt kmljs tm ojdna kmlpjtdtdvj, Dl mhh tgj lbp, wby mvjr tgj

tmp.

Ibvdi Njj`jlbn, hmunijr bni KJM mh EjtOùj5 Imwn ijjp dn ly aut D gbtj dt wgjnsmljmnj j`sj imjs smljtgdna ojttjr tgbn lj.

Fjvdn _m``dns, KJM mh Ij``5 D gbtj tm `msj" D imnt wbnt tm gurt pjmp`j tm wdn. Out Dwbnt tm wdn


16/24


~2:~

Ygj usj mh pmwjr bni dnhùjnkj sgbpjs kmrpmrbtj ku`turj. Smwjrrjhjrs tm tgj dnhùjnkj tgbt

`jbijrs bni lbnbajrs gbvj mvjr tgj ojgbvdmr bni ijkdsdmns mh suomridnbtjs. Bn dnidvdiub`

gbs pmwjr mvjr mtgjrs wgjn gds mr gjr prjsjnkj kbusjs tgjl tm ojgbvj idhhjrjnt`y.

Ygj stbtus bni pmwjr mh `jbijrs ds idrjkt`y rj`btji tm tgj blmunt mh prjssurj tgbt tgjy kbnjxjrt mn jlp`myjjs tm kmnhmrl tm tgjdr jxpjktbtdmns. B supjrdmr dn bn butgmrdty pmsdtdmn kbn

put strmna prjssurj mn jlp`myjjs tm kmlp`y, jvjn wgjn tgjdr pjrsmnb` jtgdkb` vbùjs kmnh`dkt

wdtg tgj supjrdmrs wdsgjs. Ygjrj brj hdvj pmwjr obsjs hrml wgdkg mnj pjrsmn lby dnhùjnkj

bnmtgjr5 '2$ rjwbri pmwjr, '?$ kmjrkdvj pmwjr, ';$ `jadtdlbtj pmwjr, '9$ jxpjrt pmwjr, bni

':$ rjhjrjnt pmwjr. Ygjsj hdvj obsjs mh pmwjr kbn oj usji tm lmtdvbtj dnidvdiub`s jdtgjr

jtgdkb``y mr unjtgdkb``y.

_jwbri Smwjr

_jwbri pmwjr rjhjrs tm b pjrsmns bod`dty tm dnhùjnkj tgj ojgbvdmr mh mtgjrs oy mhhjrdnatgjl smljtgdna ijsdrbo`j. Yypdkb` rjwbris ldagt oj lmnjy, stbtus, mr prmlmtdmn.

Kmnsdijr, hmr jxblp`j, b rjtbd` sb`jspjrsmn tgbt gbs twm wbtkgjs 'b Ydljx bni b Lmvbim$ hmr

sb`j. @jts bssulj tgbt tgj Lmvbim ds mh gdagjr qub`dty tgbn tgj Ydljx out ds prdkji bomut tgj

sblj. Dn tgj bosjnkj mh bny hmrl mh rjwbri pmwjr, tgj sb`jspjrsmn wmuì `madkb``y bttjlpt tm

sj`` tgj Lmvbim wbtkg. Gmwjvjr, dh Ydljx abvj gdl bn jxtrb 23 pjrkjnt kmlldssdmn, gj

wmuì prmobo`y hmkus gds jhhmrts mn sj``dna tgj Ydljx. Ygds kbrrmt ibna`dna bni dnkjntdvjs

gbvj ojjn sgmwn tm oj vjry jhhjktdvj dn ajttdna pjmp`j tm kgbnaj tgjdr ojgbvdmr dn tgj `mna

run. Dn tgj sgmrt run, gmwjvjr, dt ds nmt bs jhhjktdvj bs kmjrkdvj pmwjr.

Kmjrkdvj SmwjrKmjrkdvj pmwjr ds jssjntdb``y tgj mppmsdtj mh rjwbri pmwjr. Dnstjbi mh rjwbridna b pjrsmn

hmr imdna smljtgdna, kmjrkdvj pmwjr pjnb`dzjs bktdmns mr ojgbvdmr.

Bs bn jxblp`j, suppmsj b vbùbo`j k`djnt bsfs bn dniustrdb` sb`jspjrsmn hmr b ordoj bni

dnsdnubtjs tgbt gj wd`` tbfj gds ousdnjss j`sjwgjrj dh gds ijlbnis brj nmt ljt. B`tgmuag tgj

sb`jspjrsmn oj`djvjs ordojry ds unjtgdkb`, gjr omss gbs tmì gjr tgbt sgj lust fjjp tgj k`djnt

gbppy mr `msj gjr kgbnkj bt prmlmtdmn. Ygj omss ds dlpmsdna b njabtdvj sbnktdmn dh kjrtbdn

bktdmns brj nmt pjrhmrlji. Lbny kmlpbndjs gbvj usji b systjl wgjrjoy tgjy systjlbtdkb``y

hdrj tgj `mwjst pjrhmrldna jlp`myjjs dn tgjdr mrabndzbtdmn mn bn bnnub` obsds. AJs EbkfQj`kg ds pjrgbps tgj lmst fnmwn hmr suppmrtdna b vdtb`dty kurvj tgbt bnnub``y tjrldnbtji

tgj `mwjst 23 pjrkjnt mh jlp`myjjs. Jnrmn kb``ji dt rbnf bni ybnf bni bnnub``y hdrji tgj

`mwjst ?3 pjrkjnt.

@jadtdlbtj Smwjr

@jadtdlbtj pmwjr stjls hrml tgj oj`djh tgbt b kjrtbdn pjrsmn gbs tgj rdagt tm jxjrt dnhùjnkj

bni tgbt kjrtbdn mtgjrs gbvj bn mo`dabtdmn tm bkkjpt dt. Ygj tdt`js bni pmsdtdmns mh butgmrdty

tgbt mrabndzbtdmns ojstmw mn dnidvdiub`s bppjb` tm tgds trbidtdmnb` vdjw mh pmwjr. Lbny

pjmp`j rjbid`y bkqudjskj tm tgmsj wgm wdjì `jadtdlbtj pmwjr, smljtdljs kmlldttdna bkts

tgbt brj kmntrbry tm tgjdr oj`djhs bni vbùjs.


17/24


~28~

Ojtty Xdnsmn, bn bkkmuntbnt bt QmrìKml, moejktji tm gjr supjrvdsmrs rjqujsts tm prmiukj

dlprmpjr bkkmuntdna jntrdjs dn bn jhhmrt tm kmnkjb` QmrìKmls ijtjrdmrbtdna hdnbnkdb`

kmnidtdmn. [gj hdnb``y abvj dn tm tgjdr rjqujsts, ojdna tmì tgds wbs tgj mn`y wby tm sbvj tgj

kmlpbny. [gj bni mtgjr QmrìKml bkkmuntbnts jvjntub``y p`ji aud`ty tm kmnspdrbky bnihrbui kgbrajs. [gj wbs sjntjnkji tm hdvj lmntgs dn prdsmn bni hdvj lmntgs mh gmusj brrjst.

Jxpjrt Smwjr

Jxpjrt pmwjr ds ijrdvji hrml b pjrsmns fnmw`jiaj 'mr tgj pjrkjptdmn tgbt tgj pjrsmn

pmssjssjs fnmw`jiaj$. Jxpjrt pmwjr usub``y stjls hrml b supjrdmrs krjidod`dty wdtg

suomridnbtjs. Krjidod`dty, bni tgus jxpjrt pmwjr, ds pmsdtdvj`y rj`btji tm tgj nulojr mh yjbrs

tgbt b pjrsmn gbs wmrfji dn b hdrl mr dniustry, tgj pjrsmns jiukbtdmn, mr tgj gmnmrs tgbt gj mr

sgj gbs rjkjdvji hmr pjrhmrlbnkj. Mtgjrs wgm pjrkjdvj b pjrsmn tm oj bn jxpjrt mn b spjkdhdk

tmpdk kbn b`sm kmnhjr jxpjrt pmwjr mn gdl mr gjr. B rj`btdvj`y `mw`jvj` sjkrjtbry lby gbvj

jxpjrt pmwjr ojkbusj gj mr sgj fnmws spjkdhdk ijtbd`s bomut gmw tgj ousdnjss mpjrbtjs bni

kbn jvjn lbfj suaajstdmns mn gmw tm dnh`btj rjvjnuj tgrmuag jxpjnsj rjdloursjljnts.

Jxpjrt pmwjr lby kbusj jtgdkb` prmo`jls wgjn dt ds usji tm lbndpu`btj mtgjrs mr tm abdn bn

unhbdr bivbntbaj. Sgysdkdbns, `bwyjrs, mr kmnsu`tbnts kbn tbfj unhbdr bivbntbaj mh unfnmwdna

k`djnts, hmr jxblp`j. Bkkmuntdna hdrls lby abdn jxtrb dnkmlj oy danmrdna kmnkjrns bomut tgj

bkkurbky mh hdnbnkdb` ibtb tgbt tgjy brj prmvdiji dn bn buidt.

_jhjrjnt Smwjr

_jhjrjnt pmwjr lby jxdst wgjn mnj pjrsmn pjrkjdvjs tgbt gds mr gjr amb`s mr moejktdvjs brj

sdld`br tm bnmtgjrs. Ygj sjkmni pjrsmn lby bttjlpt tm dnhùjnkj tgj hdrst tm tbfj bktdmns tgbt

wd`` `jbi omtg tm bkgdjvj tgjdr moejktdvjs. Ojkbusj tgjy sgbrj tgj sblj moejktdvj, tgj pjrsmn

dnhùjnkji oy tgj mtgjr wd`` pjrkjdvj tgj mtgjrs usj mh rjhjrjnt pmwjr bs ojnjhdkdb`. Hmr tgds

pmwjr rj`btdmnsgdp tm oj jhhjktdvj, gmwjvjr, smlj smrt mh jlpbtgy lust jxdst ojtwjjn tgj

dnidvdiub`s. Dijntdhdkbtdmn wdtg mtgjrs gj`ps ommst tgj ijkdsdmn lbfjrs kmnhdijnkj wgjn

lbfdna b ijkdsdmn, tgus dnkrjbsdna gds mr gjr rjhjrjnt pmwjr.

Mrabndzbtdmnb` [trukturj bni OusdnjssJtgdks

Bn mrabndzbtdmns strukturj ds dlpmrtbnt tm tgj stuiy mh ousdnjss jtgdks ojkbusj tgj vbrdmus

rm`js bni emo ijskrdptdmns tgbt kmlprdsj tgbt strukturj lby krjbtj mppmrtundtdjs hmr unjtgdkb`

ojgbvdmr. Ygj strukturj mh mrabndzbtdmns kbn oj ijskrdoji dn lbny wbys. Hmr sdlp`dkdtys

sbfj, wj idskuss twm ormbi kbtjamrdjs mh mrabndzbtdmnb` strukturjskjntrb`dzji bni

ijkjntrb`dzji. Nmtj tgbt tgjsj brj nmt lutub``y jxkùsdvj strukturjs6 dn tgj rjb` wmrì,

mrabndzbtdmnb` strukturjs jxdst mn b kmntdnuul.


18/24


~21~

Dn b kjntrb`dzji mrabndzbtdmn, ijkdsdmn lbfdna butgmrdty ds kmnkjntrbtji dn tgj gbnis mh tmp

`jvj` lbnbajrs, bni `dtt`j butgmrdty ds ij`jabtji tm `mwjr `jvj`s. _jspmnsdod`dty, omtg dntjrnb`

bni jxtjrnb`, rjsts wdtg tmp`jvj` lbnbajrs. Ygds strukturj ds jspjkdb``y sudtji hmr

mrabndzbtdmns tgbt lbfj gdagrdsf ijkdsdmns bni wgmsj `mwjr`jvj` lbnbajrs brj nmt gdag`y

sfd``ji dn ijkdsdmn lbfdna. Dt ds b`sm sudtbo`j hmr mrabndzbtdmns dn wgdkg prmiuktdmn prmkjssjsbrj rmutdnj bni jhhdkdjnky ds mh prdlbry dlpmrtbnkj. Ygjsj mrabndzbtdmns brj usub``y

jxtrjlj`y ourjbukrbtdk, bni tgj idvdsdmn mh `bomr ds typdkb``y vjry wj`` ijhdnji. Jbkg wmrfjr

fnmws gds mr gjr emo bni wgbt ds spjkdhdkb``y jxpjktji, bni jbkg gbs b k`jbr unijrstbnidna mh

gmw tm kbrry mut bssdanji tbsfs. Kjntrb`dzji mrabndzbtdmns strjss hmrlb` ru`js, pm`dkdjs, bni

prmkjiurjs, obkfji up wdtg j`bomrbtj kmntrm` systjls. Ygjdr kmijs mh jtgdks lby spjkdhy tgj

tjkgndqujs tm oj usji hmr ijkdsdmn lbfdna. Mtgjr jtgdkb` kmnkjrns lby brdsj dn kjntrb`dzji

strukturjs ojkbusj tgjy typdkb``y gbvj vjry `dtt`j upwbri kmllundkbtdmn. Ymp`jvj` lbnbajrs

lby nmt oj bwbrj mh prmo`jls bni unjtgdkb` bktdvdty. [mlj kmlpbndjs usj mh swjbtsgmp

`bomr lby oj mnj lbndhjstbtdmn mh tgds `bkf mh upwbri kmllundkbtdmn. Bnmtgjr jtgdkb` dssuj

tgbt lby brdsj dn kjntrb`dzji mrabndzbtdmns ds o`blj sgdhtdna, mr skbpjambtdna. Sjmp`j lby try

tm trbnshjr o`blj hmr tgjdr bktdmns tm mtgjrs wgm brj nmt rjspmnsdo`j. Ygj spjkdb`dzbtdmn bni

sdandhdkbnt idvdsdmn mh `bomr dn kjntrb`dzji mrabndzbtdmns kbn b`sm krjbtj jtgdkb` prmo`jls.

Jlp`myjjs lby nmt unijrstbni gmw tgjdr bktdmns kbn bhhjkt tgj mvjrb`` mrabndzbtdmn ojkbusj

tgjy wmrf mn mnj pdjkj mh b lukg `brajr puzz`j. Ygds `bkf mh kmnnjktjinjss kbn `jbi

jlp`myjjs tm jnabaj dn unjtgdkb` ojgbvdmr ojkbusj tgjy hbd` tm unijrstbni tgj mvjrb``

rbldhdkbtdmns mh tgjdr ojgbvdmr.

Dn b ijkjntrb`dzji mrabndzbtdmn, ijkdsdmn lbfdna butgmrdty ds ij`jabtji bs hbr imwn tgj

kgbdn mh kmllbni bs pmssdo`j. [ukg mrabndzbtdmns gbvj rj`btdvj`y hjw hmrlb` ru`js, bni

kmmridnbtdmn bni kmntrm` brj usub``y dnhmrlb` bni pjrsmnb`. Ygjy hmkus dnstjbi mn dnkrjbsdna

tgj h`mw mh dnhmrlbtdmn. Bs b rjsu`t, mnj mh tgj lbdn strjnatgs mh ijkjntrb`dzji mrabndzbtdmns

ds tgjdr bibptbod`dty bni jbr`y rjkmandtdmn mh jxtjrnb` kgbnaj. Qdtg arjbtjr h`jxdod`dty,

lbnbajrs kbn rjbkt qudkf`y tm kgbnajs dn tgjdr jtgdkb` jnvdrmnljnt. B pbrb``j` wjbfnjss mh

ijkjntrb`dzji mrabndzbtdmns ds tgj idhhdku`ty tgbt tgjy gbvj dn rjspmnidna qudkf`y tm kgbnajs

dn pm`dky bni prmkjiurjs jstbo`dsgji oy tmp lbnbajljnt. Dn biidtdmn, dnijpjnijnt prmhdt

kjntjrs wdtgdn b ijkjntrb`dzji mrabndzbtdmn lby ijvdbtj hrml mrabndzbtdmnb` moejktdvjs. Mtgjr

ijkjntrb`dzji hdrls lby `mmf nm hurtgjr tgbn tgj `mkb` kmllundty hmr tgjdr jtgdkb` stbnibris.

Iuj tm tgj strdkt hmrlb`dzbtdmn bni dlp`jljntbtdmn mh jtgdks pm`dkdjs bni prmkjiurjs dn

kjntrb`dzji mrabndzbtdmns, tgjy tjni tm oj lmrj jtgdkb` dn tgjdr prbktdkjs tgbn ijkjntrb`dzjimrabndzbtdmns. Kjntrb`dzji mrabndzbtdmns lby b`sm jxjrt lmrj dnhùjnkj mn tgjdr jlp`myjjs

ojkbusj tgjy gbvj b kjntrb` kmrj mh pm`dkdjs bni kmijs mh jtgdkb` kmniukt. Ijkjntrb`dzji

mrabndzbtdmns advj jlp`myjjs jxtjnsdvj ijkdsdmn lbfdna butmnmly ojkbusj lbnbajljnt

jlpmwjrs tgj jlp`myjjs. Gmwjvjr, dt ds b`sm truj tgbt ijkjntrb`dzji mrabndzbtdmns lby oj

bo`j tm bvmdi jtgdkb` id`jllbs oy tbd`mrdna tgjdr ijkdsdmns tm tgj spjkdhdk sdtubtdmns, `bws, bni

vbùjs mh b pbrtdku`br kmllundty. Dh wdij`y sgbrji vbùjs brj dn p`bkj dn ijkjntrb`dzji

mrabndzbtdmns, tgjrj lby oj nm njji hmr jxkjssdvj kmlp`dbnkj prmarbls. Gmwjvjr, idhhjrjnt

undts dn tgj kmlpbny lby jvm`vj idvjrsj vbùj systjls bni bpprmbkgjs tm jtgdkb` ijkdsdmn

lbfdna.


19/24


~27~


20/24


~24~

Ygds Ybo`j kmlpbrjs smlj strjnatgs bni wjbfnjssjs mh kjntrb`dzji bni ijkjntrb`dzji

strukturjs.

Armup Idljnsdmns mh Kmrpmrbtj

[trukturj bni Ku`turj

Qgjn idskussdna kmrpmrbtj ku`turj, wj tjni tm hmkus mn tgj mrabndzbtdmn bs b wgm`j. Outkmrpmrbtj vb`ujs, oj`djhs, pbttjrns, bni ru`js brj mhtjn jxprjssji tgrmuag slb``jr armups

wdtgdn tgj mrabndzbtdmn. Lmrjmvjr, dnidvdiub` armups wdtgdn mrabndzbtdmns mhtjn bimpt tgjdr

mwn ru`js bni vb`ujs.

Yypjs mh Armups

Ywm lbdn kbtjamrdjs mh armups bhhjkt jtgdkb` ojgbvdmr dn ousdnjss. B hmrlb` armup ds

ijhdnji bs bn bssjlo`y mh dnidvdiub`s tgbt gbs bn mrabndzji strukturj bkkjptji jxp`dkdt`y oy

tgj armup. Bn dnhmrlb` armup ds ijhdnji bs twm mr lmrj dnidvdiub`s wdtg b kmllmn dntjrjst

out wdtgmut bn jxp`dkdt mrabndzbtdmnb` strukturj.


21/24


~?3~

Hmrlb` ArmupsHmrlb` armups kbn oj idvdiji dntm kmlldttjjs bni wmrf armups bni tjbls.

KmlldttjjsB kmlldttjj ds b hmrlb` armup mh dnidvdiub`s bssdanji tm b spjkdhdk tbsf. Mhtjn b sdna`j

lbnbajr kmuì nmt kmlp`jtj tgj tbsf, mr lbnbajljnt lby oj`djvj tgbt b kmlldttjj kbn ojttjr

rjprjsjnt idhhjrjnt kmnstdtujnkdjs bni dlprmvj tgj kmmridnbtdmn bni dlp`jljntbtdmn mh

ijkdsdmns. Kmlldttjjs lby ljjt rjau`br`y tm rjvdjw pjrhmrlbnkj, ijvj`mp p`bns, mr lbfj

ijkdsdmns. Lmst hmrlb` kmlldttjjs dn mrabndzbtdmns mpjrbtj mn bn mnamdna obsds, out tgjdr

ljlojrsgdp lby kgbnaj mvjr tdlj. B kmlldttjj ds bn jxkj``jnt jxblp`j mh b sdtubtdmn dn

wgdkg kmwmrfjrs bni sdandhdkbnt mtgjrs wdtgdn tgj mrabndzbtdmn kbn dnhùjnkj jtgdkb`

ijkdsdmns. Kmlldttjj ijkdsdmns brj tm smlj jxtjnt `jadtdldzji ojkbusj mh barjjljnt mr

lbemrdty ru`j. Dn tgds rjspjkt, ldnmrdty vdjws mn dssujs sukg bs jtgdks kbn oj pusgji bsdijtgrmuag tgj lbemrdtys butgmrdty. Kmlldttjjs ordna idvjrsj pjrsmnb` lmrb` vbùjs dntm tgj

jtgdkb` ijkdsdmn lbfdna prmkjss, wgdkg lby jxpbni tgj nulojr mh b`tjrnbtdvjs kmnsdijrji.

Ygj lbdn idsbivbntbaj mh kmlldttjjs ds tgbt tgjy typdkb``y tbfj `mnajr tm rjbkg b ijkdsdmn

tgbn bn dnidvdiub` wmuì. Kmlldttjj ijkdsdmns brj b`sm ajnjrb``y lmrj kmnsjrvbtdvj tgbn

tgmsj lbij oy dnidvdiub`s bni lby oj obsji mn unnjkjssbry kmlprmldsj rbtgjr tgbn mn

dijntdhydna tgj ojst b`tjrnbtdvj. B`sm dngjrjnt dn tgj kmlldttjj strukturj ds b `bkf mh

dnidvdiub` rjspmnsdod`dty. Ojkbusj mh tgj idvjrsj kmlpmsdtdmn mh tgj armup, ljlojrs lby nmt

oj kmlldttji mr wd``dna tm bssulj rjspmnsdod`dty hmr tgj armup ijkdsdmn. Armuptgdnf lby

jljraj bni tgj lbemrdty kbn jxp`bdn jtgdkb` kmnsdijrbtdmns bwby.

B`tgmuag lbny mrabndzbtdmns gbvj hdnbnkdb`, idvjrsdty, pjrsmnnj`, mr smkdb` rjspmnsdod`dty

kmlldttjjs, mn`y b vjry hjw mrabndzbtdmns gbvj kmlldttjjs tgbt brj ijvmtji jxkùsdvj`y tm

jtgdks. Bn jtgdks kmlldttjj ldagt rbdsj jtgdkb` kmnkjrns, rjsm`vj jtgdkb` id`jllbs dn tgj

mrabndzbtdmn, bni krjbtj mr upibtj tgj kmlpbnys kmij mh jtgdks. Lmtmrm`b, hmr jxblp`j,

lbdntbdns b Ousdnjss Jtgdks Kmlp`dbnkj Kmlldttjj, wgdkg dntjrprjts, k`bssdhdjs,

kmllundkbtjs, bni jnhmrkjs tgj kmlpbnys kmij bni jtgdks dndtdbtdvjs. Bn jtgdks kmlldtt jj

kbn abtgjr dnhmrlbtdmn mn hunktdmnb` brjbs mh tgj ousdnjss bni jxbldnj lbnuhbkturdna

prbktdkjs, pjrsmnnj` pm`dkdjs, ijb`dnas wdtg supp`djrs, hdnbnkdb` rjpmrtdna, bni sb`js tjkgndqujs

tm hdni mut wgjtgjr tgj kmlpbnys prbktdkjs brj jtgdkb`. Ygmuag lukg mh b kmrpmrbtdmnsku`turj mpjrbtjs dnhmrlb``y, bn jtgdks kmlldttjj wmuì oj b gdag`y hmrlb`dzji bpprmbkg hmr

ijb`dna wdtg jtgdkb` dssujs.

Jtgdks kmlldttjjs kbn oj ldsusji dh tgjy brj jstbo`dsgji hmr tgj purpmsj mh `jadtdldzdna

lbnbajljnts jtgdkb` stbnibris mn smlj dssuj. Jtgdks kmlldttjj ljlojrs lby b`sm hbd` tm

unijrstbni tgjdr rm`j mr hunktdmn. Dh tgjy bttjlpt tm bpp`y tgjdr mwn pjrsmnb` jtgdks tm

kmlp`jx ousdnjss dssujs, rjsm`vdna jtgdkb` dssujs lby oj idhhdku`t. Ojkbusj lmst pjmp`js

pjrsmnb` jtgdkb` pjrspjktdvjs idhhjr, tgj kmlldttjj lby jxpjrdjnkj kmnh`dkt. Jvjn dh tgj

kmlldttjj ljlojrs rjbkg b kmnsjnsus, tgjy lby jnhmrkj tgjdr pjrsmnb` oj`djhs rbtgjr tgbn

tgj mrabndzbtdmns stbnibris mn kjrtbdn jtgdkb` dssujs. Jtgdks kmlldttjjs sgmuì oj mrabndzjibrmuni prmhjssdmnb`, ousdnjssrj`btji dssujs tgbt mkkur dntjrnb``y. Dn ajnjrb`, tgj jtgdks


22/24


~?2~

kmlldttjj sgmuì hmrlu`btj pm`dky, ijvj`mp jtgdkb` stbnibris, bni tgjn bssjss tgj

mrabndzbtdmns kmlp`dbnkj wdtg tgjsj rjqudrjljnts. Jtgdks kmlldttjjs sgmuì oj bwbrj mh

tgjdr dniustrdjs kmijs mh jtgdks, kmllundty stbnibris, bni tgj mrabndzbtdmnb` ku`turj dn

wgdkg tgjy wmrf.

Qmrf Armups bni YjblsQmrf armups brj usji tm suoidvdij iutdjs wdtgdn spjkdhdk hunktdmnb` brjbs mh b kmlpbny. Hmr

jxblp`j, mn bn butmlmtdvj bssjlo`y `dnj, mnj wmrf armup ldagt dnstb`` tgj sjbts bni dntjrdmr

ijsdan j`jljnts mh tgj vjgdk`j wgd`j bnmtgjr armup dnstb``s b`` tgj ibsgombri dnstruljnts.

Ygds jnbo`js prmiuktdmn supjrvdsmrs tm spjkdb`dzj dn b spjkdhdk brjb bni prmvdij jxpjrt bivdkj

tm wmrf armups.

Qgjrjbs wmrf armups mpjrbtj wdtgdn b sdna`j hunktdmnb` brjb, tjbls ordna tmajtgjr tgj

hunktdmnb` jxpjrtdsj mh jlp`myjjs hrml sjvjrb` idhhjrjnt brjbs mh tgj mrabndzbtdmnhmr

jxblp`j, hdnbnkj, lbrfjtdna, bni prmiuktdmnmn b sdna`j prmejkt, sukg bs ijvj`mpdna b njw

prmiukt. Lbny lbnuhbkturdna hdrls, dnkùidna Ajnjrb` Lmtmrs, Qjstdnagmusj, bni Srmktjr (

Ablo`j, brj usdna tgj tjbl kmnkjpt tm dlprmvj pbrtdkdpbtdvj lbnbajljnt. Jtgdkb` kmnh`dkts

lby brdsj ojkbusj tjbl ljlojrs kmlj hrml idhhjrjnt hunktdmnb` brjbs. Jbkg ljlojr mh tgj

tjbl gbs b pbrtdku`br rm`j tm p`by bni gbs prmobo`y gbi `dldtji dntjrbktdmn wdtg mtgjr

ljlojrs mh tgj tjbl. Ljlojrs lby gbvj jnkmuntjrji idhhjrjnt jtgdkb` dssujs dn tgjdr mwn

hunktdmnb` brjbs bni lby tgjrjhmrj ordna idhhjrjnt vdjwpmdnts wgjn tgj tjbl hbkjs bn jtgdkb`

dssuj. Hmr jxblp`j, b prmiuktdmn qub`dtykmntrm` jlp`myjj ldagt oj`djvj tgbt sdijdlpbkt bdr

obas sgmuì oj stbnibri jqudpljnt mn b`` butmlmod`js hmr sbhjty rjbsmns. B lbrfjtdna

ljlojr mh tgj tjbl lby rjp`y tgbt tgj kmst mh biidna tgj bdr obas wmuì hmrkj tgj kmlpbny

tm rbdsj prdkjs ojymni tgj rjbkg mh smlj kmnsuljrs. Ygj prmiuktdmn jlp`myjj ldagt tgjnbrauj tgbt dt ds unjtgdkb` hmr bn butmlmod`j lbfjr tm hbd` tm dnkùij b sbhjty hjbturj tgbt kmuì

sbvj gunirjis mh `dvjs. [ukg kmnh`dkts mhtjn mkkur wgjn ljlojrs mh idhhjrjnt mrabndzbtdmnb`

armups lust dntjrbkt. Gmwjvjr, bdrdna vdjwpmdnts rjprjsjntbtdvj mh b`` tgj hunktdmnb` brjbs

gj`ps prmvdij lmrj mptdmns hrml wgdkg tm kgmmsj.

Qmrf armups bni tjbls prmvdij tgj mrabndzbtdmnb` strukturj hmr armup ijkdsdmn lbfdna. Mnj

mh tgj rjbsmns wgy dnidvdiub`s kbnnmt dlp`jljnt tgjdr pjrsmnb` jtgdkb` oj`djhs dn

mrabndzbtdmns ds tgbt wmrf armups km``jktdvj`y rjbkg sm lbny ijkdsdmns. Gmwjvjr, tgmsj wgm

gbvj `jadtdlbtj pmwjr brj dn b pmsdtdmn tm dnhùjnkj jtgdksrj`btji bktdvdtdjs. Ygj wmrf armup

bni tjbl mhtjn sbnktdmn kjrtbdn bktdvdtdjs bs jtgdkb` mr ijhdnj mtgjrs bs unjtgdkb`.

Dnhmrlb` Armups

Dn biidtdmn tm tgj armups tgbt ousdnjssjs hmrlb``y mrabndzj bni rjkmandzjsukg bs

kmlldttjjs, wmrf armups, bni tjblslmst mrabndzbtdmns gbvj b nulojr mh dnhmrlb` armups.

Ygjsj armups brj usub``y kmlpmsji mh dnidvdiub`s, mhtjn hrml tgj sblj ijpbrtljnt, wgm

gbvj sdld`br dntjrjsts bni obni tmajtgjr hmr kmlpbndmnsgdp mr hmr purpmsjs tgbt lby mr lby

nmt oj rj`jvbnt tm tgj amb`s mh tgj mrabndzbtdmn. Hmr jxblp`j, hmur mr hdvj pjmp`j wgm gbvj

sdld`br tbstjs dn mutimmr bktdvdtdjs bni lusdk lby idskuss tgjdr dntjrjsts wgd`j wmrfdna, bni

tgjy lby ljjt mutsdij wmrf hmr idnnjr, kmnkjrts, spmrts jvjnts, mr mtgjr bktdvdtdjs. Mtgjr

dnhmrlb` armups lby jvm`vj tm hmrl b undmn, dlprmvj wmrfdna kmnidtdmns mr ojnjhdts, ajt b


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lbnbajr hdrji, mr prmtjst wmrf prbktdkjs tgbt tgjy vdjw bs unhbdr. Dnhmrlb` armups lby

ajnjrbtj idsbarjjljnt bni kmnh`dkt, mr tgjy lby jngbnkj lmrb`j bni emo sbtdshbktdmn.

Dnhmrlb` armups gj`p ijvj`mp dnhmrlb` kgbnnj`s mh kmllundkbtdmn, smljtdljs kb``ji tgj

arbpjvdnj, wgdkg brj dlpmrtbnt dn jvjry mrabndzbtdmn. Dnhmrlb` kmllundkbtdmn h`mws up,

imwn, idbamnb``y, bni gmrdzmntb``y, nmt njkjssbrd`y hm``mwdna tgj kmllundkbtdmn `dnjs mn bkmlpbnys mrabndzbtdmn kgbrt. Dnhmrlbtdmn pbssji b`mna tgj arbpjvdnj lby rj`btj tm tgj emo,

tgj mrabndzbtdmn, mr bn jtgdkb` dssuj6 mr dt lby sdlp`y oj amssdp bni rulmrs. Ygj arbpjvdnj

kbn bkt bs bn jbr`y wbrndna systjl hmr jlp`myjjs. Dh jlp`myjjs `jbrn dnhmrlb``y tgbt tgjdr

kmlpbny lby oj smì mr tgbt b pbrtdku`br bktdmn wd`` oj kmnijlnji bs unjtgdkb` oy tmp

lbnbajljnt mr tgj kmllundty, tgjy gbvj tdlj tm tgdnf bomut wgbt tgjy wd`` im. Ojkbusj

amssdp ds nmt unkmllmn dn bn mrabndzbtdmn, tgj dnhmrlbtdmn pbssji b`mna tgj arbpjvdnj ds nmt

b`wbys bkkurbtj. Lbnbajrs wgm unijrstbni gmw tgj arbpjvdnj wmrfs kbn usj dt tm rjdnhmrkj

bkkjptbo`j vbùjs bni oj`djhs.

Ygj arbpjvdnj ds b`sm bn dlpmrtbnt smurkj mh dnhmrlbtdmn hmr dnidvdiub`s tm bssjss jtgdkbòjgbvdmr wdtgdn tgjdr mrabndzbtdmn. Mnj wby bn jlp`myjj kbn ijtjrldnj bkkjptbo`j ojgbvdmr

ds tm bsf hrdjnis bni pjjrs dn dnhmrlb` armups bomut tgj kmnsjqujnkjs mh kjrtbdn bktdmns sukg

bs `ydna tm b kustmljr bomut b prmiuktsbhjty dssuj. Ygj kmrpmrbtj ku`turj lby prmvdij

jlp`myjjs wdtg b ajnjrb` unijrstbnidna mh tgj pbttjrns bni ru`js tgbt amvjrn ojgbvdmr, out

dnhmrlb` armups lbfj tgds ku`turj kmlj b`dvj bni prmvdij idrjktdmn hmr jlp`myjjs ibd`y

kgmdkjs. Hmr jxblp`j, dh b njw jlp`myjj `jbrns bnjkimtb``y tgrmuag tgj arbpjvdnj tgbt tgj

mrabndzbtdmn imjs nmt pundsg jtgdkb` vdm`btdmns, gj mr sgj lby sjdzj tgj njxt mppmrtundty hmr

unjtgdkb` ojgbvdmr dh dt bkkmlp`dsgjs tgj mrabndzbtdmns moejktdvjs. Ygjrj ds b ajnjrb`

tjnijnky tm idskdp`dnj tmp sb`js pjrhmrljrs lmrj `jndjnt`y tgbn pmmr sb`js pjrhmrljrs hmr

jnabadna dn dijntdkb` hmrls mh unjtgdkb` sj``dna ojgbvdmr. B supjrdmr sb`js rjkmri bppjbrs tm

dniukj lmrj `jndjnt hmrls mh idskdp`dnj, ijspdtj mrabndzbtdmnb` pm`dkdjs tgbt stbtj

mtgjrwdsj.98 Dn tgds kbsj, tgj arbpjvdnj gbs k`jbr`y kmllundkbtji tgbt tgj mrabndzbtdmn

rjwbris tgmsj wgm orjbf tgj jtgdkb` ru`js tm bkgdjvj ijsdrbo`j moejktdvjs.

Armup NmrlsArmup nmrls brj stbnibris mh ojgbvdmr tgbt armups jxpjkt mh tgjdr ljlojrs. Eust bs

kmrpmrbtj ku`turj jstbo`dsgjs ojgbvdmr audij`dnjs hmr bn mrabndzbtdmns ljlojrs, armup nmrls

gj`p ijhdnj bkkjptbo`j bni unbkkjptbo`j ojgbvdmr wdtgdn b armup. Dn pbrtdku`br, armup nmrls

ijhdnj tgj `dldt b``mwji mn ijvdbtdmns hrml armup jxpjktbtdmns.

Lmst wmrf mrabndzbtdmns, hmr jxblp`j, ijvj`mp nmrls tgbt amvjrn armups rbtjs mh prmiuktdmn

bni kmllundkbtdmn wdtg lbnbajljnt bs wj`` bs prmvdij b ajnjrb` unijrstbnidna mh ojgbvdmr

kmnsdijrji rdagt mr wrmna, jtgdkb` mr unjtgdkb`, wdtgdn tgj armup. Hmr jxblp`j, mtgjr armup

ljlojrs lby pundsg bn jlp`myjj wgm rjpmrts tm b supjrvdsmr tgbt b kmwmrfjr gbs kmvjrji

up b sjrdmus prmiuktdmn jrrmr hmr tgds orjbkg mh kmnhdijnkj. Mtgjr ljlojrs mh tgj armup lby

a`brj bt tgj dnhmrlbnt, wgm gbs vdm`btji b armup nmrl, bni rjhusj tm tb`f tm mr sdt oy gdl mr

gjr.

Nmrls gbvj tgj pmwjr tm jnhmrkj b strmna ijarjj mh kmnhmrldty blmna armup ljlojrs. Bt

tgj sblj tdlj, nmrls ijhdnj tgj idhhjrjnt rm`js hmr vbrdmus pmsdtdmns wdtgdn tgj mrabndzbtdmn.


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Ygus, b `mwrbnfdna ljlojr mh b armup lby oj jxpjktji tm kbrry mut bn unp`jbsbnt tbsf sukg

bs bkkjptdna rjspmnsdod`dty hmr smljmnj j`sjs jtgdkb` ldstbfj. Bousdvj ojgbvdmr tmwbri njw

mr `mwjrrbnfdna jlp`myjjs kmu`i oj b nmrl dn bn dnhmrlb` armup.