Origami Aircraft (Origami Books)dl.booktolearn.com/...origami_aircraft_0d3a.pdf · From mythological Icarus, whose man-made wings led him too close to the sun, to Leonardo da Vinci,

TEXTBYMARYPACKARD

MODELSDESIGNEDBYSETHFRIEDMAN,MARCKIRSCHENBAUM,JASONKU,ANDDANIELROBINSON

DIAGRAMSBYMARCIONOGUCHI

SanDiego,California

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Copyright © 2014 Thunder Bay Press Developed by The Book Shop, Ltd. Models designed and folded by SethFriedman,MarcKirschenbaum,JasonKu,andDanielRobinsonDiagramsbyMarcioNoguchiBox,book,andorigamipapersdesignedbyTimPalinCreativeEditedbyMasaoDonahuePhotographyoforigamimodelsbyAndrewWernerPhotography

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ISBN-13:978-1-62686-286-9

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CONTENTSBEGINNINGOFFLIGHT

SYMBOLS,BASICFOLDSANDBASES

SOPWITHCAMELSOPWITHCAMELMODEL

FOKKERDR.1FOKKERDR.1MODEL

THESPIRITOFST.LOUISTHESPIRITOFST.LOUISMODEL

DOUGLASDC-3DOUGLASDC-3MODEL

SUPERMARINESPITFIRESUPERMARINESPITFIREMODEL

HUGHESH-4HERCULES(SPRUCEGOOSE)HUGHESH-4HERCULES(SPRUCEGOOSE)MODEL

CESSNA150CESSNA150MODEL

BOEING707BOEING707MODEL

DEHAVILLANDSEAVIXENDEHAVILLANDSEAVIXENMODEL

CONCORDECONCORDEMODEL

ABOUTTHEARTISTS

MechanicaldrawingsdonebyLeonardodaVincireflectthefirstattemptstovisualizeviableflyingmachines.

BEGINNINGOFFLIGHT“ONCEYOUHAVETASTEDFLIGHT,YOUWILLFOREVERWALKTHEEARTHWITHYOUREYES

TURNEDSKYWARD,FORTHEREYOUHAVEBEEN,ANDTHEREYOUWILLALWAYSLONGTO

RETURN.”—LeonardodaVinci(1452–1519)

ACambodianstampdepictingadaVincidesign.

FrommythologicalIcarus,whoseman-madewingsledhimtooclosetothesun,toLeonardodaVinci,whosedesignsforflyingmachineswerewaybeforetheirtime,humanbeingshavealwaysdreamedofflying.Notuntil1903didthisbecomearealitywhentheWrightBrothers—OrvilleandWilbur—tooktotheskiesintheirhomemadeairplane.Asmomentousasthatflightwas,itlastedlessthanaminute.IttookanotherfiveyearsforWilburWrighttodemonstrateaplanecapableofsustainedflight.Itishardlysurprisingthatameresixyearslater,attheoutsetofWorldWarI,aviationwasstillrudimentaryatbest.

In1914,therewasconsiderabledebateoverwhetheraircraftcouldbeaneffectivetoolofwar.Inpreviousconflicts,cavalryhadbeenthefirstchoiceforgatheringreconnaissance.Sincecavalrywasprovingtoovulnerableagainsttheenhancedweaponryoftwentieth-centuryarmies,itseemedplanesfittedwithcameraswouldbeafarmoreviablealternative—andweretheyever.Bothsidesfoundreconnaissanceplanessoeffectiveatpinpointingenemypositionsthatneithersidecouldgainanadvantage.Theresultwasanutterstalemateinthetrenches.

Asthewarprogressed,innovationstoaircraftresultedinanincreasingnumberofbattlesintheair.In1916,Germanplaneswerefarsuperiortothoseflownbyanyofthealliedcountries,andthisshiftedthepowertoGermany.Itbecameincreasinglyimportanttodestroythosespiesintheskies.AnewplanewasneededtobolstertheAllies’airpower.

SYMBOLS

Edge

Existingcrease

Valleyfold

Mountainfold

Viewfromhere

Foldinfront

Foldbehind

Foldandunfold

Hiddenlines

Crimp

Equalpartsreference

Rotate

Sink/Squash/Push

Turnover

Open

Repeatstepsonthisside

Magnify

Closeupdetailnext

Pleat

Referencepoint

Referencefororientation

Curl

Cutdowntosize

BASICFOLDSANDBASES

PreliminaryBase

WaterbombBase

KiteBase/fold

Petalfold

Rabbit-earfold

InsideReversefold

OutsideReversefold

ClosedSinkfold

Squashfold

Swivelfold

OpenSinkfold

Pleatfold

SpreadSquashfold

Crimpfold

SOPWITHCAMEL“TOAFFIRMTHATTHEAEROPLANEISGOINGTO‘REVOLUTIONIZE’NAVALWARFAREOFTHE

FUTUREISTOBEGUILTYOFTHEWILDESTEXAGGERATION.”—ScientificAmerican,July16,1910

TheBritishSopwithAviationCompanyhadbeenworkingaroundtheclocktoproduceasuperiorfighterplane.In1916,thecompanyrolledouttheprototypeforthefirstSopwithCamel.DesignedbyHerbertSmith,theplanewasmadeofwood,bracedwithsteel.InJuneof1917,thesmall,lightweightaircraftenteredthewaraspartoftheNo.4SquadronoftheRoyalNavalAirServicenearDunkirk,France.Theplanemorethandeliveredonitspromise.ByFebruaryof1918,thirteenBritishsquadronsofRFC(RoyalFlyerCorps)hadbeenfullyequippedwithSopwithCamels,participatinginbattlesovertheEasternandWesternfronts.

TheSopwithCamelwasthefirstBritishfighterplanetobefittedwithtwomachineguns.Mountedsidebysidedirectlyinfrontofthecockpit,theywereattachedtosynchronizationgearthatenabledthepilottofirebulletsthroughthespinningpropellers.Topreventthegunsfromfreezingathigheraltitudes,theywereoverlaidwithametalcoveringthatgavetheplaneitscamel-likehump,andhence,itsname.

TheCamel,however,hadaseriousdrawback.Itwassodifficulttoflythatmorepilotslosttheirlivesduringtrainingthaninactualcombat.Weightdistributionwasthemainproblem.Mostoftheweight,includingtheengine,pilot,guns,andfuel,wasconcentratedinaseven-footsectionoftheairplane.Inthehandsofanovice,theforwardcenterofgravitycoupledwiththegyroscopiceffectoftherotaryengineandturningpropellers

causedtheplanetospinoutontakeoffmoreoftenthannot.

WhattheCamellackedinoperationalease,itmorethanmadeupforinmaneuverability.Inclose-knitair-to-aircombat,called“dogfights,”thesametorquethatcausedinstabilityontakeoffenabledtheCameltoturnonadime,changingitsdirectionalmostinstantaneously.Bytheendofthewar,theCamelwascreditedwithshootingdownatotalof1,294enemyaircraft—accountingformoreAlliedvictoriesthananyotherplane.

NavalshipscarriedportableversionsoftheSopwithCamelthatallowedthewingstofoldupandthetailsectiontocomeoffforeasierstorage.Anotherexperimentalmodelfeatureddownwardmountedgunsthatfiredthroughtheflooroftheplane.Thisallowedthepilottostrafeenemytrencheswhilekeepingtheplanelevelasheflewathighspeedsoverthebattlefield.

WoodenpropellerandgunsonaSopwithCamelfighterplane

SOPWITHCAMELbyMarcKirschenbaum

BODY

1Startwith8”x8”paper.Valleyfoldinhalfandunfold,twice.

2Valleyfold,aligningtipstothecentercrease.

3Valleyfold,aligningouteredgestothecentercrease.

4Valleyfold.

5Valleyfold,creasingaboutone-thirdfrombothedges.

6Valleyfold,aligningouteredges,andunfold.

7Valleyfold,aligningouteredgestocentercrease,andunfold.

8Mountainfold,aligningcreasesfromprevioustwosteps,andunfold.

9Mountainfoldbetweentheendsofthecreasesfrompreviousstepandunfold.

10Rabbit-earfold,aligningtocreasefrompreviousstep.Pre-creaseasnecessary.

11Valleyfold,aligningouteredgetocentercrease,whilesquashfoldingthetopsection.

12Valleyfoldflapoutalongitshinge.

13Valleyfoldflaptotherightalongitshinge.

14RepeatSteps11–12ontheoppositeside.

15Sinkfold.

16Insidereversefold,exposingasmalltriangularsection.

17Valleyfoldthesmalltriangularsectionintothemodel.

18Turnover.

19Valleyfoldatanglebisectorsandunfold.

20Raiselongflapupward,collapsingtheexistingcreasesofthetopsectionsimilartoaWaterbombBase.

21Valleyfoldlongflapdownward.

22Unfoldundersidelayers.

23Valleyfold,raisingflap.

24Valleyfold,asindicated,pivotingthelowertip.

25Tucktheflapunderneaththeleftlayer.

26Valleyfold,asindicated,pivotingthelowertip.

27Valleyfoldasindicated.

28Valleyfoldinhalf,aligningthelowerflaps.Rotate.

29Valleyfold,aligningloweredgetoexistingcrease,andunfold.

30Valleyfoldatanglebisectorandunfold.

31Insidereversefoldusingtheendofthecreasefrompreviousstepasaguide.

32Valleyfoldtheflapalongitshinge.

33Openandsquashfold.

34Valleyfold,aligningedges,whilesquashfoldingthecorner.


36SquashfoldinthesamemannerasdoneinStep33.

37Valleyfold,aligningedges,whilesquashfoldingthecorner.


39Rabbit-earfoldusingexistingcreases.


41Openthelayersoutward.

42Shapethebodyandmakethepropellersthree-dimensional.

ThecompletedSopwithCamel’sBody

UPPERWINGS

1Startwithtwosheetsof8”x8”paper.Valleyfoldeachsheetinhalfandunfold,twice.

2Valleyfoldeachsheet,aligningtipstothecentercrease.

3Valleyfoldeachsheet,aligningtipstothecentercrease.Unfoldonlytherightsheet.

4Alignthetipofthesheetontherightwiththecenteroftheleftsheet.

5Valleyfoldtwooverlappinglayersatanglebisector.

6Valleyfoldtwooverlappinglayersatanglebisector.

7Valleyfoldflapalongitshinge.

8Valleyfold,aligningtopandbottomedgestocentercrease,andunfold.

9Valleyfoldthesides.

10Valleyfold,asindicated,andunfold.

11Valleyfold,aligningtopandbottomedgestocentercrease,andunfold.

12Valleyfold,aligningouteredgeswithcentercrease.

13Valleyfoldtoplayer,incorporatingasquashfoldonbothsides.

14Valleyfoldtoplayer,incorporatingareversefoldonbothsides.

15Valleyfoldtoplayer,incorporatingasquashfoldonbothsides.

16ValleyfolddownwardwhileinsertingsmalltriangularTabAintoPocketBonbothsides.

17Mountainfoldtoplayer,incorporatingareversefoldonbothsides.

18Valleyfold,tuckingintothepocket.

19Valleyfoldoutwardasindicated.


21Raisetheflap,makingitstandupright.

22RepeatSteps19–21onoppositeside.

ThecompletedSopwithCamel’sUpperWings

LOWERWINGS

1Startwith8”x8”paper.Valleyfoldinhalf,andunfold.

2Valleyfoldatanglebisectors.

3Turnover.

4Valleyfoldupward.

5Rabbit-earfold,loweringthenewlyformedflaptotheright.Pre-creaseasnecessary.

6Mountainfold,aligningcreasewiththereferencepoint.

7Turnover.

8Raisethetip,aligningrightedge,creatinga90-degreeangle.

9Valleyfold,aligningcreasewithundersideedge.

10Unfold,revertingbacktoStep8.


12Unfold.

13Unfold.

14Valleyfold,aligningtiptothereferencepoint.

15Collapse,asindicated,usingexistingcreases.



18Petalfold.Pre-creaseasnecessary.

19Sinkfoldtheflapformedfromthepetalfoldintothemodel.


21Valleyfoldtipsoutwardandsquashfoldthecenter.

22Insidereversefoldtheprotrudingflaps.

23Pleatfoldeachflap.

24Swivelfoldeachflap,distributingthelayerssothatapocketformsalongtherightedgeoftheflap.


26Insidereversefold.

27Valleyfoldtowardtherightandsquashfoldthetopsection.

28Mountainfoldalongtheedge,thinningthesection.

29Sinkfold.

30Valleyfoldthetoplayerdownward.

31Mountainfoldthetip,completingtheshapingofthewheel.



34Turnover.

35Valleyfoldtheflaptotheleft.

36Valleyfold,aligningtiptothecentercrease.



ThecompletedSopwithCamel’sLowerWings

ASSEMBLY

1InserttabfromtheLowerWingintotheslotoftheBody.

2PlacetheUpperWingsontotheLowerWings.

3Turnover.

4TuckfourprotrudingtabsofUpperWingsintotheLowerWings,wrappingaroundasnecessary.

5Turnover.

ThecompletedSopwithCamel

Note:Glueasnecessarytoholdthemodeltogether.

FOKKERDR.1“AIRPLANESAREINTERESTINGTOYS,BUTOFNOMILITARYVALUE.”

—FerdinandFoch

WorldWarIgaverisetoanewkindofwarhero—the“Ace”fighterpilot.Toqualifyforthisdistinction,apilothadtohaveshotdownfiveormoreenemyplanes.Demonstratingoutstandingskillandlegendarybravery,Aceswereportrayedinthemediaasmodern-dayknights,whojoustedforsupremacy20,000feetintheair.

ChiefamongtheseAcepilotswasthelegendaryManfredvonRichthofen,famouslyknownasthe“RedBaron.”Consideredtheworld’sbestfighterpilotamonghispeers,vonRichthofenachievedhislastnineteenairvictorieswhileflyingaFokkerDr.1.

Whileit’sgenerallyconcededthattheSopwithCamelandtheFokkerDr.1werethefinestfighterplanestoemergefromtheGreatWar,it’sinterestingtoconsiderwhichoftheserivalshadtheedge.TheforerunneroftheSopwithCamelwastheSopwithTriplane,commonlyknownasthe“Tripe.”ItsdesignergavetheTripeathirdwingtomaximizeliftandmaneuverability.AlthoughtheTripehandledextremelywell,itpossesseddesignflawsthatcausedthecompanytodiscontinueit.Unawareofitsflaws,butextremelyimpressedwiththewaytheTripehandledintheair,GermancommanderscommissioneddesignerAnthonyFokkertodesigntheirowntriplane,theFokkerDr.1.

Awarethatstabilitymakesaplanemoredifficulttohandleinadogfight,Fokkersettledonadesignthatwouldsacrificestabilityforagility.HemadetheDr.1asunstableasfeasiblypossiblewhileretainingjustenoughstabilityforthepilottokeepsomecontrol.Withthisinmind,FokkerdesignedthewingsoftheDr.1perfectlystraight—togivetheplanemaximummaneuverabilityorroll—adecidedadvantageinadogfight,aslongasthepilothadsufficientdaringandskill.RollwastheelementmostprizedbytheDr.1’smostfamousfan,theRedBaron.

TheSopwithCamelmighthavehadproblemswithinstabilityontakeoff,butitwasmore

stableintheairthantheFokkerDr.1.Insteadofbeingstraight,theCamel’sbottomwingsweredihedral,meaningtheyturnedupwardataslightangle.IftheCamelstartedtoroll,theslightupturnenabledthelowerwingstocompensatebygeneratingmoreliftthanthetopwings,preventingtheplanefromspinningoutofcontrol.Itisthatverystability,however,thatmadeitslightlylesseffectivethantheFokkerDr.1inadogfight.

Incombat,heightisagreatadvantage.Byaddingathirdwing,Fokkerboostedtheplane’slift—enablingittoclimbfasterthantheSopwithCamel.

Whenitcametodurability,theFokkerDr.1hadadistinctadvantageovertheSopwithCamelaswell.TheCamel,heldtogetherbyanexposednestofintertwiningmetalbraces,wasextremelyvulnerable.Ifastraybulletweretopiercejustoneofthebraces,thewholestructurewouldsuffer,collapsingthewingsandthefuselagewiththem.

Inspiteofitsdurability,maneuverability,andliftwheretheFokkerDr.1hadtheSopwithCamelbeat,visibilitywasanothermatterentirely.PilotsoftheDr.1wereneveraffordeda360-degreeviewfromthecockpitbecauseitwashardtoseepasttheGermanplanes’thickwings.Apilot’sabilitytoassesshissurroundingswasessential.Noisefromtheirownenginesmadeitimpossibletohearanapproachingenemyplane,sopilotshadtoturntheirheadsconstantlytosurveytheirsurroundings.OneofthereasonsthatWorldWarIpilotsworesilkscarvesaroundtheirneckswastokeeptheirnecksfromchafing.

Throughoutthewar,aeronauticalengineersturnedoutincreasinglypowerfulenginessotheplanescouldflyfasterandhigher.Towardthewar’send,planeswerereachingspeedsofahundredmilesperhourandflyinghigherthantwentythousandfeet.Acardinalruleofaeronauticsisthatthefasteraplaneflies,theharderitisforittopushairoutofitsway.Thisprincipleisknownasdrag.Putsimply,increasedspeedequalsmoredrag.Increasedmassaddstodragaswell.Hereagain,theFokkerDr.1wasatadisadvantage.Thenumberofshort,thickwingsthatincreaseditsagilityalsoaddedtoitsdrag.Incontrast,theCamel’sthinnerdualwingsmadeforlessdragandmorespeed,enablingittobeatitsrivalbyfifteenmilesperhour.

TheoverallsupremacyoftheSopwithCamelovertheFokkerDr.1isreflectedinthenumberthatwasproduced.Duringthecourseofthewar,5,490BritishSopwithCamelswerebuilt,comparedtojust320oftheGermanFokkerDr.1.

FOKKERDR.1byMarcKirschenbaum

BODY

1Startwith8”x8”paper.Foldinhalftwice,asindicated,andunfold.

2Valleyfold,aligningtipstothecentercrease.

3Valleyfold,aligningouteredgeswithcentercrease.

4Valleyfold.

5Valleyfold,creasingaboutone-thirdfrombothedges.

6Mountainfoldinhalf.

7Insidereversefold,loweringtiptooppositeside.


9Valleyfoldatanglebisectorusingcreasefrompreviousstep,andunfold.



12Valleyfoldtheflaptotheleft.

13Outsidereversefoldusingexistingcreases.Innerflapshouldremaininside.

14Insidereversefoldsothatasmallportionprotrudes.


16Crimpfoldwhileunfoldingthelongflap.

17Mountainfoldasindicated.

18Valleyfoldouteredgestocentercrease,andunfold.

19Valleyfold,asindicated,pivotingtheuppertip.

20Tucktheflapbetweenthelayersontheright.

21Valleyfold,asindicated,pivotingtheuppertip.


23RepeatSteps28–42fromtheSopwithCamel’sBodyinstructions.

ThecompletedFokkerDr.1’sBody

ASSEMBLYAlongwiththeFokkerDr.1’sBodycomponent,followtheinstructionsforSopwithCamel’sUpperWingtocreateanadditionaltwocomponentsandoneSopwithCamelLowerWingcomponentforassembly.

DuringassemblyoftheFokkerDr.1,thetwoSopwithCamelUpperWingswillstackontopoftheSopwithCamelLowerWing.Asaresult,oneoftheUpperWingswillconstitutetheMiddleWing.

1AssembletheFokkerDr.1Body,SopwithCamelUpperWing,andSopwithCamelLowerWingtogetherinthesame

mannerastheSopwithCamel.

2PlacetheremainingUpperWingontopofwhatwillbecometheMiddleWing.

3TuckthefourprotrudingtabsontheUpperWingaroundtheMiddleWing,wrappingaroundasnecessary.

4Turnover.

ThecompletedFokkerDr.1


THESPIRITOFST.LOUIS“OURMESSENGEROFPEACEANDGOODWILLHASBROKENDOWNANOTHERBARRIEROFTIME

ANDSPACE.”—PresidentCalvinCoolidgeonCharlesA.Lindbergh’sextraordinarysolotransatlantic

flightin1927

AstheGreatWarprogressed,improvementsinaeronauticdesignledtoanever-increasingdemandformoreplanes.Itresultedinahugesurplusofplanesandpilotswhenthewarwasover.Inthemindsofthepublic,planeswerecloselyassociatedwithdogfightsandthedroppingofbombs.Furtherreinforcingthedangerfactor,ex-armypilotscontinuedtomakealivingbystaging“barnstorming”eventswheretheyperformeddaringaerialstuntsforcrowdsofawestruckfans.Atthistime,theideaofusingaircraftforcommercialflightwasstillpremature.

In1918,notwantingitsinvestmenttogotowaste,theUnitedStatesCongressdecidedtotrysomethingnew.TheymergedtheUnitedStatesMailServicewiththeArmyandbeganchartingairmailroutes.ThefirstflightleftonMay14th,1918.Atthistime,mailhadtobetransferredtorailroadcarsattheendofeachdaysinceairplanescouldnotyetflyinthedark.Thearmysolvedthisproblemin1921wheniterectedrotatingbeaconstoguideplanesatnight.By1925,theU.S.PostOfficefleetwasdelivering14millionlettersayear.

CharlesLindbergh

FlyingoneofthoseoldarmyplaneswasayoungairmailpilotnamedCharlesLindbergh.HehadacquiredapassionforaviationasaboyafterhearingaboutthedaringexploitsofWWIfighterpilots.AsheflewhisroutefromPittsburgtoChicago,Lindberghdreamedofwinninga$25,000prizethathadbeenofferedtothefirstpersontoflynonstopfromNewYorktoParis.Severalaviatorshadalreadyviedfortheprize,butnonehadsucceeded.Sixhaddiedintheattempt.

Lindberghwasnotdeterred.Infact,hewascertainhecouldwin.Allheneededwastherightplane.AfterpersuadingnineSt.Louisbusinessmentobackhim,heapproachedtheRyanAeronauticsCompanywithhisideas.Eagerforthepublicity,thecompanypromisedtodeliveraplaneinsixtydaysfor$6,000.

Builtforthepurposesofthisflightalone,Lindbergh’splanewouldbedevelopedfromthestandardRyanM2model,asingleenginemonoplane.Lindberghwouldbeinvolvedinallaspectsoftheplane’sdesign,adaptingitwiththemodificationsnecessarytoachievehisgoal.Just27feet,8inchesinlength,Lindberghwantedasmallstreamlinedplanestrippedoffrillstomaximizethecapacityforthe450gallonsoffuelitwouldcarry.Lindberghnamedhisplanethe“SpiritofSt.Louis”afterthehometownofthebusinessmenwhobackedhim.

Atlast,thedayarrived.OnthemorningofMay20th,1927,LindberghsetofffromRooseveltField,LongIsland,tomakehishistoricsoloflightacrossthesea.Thejourneywouldbe3,610miles.Acrowdofnearlyathousandpeoplegatheredtocheerhimon.Battlingabarrageofobstaclesincludingbadweatherandfatigue,hismainproblemwasstayingawake.

Thirty-threeandahalfhourslater,“LuckyLindy”ashewouldlaterbecalled,toucheddownatLeBourgetAirport,justoutsideofParis.Thefirstpersontoflynon-stopovertheAtlanticfromtheUnitedStatestoEurope,Lindberghwasgreetedonthetarmacbyadeliriousthrongofwellwisherseagertowitnessamomentinhistory.Lindbergbecameaninstantinternationalhero,whofromthatdayforward,wouldbereveredwhereverhewent.

THESPIRITOFST.LOUISbySethFriedman

BODYANDWINGS

1Startwith8”x8”paper.Valleyfoldinhalfandunfold.


3Foldinhalfdiagonally,createpinchmarkattheedge,andunfold.

Note:Donotcreasetheentirelengthofthefold.

4Valleyfold,aligningcreasebetweenthebottomtipandpinchmark,andunfold.

5Fold,creatingapinchmarkbetweenreferencepoints,andunfold.


6Valleyfold,aligningcreasebetweenthetipandpinchmark,andunfold.

7Valleyfold,aligningthecreasetowhereexistingcreasesintersect,andunfold.

8Mountainfoldalongtheedgeandunfold.Thenunfoldtheflap,revertingbacktoStep7.


10Mountainfold,asindicated,andunfold.

11Collapseupward,similartoaPreliminaryBase.Rotate.



14Petalfoldusingcreasesfromprevioustwosteps.

15Valleyfoldtheflapcreatedfromthepetalfolddownward.Turnover.


17Petalfoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.

Note:ThemodelwillnotlieflatbetweenSteps17–19.

18Step17inprogress.Theouteredgeswilllieoverthepetalfold.

19Flattentheraisedtip.

20Valleyfoldtopflapdownward.

Note:Themodelshouldnowlieflat.


22Valleyfoldalongthecentercreaseandspreadsquashfoldthetopsection.

23Foldtheflapbacktotheleftwhileincorporatingarabbit-earfold.


25Valleyfoldbetweenreferencepoints.

26Valleyfoldtwolayerstotheright.

27Valleyfold,aligningedgetocrease.Creasefirmly.

28Unfold.

29ClosesinkfoldusingcreasesfromStep27.

30Valleyfoldtwolayerstotheleft.


32Crimpfoldthefrontandbacklayers.

33Redistributethelayersbyseparatingthemsononearelockedtogether,asshown.

34RepeatSteps32–33ontheoppositeside.

35Detailedviewtofollow.

36Swivelfold,pivotingthelayertotheleft.


38Swivelfold,pivotingthelayertotheright.

39Valleyfold,asindicated,andunfold,revertingbacktoStep36.

40Mountainfoldwherethecreasesintersect.

41Valleyfoldthesideswhilemountainfoldingthetopsection.

42Rabbit-earfold,aligninglongcreasestoedgesunderneath.


44Turnover.

45Valleyfold,narrowingtheflaps,whilereversefoldingthemiddle.

46Valleyfold,aligningtips.


48Swivelfold.


50Valleyfold,narrowingthetail.Raisethetailfinandunfoldthelayersnearthehead,makingthemodelthree

dimensional.

ThecompletedSpiritofSt.Louis’sBodyandWings

LANDINGGEARANDPROPELLER

1Startwith4”x4”paper.Foldinhalf,diagonallyandhorizontallywithindicatedcreases,andunfold.

2Collapse,drawingthreetipsdownward…

3…andflattenintothePreliminaryBase.




7Insidereversefold,twice.

8Insidereversefoldoncemore.

9RepeatSteps4–8onremainingthreeflaps.


11Spreadsquashfoldthetopsectionusingcreasesfrompreviousstepandsquashfoldthelayerswithin.

12Turnover.

13Spreadsquashfoldthetopsectionandsquashfoldthelayerswithin.

14Ifthepatternonlyappearsononeside,asshownabove,thenfoldtwolayerstotheoppositesideonthefrontandback.

15Valleyfold,liftingthetwoflapsupwardalongrespectivehinges.

Note:Ensureentiremodelisorientedasshown.

16Valleyfold,aligningedgeswithexistingcreases.

17Valleyfold,roughlyatthequartermarkbetweentheoutertipandcenter.

18Spreadoutthelayersnearthetip.

19Establishmountainfoldusingcreasesformedfrompreviousstepasaguide.

20Mountainfold,roundingthetips.


22Mountainfoldinhalf.Rotate.

23Insidereversefold,roughlyatthequartermarkbetweentheoutertipandedge.

24Insidereversefoldadjacentflap,asdoneinpreviousstep.

ThecompletedSpiritofSt.Louis’sLandingGearandPropeller

BACK

1Startwith4”x4”paper.Valleyfoldinhalfdiagonallytwice,andverticallyonce,andunfold.

2Valleyfold,aligningouteredgestocentercrease.

3Mountainfoldasindicated.

4Mountainfoldatanglebisectors.

5Valleyfoldatanglebisectors,allowingundersideflapstoflipout.

6Mountainfoldsothatsidesstandupright.

Note:Themodelwillnotlieflat.

ThecompletedSpiritofSt.Louis’sBack

ASSEMBLY

1InserttheBodyandWingssectionintothepocketoftheBack.

2Swivelfold,allowingforthemountainfoldcreasestoshapetheBack.

3PositiontheLandingGearandPropellerunderneaththenose.

4Mountainfoldthecornersofthewingsandopenthepropellers.

ThecompletedSpiritofSt.Louis


DOUGLASDC-3“WHENEVERYTHINGSEEMSTOBEGOINGAGAINSTYOU,REMEMBERTHATTHEAIRPLANETAKES

OFFAGAINSTTHEWIND,NOTWITHIT.”—HenryFord

IntheyearsfollowingLindbergh’sfamoustransatlanticflight,theairplaneindustrywouldundergomanychanges.Duringthoseyears,mostairportswerelittlemorethanbarrenfields.In1927,theFordAirportinDearborn,Michigan,becamethefirstairportterminaltofeatureawaitingroomandticketoffice,settingthestageformoreairportstofollowitslead.

Toattractpassengers,planesneededtoovercomesafetyissuesaswell.Nothingcalledgreaterattentiontothatfactthanthe1931crashofTWA’sflight599.OnboardthatflightwasbelovedNotreDamefootballcoach,KnuteRockne,whosedeathwouldinitiateaperiodofnationalmourning,andareassessmentofsafetyregulations.Ironically,althoughhisdeathshoneaspotlightonthedangersofflight,thecrashcontributedtoimprovementsthatwouldeventuallymakeairtravelthesafestformoftravel.

Otherchangeswerehappening,too.Heavywater-cooledengineswerereplacedwithlighterair-cooledones,therebyreducingaplane’sweightandincreasingitsspeed.Manufacturerscameupwithall-metaldesignsandaviationengineersdevelopedmoreadvancedcockpitinstrumentation,suchasimprovedaltimetersandcompasses.Aparticularlysignificantadvancementwasaninnovativeartificialhorizoninstrument—alsocalledanattitudeindicator—thatshowedthepilothispositionrelativetothegroundevenwhenhamperedbypoorvisibility.

MilitaryversionoftheDouglasDC-3

By1935,anew,morepassenger-friendlyairplanewouldrevolutionizecommercialairplaneflight.ItwastheDouglasDC-3.Beforetheplane’sdebut,the25-hourflightfromNewYorktoCaliforniawashardlyworththeeffort.Requiringtheservicesofseveralairlinesandatleasttwoplanechangesincludingfifteentakeoffsandlandings,atypicalflighttookpatience,forbearance,andstamina.WiththeDouglasDC-3,onlythreestopswereneededtorefuel.

PilotslovedthisplanedesignedbythetalentedaeronauticalengineerArthurRaymond.Innovationstowingflaps,propellers,retractablelandinggear,andthemetalstructureofthefuselagecombinedtomaketheDouglasDC-3thesafest,mostdurableplanetodate.Capableofflyingalmost1,500miles,itsrangewasmorethandoublethatofitspredecessors.Sinceitflewataltitudesofovertwentythousandfeet,itcouldalsoflyabovemosttypesofweather.

NotonlywasflighttimereducedandsafetydrasticallyimprovedwiththelaunchoftheDC-3,butpassengercomfortwasenhancedaswell.Passengersweretreatedtothree-coursemealswhileseatedinplushrecliningseats.Theengines,whichweremountedonrubberinsulators,weresoquietthatpassengersonboardaDC-3mightnotevenbeawareoftakeoff.Noiseinthespacious24-seatcabinwasfurthersoftenedbysound-absorbingfabricthroughout—coveringinteriorwalls,seatcushions,andfloors.Inthewordsofonejournalistwritingabouthisexperience,theflightwassoenjoyablethat“thejourneybecamethedestination.”

Atatimewhencommercialairplanesweredependentongovernmentairmailsubsidies,theDC-3provedthatanairlinecouldsustainitselfonpassengerfaresalone.BythestartofWorldWarII,almostallairplanetravelintheUnitedStatesandabroadwasinDouglasDC-3s.

TheDouglasDC-3’sabilitytotakeoffandlandonshortrunwaysmadeitindispensabletothewareffort.PresidentGeneralDwightEisenhowercreditedthemilitaryversionoftheDC-3,knownastheC-47,withbeingoneofthemostimportantfactorsintheAllieswinningthewar.

Attheendofthewarin1945,DouglasAircrafthadproducedovertenthousandDC-3s,accountingforninetypercentofallcommercialplanesontheglobe.Thepopularityofairplanestrulyextendedfromseatosea.Atestamenttoitsdurabilityanddependability,about400DC-3sarestillflowncommerciallytoday.

DOUGLASDC-3byJasonKu

BODY

1Startwith8.5”x8.5”paper.Valleyfoldinhalfandunfold.



4Insidereversefoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.

5Valleyfoldtheflapsdownward.

6Unfoldtheentiremodel.

7Alignloweredgetoexistingcreases,createpinchmarksattheedges,andunfold.


8Valleyfold,aligningloweredgetocreasemarksfrompreviousstep,andunfold.

9Turnover.

10PleatfoldusingthecreasesfromStep2forthemountainfolds.

11Turnover.



14Valleyfoldflapdownwardalongitshinge,andunfold.


16Valleyfold,aligningperpendicularcreases,andunfold.

17Valleyfoldflap,aligningedges.

18Foldthelayerbehindthemodel.

19Valleyfold,aligningouteredgestoexistingcrease,andunfold.Creasefirmly.

20Insidereversefoldeachtipseparatelyusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.

21Valleyfoldalongexistingcreaseandsquashfoldalongthepointsindicated.


23Mountainfoldusingcreasefrompreviousstep.

24Valleyfoldverticallyandunfold.




28Valleyfoldalongexistingedgeandunfold.Creasefirmly.

29Opensinkfoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.


31Foldflapsoneachsideupwardalongrespectivehinges.

32Valleyfoldthefrontflapdownwardagain.

33Expectedresults.

34Squashfoldalongexistingcreases.

35Valleyfold,creasingbetweenbothsetsofreferencepoints.

36Valleyfold,aligningedges,andunfold.

37Valleyfoldalongexistingcreases.

38Mountainfoldbehindusingexistingcreases.

39Liftalongexistingvalleycreasesandsquashfold.

40Foldflapsoutwardalongrespectivehinges.

41InsidereversefoldusingcreasesfromStep39.


43Valleyfoldtopandbottomedgestocenter.


45Valleyfold,aligningexistingcreasestoedges,andunfold.




49Valleyfold,aligningtipswithedges,andunfold.

50Valleyfoldalongexistingcreasesandunfold.

51Pleatfoldtherightedgewhilevalleyfoldingthetopandbottomedges,makingthemodelthreedimensional.


53Rabbit-earfoldusingthecreasescreatedinSteps46–47.

54Wraptherightedgearoundtherabbitearformedinpreviousstepwhileloweringthetopedgetothecenter.


56WraptherightedgearoundtherabbitearformedinStep53whileraisingtheloweredgetothecenter.

57Pleatfoldtherightsidewhilealigningtheflap’sbottomedgetothemodel’sbottomedge.

58RepeatStep57onoppositeflap.

59Expectedresults.

ThecompletedDouglasDC-3’sBody

WINGS

1Startwith8.5”x8.5”paper.Valleyfoldandunfold,twice.

2Valleyfold,aligningloweredgetocentercrease.

3Valleyfold,aligningedgetoloweredge.

4Turnover.

5Valleyfoldinhalf.



8Valleyfold,aligningtopandbottomedges,andunfold.


10Turnover.


12Valleyfold,aligningedgeparalleltobottomedge,leavingasmallgap.Creasefirmly.


14Opensinkfoldusingexistingcreases.


16Valleyfold,aligningedgetoexistingcrease,andunfold.




20Valleyfold,aligningouteredges,andunfold.

21Closesinkfoldusingexistingcreases.



24Valleyfoldatanglebisectorsusingthecreasefromthepreviousstepasaguide.

25Insidereversefoldusingexistingcreases.



28RepeatSteps23–27onadjacentflap.

29Valleyfoldtheprotrudingedgeinsidethemodel.

30Valleyfoldbyaligningouteredges,creasingfirmlythroughalllayers,andunfold.


32Valleyfoldalongedge.

33Valleyfold,aligningexistingcreases.

34Unfoldonepleat.

35Expectedresults.


37Valleyfold,aligningexistingedgesasindicated,andunfold.

38Pleatfoldthesideswhilevalleyfoldingusingthecreasefromthepreviousstep.

39Mountainfoldcornersonbothsides.


41Insidereversefoldcenterflap.

42Foldtheexteriorflapsdownward.

43Expectedresults.



46Expectedresults.

47RepeatSteps41–42andStep45onoppositeside.

ThecompletedDouglasDC-3’sWings

ASSEMBLY

1InsertBodybetweenthelayersoftheWings.

2Valleyfoldtipstoexistingcreases.

3TuckremainingendsofflapsbetweenthelayersoftheWings.

4Rotate.

5Raisethemiddleflapsothatitstandsupright.

6Twistthepropellers,distributingthemevenly.

ThecompletedDouglasDC-3


SUPERMARINESPITFIRE“YOUNEVERLOSETHEBUZZOFFLYING.EVERYTIMEYOUTAKEOFF,ITFEELSABITNAUGHTY,

ASIFYOU’REDOINGSOMETHINGHUMANSSHOULDN’TREALLYDO.”—MattJones,DirectorofBoultbeeFlightAcademy,theonlySpitfireschoolintheworld.

ThemostfamousofallWorldWarIIaircraft,theSupermarineSpitfire,wassoglamorizedbythemediathatBritishchildrenwouldexcitedlypointthemoutinthesky.DesignedtolaywastetoGermany’sLuftwaffe’sfighterplanes,thissingle-seatplanewasusedextensivelybytheBritishRoyalAirForceandotherAlliedcountriesthroughoutWorldWarII.Christeningtheplanewithhisdaughter’snickname,R.J.Mitchell—chiefdesignerattheSupermarineAviationWorks—hadhighhopesfortheSpitfire.Asitturnedout,thisnewestaircraftwouldmorethanliveuptoitscreator’sexpectationsintermsofperformanceandadaptability,allowingformorethantwentyvariantstotheoriginalprototypethroughoutthewar.

Inthespringof1940,FrancesurrenderedtoGermany.NextontheAxishitlistwasEngland.ConfidentinGermany’sairsuperiority,AdolfHitlerorderedHermannGoering,theheadoftheLuftwaffe,tocrippletheRAFtosuchanextentthatitwouldbeunabletodefendagainstaninvasion.TheGermans,however,hadgreatlyunderestimatedtheRAFanditsplanes.Thenewlyrolled-outSpitfireteamedupwiththeothersuperstarfighterplaneintheRAFarsenal,theHawkerHurricane.WhiletheHurricanewasmosteffectiveagainsttheheavyGermanbomberplaneswherelowaltitudeandruggednesswere

required,theSpitfirecouldbecountedontodecimatethebombers’escortplanes,wherehigherspeedandrateofclimbwerethedecidingfactors.IftheHawkerHurricanewastheworkhorseoftheRAF,theSupermarineSpitfirewastheracehorse.Workingintandem,theseplaneswereabletocrippleLuftwaffe,insteadoftheotherwayaround.

AftertheBattleofBritain,theSpitfirereplacedtheHurricaneinimportance,becomingthemainstayoftheRAFfightercommand.TheSpitfirewasdesignedasashort-range,high-performanceinterceptor.Itwasalsoemployedinphotoreconnaissancemissionsasafighter-bomberandasatrainer.Atfirst,aRolls-RoyceMerlinenginecapableofproducing1,030horsepowerpoweredtheplane.TheplanewouldsoonprovethatitwasstrongandadaptableenoughtotaketheevenmorepowerfulRolls-RoyceGriffonengine,whichwasinstalledin1941.Capableofproducing2,340horsepower,theGriffongreatlyincreasedaltitudesatwhichmaximumpowercouldbegenerated,reachingspeedsjustshyof500milesperhour.Moreamazingstill,theSpitfirecouldnowclimbatthedizzyingrateof4,100feetperminute.

TheSpitfirehadseveralotherfeaturesthatmadeitasuperiorfighterplane.Itsdistinctiveellipticalwingwassothinandlightweightthatiscouldflyhigherandfasterthanmostotherfighters,includingtheHawkerHurricane.Thisqualitymadeitaformidableinterceptor.Onceanenemy’spositionhadbeenidentified,thepilotofaSpitfirecouldtakeoffinaflashandbringdownbombersbeforetheycouldapproachcriticaltargetpointslikeairfields,majorcities,ordocks.Furthermore,itsfueltankwaslinedwithahigh-graderubbercalledLinatexthatwouldkeepitfromleakingevenafterithadbeenshotthroughwithbullets,whichpreventedtheplanefromcatchingfireduringcombat.

Asareconnaissanceplane,theSpitfirewasstrippedofweaponsinfavorofoneortwocamerasandanextrafueltankthatcouldcarryupto247gallons.TherewasalsoaseaplaneversionoftheSpitfirethatfeaturedtwofloatsattachedtothefuselage.Othermodificationsincludedanextrabladeaddedtothestandardthree-bladepropeller,andanextensionoftheventralfinbelowthetailtocompensateforstabilitycompromisedbythetwinfloats.

InadditiontotheBritishfront,theSpitfirewasdeployedintheMediterranean,Pacific,andSouth-EastAsiantheaters.Bywar’send,twentythousandSpitfireshadbeenproduced—morethananyotherBritishaircraft.

SUPERMARINESPITFIREbyJasonKu

BODY


Orientthepaperasshown.

2Valleyfold,aligningouteredgestocentercrease,andunfold.

3Pleatfoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstepformountainfolds.



6Squashfold.

Note:Itmaybeeasiertofoldeachsideseparately.

7Valleyfoldflapsupward.

8Turnover.

9Valleyfoldflapdownward,alongitshinge,andunfold.

10Valleyfold,creasingthroughpointwhereexistingcreasesintersect.

11Rabbit-earfold,mirroringcreasecreatedinStep10ontheleftside.

12Valleyfoldtwoflapstotheleftalongrespectivehinges.

13Insidereversefoldtherighttip.

14RepeatStep13onremainingtwoflapsonoppositeside.

15Expectedresults.

16Turnover.


18Valleyfoldouteredgestothecenter.



21Valleyfoldatanglebisectorsusingthecreasefromthepreviousstepasaguide,andunfold.





26Expectedresults.

27Turnover.



30Petalfoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.

31Valleyfoldthetopflapcreatedfromthepetalfolddownward.

32Insidereversefold,sinkingtheflapwithinthemodel.


34Liftthetoplayerupwardwhilecollapsingthesidesalongcreasesfrompreviousstep.


36Crimpfoldbothsides.

37Liftalongexistingcreases,freeingpaperonthesidesslightly,andflatten.

38Valleyfoldthetopedgedownward.Creasefirmly.

39Closesinkfoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.

40Petalfoldusingexistingcreases.

41Valleyfoldflapsoutwardtotheside.

42Valleyfoldflapdownwardalongitshinge.

43Expectedresults.

44Mountainfold,aligningreferencepointsindicated,andunfold.


46Pleatfoldusingcreasesfromprevioustwosteps.

47Rotate.


49Pivotthelayersontherightsidedownward.


51Crimpfoldflaparoundlayersunderneath.

52Spreadoutallfourflapsevenly.

53Foldtheedgesofeachofthepropellers,workingclockwise.

54Expectedresults.

ThecompletedSupermarineSpitfire’sBody

WINGS

1Startwith8.5”x8.5”paper.Valleyfoldinhalfandunfold,twice.

2Alignloweredgewithcentercrease,createpinchmarkatthecenter,andunfold.


3Valleyfold,aligningtheedgestothepinchmarks,andunfoldonlythebottomcrease.

4Valleyfold,aligningedges.


6Turnover.


8Rabbit-earfoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.

9Pleatfoldasindicated.

10Unfoldpleatfold.

11Doublesinkfold,inbothdirections,usingcreasesfrompleatfold.

12Squashfold,distributingtheinteriorlayersevenly.


14Valleyfoldalllayers,aligningedgetoexistingcrease.

15Movetheinsidelayertothefront.

16Unfold.

17Outsidereversefold,slightlyopeningthemodel,wrappingoneedgearound.

18Openwhereindicated,andsquashfold,shiftinglayerstotheleft.

19Valleyfoldtopflaptotheright.

20Mountainfoldeachofthethreetipsbackward.

21Expectedresults.


23Valleyfoldflapovertotheleft.

24Mountainfold,establishingthelongedgesattheanglesindicated.

25Valleyfoldflapsovertotheright.

26Mountainfoldthelongedgesattheanglesindicated.

27Valleyfoldtheflapsothatitstandsupright.

ThecompletedSupermarineSpitfire’sWings

ASSEMBLY

InserttheuprightflapsoftheWingsbetweenthelayersoftheBody.

ThecompletedSupermarineSpitfire

Note:Glueasnecessarytoholdthemodeltogether.Applystickersasshown.

HUGHESH-4HERCULES(SPRUCEGOOSE)

“THEHERCULESWASAMONUMENTALUNDERTAKING.ITISOVERFIVESTORIESTALLWITHA

WINGSPANLONGERTHANAFOOTBALLFIELD.THAT’SMORETHANACITYBLOCK.NOWIPUTTHESWEATOFMYLIFEINTOTHISTHING.IHAVEMYREPUTATIONALLROLLEDUPINITANDIHAVESTATEDSEVERALTIMESTHATIFTHEHERCULESFAILSTOFLY,IWILLPROBABLYLEAVE

THISCOUNTRYANDNEVERCOMEBACK.ANDIMEANIT!”—HowardHughesatoneofhisSenatehearings

ControlpanelfromtheSpruceGoose

DesignedandconstructedbyHowardHughesandhisstaff,nothingrankledhimmorethanhearinghisflyingboatcalled“TheSpruceGoose.”Hughesfeltthatthenamewasaninsulttotheplane’sbuilderswhohadconstructedtheplaneoutofwoodtocomplywiththemilitary’swartimerestrictiononusingmetalforanythingotherthanweaponry.Besides,thefloatingaircraftwasnotmadeofspruceatall;itwasmadeoutofbirchwood.

TheHughesH-4HerculeswasbuiltduringWorldWarIItofulfilltheUnitedStatesgovernment’sneedtoairliftlargequantitiesofcargotoEuropeanandPacificbattlefields.SendingsuppliesbyshiphadresultedinheavylosseswhenGermanU-boatstorpedoedthem.Theplanewasfivestoriestallwitha320-footwingspan—longerthanafootballfield.Weighinginat400,000pounds,itwas—andstillis—thelargestflyingboatinhistory.

Capableofcarrying750fully-equippedtroopsorone35-tonM4Shermantank,theH-4Herculeshadasinglehullandeightengineswith17-footpropellers.Featuringcantileveredwingandtailsurfacesaswellasfixedwingtipfloats,theentiresurfacestructurewascomposedoflaminatedwood.Thecontrolsurfaces,exceptfortheflaps,werecoveredwithfabric.Theplane’shullhousedaflightdeckforthepilotandcrew,andamassivecargohold.Connectingthetwoareaswasacircularstairway.Belowthecargoholdwerethefuelbaysseparatedbywatertightbulkheads.

TheideafortheplanecamefromHenryJ.Kaiser,famedsteelmagnateandshipbuilder.KaiserteamedupwithHughestobuildthegiantaircraftbutbackedoutwhentheprojectdraggedontoolong.By1944,thegovernment’sneedshadshiftedfromtransportplanestobombers.Hughescontinuedhiseffortstodeveloptheplanebutwasunabletodeliverthefinishedproductuntilthewar’sconclusion.

Sincethegovernmenthadspent$22milliontofundtheeffort,lawmakerssummonedHughestoappearbeforeacongressionalcommitteetoexplaintheheftypricetagtotaxpayers.Hughesemergedunscathed,winningtheheartsandmindsofthepublicbypointingoutthathehadadded$18millionofhisownmoneyandhaddonesooutofpatrioticduty.

OnNovember2,1947,Hughestooktheplaneforatestflight.HeliftedoffaboveCalifornia’sLongBeachHarborreachingaheightof70feetandacruisespeedof80MPHforaboutamile.TheshorthopwasjustenoughtoprovethatHughes’sflyingboatwasindeedairworthy.Thoughhecontinuedtomaintaintheplaneinflight-readyconditionfortherestofhislife,HughesneverflewtheH-4Herculesagain.TodayvisitorscanseetheplanewhereitiscurrentlyhousedattheEvergreenAviationMuseuminMcMinnville,

Oregon.

HUGHESH-4HERCULES(SPRUCEGOOSE)bySethFriedman

BODY

1Startwith8”x8”paper.Valleyfoldinhalfdiagonallytwice,verticallyonce,andunfold.




5Valleyfoldintothirds,unfoldingonlythetopsection.

6Rabbit-earfold,loweringthenewly-formedflaptotheright.Pre-creaseasnecessary.

7Valleyfoldflapcreatedfromprevioussteptotheleft.

8Mountainfold,aligningouteredgestocentercrease.

9Mountainfoldtopsectioninhalf.

10Mountainfoldthecorners,asindicated.

11Insidereversefoldthetopflap.

12RepeatStep11onremainingtwoflaps.

13Mountainfoldalongthelengthofthebodywhilecrimpfoldingthetopsection,addingdimensiontothebody.Position

thethreeflapsupright.

14Lowertheleftandrightflap.Keepthecenterflapupright.

ThecompletedHughesH-4Hercules’sBody

WINGS

1Valleyfoldinhalf,diagonallyandhorizontally,andunfold.

2Valleyfold,aligningallouteredgestocentercreases,andunfold.

3Valleyfold,aligningtopedgewithlowerhorizontalcrease,andunfold.

4RepeatStep3usingthreeremainingouteredges.

5Valleyfold,aligningallouteredgeswithnearestexistingcreases,andunfold.Turnover.

6Pleatfoldbothsidesusingexistingcreasesforthemountainfolds.

7Pleatfoldusingexistingcreases.

8Pleatfoldusingexistingcreasesforthemountainfolds.

9Pleatfoldfourmoretimes.


11Turnover.

12Valleyfoldtoplayeratanglebisectorsandunfold.


14Opensinkfold.Firmlyre-creaseexistingcreaseifnecessary.

15Pleatfold.

16Valleyfoldatanglebisectorsoftoplayerandunfold.

17Swivelfold,asindicated,andflatten.

18Valleyfold,aligningcreasewithundersideedge.

19Mountainfoldusingexistingcrease.


21Pleatfoldusingexistingcreases.

22Pleatfoldtwicemoreusingexistingcreases.

23Detailedviewoftheleftsidetofollow.

24Reversefoldbyaligningleftedgetobottomedgeandsquashfoldingoverontoit.

25RepeatStep24onremainingtwosections.


27Valleyfoldtheremainingtwoflapsonrespectivehinges.

28Spreadsquashfold.

29Valleyfoldflap.

30Valleyfoldadjacentflap.


32RepeatSteps30–31onremainingtwoflaps.

33Insidereversefoldfinalremainingflap.

34Valleyfoldtopflapasindicated.



37Valleyfold,asindicated,narrowingthewing.

38Raisethetriangularflapupward,perpendiculartothewing.

ThecompletedleftsideoftheHughesH-4Hercules’sWing


40Turnover.

ThecompletedHughesH-4Hercules’sWings

ASSEMBLY

GluetheWingstotheBody.

ThecompletedHughesH-4Hercules(SpruceGoose)


CESSNA150“IAMGOINGTOMAKETHISTHINGFLY,DOYOUHEARME?IAMGOINGTOMAKETHISTHING

FLY,ANDTHENI’MGOINGTOSETITAFIREANDI’LLNEVERHAVEANOTHERTHINGTODOWITH

AIRPLANES.AUTOMOBILESANDFARMMACHINERY—THAT’SWHATI’MGOINGTOSTICKTO.”—ClydeCessnatohisbrother,Roy,afterthefourteenthcrashofthefirstplaneheever

built

TheCessnaAircraftCorporation,locatedinWichita,Kansas,hascomealongwaysinceitsfounder,ClydeCessna,builthisfirstairplanein1911,thentaughthimselftoflyit.Cessnastartedhiscompanysixteenyearslater,anddespiteamajorsetbackduringtheGreatDepression,thecompanybenefitedandultimatelyprevailedduetoitsstrongleadershipandcontinuedadvancementsinconceptsanddesign.

In1939,thecompanyrolledoutitsCessnaT-50Bobcat,alighttwin-enginetransportplane.TheaircrafthadbeendesignedandpromotedbyDwayneWallace,amajorplayerinthecompany.Meantforpersonaluse,theplanecouldseatfivepeople.Alow-wingcantilevermonoplane,itswingsandtailweremadeofwood.Thefuselagewascomposedoftubularsteelandfabric-coveredwoodskinning.Theplanealsofeaturedelectricallyoperatedretractablelandinggearandwingflaps.Thoughfewpeopleflewatthetime,theBobcatwassuchawell-priced,practicalairplanethatthecompanywasabletosellenoughofthemtomakeaprofit.

WiththeadventofWorldWarII,theCessnaCompany’sfortunestookadecidedupturn.Therewasacriticalneedforplanesthatcouldbeusedtohelppilotsconvertfromflyingsingleenginetotwin-engineplanes.TheBobcatfitthebillperfectly.TheU.S.Armyordered33Bobcatstostart,andanother4,700overthecourseofthewar.Canadaordered700aswell.Besidestheirroleastrainers,theplaneswerealsousedtotransportmilitaryofficersandsuppliestobattlefronts.Aftersecuringaheftybankloan,theCessna

Companywasabletogearupsufficientlytomeettheurgentdemand.

TheCessna140jump-startedthecompany’spost-warlightplanebusinessandwasthefirstsmallcivilianplanetobenefitfromCessna’sexpandedwartimeproductionmethods.Italsosetthestageforthestrut-braced,single-enginelineofCessnasknowntheworldoverfortheiroutstandingdurability.Unlikeearlierplanesthatwereofahand-builttubeandfabricconstruction,theall-metalCessna140sweremass-producedusingtoolsanddies.

In1957,thecorporationintroducedthejewelintheircrown—theCessna150.Thetwo-seaterbecame—andremainstothisday—themostpopularcivilianplaneeverdesignedforpersonaluse.Buildingonthe140’sframework,thedesignersmadechangestothe150model,replacingtheconventionaltailwheellandinggearwiththeeasier-to-operatetricycleversion,andswitchingouttheroundedwingtipsforasquaredoff,modernlook.Inaddition,thenarrow,hingedwingflapswerereplacedwithlarger,moreefficientFowlers.Unlikeconventionalflaps,Fowlerflapsslideoutfromunderthewingontracks—afeaturethatwidensthewingareaformorelift.

TheCessna150wasadvertisedasthe“world’spremiertrainer.”Unlikeitspredecessors,theplanefeaturedside-by-sideseating,animprovementthataidedgreatlyinpilotinstruction.Besidesthetrainer,otherversionsincludedtheStandard,theCommuter,andthePatroller,usedforutilitywork,suchaspipelineinspections.TheCessna150hasbeenusedfortouringandaerobaticstuntperformancesaswell.Safe,easytomaintain,andknownfortheirmaneuverability,theCessna150isthefifthmostproducedcivilianplaneever.Atotalof22,138Cessna150swerebuiltintheUnitedStates.

In1962and1963,Cessnabuiltthe150Band150Cmodels,respectively.Morelightweightthanthe150modelandwithamoreaerodynamicrearframe,theseplanesclimbedfasterandhigherthananyothermodelintheiryearandclass.Theycouldalsobeoperatedoneventheshortestrunways.

Cessnabuiltoveradozenvariationsoftheclassic150withthe150Mbeingthefinalmodel.Thecompanyhassincereleasedseveralsuccessorstothe150franchisewiththelatestbeingtheCessna162Skycatcherthatbeganproductionin2009.Withthecompany’stwo-seatpersonaluseaircraftlineremainingenormouslypopular,it’seasytosaytheCessnaCorporationhasbecomethemostsuccessfulgeneralaviationcompanyofalltime.

CESSNA150byJasonKu

BODY


Orientpatternfaceupasshown.

2Alignbottomedgewithcentercrease,createpinchmarkatthecenter,andunfold.


3Valleyfold,aligningedgetopinchmark,andunfold.

4Aligntopedgewithexistingcrease,createpinchmark,andunfold.


5Valleyfold,aligningedgewithpinchmarkfrompreviousstep,andunfold.

6Turnover.




10Valleyfoldouteredgestocentercreaseandunfold.

11Valleyfoldouteredgestocreasesfrompreviousstepandunfold.

12Doubleopensinkfold,inbothdirections,usingcreasesfromprevioustwosteps.


14Valleyfoldtheflapalongitshingewhilespreadsquashingtheraisedsection.

15Valleyfold,aligninginneredgewithouteredge.

16Closesinkfoldthetoplayerusingexistingcreases.




20Expectedresults.

21Turnover.

22RepeatSteps14–16onbothsides.

23Valleyfold,aligningwithcreasesfromStep17.

24Valleyfold,aligningwithcreasesfromStep18.

25Valleyfold,aligningperpendicularcreases,andunfold.

26Rabbit-earfoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.

27Valleyfoldalongexistingedgesandunfold.

28Valleyfoldinhalf.Rotate.


30Liftedgeandsquashfold.


32Valleyfold,aligningcreasetobottomedge,andunfold.

33Openandsquashfoldthetoplayertorightwhileshiftingtheattachedportiondown…


34…andcollapsebycreatinglowervalleyfoldcrease.



37Valleyfoldalongexistingedgeandunfold.

38Reversefoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.


40Valleyfoldalongexistingedge.

41Valleyfolddownward.

42UnfoldcreasefromStep40downward.


44Expectedresults.

45Pulllayersapartandrotateslightly.

46Valleyfoldthetopflapalongexistingcreaseandunfold.Repeatonoppositeside.

47Openbyloweringbothexteriorflaps.Rotate.

48Pulllayersapart,spreadinginnerlayers.

49Mountainfoldalongexistingcreasesfirmly.

50Valleyfoldalongexistingcreaseuntilthebottomportionstandsupright.

51Rotate.Viewfrombelow.

52Pleatfoldwhilerotatingattachedlayers.

53Valleyfoldflapalongexistingcrease.

54Pleatfoldwhilerotatingattachedlayers.

55Valleyfoldflapalongexistingcrease.

56Tuckoneflapintotheother.

57Valleyfoldflaptotheoppositeside.

58Perspectiveviewtofollow.

59Closesinkfoldthebottomonbothsides.

Note:Existingcreasesundertherearoftheplanewillallowthebacktotaper.

60Mountainfoldthefrontedgeinsidethemodel.

61Lowerthetopedgesdownwardalongexistingcreases.

62Lowerexteriorflapsdownwardalongexistingcreases.

ThecompletedCessna150’sBody

WINGS


2Valleyfold,aligningloweredgetocentercrease.


4Turnover.

5Valleyfold,aligningloweredgetoexistingcrease,andunfold.

6Valleyfold,aligningtopedgetocreasefrompreviousstep,andunfold.

7Valleyfoldtoplayeratanglebisectorsandunfold.


9Valleyfolddownwardalongexistingedge.

10Valleyfoldupwardalongexistingedge.



13Valleyfold,aligningedgesoftoplayertocreasesfrompreviousstepandunfold.

14Valleyfoldthelongedgeupwardwhilesquashfoldingthesides.

15Valleyfoldthetopflapdownward.


17Doubleopensinkfold,inbothdirections,usingexistingcreases.

18Unfoldthelowestlayer.

19Valleyfold,aligningouteredgestonearestexistingcreases,andunfold.

20Mountainfoldtheedgebackdown.


22Valleyfoldalllayersataslightangle.

23Valleyfoldflap,revertingbacktoitspreviousposition.



26Mountainfold,aligningexistingperpendicularcreases,andunfold.


28Establishthediagonalvalleyfoldcreasesandraisethetwoflapswhileliftingthetoplayer,makingthemodelthree-

dimensional.

29Collapseusingexistingcreases.Thissectionwillnotlayflat.

30Rotate.

31Tuckoneflapintotheother.

32Unfold,revertingbacktoStep31inpreparationofassembly.

ThecompletedCessna150’sWings

LANDINGGEAR

1Startwith4.25”x4.25”paper.Valleyfoldandunfold,twice.

2Valleyfoldandunfold,twice.

3Valleyfoldthreetipstowardcenterandunfold.Mountainfoldremainingtipbehindpaper.

4Valleyfold,aligningtipstoexistingcreases,andunfold.

5Valleyfold,aligningouteredgestointersectingexistingcreases,andunfold.

6Valleyfold,aligningexistingcreases,andunfold.

7Rabbit-earfoldeachofthethreetipsusingexistingcreases.

8Mountainfoldalongexistingcreases.

9Mountainfoldinhalf,allowingtheopposingrabbitearstoflipout.Rotate.

10Valleyfoldinhalfwhileunfoldingtheremainingrabbitear.

11Valleyfold,aligningtheedges,whilecrimpfoldingtheleftside.Repeatonoppositeside.

12Valleyfoldtheflapsonbothsidestowardtheleftwhilesquashfoldingtheinsidelayers.

13Openandsquashfoldonbothsides.

14Valleyfoldbothexteriorflapsalongrespectivehinges.

15Openandsquashfoldbehind.

16Pleatfold.Repeatonoppositeside.

17Crimpfold,establishingsymmetry.

18Insidereversefoldonbothsides,roundingthewheel.

19RepeatStep18onoppositeside.

ThecompletedCessna150’sLandingGear

HOOD

1Startwith2.125”x2.125”paper.Foldinhalf,createpinchmarkatthetopedge,andunfold.


2Foldinhalf,createpinchmarksattheedges,andunfold.


3Valleyfold,aligningthetopedgetothepinchmarks.

4Valleyfold,aligningtheouteredgestothepinchmarkcreatedinStep1.

5Openthemodel,makingitthree-dimensional.

ThecompletedCessna150’sHood

ASSEMBLY

1InserttheHoodbetweenthelayersoftheBody.

2TucktheLandingGearsbetweenlayersoneithersideoftheBody.

3WraptheWingsaroundtheBodyandovertheHood.

4TuckoneflapoftheWingintotheother,asrequiredinStep31oftheWinginstructions.

ThecompletedCessna150


BOEING707“THEENGINEISTHEHEARTOFANAIRPLANE,BUTTHEPILOTISITSSOUL.”

—SirWalterAlexanderRaleigh(1861–1922),RAFHistorian

ThenumberofplanesproducedduringWorldWarIIwasastaggering98,965.Ofthose,theBoeingAirplaneCompanywasresponsibleformanufacturingnearlytwenty-eightpercentofthem.Theknowledgegleanedfromthatmonumentaleffortresultedinmajoradvancesinaeronautics—advancesthatwouldultimatelyleadtothedevelopmentofAmerica’sfirstcommercialjetplane.

Boeing’sdesignershadthoughtaboutjet-powerasearlyas1943.Theysoondiscovered,throughwind-tunneltests,thatexistingwingdesignswereahindrancetotheimmensepowerthatjetenginescouldgenerate.Althoughmanymodificationsweredevised,noneofBoeing’sdesignscameclosetorivalingGermany’snewestfighterplane—thejet-poweredMesserschmittMe262.

Eagerforideas,Boeingsentitsbestengineer,GeorgeSchairer,onafact-findingmissiontoGermany.Whiletouringacapturedaeronauticslab,hecameuponacacheofmathematicalformulaeandblueprintsthatheldtheanswershe’dbeenseeking.Ashestudiedthem,hefoundthatthesolutiontothewingproblemlayinchangingtheangle.Straightwingscreatedtoomuchdrag,butsweepingthembackallowedthejets’enginestoreachtheirfullpotential.TheseprinciplesweretestedinBoeing’sownwindtunnel.In1947,afterincorporatingnewaerodynamicandstructuralchangestothejet’soveralldesign,BoeingrolledouttheB-47,America’sfirstswept-wingmulti-enginebomber.

Onceairborne,thegracefulnewjetsetrecordsforspeedanddistance.BlazingatrailacrosstheUnitedStatesataspeedof609.8milesperhour,thissuper-chargedfighter

planeproveditcouldmakeitfromcoasttocoastinunderfourhours.Astonishedbythespeed,executivesatPanAmapproachedBoeingtoseeifthefighterplanecouldbeadaptedforcommercialuse.

Boeing’spresident,WilliamAllen,waseagertotry.Takingahugerisk,Allensankthecompany’sownfundsintodevelopingaprototype—the707modelthattheynicknamedthe“Dash80.”OnJuly15th,1954,thefirstBoeing707liftedofffromSeattle’sRentonField.Withthishistoricalflight,AmericahadenteredtheJetAge.PoweredbyfourPratt&WhitneyJT3turbojetsmountedbeneaththewings,theDash80wastosetthestandardforalljetlinerstocome.

TheDash80endurednumerousstructuralandaerodynamicchangesovertheyears.Experimentingwithenginesoundsuppressors,rigstocausein-flighticingconditions,anddifferenttypesofwingflapsandlandinggear,Boeingengineerscontinuedtoexplorewaystofinetunetheaircrafttoprovidemaximumsafetyandoptimummaintenanceprocedures.Bythetimetheplanewasreadyforitsinauguralflightin1957,allthekinkshadbeensuccessfullyaddressed.

OnAugust15th,1958,PanAmacquiredAmerica’sfirstcommercialjetairliner,aBoeing707-120.PanAmsetthedateofitsinauguralflightforOctober26th,1958.Onthatday,theairlinewouldmakehistorybyprovidingthefirstdailytransatlanticjetservicefromNewYorktoParis.Theflightwasheraldedwithunprecedentedattention.BothPanAmandBoeinghadblitzedtheairwavesandprintmediawithadcampaignstoutingthecomfort,speed,andeaseofjettravel.CompetitorsthatfeaturedpropellerplaneswerefilledwithapprehensionwhentheydiscoveredthatPanAmplannedtokeepthefareatthesamepriceitchargedforitsownpropplanes—$505forfirstclassand$272foreconomy.

BeforetheplaneleftIdlewildAirport(nowJFKInternational),passengersattendedaformalgalaattheairport’sGoldenDoorRestaurant.At7:00p.m.,flightattendantsledthepassengerstotheplane,madesleekerstillinthegleamoffloodlights.Beforeboarding,PanAmPresidentJuanTrippeaddressedthegatheringwithapreparedspeech,actressGreerGarsonperformedtheribbon-cuttingceremony,andthentothesoundofpoppingflashbulbsandaJohnPhilipSousamarch—courtesyofthe42ndArmyInfantryBand—all111passengersandtwelvecrewmembersboardedFlight114.Ninehourslater,thejetlandedatLeBourgetAirportinParis.Asthepassengersdeplaned,theywereagaingreetedbyabrassbandtocommemoratetheoccasion.

Sincethen,Boeinghasdevelopedafullfleetofcommercialjetliners,eachmodelcustommadetosuittherequirementsofspecificairroutes.

BOEING707byDanielRobinson

1Startwith9”x9”paper.Valleyfoldandunfold,twice.

2Valleyfoldouteredgestowardcentercreaseandunfold.

3Valleyfoldtheentirelengthdiagonallyandunfold.Valleyfoldsmallersection,asindicated,andunfold.


5Valleyfoldtocreaseindicatedfrompreviousstep.


7Mountainfoldalongexistingcrease.

8Valleyfoldbothsectionsinhalf,creasingfirmly,andunfold.

9Valleyfoldtopandbottomedgestothesameexistingcreaseandunfold.

10Valleyfoldtopandbottomedgestothelowestexistingcreaseandunfold.

11Valleyfoldinhalfandunfold.

12Valleyfold,aligningtopedgetothetopmostcreaseandunfold.Thenunfoldentiremodel.

13Valleyfold,extendingexistingcreases,andunfold.

Note:Payparticularattentiontoorientationbeforeproceeding.


15Turnover.


17Turnover.

18RepeatSteps14–17twicemore,resultinginfourmorerabbit-earfolds.

19Valleyfoldalongexistingcreaseandunfold.Openthepleatedsectionontheleftside.

20Mountainfoldalongexistingcreasewhilesquashfoldingfinalaccordion-likesection.

21RepeatStep20onoppositeside.Turnover.

22Rabbit-earfoldthecorners,similartosteps14–18,untilnomorepaperremains.

23Valleyfold,creasingfirmly,andunfold.Openthemodelforthefollowingcomplexfold.

24Mountainfoldalongcreasefrompreviousstepandthenreversefoldthecreasesintheshadedareatocollapsethemodel.

Workfromtheoutside,inward.

25Opentheoppositeendofthemodel.

26Valleyfoldusingexistingcrease.

Note:ThemodelwillnotlieflatforSteps26–27.

27Pinchthepapertoestablishmountainfoldcreasesandre-collapsethetop,pleatedsectionofthemodel.

28Collapsethelowerleftsidealongexistingcreaseswhilepullingthetopedgedownward.Distributethelayerssothatthe

triangularsectionswraparoundbothsidesofthemodel,allowingthemodeltoflatten.

29Openthetailandviewfromabove.

Note:ThemodelwillnotlieflatforSteps29–32.

30Valleyfoldandunfold.

31Outsidereversefoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.

32Mountainfold.Rotate.


34Insidereversefoldthetopflap.Distributethelayersasshown.

35Openoneoftheinteriorflaps,thenreversefoldintothepocket.

36Step35inprogress.Viewfrombelow.

37Flattenthetail.Detailedviewofthewingstofollow.



40Valleyfoldthetoplayerandunfold.

41Openandsquashfoldthetoplayertotheleftwhileshiftingtheattachedportiondown…


42…andcollapsebycreatingvalleyfoldcrease.


44Releasetrappedpaper.

45Curltheflaps,givingshapetotheengines.RepeatSteps38–45onoppositeside.

46Lowerthewingsdownataroughly60-degreeangle.Thenoseoftheplanewillpivotupwardnaturally.


48Liftthetoplayer,includingthetailsection,upward,establishingcreasebetweentworeferencepoints.

49ValleyfoldthecreasefromStep46withoutflatteningtheupperedge.

50Squashfold,flatteningthemodel,ensuringthatthemountaincreaseliesalongthe60-degreeangle.

51Crimpfoldtorealignplane.

52Insidereversefold,givingshapetothenoseoftheplane.

53Sinkfoldtheloweredgewhileshapingthetop.Raisethewingsandtailoftheplane.

ThecompletedBoeing707


DEHAVILLANDSEAVIXEN“ANDLIKENOOTHERSCULPTUREINTHEHISTORYOFART,THEDEADENGINEANDDEAD

AIRFRAMECOMETOLIFEATTHETOUCHOFAHUMANHAND,ANDJOINTHEIRLIFEWITHTHE

PILOT’SOWN.”—RichardBach,AGiftOfWings

FirstdesignedbythedeHavillandAircraftCompany,thedeHavillandSeaVixenwaslatercalledtheHawkerSiddeleySeaVixenfollowingthemergerofthedeHavillandCompanywiththeHawkerSiddelelyGroupin1960.TheSeaVixenwasanall-weather,two-seat,twin-engine,andtwin-boomedfighterjet.Itsfirstflightwasin1959afterwhichitwasintegratedintoBritain’sRoyalNavalFleetAirArmandremainedinserviceuntil1972.

Thelayoutofthefighterjetfeaturedaboomattachedtoeachwingthatextendedbackwardandattachedtoeithersideofthetailwing.Thisconstructionallowedforanunobstructedrearview,andalsoforanenginetobeattachedattherearoftheshortfuselage.

TheBritishswept-wingSeaVixenisthefirstBritishfighterjetthatdidnotcarrymachinesguns.Itwasarmedinsteadwithbombs,rockets,andmissiles.TheyincludedfourFirestreakair-to-airmissiles,twoMicrocellunguidedtwo-inchrocketpacks,andfour

500-poundbombs.PoweredbytwoRolls-RoyceAvon208turbojetengines,thissupersonicweaponofmassdestructionhadatopspeedof690milesperhour.Itwouldbehardtoconjureamoreintimidatingfighterplane.

ThecrewoftheSeaVixenconsistedofapilotandanavigator—or“observer,”ashewouldbecalledinEngland.Thecockpithadanunusualconfiguration,withthepilotbeingoffsettotheleft,andtheobserverloweredentirelywithinthefuselageontheright.Theobserver’sspacewassocrampedanddarkthatitwasroutinelyreferredtoasthe“coalhole.”Accesswaspossiblethroughaflush-fittedtophatch.

Onmissions,thepilotflewtheplanewhiletheobserverpinpointedtheenemyusingtworadarscreens,anddirectedthepilottohelpintercepttargets.Theradar,however,wasnearlyblindtotargetsunderneaththeplane,sotheSeaVixenhadtoflybelowitsintendedtargetfortheradartoperformeffectively.

Thingscouldgetabitchaoticduringdiveattacksbecausetheenginesweresonoisy.Althoughtheobserverusuallyshoutedonedirectionafteranotherabovetheracket,sometimesthemosteffectivewayforhimtotellthepilottopulloutofadiveintimewastopokehimwithapointyobject—easytoaccomplishsincetheywereoperatinginsuchclosequarters.

AlthoughSeaVixenswereneverdeployedinadeclaredwar,theydidparticipateinanumberofmilitaryoperations.In1964,flyingoffthecarrierHMSCentaur,theyprovidedcoverforBritishRoyalMarineslandingbyhelicopterinAfrica.Thatsameyear,thefighterjetslaunchedairstrikesinthePersianGulfaimedatrebelforcesinYemen,andweresenttothewatersofftheIndonesiancoasttopreventanescalationofhostilitiesbetweenIndonesiaandMalaysia.In1967,theywereagaindeployedinthePersianGulftoprovidecoverforBritishforcespullingoutofYemen.

In1968,sixSeaVixenfighterpilotsformedanaerobaticdisplayteaminthetownofYeovilton,thetowninEnglandwheretheircarrierwasbased.Themencalledthemselves“Simon’sSircus”aftertheirlieutenantcommander,SimonIdiens.TheyevenhadalioncubmascotthattheyalsonamedSimon.Tothedelightandaweofspectatorsinsurroundingtowns,theimpressivegroupwouldperformsteepturns,dives,loops,andbarrelrollsinquicksuccession,andthenregroupinto“arrow,”“spearhead,”and“bombburst”formations.Althoughtheirswaswidelyconsideredthemostspectacularairshowoftheirtime,theydisbandedafteronlyoneseason.

Thesejetsweresuperresponsivemachines,andpilotslovedtoflythem.Today,justoneSeaVixenisstillairworthy.OwnedbydeHavillandAviation,theplanecanbeseenatthecompany’shangarinBournemouthAirportinDorset,England,oratairshowsintheUnitedKingdom.

DEHAVILLANDSEAVIXENbyDanielRobinson

1Startwith9”x9”paper.Valleyfoldandunfold,twice.

2Aligntopandbottomedgeswithcentercrease,createpinchmarksattheouteredges,andunfold.

Note:Donotcreasetheentirelengthofthefolds.

3Valleyfold,aligningtheedgestothepinchmarks,andunfoldonlythetopcrease.

4Turnover,keepingfoldededgeatthebottom.

5Valleyfoldinhalf.

6Valleyfoldtoplayeratanglebisectorsandunfold.Donotfoldthesmalllayerbehind.


8Lowertheundersidelayer.

9Valleyfoldsectioninhalf.

10Turnover.

11Valleyfoldtopflapsatanglebisectors.

12Valleyfoldtopflapsatanglebisectorsandunfold.

13Squashfoldeachside,similartoapetalfold,usingcreasesfrompreviousstep.

14Valleyfoldsectionsinhalf,creasingfirmly,andunfold.


16Turnover.

17Valleyfoldupwardalongexistingcreaseline.

18Foldsectionsinhalf,createpinchmarksnearverticalcentercrease,andunfold.

Note:Donotcreasetheentirelengthofthefolds.


20Unfoldlayersofthewingsection.

21Valleyfoldalongtheexistingcrease…

22…andvalleyfoldoncemorealongadditionalexistingcrease.

23Valleyfoldalonglongexistingcrease,closingtheportionofthewing.

24RepeatSteps19–23onoppositewing.

25Valleyfoldthelongflapsoutwardwhileswivelfoldingthetopsection.

26Valleyfoldthewingsdownward.

27Mountainfoldthelongflapbehindthemodelatanangleslightlywiderthan45degrees.

28RepeatStep27onoppositeside.


30Valleyfold,asindicated,andunfold.Turnover.

31Valleyfoldalongedgesofthelongflapsandunfold.

32Pleatfoldbothsides,tuckingunderthelongflaps.

33Turnover.

34Valleyfold,aligningbottomedgestoexistingcreases,andunfold.

35Valleyfoldatanglebisectors,aligningtopedgewithcentercrease.

36Pleatfoldthelongflapsoutwardwhileswivelfoldingthetopsection.


38Swivelfold,narrowingthesectionsindicated.

39Outsidereversefoldalongexistingcreases.Distributethreelayersontopandtwoonthebottom.

40Mountainfoldthroughalllayerssothatthetailflapsstandupright.

41Foldeachflaptowardtheother,tuckingoneintotheother.

42Oneflapcanbeinsertedbetweenthelayersoftheother,lockingitinplace.

43Createindicatedcreases,addingdimensiontothetailandbody.

ThecompletedDeHavillandSeaVixen

CONCORDE“IT’LLCHANGETHESHAPEOFTHEWORLD,IT’LLSHRINKTHEGLOBEBYHALF.WE’RETRYINGTOBUILDTHEMODELTFORDOFTHESUPERSONICSFORTHE1970SAND1980S.ITREPLACES

INONESTEPTHEENTIREPROGRESSMADEINAVIATIONSINCETHEWRIGHTBROTHERSIN

1903.”—TonyBenn,England’stechnologyminister,ontheConcorde

TherecouldbenobetternamefortheSupersonicTransport(SST)planethanConcorde—embodyinginoneelegantwordthejet’sentirebackstory.ConcordeistheFrenchwordfor“concord,”or“agreement.”Indeedbeforethisplanecouldbebuilt,anumberofagreementshadtobemade—geo-politicalconcerns,developmentalandoperationalcosts,issuesofstructureanddesign,evenitsveryname.

IntheyearsfollowingWorldWarII,whenitcametocommercialairlines,theUnitedStatesledthepack.Bythelate1960s,therewasconsiderablesentimentabroadthatitwastimeforEuropeannationstocatchup.Sinceitwasawell-knownfactthatcommercialaviationoweditsdevelopmenttoadvancesinmilitarytechnology,therecameapushinEnglandandFrancetogainanaeronauticadvantagebyinitiatingthenextstepinaviationtechnology—adaptingsupersonicmilitaryplanesforcivilianuse.Itwasassumedthatinthenearfuture,allairtravelwouldbebysupersonictransport,andthatpassengerswouldnotbalkatthehigherpriceinexchangeforspeed.

InEngland,asupersonictransportaircraftcommittee(STAC)wasformedtoestablishthecostofdevelopment.Significantly,thefourlargestplayersintheBritishaircraftindustryagreedtocollaborate—shouldtheprojectgoforward—andtoprovideSTACwithanestimate.Thepricetheyarrivedatwas150millionpounds(about255millionU.S.dollars).ThisstaggeringcostwasmetwithnegativitybytheBritishcabinet,sincemuchofthefundingwouldcomefromthegovernment.Itwasagreedthatpartneringwithanothercountrywouldbethebestwaytocovercosts.

ThestrongestinterestcamefromFrance.EvenwithFrance’sparticipation,however,anumberofBritishcabinetmembersstillfeltthatthecostwasprohibitive.JustastheCabinetwaspoisedtorejecttheproposal,timingworkedtotheadvantageofthe

supersonictransport’sproponents.Intheearly1960s,GreatBritainwaspressingtoentertheCommonMarket,butonlyonecountrystoodinitsway;FrancehadrepeatedlyvotedagainstadmittingGreatBritainintotheunion.ItwassubsequentlynegotiatedthatthedecisiontopartnerwithFranceontheSSTwouldbecontingentonEngland’sacceptanceintotheCommonMarket.Soinsteadofacommercialagreement,bothsidesendedupsigninganinternationaltreatyin1962tocollaborateontheplane.

TherehadbeeninitialobjectiontotheFrenchname“Concorde”intheUK—Britainpreferredtospellitwithoutthe“e.”WhenTonyBenn,theBritishMinisterofTechnology,statedthatthe“e”stoodfor“Excellence,England,andEurope,”thefurordieddown.SincethenoseoftheplanehadbeenbuiltinScotland,hefurtheraddedthat“e”alsostoodfor“Écosse,”theFrenchnameforScotland.

IssuesofdesignweresettledthroughyearsofsuccessfulcollaborationbetweenFrenchandBritishdesigners.Itwasuniversallyacceptedthatforfighterplanes,theswept-wingdesignworkedbestatsupersonicspeeds.Butthosesameshort,sweptbackwingsdidnotcreateenoughliftatthelowspeedsapassengerplanewouldrequirefortakeoff.Afterconsiderableresearch,adifferentwingstylewasproposed—the“slenderdeltaconcept”namedfortheGreeklettershapedlikeatriangle.Theonlydrawbackwiththisdesignwasthattogeneratesufficientlift,deltawingsrequiredthattheplanetakeoffandland“nosehigh.”Thesolutionwastomakethelandinggeartallertoachievetheproperpitchwhilestillontherunway,keepingtherearenginefromtouchingtheground.Becauseofthesteepangleneededfortakeoff,thetipofConcorde’snosewasmadetotiltdownwardontakeoffandlandingsoasnottoblockthepilot’sview.Itwasraisedagaininflight.Concordemeasured204feet,alengththatwouldincreaseby6to10inchesduringtheflight,duetotheheatingoftheairframe.Tocounteractthis,aspecialheat-dissipatingpaintwasappliedtothefuselage.

Concordewithstood5,000hoursoftestingbeforeitwasdeemedsafeforpassengers.Itsperformanceexceededthedesigners’highestexpectations,reducingthetimeforatransatlanticflightbymorethanhalf.Flyingattwicethespeedofsound,Concordehadatakeoffspeedof250milesperhour,andacruisingspeedof1,350milesperhour.Tocelebratetheirhistoriccollaboration,Concorde’sinauguralflightstookoffsimultaneouslyfromLondontoBahrain,andfromParistoRiodeJaneiroonJanuary21,1976.Eachcarried100passengers.Concordecontinuedtoflyfor27years.

Duetoasteepriseinoilprices,ageneraldownturnintheglobaleconomy,andenvironmentalconcerns—nottheleastofwhichwastheexcessivenoisefromitsengines—AirFranceandBritishAirwaysmadethepainfuldecisiontoretireConcordein2003.Sincethen,noothercommercialairplanehascomeclosetorivalingitsspeedorbreath-takingdesign.

CONCORDEbyMarcKirschenbaum

1Startwith8”x8”paper.Valleyfoldinhalfandunfold.


3Turnover.

4Valleyfoldinhalfandunfold.

5Valleyfold,aligningloweredgetoexistinghorizontalcrease.

6Unfold.


8Mountainfold,usingtheendsofexistingcreasesasaguide.

9Rabbit-earfoldthelowerportionwhilemountainfoldinginhalf,allowingthelowertiptoflipoutward.

10Openthetoplayerandsquashfoldtheleftsidewhilevalleyfoldingthesectionontherightdownward.

11Releasepaperfromunderneath,overlappingitalongexistingcreasesontothetopofthemodel.

12Valleyfoldatedgeofnewlyraisedsectionandunfold.


14Lowerthewingsalongexistingvalleyfoldcreases.Createmountainfoldstoroundthebody,allowingtheendtotaper

off.

15Crimpfoldbothsidesofthenoseoftheplane,loweringthesection.Rotate.

Note:Fortheadventurous,thecrimpfoldscanbesinkfoldedtolockthemodeltogether.

ThecompletedConcorde


ABOUTTHEARTISTSSETHFRIEDMANbeganfoldingorigamiasachild.Growinguplargelyunawareofthedramaticandrapidevolutionintheworldoforigamiatthetime,heemergedasoneoftheleadingexpertsintechnical,sculpturalorigamiemphasizingrealismandproducingbreathtakingmodelsinspiredbynature.Hehastaughtandexhibitedhisworkinternationally.

MARCKIRSCHENBAUMisahighlyregardedorigamiartist.Hisworkhasbeenexhibitedinmanyprestigiousmuseumsandinstitutions,includingtheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory,TheSmithsonian,andtheMingeiInternationalMuseum.Hisworkcanbefoundinnumerousbooksandperiodicals.HeiscurrentlyonOrigamiUSA’sBoardofDirectors.

JASONKUholdsaMaster’sDegreeinMechanicalEngineeringfromMITwhereheservedasthepresidentofitsorigamiclub,OrigaMIT,forsevenyears.Hebeganfoldingwhenhewasfiveyearsold,andhasbeendesigningmodelssincehighschool.Kuhastraveledinternationallytoteachandexhibitorigami.HeisonOrigamiUSA’sBoardofDirectors,aswellasthechairandmanagingeditorofitsonlinemagazine,TheFold.

DANIELROBINSONisanindustrialdesignerwhohasbeenfoldingforover25years.Hisworkhasbeenpublishednumeroustimesaroundtheworld.Heisheavilyinfluencedbynature,balancingphysicalfeatureswithasubject’sessence.Ensuringthatthemodelshedesignsarefuntofoldisequallyimportanttohim.

Documents

Origami Aircraft (Origami Books)dl.booktolearn.com/...origami_aircraft_0d3a.pdf · From mythological Icarus, whose man-made wings led him too close to the sun, to Leonardo da Vinci,